Hybrid vehicle - Knowledge

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to maximize the packaging of petro-hydraulic hybrid components in the vehicle. All bulky hydraulic components are integrated into the chassis of the car. One design has claimed to return 130 mpg in tests by using a large hydraulic accumulator which is also the structural chassis of the car. The small hydraulic driving motors are incorporated within the wheel hubs driving the wheels and reversing to claw-back kinetic braking energy. The hub motors eliminate the need for friction brakes, mechanical transmissions, driveshafts, and U-joints, reducing costs and weight. Hydrostatic drive with no friction brakes is used in industrial vehicles. The aim is 170 mpg in average driving conditions. The energy created by shock absorbers and kinetic braking energy that normally would be wasted assists in charging the accumulator. A small fossil-fuelled piston engine sized for average power use charges the accumulator. The accumulator is sized at running the car for 15 minutes when fully charged. The aim is a fully charged accumulator that will produce a 0-60 mph acceleration speed of under 5 seconds using four wheel drive.

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may require dedicated equipment and a connection installation for home or public units. The optimum charging window for lithium-ion batteries is 3–4.2 V. Recharging with a 120-volt household outlet takes several hours, a 240-volt charger takes 1–4 hours, and a quick charge takes approximately 30 minutes to achieve 80% charge. Three important factors—distance on charge, cost of charging, and time to charge In order for hybrids to run on electrical power, the car must perform the action of braking in order to generate some electricity. The electricity then gets discharged most effectively when the car accelerates or climbs up an incline. In 2014, hybrid electric car batteries can run on solely electricity for 70–130 miles (110–210 km) on a single charge. Hybrid battery capacity currently ranges from 4.4 kWh to 85 kWh on a fully electric car. On a hybrid car, the battery packs currently range from 0.6 kWh to 2.4 kWh representing a large difference in use of electricity in hybrid cars.

1758:) made a breakthrough introducing an electronically controlled hydraulic motor/pump, the Digital Displacement® motor/pump. The pump is highly efficient at all speed ranges and loads, giving feasibility to small applications of petro-hydraulic hybrids. The company converted a BMW car as a test bed to prove viability. The BMW 530i gave double the mpg in city driving compared to the standard car. This test was using the standard 3,000 cc engine, with a smaller engine the figures would have been more impressive. The design of petro-hydraulic hybrids using well sized accumulators allows downsizing an engine to average power usage, not peak power usage. Peak power is provided by the energy stored in the accumulator. A smaller more efficient constant speed engine reduces weight and liberates space for a larger accumulator. 1858: 1437: 2202: 35: 1599: 2125: 2899:

vehicles in an attempt to gauge how quickly the vehicle stock could be hybridized and/or electrified in the United States. The analogs are (1) the electric motors in US factories in the early 20th century, (2) diesel-electric locomotives on US railways in the 1920–1945 period, (3) a range of new automotive features/technologies introduced in the US over the past fifty years, and 4) e-bike purchases in China over the past few years. These analogs collectively suggest it would take at least 30 years for hybrid and electric vehicles to capture 80% of the US passenger vehicle stock.

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that recycling them and disposing of them safely is difficult. In general various soluble and insoluble nickel compounds, such as nickel chloride and nickel oxide, have known carcinogenic effects in chick embryos and rats. The main nickel compound in NiMH batteries is nickel oxyhydroxide (NiOOH), which is used as the positive electrode. However Nickel Metal Hydride Batteries have fallen out of favour in hybrid vehicles as various lithium-ion chemistries have become more mature to market.

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higher output (boosting vehicle power), higher efficiency (avoiding wasteful use of electricity), and provides excellent durability, compared with the life of the battery being roughly equivalent to the life of the vehicle. Additionally, the use of lithium-ion batteries reduces the overall weight of the vehicle and also achieves improved fuel economy of 30% better than petro-powered vehicles with a consequent reduction in CO

855: 920: 5803: 1213: 1702:(EPA) testing. The charging engine needs only to be sized for average usage with acceleration bursts using the stored energy in the hydraulic accumulator, which is charged when in low energy demanding vehicle operation. The charging engine runs at optimum speed and load for efficiency and longevity. Under tests undertaken by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), a hydraulic hybrid 1641:, has designed and has running models of a petro-air hybrid engine car. The system does not use air motors to drive the vehicle, being directly driven by a hybrid engine. The engine uses a mixture of compressed air and gasoline injected into the cylinders. A key aspect of the hybrid engine is the "active chamber", which is a compartment heating air via fuel doubling the energy output. 989:-Diesel hybrid trains in January 2015. The train has a 1400 hp engine which uses fumigation technology. The first of these trains is set to run on the 81 km long Rewari-Rohtak route. CNG is less-polluting alternative for diesel and petrol and is popular as an alternative fuel in India. Already many transport vehicles such as auto-rickshaws and buses run on CNG fuel. 1071:. RTG cranes are typically used for loading and unloading shipping containers onto trains or trucks in ports and container storage yards. The energy used to lift the containers can be partially regained when they are lowered. Diesel fuel and emission reductions of 50–70% are predicted by Railpower engineers. First systems are expected to be operational in 2007. 2925:

that emit more. 2025 target: The commission is required to propose a further emissions reduction target by the end-2015 to take effect in 2025. This target will be in line with the EU's long-term climate goals. Super credits for low-emission vehicles: The Regulation will give manufacturers additional incentives to produce cars with CO

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HEVs were twice as likely to be involved in a pedestrian crash than ICEVs. For crashes involving cyclists or pedestrians, there was a higher incident rate for HEVs than ICEVs when a vehicle was turning a corner. However, there was no statistically significant difference between the types of vehicles when they were driving straight.

2368:; (part of the reason that SUVs get such bad fuel economy is the drag on the car. A box-shaped car or truck has to exert more force to move through the air causing more stress on the engine making it work harder). Improving the shape and aerodynamics of a car is a good way to help better the fuel economy and also improve 2193:

generally not the case for electricity, which is taxed uniformly for the domestic customer, however that person uses it. Some electricity suppliers also offer price benefits for off-peak night users, which may further increase the attractiveness of the plug-in option for commuters and urban motorists.

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emissions of 50 g/km or less (which will be electric or plug-in hybrid cars). Each of these vehicles will be counted as two vehicles in 2020, 1.67 in 2021, 1.33 in 2022, and then as one vehicle from 2023 onwards. These super credits will help manufacturers further reduce the average emissions of

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The lithium-ion batteries are appealing because they have the highest energy density of any rechargeable batteries and can produce a voltage more than three times that of nickel–metal hydride battery cell while simultaneously storing large quantities of electricity as well. The batteries also produce

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The toxicity levels and environmental impact of nickel metal hydride batteries—the type previously used in hybrids—are much lower than batteries like lead acid or nickel cadmium according to one source. Another source claims nickel metal hydride batteries are much more toxic than lead batteries, also

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Current vehicle bodies are designed around the mechanicals of existing engine/transmission setups. It is restrictive and far from ideal to install petro-hydraulic mechanicals into existing bodies not designed for hydraulic setups. One research project's goal is to create a blank paper design new car,

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is driven by an electric motor, functioning as an electric vehicle while the battery pack energy supply is sufficient, with an engine tuned for running as a generator when the battery pack is insufficient. There is typically no mechanical connection between the engine and the wheels, and the primary

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Research is underway in large corporations and small companies. The focus has now switched to smaller vehicles. The system components were expensive which precluded installation in smaller trucks and cars. A drawback was that the power driving motors were not efficient enough at part load. A British

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Developing an infrastructure for battery electric vehicles would provide the advantage of virtually unrestricted highway range. Since many destinations are within 100 km of a major highway, this technology could reduce the need for expensive battery systems. However, private use of the existing

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More optimistic views as of 2006 include predictions that hybrids would dominate new car sales in the US and elsewhere over the next 10 to 20 years. Another approach, taken by Saurin Shah, examines the penetration rates (or S-curves) of four analogs (historical and current) to hybrid and electrical

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vehicles (ICEV). The findings showed that, in certain road situations, HEVs are more dangerous for those on foot or bicycle. For accidents where a vehicle was slowing or stopping, backing up, entering, or leaving a parking space (when the sound difference between HEVs and ICEVs is most pronounced),

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In January 2011 industry giant Chrysler announced a partnership with the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to design and develop an experimental petro-hydraulic hybrid powertrain suitable for use in large passenger cars. In 2012 an existing production minivan was adapted to the new hydraulic

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The petro-hydraulic hybrid system has a faster and more efficient charge/discharge cycling than petro-electric hybrids and is also cheaper to build. The accumulator vessel size dictates total energy storage capacity and may require more space than an electric battery set. Any vehicle space consumed

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The Boeing Fuel Cell Demonstrator Airplane has a Proton-Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell/lithium-ion battery hybrid system to power an electric motor, which is coupled to a conventional propeller. The fuel cell provides all power for the cruise phase of flight. During takeoff and climb, the flight

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In the 1990s, engineers at EPA's National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory developed a petro-hydraulic powertrain for a typical American sedan car. The test car achieved over 80 mpg on combined EPA city/highway driving cycles. Acceleration was 0-60 mph in 8 seconds, using a 1.9-liter

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drives an electric generator or hydraulic pump, which powers electric/hydraulic motors—strictly an electric/hydraulic transmission (not a hybrid), unless it can accept power from outside. With large vehicles, conversion losses decrease and the advantages in distributing power through wires or pipes

734:, for instance, the electric motor is more efficient at producing torque, or turning power, while the combustion engine is better for maintaining high speed. Improved efficiency, lower emissions, and reduced running costs relative to non-hybrid vehicles are three primary benefits of hybridization. 2834:

Hybrid car companies have a long time to go if they expect to really go green. According to Harvard business professor Theodore Levitt states "managing products" and "meeting customers' needs", "you must adapt to consumer expectations and anticipation of future desires." This means people buy what

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Power can come from either the engine, motor, or both depending on driving circumstances. Additional power to assist the engine in accelerating or climbing might be provided by the electric motor. Or more commonly, a smaller electric motor provides all of the power for low-speed driving conditions

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There are two different levels of charging in plug-in hybrids. Level one charging is the slower method as it uses a 120 V/15 A single-phase grounded outlet. Level two is a faster method; existing Level 2 equipment offers charging from 208 V or 240 V (at up to 80 A, 19.2 kW). It

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Although petro-hydraulic hybrid technology has been known for decades and used in trains as well as very large construction vehicles, the high costs of the equipment precluded the systems from lighter trucks and cars. In the modern sense, an experiment proved the viability of small petro-hydraulic

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with an internal combustion generator set providing the electric power; Porsche's hybrid set two-speed records. While liquid fuel/electric hybrids date back to the late 19th century, the braking regenerative hybrid was invented by David Arthurs, an electrical engineer from Springdale, Arkansas, in

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The demonstrator aircraft is a Dimona motor glider, built by Diamond Aircraft Industries of Austria, which also carried out structural modifications to the aircraft. With a wingspan of 16.3 meters (53 feet), the airplane will be able to cruise at about 100 km/h (62 mph) on power from the

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Since these engines typically need extra weight for traction purposes anyway the battery pack's weight is a negligible penalty. The diesel generator and batteries are normally built on an existing "retired" "yard" locomotive's frame. The existing motors and running gear are all rebuilt and reused.

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emissions from new cars to 95 g/km from 2020, as proposed by the commission. This is a 40% reduction from the mandatory 2015 target of 130 g/km. The target is an average for each manufacturer's new car fleet; it allows OEMs to build some vehicles that emit less than the average and some

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and others are investing in hybrid delivery vehicles—particularly for city use where hybrid technology may pay off first. As of December 2013 FedEx is trialling two delivery trucks with Wrightspeed electric motors and diesel generators; the retrofit kits are claimed to pay for themselves in a few

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While the adoption rate for hybrids in the US is small today (2.2% of new car sales in 2011), this compares with a 17.1% share of new car sales in Japan in 2011, and it has the potential to be very large over time as more models are offered and incremental costs decline due to learning and scale

1404:). The vehicle's batteries are recharged by this process—on the highway—and can then be used normally on other roads until the battery is discharged. For example, some of the battery-electric locomotives used for maintenance trains on the London Underground are capable of this mode of operation. 1090:

Hybrid systems are regularly in use for trucks, buses and other heavy highway vehicles. Small fleet sizes and installation costs are compensated by fuel savings, with advances such as higher capacity, lowered battery cost, etc. Toyota, Ford, GM and others are introducing hybrid pickups and SUVs.

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On the open road, the primary power source is the internal combustion engine. When maximum power is required, for example, to overtake, the traction electric motor is used to assist. This increases the available power for a short period, giving the effect of having a larger engine than actually

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In the 1990s, a team of engineers working at EPA's National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory succeeded in developing a revolutionary type of petro-hydraulic hybrid powertrain that would propel a typical American sedan car. The test car achieved over 80 mpg on combined EPA city/highway

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which is the "unjustified appropriation of environmental virtue." Temma Ehrenfeld explained in an article by Newsweek. Hybrids may be more efficient than many other gasoline motors as far as gasoline consumption is concerned but as far as being green and good for the environment is completely

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In a parallel hybrid vehicle, an electric motor and an internal combustion engine are coupled such that they can power the vehicle either individually or together. Most commonly the internal combustion engine, the electric motor and gearbox are coupled by automatically controlled clutches. For

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For some users, this type of vehicle may also be financially attractive so long as the electrical energy being used is cheaper than the petrol/diesel that they would have otherwise used. Current tax systems in many European countries use mineral oil taxation as a major income source. This is

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When describing cars, the battery of a series-hybrid is usually charged by being plugged in—but a series-hybrid may also allow for a battery to only act as a buffer (and for regeneration purposes), and for the electric motor's power to be supplied constantly by a supporting engine. Series

1035:(Pba) batteries and 1000 to 2000 hp electric motors, and a new clean-burning ≈160 hp diesel generator. No fuel is wasted for idling: ≈60–85% of the time for these types of locomotives. It is unclear if regenerative braking is used; but in principle, it is easily utilized. 2882:. "Our claim is based on the fact that customers never have to charge the battery of their vehicle, as it is recharged during the vehicle use. There is no intention to mislead customers, on the contrary: the point is to clearly explain the difference with plug-in hybrid vehicles." 1792:

type of body. PSA Although the car was ready for production and was proven and feasible delivering the claimed results, Peugeot Citroën were unable to attract a major manufacturer to share the high development costs and are shelving the project until a partnership can be arranged.

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Fuel savings of 40–60% and up to 80% pollution reductions are claimed over a "typical" older switching/yard engine. The advantages hybrid cars have for frequent starts and stops and idle periods apply to typical switching yard use. "Green Goat" locomotives have been purchased by

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The plug-in-electric-vehicle (PEV) is becoming more and more common. It has the range needed in locations where there are wide gaps with no services. The batteries can be plugged into house (mains) electricity for charging, as well being charged while the engine is running.

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William H. Patton filed a patent application for a gasoline-electric hybrid rail-car propulsion system in early 1889, and for a similar hybrid boat propulsion system in mid 1889. There is no evidence that his hybrid boat met with any success, but he built a prototype hybrid

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Brown, Matthew. But Daniel thinks "Energy debate heats up: the high gas prices of last summer fueled the energy debate that continues today." State Legislatures 32.2 (February 2006): 12(5). Expanded Academic ASAP. Gale. Bentley Upper School Library (BAISL). 14 October 2009

1629:(compressed gas) drive units. In most cases the engine is detached from the drivetrain, serving solely to charge the energy accumulator. The transmission is seamless. Regenerative braking can be used to recover some of the supplied drive energy back into the accumulator. 2835:

they want, if they want a fuel efficient car they buy a Hybrid without thinking about the actual efficiency of the product. This "green myopia" as Ottman calls it, fails because marketers focus on the greenness of the product and not on the actual effectiveness.

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in the world come from China, and many analysts believe that an overall increase in Chinese electronics manufacturing will consume this entire supply by 2012. In addition, export quotas on Chinese rare-earth elements have resulted in an unknown amount of supply.

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are very different from petroleum or diesel and cannot be used in the same tanks, so it would be challenging to build an (LPG or NG) flexible fuel system. Instead vehicles are built with two, parallel, fuel systems feeding one engine. For example, some Chevrolet

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and pedaling while stationary. In 1995 Thomas Muller designed and built a "Fahrrad mit elektromagnetischem Antrieb" for his 1995 diploma thesis. In 1996 Jürg Blatter and Andreas Fuchs of Berne University of Applied Sciences built an SHB and in 1998 modified a

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driving cycles. Acceleration was 0-60 mph in 8 seconds, using a 1.9 L diesel engine. No lightweight materials were used. The EPA estimated that produced in high volumes the hydraulic components would add only $ 700 to the base cost of the vehicle.

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Hybrid vehicle emissions today are getting close to or even lower than the recommended level set by the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). The recommended levels they suggest for a typical passenger vehicle should be equated to 5.5 metric tons of

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developing 152 kW (204 hp) paired with a 20 kW (27 hp) electric motor, positioned between the engine and the gearbox, for a combined output of 170 kW (228 hp). The vehicle has a fuel consumption rate of 24–26 km/L

2427:, set the standards even higher by producing 4.1, 3.5, and 3.5 tons showing a major improvement in carbon dioxide emissions. Hybrid vehicles can reduce air emissions of smog-forming pollutants by up to 90% and cut carbon dioxide emissions in half. 2930:

their new car fleet. However, to prevent the scheme from undermining the environmental integrity of the legislation, there will be a 2.5 g/km cap per manufacturer on the contribution that super credits can make to their target in any year.

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In 2005, sales went beyond 200,000 Hybrids, but in retrospect that only reduced the global use for gasoline consumption by 200,000 gallons per day—a tiny fraction of the 360 million gallons used per day. According to Bradley Berman author of

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can effortlessly switch between petroleum and natural gas, offering a range of over 1000 km (650 miles). While the duplicated tanks cost space in some applications, the increased range, decreased cost of fuel, and flexibility where

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with Range Extender is a production series-hybrid. It operates as an electric vehicle until the battery charge is low, and then activates an engine-powered generator to maintain power, and is also available without the range extender. The

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In a power-split hybrid electric drive train, there are two motors: a traction electric motor and an internal combustion engine. The power from these two motors can be shared to drive the wheels via a power split device, which is a simple

1776:. The vehicle uses nitrogen gas compressed by energy harvested from braking or deceleration to power a hydraulic drive which supplements power from its conventional gasoline engine. The hydraulic and electronic components were supplied by 2817:

Hybrid car companies like Toyota, Honda, Ford, and BMW have pulled together to create a movement of Hybrid vehicle sales pushed by Washington lobbyists to lower the world's emissions and become less reliant on our petroleum consumption.

2639:. The main goal within many of these companies is to combat disinformation about the nature of lithium batteries, primarily that they are not recyclable, which primarily stem from articles discussing the difficulties of recycling. 2180:

a distance that depends on the battery size and its mechanical layout (series or parallel). It may be connected to mains electricity supply at the end of the journey to avoid charging using the on-board internal combustion engine.

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These types use a generally compact electric motor (usually <20 kW) to provide auto-stop/start features and to provide extra power assist during the acceleration, and to generate on the deceleration phase (also known as

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The electric motor normally converts electricity into physical motion. Used in reverse as a generator, it can also convert physical motion into electricity. This both slows the car (braking) and recharges (regenerates) the

2895:, a long-time skeptic of hybrids, indicated he expects hybrids "will never comprise more than 10% of the US auto market." Other sources also expect hybrid penetration rates in the US will remain under 10% for many years. 2184:

This concept is attractive to those seeking to minimize on-road emissions by avoiding—or at least minimizing—the use of ICE during daily driving. As with pure electric vehicles, the total emissions saving, for example in

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Relying on both the engine and the electric motors for peak power needs, resulting in a smaller engine size more for average usage rather than peak power usage. A smaller engine can have fewer internal losses and lower

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Petro-hydraulic configurations have been common in trains and heavy vehicles for decades. The auto industry recently focused on this hybrid configuration as it now shows promise for introduction into smaller vehicles.

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rather than mechanical elements become more prominent, especially when powering multiple drives—e.g. driven wheels or propellers. Until recently most heavy vehicles had little secondary energy storage, e.g. batteries/

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Researchers and analysts say people are drawn to the new technology, as well as the convenience of fewer fill-ups. Secondly, people find it rewarding to own the better, newer, flashier, and so-called greener car.

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of India assessed the design phase towards full production for the Indian market and moved into "completing detailed development of the compressed air engine into specific vehicle and stationary applications".

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are reduced, particularly at idling and low operating speeds, in comparison to conventional engine vehicles. For continuous high-speed highway use, these features are much less useful in reducing emissions.

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can be recharged while the user drives. Such a vehicle establishes contact with an electrified rail, plate, or overhead wires on the highway via an attached conducting wheel or other similar mechanisms (see

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It automatically shuts off the engine when the vehicle comes to a stop and restarts it when the accelerator is pressed down. This automation is much simpler with an electric motor. Also, see dual power

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have a second electric motor/generator connected to the planetary gear. In cooperation with the traction motor/generator and the power-split device, this provides a continuously variable transmission.

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human and motor torques are mechanically coupled at the pedal or one of the wheels, e.g. using a hub motor, a roller pressing onto a tire, or a connection to a wheel using a transmission element. Most

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stations in place. Rising gas prices may push consumers to purchase these vehicles. In 2013 when gas prices traded around US$ 1.1 per litre ($ 4.0/US gal), the price of gasoline was US$ 95.5 per

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Powering the a/c, power steering, and other auxiliary pumps electrically as and when needed; this reduces mechanical losses when compared with driving them continuously with traditional engine belts.

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to a petro-hydraulic hybrid with off-the shelf components. A car rated at 32 mpg was returning 75 mpg with the 60 hp engine replaced by a 16 hp engine, and reached 70 mph.

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diesel engine. No lightweight materials were used. The EPA estimated that produced in high volumes the hydraulic components would add only $ 700 to the cost. Under EPA testing, a hydraulic hybrid

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set. The ratio can be from 100% for the combustion engine to 100% for the traction electric motor, or anything in between. The combustion engine can act as a generator charging the batteries.

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1978–79. His home-converted Opel GT was reported to return as much as 75 mpg with plans still sold to this original design, and the "Mother Earth News" modified version on their website.

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drive system and lightweight housing, altogether weighing less than 4.5 kg. Active cooling keeps plastic parts from softening. The prototype uses a regular electric bicycle charge port.

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is one that uses two or more distinct types of power, such as submarines that use diesel when surfaced and batteries when submerged. Other means to store energy include pressurized fluid in

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electric driving, the clutch between the internal combustion engine is open while the clutch to the gearbox is engaged. While in combustion mode the engine and motor run at the same speed.

797:) the user pedals a generator, charging a battery or feeding the motor, which delivers all of the torque required. They are commercially available, being simple in theory and manufacturing. 2601:

The lithium-ion battery has become a market leader in this segment due to its high energy density, stability, and cost when compared to other technologies. A market leader in this area is

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electrical system is almost universally prohibited. Besides, the technology for such electrical infrastructure is largely outdated and, outside some cities, not widely distributed (see

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Though hybrid cars consume less fuel than conventional cars, there is still an issue regarding the environmental damage of the hybrid car battery. Today, most hybrid car batteries are

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emissions have been understated when comparing certification cycles to real-world driving. In one study using real-world driving data, it was shown they use on average 120 g of CO

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The first published prototype of an SHB is by Augustus Kinzel (US Patent 3'884'317) in 1975. In 1994 Bernie Macdonalds conceived the Electrilite SHB with power electronics allowing

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rate is high and therefore the system is more efficient than electric battery charged hybrids using the current electric battery technology, demonstrating a 60% to 70% increase in

1467:") using the same engine to be hybrids, although to avoid confusion with hybrids as described above and to use correctly the terms, these are perhaps more correctly described as 4713:

Giansoldati, Marco; Rotaris, Lucia; Scorrano, Mariangela; Danielis, Romeo (March 2020). "Does electric car knowledge influence car choice? Evidence from a hybrid choice model".

1557:), compared to natural gas's $ 13.6/MWh ($ 4.00 per million British thermal units). On a per unit of energy comparative basis, this makes natural gas much cheaper than gasoline. 905:, one of the oldest production hybrids, running on diesel while surfaced and batteries when submerged. Both series and parallel setups were used in World War II-era submarines. 2463:

emissions to zero throughout the entire life cycle of a product, starting from procurement of raw materials, manufacturing, and transportation to use, recycling, and disposal.

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infrastructure is incomplete may be a significant incentive to purchase. While the US Natural gas infrastructure is partially incomplete, it is increasing and in 2013 had 2600

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Automakers spend around $ US8 million in marketing Hybrid vehicles each year. With combined effort from many car companies, the Hybrid industry has sold millions of Hybrids.

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Dunnick JK, et al. (November 1995). "Comparative carcinogenic effects of nickel subsulfide, nickel oxide, or nickel sulfate hexahydrate chronic exposures in the lung".

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An increase in fossil fuels is needed to build hybrid vehicles versus conventional cars. This increase is more than offset by reduced emissions when running the vehicle.

5037: 2386:, once again making the engine work harder, consuming more fuel. Hybrid cars may use special tires that are more inflated than regular tires and stiffer or by choice of 944:

for service in France is diesel/electric motors, using 1500 or 25,000 V on different rail systems. It was tested in Rotterdam, the Netherlands with Railfeeding, a

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Ottman, Jacquelyn A., Edwin R. Stafford, and Cathy L. Hartman. "Avoiding Green Marketing Myopia." Environment 48.5 (2006): 22,36,2. ProQuest. Web. 25 January 2014.

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Yilmaz, M.; Krein, P. T. (May 2013). "Review of Battery Charger Topologies, Charging Power Levels, and Infrastructure for Plug-In Electric and Hybrid Vehicles".

2082:, as the electric generator and driving motor replaced a mechanical transmission. The vehicle could not move unless the internal combustion engine was running. 818:. In 1999 Harald Kutzke described an "active bicycle": the aim is to approach the ideal bicycle weighing nothing and having no drag by electronic compensation. 4766: 3477: 2902:

The EPA expects the combined market share of new gasoline hybrid light-duty vehicles to reach 13.6% for the 2023 model year from 10.2% in the 2022 model year.

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These features make a hybrid vehicle particularly efficient for city traffic where there are frequent stops, coasting, and idling periods. In addition

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structure and rubber compound have lower rolling resistance while retaining acceptable grip, and so improving fuel economy whatever the power source.

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Railpower Technologies engineers working with TSI Terminal Systems are testing a hybrid diesel–electric power unit with battery storage for use in

830:) is powered by pedals, batteries, a petrol generator, or plug-in charger—providing flexibility and range enhancements over electric-only bicycles. 3269: 1989:

installed. In most applications, the combustion engine is switched off when the car is slow or stationary thereby reducing curbside emissions.

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EPA Announces Partnership to Demonstrate World's First Full Hydraulic Hybrid Urban Delivery Vehicle | Modeling, Testing, and Research | US EPA

3608: 2172:. The plug-in hybrid is usually a general fuel-electric (parallel or serial) hybrid with increased energy storage capacity, usually through a 5718: 5165: 4216: 6050: 3758: 1428:). Updating the required electrical and infrastructure costs could perhaps be funded by toll revenue or by dedicated transportation taxes. 698: 2323:(ICEVs), resulting in fewer emissions being generated. These savings are primarily achieved by three elements of a typical hybrid design: 6272: 5813: 5307: 2594:

There are many types of batteries. Some are far more toxic than others. Lithium-ion is the least toxic of the batteries mentioned above.

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Hybrid FanWings have been designed. A FanWing is created by two engines with the capability to autorotate and landing like a helicopter.

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Berman, Bradley. "Driving change--one hybrid at a time." Business Perspectives Spring 2005: 30+. Academic OneFile. Web. 25 January 2014.

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reduces vehicle speed by converting some of its kinetic energy into electricity, depending upon the power rating of the motor/generator;

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Having significant battery storage capacity to store and reuse recaptured energy, especially in stop-and-go traffic typical of the city

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is another rare earth metal which is a crucial ingredient in high-strength magnets that are found in permanent magnet electric motors.

5119: 4120: 4341:"Mercedes-Benz introducing diesel E 300 BlueTEC HYBRID with fuel economy of 56 mpg US; gasoline-engined E 400 HYBRID model to follow" 3242: 3340: 7408: 5807: 4429: 4262: 2382:(tires were often made to give a quiet, smooth ride, high grip, etc., but efficiency was a lower priority). Tires cause mechanical 3657: 7242: 5391: 4286: 5452: 3406: 1722:

hybrid road vehicles in 1978. A group of students at Minneapolis, Minnesota's Hennepin Vocational Technical Center, converted a

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AllianceBernstein, "The Emergence of Hybrid Vehicles: Ending Oil's Stranglehold on Transportation and the Economy," June 2006.

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became prevalent in advertising, though cars referred to by this name do not offer any different functionality than a standard

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by a larger size of accumulator vessel may be offset by the need for a smaller sized charging engine, in HP and physical size.

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The European Parliament, Council, and European Commission have reached an agreement which is aimed at reducing the average CO

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design, where each of the two front wheels was powered by a separate motor. This arrangement was sometimes referred to as an

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There is an impending increase in the costs of many rare materials used in the manufacture of hybrid cars. For example, the

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pioneering processes to recycle lithium-ion batteries; this is also being chased by various other large companies, such as

2519: 1183:. Towing kites can fly at heights several times higher than the tallest ship masts, capturing stronger and steadier winds. 7443: 7429: 5779: 5051: 3824: 815: 727: 5818: 5599: 5574: 5221: 4066: 3301: 1742:) with the 60 hp engine replaced by a 16 hp engine. The experimental car reached 70 mph (110 km/h). 2346:

Other techniques that are not necessarily 'hybrid' features, but that are frequently found on hybrid vehicles include:

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Environmental Activities. (2009). Retrieved December 01, 2009, from Lithium-ion battery for Hybrid Electric Vehicles:

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in Australia are currently under development; however, the barriers to entry are high and require years to go online.

2526: 6478: 6079: 5207: 4145:"EPA and Chrysler to Take Latest Hybrid Technology from Lab to Street/Partnership to adapt fuel efficient technology" 3972: 2566: 1818: 520: 340: 61: 4191: 1172:

As of 2022, there are 550 ships with an average of 1.6 MWh of batteries. The average was 500 kWh in 2016.

2742:. The key areas for efficiency or performance gains are regenerative braking, dual power sources, and less idling. 2584: 691: 128: 5100: 4505:"Incidence of Pedestrian and Bicyclist Crashes by Hybrid Electric Passenger Vehicles at Journalist's Resource.org" 1091:

Kenworth Truck Company recently introduced the Kenworth T270 Class 6 that for city usage seems to be competitive.

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effectively invented this arrangement in speed-record-setting racing cars in the early 20th century, such as the

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Other types of green vehicles include other vehicles that go fully or partly on alternative energy sources than

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of 40 mi (64 km), though this car also has a mechanical connection between the engine and drivetrain.

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Some vehicles have been modified to use another fuel source if it is available, such as cars modified to run on

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provides. The only self-charging effect is in energy recovery via regenerative braking, which is also true of

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Another form of a hybrid vehicle are the human-powered electric vehicles. These include such vehicles as the

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concept that offers automated on-demand non-stop transportation, on a network of specially built guideways.

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Ehrenfeld, Temma. "Green, or Greenwash? Newsweek 14 July 2008: 56. Academic OneFile. Web. 25 January 2014.

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released in 2012 only in European markets is a very rare mass-produced diesel hybrid vehicle powered by a

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use an engine or regenerative braking (or both) to charge a pressure accumulator to drive the wheels via

1220: 835: 684: 39: 34: 4044: 2201: 7574: 7460: 7262: 6405: 6161: 3365:"Railpower to supply TSI Terminal Systems Inc. with hybrid power plants for rubber tyred gantry cranes" 3364: 3341:"RailPower To Supply TSI Terminal Systems Inc. with hybrid power plants for rubber tyred gantry cranes" 2232: 1898: 1829: 1440: 1409: 1401: 1336: 1012: 923: 839: 766:

and the rider's muscles. Early prototype motorcycles in the late 19th century used the same principle.

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purpose of the range extender is to charge the battery. Series-hybrids have also been referred to as

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passenger car emissions to 95 g/km by 2020, according to a European Commission press release.

2472: 2448: 2163: 2040: 1618: 1396: 606: 544: 218: 173: 163: 93: 4237:"A Pair of Peugeots Debuts in Paris: One Prescient (and Possibly Good for 118 mpg), One Practical" 7272: 7247: 6866: 6334: 6293: 6099: 6062: 3010: 2852: 2790:) in conventional fossil fuel-based vehicles, making them go partly on renewable energy sources. 2493: 2365: 2319:

The hybrid vehicle typically achieves greater fuel economy and lower emissions than conventional

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car to run as a petro-hydraulic hybrid using off-the-shelf components. A car rated at 32 mpg

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Recapturing significant amounts of energy during braking that are normally wasted as heat. This

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to power the vehicle. The energy is stored in the fuel of the internal combustion engine and an

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returned 32 mpg (7.4 L/100 km) City, and 22 mpg (11 L/100 km) highway.

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In 1978 students at Minneapolis, Minnesota's Hennepin Vocational Technical Center, converted a

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Gelani, S; M. Morano (1980). "Congenital abnormalities in nickel poisoning in chick embryos".

4340: 3709: 3392: 3175:"Australian man builds the first ever hybrid petrol/electric bicycle using UP Mini 3D printer" 1769: 6996: 6861: 6616: 6329: 6257: 6209: 6084: 5477: 5367: 3821:"What is the energy of gasoline compared to the same cost of other fuels in BTUs per dollar?" 3431: 3247: 3196: 3025: 2588: 2361:

Shutting down the engine during traffic stops or while coasting or during other idle periods.

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segment that requires the most power, the system draws on lightweight lithium-ion batteries.

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Hybrid powertrains are designed to switch from one power source to another to maximize both

7490: 7454: 6454: 6038: 5523: 5244: 4944: 4888: 4379: 4358: 2980: 2747: 2339: 2252: 2210: 1982: 1920: 1554: 1296: 945: 613: 508: 352: 258: 118: 5193: 4660: 4483: 4023:"Lift Trucks: 15 ways the lift truck is evolving - Article from Modern Materials Handling" 2231:

accidents that involved pedestrians and cyclists and compared them to accidents involving

8: 7348: 7069: 6881: 6626: 6303: 3347: 2711: 2632: 2173: 1939: 1871: 1814: 1565: 1320: 1264: 1079: 1064: 885: 759: 434: 300: 283: 228: 83: 71: 5248: 4948: 4892: 4405: 4305:"Mercedes-Benz E 300 BlueTEC HYBRID: The world's most fuel-efficient luxury-class model" 3799: 3407:"Kenworth Unveils T270 Class 6 Hybrid Truck Targeted at Municipal, Utility Applications" 2675:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

2043:, range-extended electric vehicle, or electric vehicle-extended range (EREV/REEV/EVER). 1673: 1659: 963:

locomotive upgraded with batteries, a 200 kW diesel generator, and four AC motors.

7480: 7358: 7330: 7074: 7006: 6510: 5970: 5268: 4912: 4817: 4803: 4748: 4545:"Critical Pedestrian Safety Legislation Moves to White House for President's Signature" 3928: 2693: 2376: 2149: 2140: 2133: 2094: 2071: 2008: 1927: 1875: 1593: 1284: 1272: 1268: 1135: 802: 775: 751: 315: 143: 53: 5409: 5388: 1843: 7505: 7368: 7353: 7340: 7320: 7295: 7139: 6376: 6242: 6089: 6013: 5945: 5870: 5726: 5459: 5260: 4987: 4960: 4904: 4833:

Environmental impact of hybrid car battery. (2008). Retrieved December 09, 2009 from

4821: 4807: 4752: 4740: 4217:"Peugeot Announces Plans to Release a Hybrid Car That Runs on Compressed Air by 2016" 3410: 3379: 3090: 3057: 2975: 2860: 2456: 2283: 2275: 2256: 2177: 2116:

Nissan Note e-power is an example of a series hybrid technology since 2016 in Japan.

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The first mass-production parallel hybrid sold outside Japan was the 1st generation

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terms, is dependent upon the energy source of the electricity generating company.

1491:). In principle, this could be combined with a battery subsystem to create a true 1226: 1165:. This runs on batteries when submerged and the batteries can be recharged by the 810:

tricycle (European patent EP 1165188). Until 2005 they built several prototype SH

7500: 7325: 7315: 7305: 6936: 6444: 6434: 6324: 5960: 5680: 5511: 5395: 5107: 5006:"Global lithium-ion battery capacity may rise five-fold by 2030 - Wood Mackenzie" 4956: 4841: 4726: 3960: 3015: 2700: 2110: 2098: 2075: 2060: 1703: 1691: 1520: 1417: 1379: 1328: 1139: 1112: 1068: 723: 248: 203: 133: 5286: 4001: 1463:, some also consider vehicles that use distinct energy sources or input types (" 7251: 7041: 7016: 7001: 6906: 6853: 6535: 6354: 6262: 6126: 6057: 5995: 5705: 3274: 2995: 2961: 2856: 2383: 2351: 2267: 2157: 2086: 2016: 2012: 1958: 1954: 1947: 1695: 1492: 926: 834:

A SHEPB prototype made by David Kitson in Australia in 2014 used a lightweight

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Hybrid Cars. (2006). Retrieved December 9, 2009 from Hybrid Battery Toxicity,

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trolleybus, although as of 2006, no such design seems to have been announced.

1488: 1484: 1480: 1444: 1375: 1324: 1292: 1288: 1280: 1166: 1128: 1052: 889: 630: 596: 503: 486: 367: 357: 208: 6986: 5823: 5038:"Tesla for $ 25,000? New Panasonic battery set to cut cost of electric cars" 4323:"Not-For-U.S. Mercedes-Benz E300 BlueTec Hybrid Headed to Detroit Auto Show" 3217: 3084: 1789: 955:

The First Hybrid Evaluating locomotive was designed by rail research center

6981: 6976: 6886: 6730: 6705: 6555: 6339: 6204: 6184: 6169: 6104: 6045: 6033: 5166:"Mercedes-Benz to build battery recycling plant with Australia's Neometals" 4964: 3882: 3323: 3153: 3124: 2917:

According to the release, the key details of the agreement are as follows:

2827: 2424: 2303: 2299: 2291: 2271: 2052: 1993: 1962: 1861: 1260: 1256: 1155: 914: 569: 454: 123: 88: 4991: 4908: 3690: 3671: 7533: 7475: 7470: 7287: 7227: 7212: 7167: 7099: 7036: 6991: 6896: 6781: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6644: 6550: 6189: 5903: 5880: 5087: 4735: 2783: 2719: 2636: 2606: 2580: 2416: 2263: 2206: 2106: 2102: 1802: 1642: 1528: 1344: 1231: 893: 873: 843: 574: 449: 399: 362: 345: 330: 148: 4121:"Chrysler announces development of hydraulic hybrid technology for cars" 7129: 7114: 7109: 6876: 6715: 6697: 6608: 6570: 6545: 4900: 4866:"How Do Hybrid Vehicles Impact the Environment? | Physics 139 eck" 4462: 3674:, Patton, W. H., "Motor for Street Cars", issued 1889-08-13 2723: 2696: 2507: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2355: 2090: 2063: 1950: 1935: 1514: 1476: 1425: 1252: 1176: 1016: 902: 584: 409: 404: 372: 335: 320: 103: 4569: 3976: 3780:"Bi-Fuel Silverado 2500HD Can Switch Between Gasoline And Natural Gas" 2387: 2227:

A 2009 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration report examined

1710:) City, and 22 miles per US gallon (11 L/100 km; 26 mpg 7277: 7217: 7157: 7124: 7026: 7011: 6971: 6966: 6946: 6926: 6871: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6710: 6687: 6583: 6540: 6369: 6364: 6349: 6174: 6146: 6141: 5931: 5926: 5862: 4937:

Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis

3218:"The World's First Hybrid Train Officially Enters Commercial Service" 2704: 2602: 1833: 1723: 1626: 1622: 1468: 1217: 1162: 1104: 1020: 971: 439: 419: 188: 98: 5819:

The Future of Flight (Obese Pelicans to Shape-Shifting Switchblades)

5695:. Emagazine.credit-suisse.com (2010-07-23). Retrieved on 2012-04-18. 5425: 5341: 5066:"Panasonic Said to Scout US Sites for New 4680 Battery Cell Factory" 4932: 3530: 3528: 2482: 1706:

returned 32 miles per US gallon (7.4 L/100 km; 38 mpg

666: 7515: 7510: 7485: 7222: 6951: 6941: 6931: 6916: 6891: 6735: 6720: 6682: 6654: 6598: 6588: 6525: 6439: 6234: 6224: 5024:"Panasonic Energy CEO Shares Info About Tesla's 4680 Battery Cells" 3409:(Press release). Kenworth Truck Company. 2007-03-21. Archived from 2734:

Hybrids-Electric vehicles (HEVs) combine the advantage of gasoline

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In 1997 Toyota released the first series-hybrid bus sold in Japan.

1997: 1510: 1502: 1459:

In addition to vehicles that use two or more different devices for

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generator power and battery power or concurrent configuration, see

5751: 4712: 4592:"Hybrid, electric vehicles to become louder for pedestrian safety" 1606: 970:

Japan's first hybrid train with significant energy storage is the

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to power railway locomotives, buses, heavy goods vehicles, mobile

854: 7162: 7152: 7119: 7094: 7089: 6956: 6921: 6740: 6636: 6578: 6530: 6308: 6288: 6158: 6023: 5893: 5600:"Norway tells Toyota to stop calling hybrid cars "self-charging"" 5052:"Panasonic readies new battery Tesla sees as key to $ 25,000 EVs" 4067:"INGOCAR from Valentin Tech shatters the way we think about cars" 3525: 3474:"Try a Hydraulic Drive Train: This Car of the Future Gets 75 MPG" 2941: 2787: 2591:

which constitute the bulk of petrol car starter batteries today.

1572: 1561: 1506: 1452: 960: 601: 559: 295: 278: 5208:"It's time to get serious about recycling lithium-ion batteries" 3609:"Huge increase in European hybrid and electric vessels expected" 7172: 6429: 6179: 5802: 5308:"Electric-Car Battery Use: Already Higher Than Hybrids' Total?" 4690: 2875: 2867: 2444: 2214: 2047: 1363: 1158:

were an early form of a hybrid vehicle. Another example is the

1131: 956: 919: 807: 290: 4380:"Toyota debuts power-hybrid bus | The Japan Times Online" 4192:"Peugeot's Hybrid Air: the car of the future that runs on air" 3447:"FedEx's New Electric Trucks Get a Boost From Diesel Turbines" 2786:. Another option is to use alternative fuel composition (i.e. 7046: 6901: 6470: 4542: 4486:. Electric Auto Association – Plug in Hybrid Electric Vehicle 2879: 2466: 2379: 1806: 1501:

can use a mixture of input fuels mixed in one tank—typically

1413: 1212: 1092: 940:(AGC or high-capacity railcar) built by the Canadian company 779: 747: 525: 5410:"Rare earth elements critical resources for high technology" 4519:"TMC to Sell Approaching Vehicle Audible System for 'Prius'" 3904:"MDI's air engine technology tested on Tata Motors vehicles" 2314: 2262:

Vehicles in the market with such safety devices include the

1823: 5683:. Motorauthority.com (2008-04-07). Retrieved on 2012-04-18. 5419:. Fact Sheet. Reston, VA: United States Geological Survey. 5152:"Audi and BMW team up with Umicore on EV battery recycling" 4624:. Idaho Department of Environmental Quality. Archived from 3020: 2905: 2628: 2074:. Porsche named his arrangement "System Mixt" and it was a 1718:

currently has two trucks in service using this technology.

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and others. A petroleum-electric hybrid most commonly uses

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currently has two trucks in service using this technology.

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Kasprzak, KS; Sunderman, FW; Salnikow, K (December 2003).

4767:"Does hybrid car production waste offset hybrid benefits?" 4647:"Does hybrid car production waste offset hybrid benefits?" 2441:

per km instead of the 44 g per km in official tests.

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exhibited an experimental "Hybrid Air" engine at the 2013

7206: 6776: 6664: 6501: 6199: 4930: 4794:

Warner, John T. (2019), "Lithium-ion battery operation",

4521:(Press release). Toyota Motor. 2010-08-24. Archived from 4406:"Electro-Shock Therapy – The Atlantic (July/August 2008)" 3853: 3367:(Press release). RailPower Technologies Corp. 2006-10-10. 2624: 2113:

they claim up to 150 mpg in a series-hybrid arrangement.

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engines (using a variety of fuels, generally gasoline or

986: 3929:"Tata Motors enters second phase of air-car development" 3906:(Press release). Tata Motors. 2012-05-07. Archived from 3751:"Electric Car Conversion: The Amazing 75-MPG Hybrid Car" 2891:

benefits. However, forecasts vary widely. For instance,

2866:

In January 2020, using this term has been prohibited in

2196: 1968: 5407: 5369:

Interview: Japan urges China to ease rare metals supply

3564:"Military hybrid vehicles could boost safety, mobility" 5080:

Life Cycle Testing of Electric Vehicle Battery Modules

4881:

Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

4460: 3693:, Patton, W. H., "Boat", issued 1890-04-01 3314: 2920:

Emissions target: The agreement will reduce average CO

2619:

Lithium-ion batteries are also safer to recycle, with

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and have found them to deliver faster acceleration, a

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Plug-In Electrical Vehicles: What Role for Washington

5719:"2 Electrification of Transport and Oil Displacement" 3476:. Mother Earth News. March–April 1978. Archived from 1207: 5752:

US Environmental Protection Agency (December 2023).

5138:"BMW Group to Take EV Battery Recycling Rate to 96%" 4789: 4787: 3468: 3466: 3298:"GE's Hybrid Locomotive: Around The World on Brakes" 2937: 2729: 1347:, which offer varying advantages and disadvantages. 19:

For a vehicle that combines the electric motor with

5340:. Herndon, VA, US: The Anchor House. Archived from 1610:

French MDI petro-air hybrid car developed with Tata

1175:Newer hybrid ship-propulsion schemes include large 1142:, near silent operation, and greater fuel economy. 5780:"EU agrees deal on 2020 car emissions regulations" 5338:"Rare earth innovation: the silent shift to china" 4661:"Plug-in hybrids are a 'wolf in sheep's clothing'" 4566:"S. 841 Pedestrian Safety Enhancement Act of 2010" 2703:and battery systems in hybrid propulsion systems. 2119: 1008:) battery storage. They expect ≥10% fuel economy. 4784: 4686:"hree HEVs equal one BEV in CO2 reduction effect" 4045:"Hybrid Hydraulic Drive Vehicle Promises 170 MPG" 3973:"Our Technology | Artemis Intelligent Power" 3846:"Learn everything about the compressed air cars!" 3463: 2651: 2243:designed to alert pedestrians to the presence of 7556: 5639:. IntegrityExports.com. Retrieved on 2012-04-18. 5626:. IntegrityExports.com. Retrieved on 2012-04-18. 4622:"Air Quality: Vehicle Emissions and Air Quality" 4568:. Legislative Digest. 2010-12-15. Archived from 3583:"The US Army Bought a GMC Hummer EV for Testing" 2760:and is augmented by the engine at higher speeds. 2055:was the first series-hybrid production vehicle. 1780:. Mileage was estimated to be about 118 mpg 1391:Continuously outboard recharged electric vehicle 27:. For other types of hybrid transportation, see 5194:"The Truth About Lithium Ion Battery Recycling" 4878: 4287:"PSA puts Hybrid Air technology on back burner" 4263:"Compressing Gas for a Cheaper, Simpler Hybrid" 3550:EPA unveils hydraulic hybrid UPS delivery truck 3545: 3543: 3193:"Van Hool presents the ExquiCity Design Mettis" 2718:A few non-Chinese sources such as the advanced 838:from an aerial drone and small hand-tool sized 3438: 3117:"Greetings Ecological Transportation Futurist" 2699:is required to fabricate many of the advanced 1337:types of petroleum-electric hybrid drivetrains 6486: 5853: 5839: 5361: 5359: 3800:"Alternative Fueling Station Counts by State" 3689: 3670: 2771: 2616:emissions helping to prevent global warming. 2109:in a converted Saturn Vue SUV vehicle. Using 2093:series plug-in hybrid in 2010, aiming for an 1665:Peugeot 2008 HYbrid air/hydraulic concept car 1127:Since 1985, the US military has been testing 1122: 865:, a diesel–electric hybrid driving system by 758:are a simple form of a hybrid, powered by an 692: 5222:"Lithium batteries' big unanswered question" 4543:American Council of the Blind (2010-12-16). 3540: 2447:states that three Hybrid vehicles equal one 1096:years. The diesel engines run at a constant 6273:Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle 5651:. Marketwatch.com. Retrieved on 2012-04-18. 5234: 4214: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3346:(Press release). 2006-10-10. Archived from 2405: 1788:) on the Euro test cycle if installed in a 1568:that has not been processed into biodiesel. 1366:developed the world's first petro-electric 38:World's first mass-produced hybrid vehicle 6493: 6479: 5846: 5832: 5664:. Online.wsj.com. Retrieved on 2012-04-18. 5356: 2587:and is more environmentally friendly than 2467:Environmental impact of hybrid car battery 2415:. The three most popular hybrid vehicles, 2168:Another subtype of hybrid vehicles is the 2000:400h, RX450h, GS450h, LS600h, and CT200h. 1431: 699: 685: 60: 5424: 5365: 4734: 4254: 4042: 3537:. AutoblogGreen. Retrieved on 2012-04-18. 2842: 2567:Learn how and when to remove this message 2315:Fuel consumption and emissions reductions 1851: 1824:Hybrid vehicle power train configurations 1679:Peugeot 2008 HYbrid air/hydraulic cutaway 1649: 6897:Cabriolet / Convertible / Drophead coupe 5446: 5444: 5305: 4183: 3748: 3634: 3606: 3491: 2906:European Union 2020 regulation standards 2200: 2139: 2123: 2007: 1870: 1856: 1842: 1605: 1602:Chrysler minivan, petro-hydraulic hybrid 1597: 1435: 1225: 1211: 1078: 985:Indian railway launched one of its kind 918: 853: 824:series hybrid electric–petroleum bicycle 33: 7243:Homogeneous charge compression ignition 5408:Haxel, G; J. Hedrick; J. Orris (2002). 5331: 5329: 5327: 4977: 4511: 4403: 4025:. Modern Materials Handling. 2011-08-01 3561: 3423: 3049: 2583:, which has higher energy density than 2309: 2176:, which allows the vehicle to drive on 1913: 1251:. These encompass such vehicles as the 16:Vehicle using two or more power sources 7557: 5401: 5237:IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 4793: 4619: 4589: 4118: 4064: 3444: 3390: 3295: 3146:"Welcome to the electronic cycle site" 3089:. Future Bike Switzerland, J. Hölzle. 2722:project in northern Canada as well as 194:List of low-energy building techniques 6474: 5827: 5597: 5441: 4583: 4260: 4189: 3736:English Mechanic and World of Science 3607:Wingrove, Martyn (24 February 2022). 3315:RailPower Technologies (2006-07-12). 3243:"Japan to launch first hybrid trains" 3082: 2197:Road safety for cyclists, pedestrians 1996:, Ford Escape and Fusion, as well as 1969:Power-split or series-parallel hybrid 1587: 959:in 1999 and built in 2000. It was an 5716: 5450: 5324: 4715:Research in Transportation Economics 4558: 3955:. Epa.gov. Retrieved on 2012-04-18. 3552:. Autoblog. Retrieved on 2012-04-18. 2655: 2505:adding citations to reliable sources 2476: 1992:Passenger car installations include 1738:(3.1 L/100 km; 90 mpg 1730:(7.4 L/100 km; 38 mpg 5754:"2023 EPA Automotive Trends Report" 5335: 5306:Voelcker, John (4 September 2014). 4536: 4463:"All About Plug-In Hybrids (PHEVs)" 3580: 3393:"Hybrid Truck Unveiled by Kenworth" 2824:Driving Change—One Hybrid at a time 2321:internal combustion engine vehicles 1981:Modern versions such as the Toyota 1878:, with a series-parallel drivetrain 1797:Electric-human power hybrid vehicle 1784:(2 L/100 km; 142 mpg 1632: 1247:is used, it most often refers to a 1075:Road transport, commercial vehicles 743:Two-wheeled and cycle-type vehicles 13: 5635:Tuesday, Stephen On. (2012-04-10) 5524:"Hybrid Cars Technology Overviews" 5398:. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2012-04-18. 4804:10.1016/b978-0-12-814778-8.00003-x 3818: 3270:"CNG-Diesel train launch in India" 2358:engines for improved fuel economy. 1838: 1208:Hybrid electric-petroleum vehicles 1179:manufactured by companies such as 1169:when the craft is on the surface. 14: 7596: 6907:Coupé de Ville / Sedanca de Ville 6080:Electric motorcycles and scooters 5795: 5622:Friday, Stephen On. (2012-04-06) 5575:"What is a self-charging hybrid?" 4465:. International Humanities Center 3749:Marshall, Robert W. (July 1979). 3535:Capturing the power of hydraulics 3424:Hetzner, Christian (2007-11-12), 3317:"GG Series: Hybrid Yard Switcher" 2730:How hybrid-electric vehicles work 2459:viewpoint which means reducing CO 2247:such as hybrid electric vehicle, 2217:'s Vehicle Sound for Pedestrians. 2059:arrangements have been common in 1819:Electric motorcycles and scooters 908: 5801: 5772: 5745: 5710: 5698: 5686: 5667: 5654: 5642: 5629: 5616: 5598:Coren, Michael J. (2020-01-26). 5591: 5567: 5558: 5549: 5540: 5516: 5497: 5382: 5366:Nishiyama, George (2007-11-08), 5299: 5279: 4043:Proefrock, Philip (2010-03-25). 3300:. Ecotality Life. Archived from 2954: 2940: 2885: 2660: 2481: 2249:plug-in hybrid electric vehicles 2036:series- or serial-hybrid vehicle 2003: 1690:In petro-hydraulic hybrids, the 1672: 1658: 849: 737: 665: 652: 651: 129:Energy efficiency implementation 6127:Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle 5228: 5214: 5200: 5186: 5172: 5158: 5144: 5130: 5112: 5093: 5072: 5058: 5044: 5030: 5016: 4998: 4971: 4924: 4872: 4858: 4846: 4827: 4796:Lithium-Ion Battery Chemistries 4759: 4706: 4678: 4653: 4639: 4613: 4497: 4476: 4454: 4436: 4422: 4397: 4372: 4351: 4333: 4315: 4297: 4279: 4229: 4215:Marc Carter (25 January 2013). 4208: 4162: 4137: 4112: 4083: 4058: 4036: 4015: 3990: 3965: 3946: 3921: 3896: 3867: 3838: 3812: 3792: 3772: 3742: 3724: 3702: 3683: 3664: 3650: 3628: 3619: 3600: 3574: 3555: 3417: 3399: 3384: 3371: 3357: 3333: 3308: 3289: 3056:(in German). Moby-Dick-Verlag. 2863:and battery electric vehicles. 2492:needs additional citations for 2280:Nissan Fuga Hybrid/Infiniti M35 2241:electric vehicle warning sounds 2223:Electric vehicle warning sounds 2170:plug-in hybrid electric vehicle 2120:Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle 2105:battery bank have been used by 2041:extended range electric vehicle 2024:extended range electric vehicle 1700:Environmental Protection Agency 1564:and diesels modified to run on 1380:motor-in-wheel-hub arrangements 385:Ocean thermal energy conversion 29:Hybrid vehicle (disambiguation) 7544:Template:EC car classification 6500: 6009:Battery electric multiple unit 3562:Komarow, Steven (2006-02-13). 3262: 3235: 3210: 3185: 3167: 3138: 3109: 3076: 3043: 2652:Raw materials increasing costs 2585:nickel–metal hydride batteries 1479:can switch between an onboard 1202: 40:Toyota Prius NHW10 (1997–2000) 1: 6110:Neighborhood Electric Vehicle 3445:Golson, Jordan (2014-09-30). 3391:Thomas, Justin (2007-03-27). 3037: 3001:Human-electric hybrid vehicle 2239:Several automakers developed 1555:million British thermal units 1487:depending on conditions (see 1150:Ships with both mast-mounted 214:Passive solar building design 6399:Who Killed the Electric Car? 6195:Common ethanol fuel mixtures 5721:. In Sandalow, David (ed.). 4957:10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2003.08.021 4798:, Elsevier, pp. 43–77, 4727:10.1016/j.retrec.2020.100826 4590:Dignan, Larry (2010-12-16). 4547:(Press release). PR Newswire 4461:California Cars Initiative. 4404:Stossel, Sage (2008-05-06). 4239:. 2014-10-02. Archived from 4065:Turpen, Aaron (2012-02-15). 3720:(10): 513–514. October 1891. 3635:Namowitz, Dan (2011-12-20). 3152:. 2015-05-06. Archived from 2804: 2605:with their partnership with 2148:is a plug-in hybrid with an 1571:Power-assist mechanisms for 1049:Kansas City Southern Railway 7: 6413:Revenge of the Electric Car 6004:Battery-electric locomotive 4261:Jolly, David (2013-03-01). 4170:"Hydraulic Hybrid Research" 4151:(Press release). 2011-01-19 4119:Hanlon, Mike (2011-01-26). 3581:Day, Lewin (20 July 2022). 3427:Hard sell for hybrid trucks 3296:Shabna, John (2007-10-25). 2933: 2861:fuel cell electric vehicles 2809: 2642: 2152:of 21 mi (34 km). 2136:of 25 mi (40 km). 2072:Lohner–Porsche Mixte Hybrid 1766:powertrain for assessment. 1734:) was returning 75 mpg 1186: 836:brushless DC electric motor 672:Renewable energy portal 390:Renewable energy transition 10: 7601: 7233:Gasoline / petrol 6997:Roadster / Spider / Spyder 3714:The Street Railway Journal 2778:Green vehicle § Types 2775: 2772:Alternative green vehicles 2470: 2233:internal combustion engine 2220: 2161: 2155: 1899:Mercedes-Benz OM651 engine 1830:Hybrid vehicle drivetrains 1827: 1591: 1441:Ford Escape Plug-in Hybrid 1410:Conduit current collection 1402:conduit current collection 1236: 1123:Military off-road vehicles 1013:diesel electric locomotive 938:Autorail à grande capacité 924:East Japan Railway Company 912: 840:internal combustion engine 760:internal combustion engine 18: 7529: 7453: 7373:(engine / drive) 7367: 7339: 7286: 7138: 7060: 6852: 6790: 6749: 6696: 6663: 6635: 6607: 6569: 6518: 6509: 6422: 6406:What Is the Electric Car? 6390: 6317: 6281: 6253:Hydrogen-powered aircraft 6233: 6157: 5989: 5959: 5902: 5879: 5861: 5855:Alternative fuel vehicles 5814:Hybrid Taxi Pilot Program 5725:. Brookings Institution. 5660:Buss, Dale. (2010-09-12) 5257:10.1109/TPEL.2012.2212917 5120:"Battery recycling plant" 4196:The Observer The Guardian 4190:Lewis, Tim (2013-03-23). 3430:, Reuters, archived from 3006:Hybrid vehicle drivetrain 2991:Global Hybrid Cooperation 2793:Other approaches include 2669:This article needs to be 1965:with micro hybrid drive. 1926:On-road examples include 1756:Artemis Intelligent Power 1619:pneumatic hybrid vehicles 1485:overhead electrical power 1397:battery electric vehicles 1058: 234:Sustainable refurbishment 7012:Sedan delivery/Panel van 6115:Plug-in electric vehicle 6095:Gyro flywheel locomotive 6073:Battery electric vehicle 5717:Shah, Saurin D. (2009). 5458:. London. Archived from 5453:"Great western minerals" 4095:Valentintechnologies.com 3738:(1713): 524. 1898-01-21. 3658:"Fuel Saving Calculator" 3508:"Demonstration Vehicles" 3251:. AP digital. 2007-07-29 3050:Neupert, Hannes (1997). 2764:Automatic start/shutoff. 2473:Electric vehicle battery 2449:battery electric vehicle 2406:Hybrid vehicle emissions 2164:Plug-in electric vehicle 1946:, BMW 7 Series hybrids, 1277:Toyota Highlander Hybrid 1145: 732:hybrid electric vehicles 219:Sustainable architecture 174:Glass in green buildings 164:Environmental technology 94:Compact fluorescent lamp 7273:Liquified petroleum gas 7085:Driverless (autonomous) 6335:Hybrid electric vehicle 6299:Liquid nitrogen vehicle 6294:Hybrid electric vehicle 6100:Hybrid electric vehicle 6063:Electric platform truck 5808:Hybrid-powered vehicles 5451:Lunn, J. (2006-10-03). 5435:2027/uc1.31822030852149 5417:USGS Fact Sheet: 087-02 4933:"Nickel carcinogenesis" 4384:Search.japantimes.co.jp 3083:Fuchs, Andreas (1999). 3011:List of hybrid vehicles 2853:hybrid electric vehicle 2245:electric drive vehicles 2229:hybrid electric vehicle 1579:are also included (see 1525:Liquified petroleum gas 1432:Hybrid fuel (dual mode) 1249:Hybrid electric vehicle 1239:Hybrid electric vehicle 1000:made a locomotive with 901:—excepting non-nuclear 772:parallel hybrid bicycle 540:Human-powered transport 244:Tropical green building 179:Green building and wood 25:Hybrid electric vehicle 7178:Compressed natural gas 7105:Personal rapid transit 6460:Zero-emissions vehicle 5976:Compressed-air vehicle 5917:Solar-powered aircraft 5528:www.green-vehicles.com 5485:Cite journal requires 4887:(1). Springer: 17–22. 4359:"Honda IMA technology" 3875:"MDI's active chamber" 3732:"The Patton Motor Car" 2971:Alternative propulsion 2872:misleading advertising 2843:Misleading advertising 2795:personal rapid transit 2455:reduction effect from 2218: 2153: 2137: 2031: 1879: 1868: 1866:series-parallel hybrid 1854: 1650:Petro-hydraulic hybrid 1611: 1603: 1577:human-powered vehicles 1499:Flexible-fuel vehicles 1456: 1305:Hyundai Elantra Hybrid 1234: 1223: 1087: 1029:Railpower Technologies 1025:switching/yard engines 1002:sodium–nickel chloride 929: 899:hydraulic accumulators 869: 756:electric kick scooters 636:Personal rapid transit 378:Tidal stream generator 239:Thermal energy storage 159:Environmental planning 42: 7585:Fossil fuel phase-out 7580:Hybrid electric buses 7444:Dual motor-four-wheel 7042:Town (Coupé de Ville) 6330:Flexible-fuel vehicle 6258:Hydrogen-powered ship 6210:Flexible-fuel vehicle 6085:Electric kick scooter 5082:, SAE International, 4450:on December 29, 2008. 3248:Sydney Morning Herald 3026:Solid oxide fuel cell 2799:public transportation 2288:Hyundai Sonata Hybrid 2253:all-electric vehicles 2204: 2143: 2127: 2080:electric transmission 2011: 1874: 1860: 1846: 1609: 1601: 1447:capability to run on 1439: 1370:automobile. In 1900, 1301:Hyundai Sonata Hybrid 1229: 1215: 1100:for peak efficiency. 1082: 976:lithium-ion batteries 946:Genesee & Wyoming 922: 857: 787:series hybrid bicycle 480:Sustainable transport 425:Floating wind turbine 254:Zero heating building 169:Fossil fuel phase-out 37: 7455:Engine configuration 6455:Wind-powered vehicle 6039:Battery electric bus 5810:at Wikimedia Commons 5637:IntegrityExports.com 5624:IntegrityExports.com 5182:. 26 September 2018. 5126:. 19 September 2023. 5124:www.volkswagenag.com 5088:10.4271/j2288_199701 4329:. December 22, 2011. 4172:. US EPA. 2010-10-18 3757:. US. Archived from 2981:Efficient energy use 2849:self-charging hybrid 2748:Regenerative braking 2589:lead-based batteries 2501:improve this article 2340:regenerative braking 2310:Environmental issues 2211:plug-in electric car 1983:Hybrid Synergy Drive 1921:regenerative braking 1914:Mild parallel hybrid 1895:E 300 BlueTEC HYBRID 1852:mild parallel hybrid 1815:electric skateboards 1333:electric battery set 1297:Hyundai Ioniq Hybrid 974:, with roof-mounted 803:regenerative braking 614:Personal transporter 509:Wind-powered vehicle 353:Marine current power 259:Zero-energy building 119:Efficient energy use 7461:internal combustion 7263:Internal combustion 7070:All-terrain vehicle 6992:Retractable hardtop 6304:Natural gas vehicle 5249:2013ITPE...28.2151Y 4949:2003MRFMM.533...67K 4893:1980ArECT...9...17G 4667:. 16 September 2020 4620:Garcia, J. (2008). 2712:rare-earth elements 2354:engines instead of 2296:Toyota Camry Hybrid 2174:lithium-ion battery 1940:Honda Accord Hybrid 1770:PSA Peugeot Citroën 1566:waste vegetable oil 1321:internal combustion 1309:Kia Sportage Hybrid 1265:Toyota Camry Hybrid 1065:Rubber Tyred Gantry 886:hydraulic machinery 301:Carbon-neutral fuel 229:Sustainable habitat 84:Building insulation 72:Energy conservation 48:Part of a series on 5971:Compressed-air car 5937:List of prototypes 5679:2010-11-08 at the 5674:Motorauthority.com 5510:2011-02-12 at the 5394:2011-07-08 at the 5154:. 29 October 2018. 5106:2009-12-20 at the 4901:10.1007/bf01055496 4868:. 4 December 2012. 4840:2011-12-17 at the 4345:Green Car Congress 4267:The New York Times 3959:2011-08-09 at the 3710:"The Patton Motor" 3086:Velomobile Seminar 2694:rare-earth element 2377:rolling resistance 2219: 2154: 2150:all-electric range 2146:Ford Fusion Energi 2138: 2134:all-electric range 2130:Toyota Prius Prime 2095:all-electric range 2032: 1928:Honda Civic Hybrid 1893:The Mercedes-Benz 1880: 1876:Ford Escape Hybrid 1869: 1855: 1637:A French company, 1612: 1604: 1594:Compressed-air car 1588:Fluid power hybrid 1534:Silverado 2500 HDs 1457: 1317:Kia Sorento Hybrid 1285:Honda Civic Hybrid 1273:Ford Fusion Hybrid 1269:Ford Escape Hybrid 1235: 1224: 1088: 1027:built by Canada's 930: 870: 776:motorized bicycles 316:Geothermal heating 144:Energy saving lamp 54:Sustainable energy 43: 7575:Electric vehicles 7552: 7551: 6848: 6847: 6617:Compact executive 6468: 6467: 6377:Electric aircraft 6243:Fuel cell vehicle 6090:Fuel cell vehicle 6014:Electric aircraft 5946:Electric aircraft 5871:Fuel cell vehicle 5806:Media related to 5760:. OAR. p. 57 5732:978-0-8157-0305-1 5693:Credit-suisse.com 5312:Green Car Reports 5287:"Plug-in Hybrids" 4813:978-0-12-814778-8 3819:Halber, Deborah. 3755:Mother Earth News 3639:. Thomas A. Horne 3096:978-3-9520694-1-7 3063:978-3-89595-123-7 2976:Bivalent (engine) 2847:In 2019 the term 2690: 2689: 2577: 2576: 2569: 2551: 2457:carbon neutrality 2372:at the same time. 2284:Hyundai ix35 FCEV 2276:Honda FCX Clarity 2257:all-electric mode 2178:all-electric mode 2068:Ferdinand Porsche 2022:, also called an 1811:electric bicycles 1778:Robert Bosch GmbH 1774:Geneva Motor Show 1724:Volkswagen Beetle 1581:Motorized bicycle 1372:Ferdinand Porsche 1357:hybrid locomotive 1355:and sold a small 1335:. There are many 1140:thermal signature 1105:Volkswagen Beetle 1084:Cadillac Escalade 859:Bus rapid transit 795:chainless bicycle 782:are of this type. 752:electric bicycles 728:energy efficiency 717:hydraulic hybrids 709: 708: 306:Geothermal energy 7592: 7464: 7423:Front-four-wheel 7374: 7237:direct injection 7148:Alternative fuel 6962:Multi-stop truck 6516: 6515: 6495: 6488: 6481: 6472: 6471: 6268:Hydrogen vehicle 6248:Hydrogen economy 6215:Methanol economy 6068:Electric vehicle 6019:Electric bicycle 5991:Electric battery 5889:Electric bicycle 5848: 5841: 5834: 5825: 5824: 5805: 5790: 5789: 5787: 5786: 5776: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5765: 5749: 5743: 5742: 5740: 5739: 5714: 5708: 5702: 5696: 5690: 5684: 5671: 5665: 5658: 5652: 5646: 5640: 5633: 5627: 5620: 5614: 5613: 5611: 5610: 5595: 5589: 5588: 5586: 5585: 5571: 5565: 5562: 5556: 5553: 5547: 5544: 5538: 5537: 5535: 5534: 5520: 5514: 5503:Livergood, Reed 5501: 5495: 5494: 5488: 5483: 5481: 5473: 5471: 5470: 5464: 5457: 5448: 5439: 5438: 5428: 5414: 5405: 5399: 5386: 5380: 5379: 5378: 5377: 5363: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5349: 5333: 5322: 5321: 5319: 5318: 5303: 5297: 5296: 5294: 5293: 5283: 5277: 5276: 5243:(5): 2151–2169. 5232: 5226: 5225: 5218: 5212: 5211: 5204: 5198: 5197: 5196:. 31 March 2022. 5190: 5184: 5183: 5180:"Sustainability" 5176: 5170: 5169: 5168:. 14 March 2022. 5162: 5156: 5155: 5148: 5142: 5141: 5134: 5128: 5127: 5116: 5110: 5097: 5091: 5090: 5076: 5070: 5069: 5062: 5056: 5055: 5054:. 14 March 2022. 5048: 5042: 5041: 5040:. 11 March 2022. 5034: 5028: 5027: 5020: 5014: 5013: 5012:. 22 March 2022. 5002: 4996: 4995: 4975: 4969: 4968: 4928: 4922: 4920: 4876: 4870: 4869: 4862: 4856: 4850: 4844: 4831: 4825: 4824: 4791: 4782: 4781: 4779: 4778: 4763: 4757: 4756: 4738: 4710: 4704: 4703: 4701: 4700: 4682: 4676: 4675: 4673: 4672: 4657: 4651: 4650: 4643: 4637: 4636: 4634: 4633: 4617: 4611: 4610: 4608: 4607: 4598:. 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Archived from 3113: 3107: 3106: 3104: 3103: 3080: 3074: 3073: 3071: 3070: 3047: 2986:Electric vehicle 2964: 2959: 2958: 2957: 2950: 2945: 2944: 2685: 2682: 2676: 2664: 2663: 2656: 2621:Volkswagen Group 2572: 2565: 2561: 2558: 2552: 2550: 2516:"Hybrid vehicle" 2509: 2485: 2477: 2370:vehicle handling 2101:combined with a 1942:, Mercedes Benz 1934:2nd generation, 1906:; 67–74 mpg 1676: 1662: 1633:Petro-air hybrid 1615:Hydraulic hybrid 1041:Canadian Pacific 998:General Electric 701: 694: 687: 674: 670: 669: 660: 655: 654: 492:Electric vehicle 341:Run-of-the-river 326:Hydroelectricity 311:Geothermal power 272:Renewable energy 224:Sustainable city 199:Low-energy house 139:Energy recycling 64: 45: 44: 7600: 7599: 7595: 7594: 7593: 7591: 7590: 7589: 7565:Hybrid vehicles 7555: 7554: 7553: 7548: 7525: 7496:Single-cylinder 7458: 7457: 7449: 7437:Rear-four-wheel 7388:Front mid-front 7372: 7371: 7363: 7341:Engine position 7335: 7282: 7268:Liquid nitrogen 7134: 7062: 7056: 6844: 6786: 6745: 6692: 6678:Crossover (CUV) 6659: 6631: 6603: 6565: 6505: 6499: 6469: 6464: 6445:Wave power ship 6435:Ram air turbine 6418: 6386: 6325:Bi-fuel vehicle 6313: 6277: 6229: 6153: 5993: 5985: 5962: 5961:Compressed-air 5955: 5898: 5875: 5857: 5852: 5798: 5793: 5784: 5782: 5778: 5777: 5773: 5763: 5761: 5750: 5746: 5737: 5735: 5733: 5715: 5711: 5703: 5699: 5691: 5687: 5681:Wayback Machine 5672: 5668: 5659: 5655: 5649:Marketwatch.com 5647: 5643: 5634: 5630: 5621: 5617: 5608: 5606: 5596: 5592: 5583: 5581: 5579:DrivingElectric 5573: 5572: 5568: 5563: 5559: 5554: 5550: 5545: 5541: 5532: 5530: 5522: 5521: 5517: 5512:Wayback Machine 5502: 5498: 5486: 5484: 5475: 5474: 5468: 5466: 5462: 5455: 5449: 5442: 5426:10.3133/fs08702 5412: 5406: 5402: 5396:Wayback Machine 5387: 5383: 5375: 5373: 5364: 5357: 5347: 5345: 5336:Cox, C (2008). 5334: 5325: 5316: 5314: 5304: 5300: 5291: 5289: 5285: 5284: 5280: 5233: 5229: 5220: 5219: 5215: 5206: 5205: 5201: 5192: 5191: 5187: 5178: 5177: 5173: 5164: 5163: 5159: 5150: 5149: 5145: 5136: 5135: 5131: 5118: 5117: 5113: 5108:Wayback Machine 5098: 5094: 5078: 5077: 5073: 5064: 5063: 5059: 5050: 5049: 5045: 5036: 5035: 5031: 5022: 5021: 5017: 5004: 5003: 4999: 4980:Cancer Research 4976: 4972: 4929: 4925: 4877: 4873: 4864: 4863: 4859: 4851: 4847: 4842:Wayback Machine 4832: 4828: 4814: 4792: 4785: 4776: 4774: 4765: 4764: 4760: 4711: 4707: 4698: 4696: 4684: 4683: 4679: 4670: 4668: 4659: 4658: 4654: 4645: 4644: 4640: 4631: 4629: 4618: 4614: 4605: 4603: 4596:SmartPlanet.com 4588: 4584: 4575: 4573: 4564: 4563: 4559: 4550: 4548: 4541: 4537: 4528: 4526: 4517: 4516: 4512: 4503: 4502: 4498: 4489: 4487: 4482: 4481: 4477: 4468: 4466: 4459: 4455: 4442: 4441: 4437: 4428: 4427: 4423: 4414: 4412: 4402: 4398: 4389: 4387: 4378: 4377: 4373: 4364: 4362: 4357: 4356: 4352: 4339: 4338: 4334: 4321: 4320: 4316: 4303: 4302: 4298: 4285: 4284: 4280: 4271: 4269: 4259: 4255: 4246: 4244: 4235: 4234: 4230: 4221: 4219: 4213: 4209: 4200: 4198: 4188: 4184: 4175: 4173: 4168: 4167: 4163: 4154: 4152: 4143: 4142: 4138: 4129: 4127: 4117: 4113: 4104: 4102: 4089: 4088: 4084: 4075: 4073: 4063: 4059: 4050: 4048: 4041: 4037: 4028: 4026: 4021: 4020: 4016: 4007: 4005: 3996: 3995: 3991: 3982: 3980: 3971: 3970: 3966: 3961:Wayback Machine 3951: 3947: 3938: 3936: 3927: 3926: 3922: 3913: 3911: 3902: 3901: 3897: 3888: 3886: 3873: 3872: 3868: 3859: 3857: 3844: 3843: 3839: 3830: 3828: 3817: 3813: 3804: 3802: 3798: 3797: 3793: 3784: 3782: 3778: 3777: 3773: 3764: 3762: 3747: 3743: 3730: 3729: 3725: 3708: 3707: 3703: 3696: 3688: 3684: 3677: 3669: 3665: 3656: 3655: 3651: 3642: 3640: 3633: 3629: 3624: 3620: 3605: 3601: 3591: 3589: 3579: 3575: 3560: 3556: 3548: 3541: 3533: 3526: 3517: 3515: 3506: 3505: 3492: 3483: 3481: 3472: 3471: 3464: 3455: 3453: 3443: 3439: 3422: 3418: 3405: 3404: 3400: 3389: 3385: 3376: 3372: 3363: 3362: 3358: 3350: 3343: 3339: 3338: 3334: 3326: 3319: 3313: 3309: 3294: 3290: 3281: 3279: 3268: 3267: 3263: 3254: 3252: 3241: 3240: 3236: 3227: 3225: 3216: 3215: 3211: 3202: 3200: 3191: 3190: 3186: 3173: 3172: 3168: 3159: 3157: 3144: 3143: 3139: 3130: 3128: 3115: 3114: 3110: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3081: 3077: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3035: 3016:Multifuel stove 2960: 2955: 2953: 2946: 2939: 2936: 2928: 2923: 2913: 2908: 2888: 2857:plug-in hybrids 2845: 2812: 2807: 2780: 2774: 2732: 2710:Nearly all the 2701:electric motors 2686: 2680: 2677: 2674: 2665: 2661: 2654: 2645: 2615: 2573: 2562: 2556: 2553: 2510: 2508: 2498: 2486: 2475: 2469: 2462: 2454: 2440: 2436: 2414: 2408: 2399:noise emissions 2317: 2312: 2225: 2199: 2188: 2166: 2160: 2122: 2111:supercapacitors 2099:Supercapacitors 2089:introduced the 2076:wheel hub motor 2061:diesel-electric 2006: 1971: 1944:S400 BlueHYBRID 1916: 1909: 1905: 1902:(56–62 mpg 1841: 1839:Parallel hybrid 1836: 1828:Main articles: 1826: 1799: 1787: 1783: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1713: 1709: 1704:Ford Expedition 1692:energy recovery 1684: 1683: 1682: 1681: 1680: 1677: 1668: 1667: 1666: 1663: 1652: 1635: 1596: 1590: 1521:Bi-fuel vehicle 1434: 1393: 1329:electric motors 1313:Kia Niro Hybrid 1241: 1210: 1205: 1189: 1160:diesel–electric 1148: 1125: 1113:Ford Expedition 1077: 1061: 1007: 995: 984: 969: 954: 935: 917: 911: 888:, and ships. A 878:diesel–electric 852: 745: 740: 724:fuel efficiency 705: 664: 663: 650: 643: 642: 482: 472: 471: 274: 264: 263: 249:Waste-to-energy 204:Microgeneration 134:Energy recovery 74: 32: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7598: 7588: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7550: 7549: 7547: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7530: 7527: 7526: 7524: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7467: 7465: 7451: 7450: 7448: 7447: 7440: 7433: 7430:Mid-four-wheel 7426: 7419: 7412: 7405: 7398: 7391: 7384: 7377: 7375: 7365: 7364: 7362: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7345: 7343: 7337: 7336: 7334: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7292: 7290: 7284: 7283: 7281: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7245: 7240: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7200: 7194: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7144: 7142: 7136: 7135: 7133: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7066: 7064: 7058: 7057: 7055: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7017:Shooting brake 7014: 7009: 7007:Saloon / Sedan 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6858: 6856: 6850: 6849: 6846: 6845: 6843: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6796: 6794: 6788: 6787: 6785: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6753: 6751: 6747: 6746: 6744: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6702: 6700: 6694: 6693: 6691: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6669: 6667: 6661: 6660: 6658: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6641: 6639: 6633: 6632: 6630: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6613: 6611: 6605: 6604: 6602: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6575: 6573: 6567: 6566: 6564: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6522: 6520: 6513: 6511:Classification 6507: 6506: 6498: 6497: 6490: 6483: 6475: 6466: 6465: 6463: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6426: 6424: 6420: 6419: 6417: 6416: 6409: 6402: 6394: 6392: 6388: 6387: 6385: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6373: 6372: 6367: 6357: 6355:Plug-in hybrid 6352: 6347: 6345:Hybrid vehicle 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6321: 6319: 6315: 6314: 6312: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6285: 6283: 6279: 6278: 6276: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6263:Hydrogen train 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6239: 6237: 6231: 6230: 6228: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6166: 6164: 6155: 6154: 6152: 6151: 6150: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6129: 6124: 6123: 6122: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6076: 6075: 6065: 6060: 6058:Electric truck 6055: 6054: 6053: 6043: 6042: 6041: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6000: 5998: 5987: 5986: 5984: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5967: 5965: 5957: 5956: 5954: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5942: 5941: 5940: 5939: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5908: 5906: 5900: 5899: 5897: 5896: 5891: 5885: 5883: 5877: 5876: 5874: 5873: 5867: 5865: 5859: 5858: 5851: 5850: 5843: 5836: 5828: 5822: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5797: 5796:External links 5794: 5792: 5791: 5771: 5744: 5731: 5709: 5697: 5685: 5666: 5653: 5641: 5628: 5615: 5590: 5566: 5557: 5548: 5539: 5515: 5496: 5487:|journal= 5440: 5400: 5389:Choruscars.com 5381: 5355: 5323: 5298: 5278: 5227: 5213: 5199: 5185: 5171: 5157: 5143: 5129: 5111: 5092: 5071: 5057: 5043: 5029: 5015: 4997: 4986:(22): 5251–6. 4970: 4943:(1–2): 67–97. 4923: 4871: 4857: 4854:Hybridcars.com 4845: 4835:Hybridcars.com 4826: 4812: 4783: 4758: 4705: 4677: 4652: 4638: 4612: 4582: 4557: 4535: 4510: 4496: 4475: 4453: 4435: 4421: 4396: 4371: 4350: 4332: 4327:Car and Driver 4314: 4296: 4278: 4253: 4228: 4207: 4182: 4161: 4136: 4111: 4082: 4071:Torquenews.com 4057: 4035: 4014: 3989: 3964: 3945: 3920: 3895: 3866: 3837: 3811: 3791: 3771: 3741: 3723: 3701: 3682: 3663: 3649: 3627: 3618: 3599: 3573: 3554: 3539: 3524: 3490: 3462: 3437: 3416: 3413:on 2009-03-01. 3398: 3383: 3370: 3356: 3353:on 2008-02-28. 3332: 3329:on 2009-03-20. 3307: 3304:on 2009-02-28. 3288: 3275:Times of India 3261: 3234: 3209: 3184: 3181:on 2015-08-22. 3166: 3137: 3108: 3095: 3075: 3062: 3053:Das Power bike 3041: 3039: 3036: 3034: 3033: 3028: 3023: 3018: 3013: 3008: 3003: 2998: 2996:Global warming 2993: 2988: 2983: 2978: 2973: 2967: 2966: 2965: 2962:Ecology portal 2951: 2935: 2932: 2926: 2921: 2911: 2907: 2904: 2887: 2884: 2844: 2841: 2811: 2808: 2806: 2803: 2776:Main article: 2773: 2770: 2769: 2768: 2761: 2754: 2731: 2728: 2688: 2687: 2668: 2666: 2659: 2653: 2650: 2644: 2641: 2613: 2575: 2574: 2489: 2487: 2480: 2471:Main article: 2468: 2465: 2460: 2452: 2438: 2434: 2412: 2407: 2404: 2395: 2394: 2391: 2373: 2362: 2359: 2352:Atkinson cycle 2344: 2343: 2336: 2329: 2316: 2313: 2311: 2308: 2302:, and all the 2268:Chevrolet Volt 2221:Main article: 2213:equipped with 2209:was the first 2198: 2195: 2186: 2158:Plug-in hybrid 2156:Main article: 2121: 2118: 2013:Chevrolet Volt 2005: 2002: 1976:planetary gear 1970: 1967: 1959:Suzuki Wagon R 1955:Suzuki S-Cross 1948:General Motors 1915: 1912: 1907: 1903: 1840: 1837: 1825: 1822: 1798: 1795: 1785: 1781: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1711: 1707: 1696:energy economy 1678: 1671: 1670: 1669: 1664: 1657: 1656: 1655: 1654: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1634: 1631: 1589: 1586: 1585: 1584: 1569: 1558: 1518: 1496: 1493:plug-in hybrid 1433: 1430: 1392: 1389: 1325:Diesel engines 1245:hybrid vehicle 1243:When the term 1237:Main article: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1188: 1185: 1147: 1144: 1138:mode with low 1124: 1121: 1086:hybrid version 1076: 1073: 1060: 1057: 1055:among others. 1005: 927:HB-E300 series 913:Main article: 910: 909:Rail transport 907: 894:turbine engine 882:turbo-electric 851: 848: 832: 831: 799: 798: 783: 764:electric motor 744: 741: 739: 736: 713:hybrid vehicle 707: 706: 704: 703: 696: 689: 681: 678: 677: 676: 675: 661: 645: 644: 641: 640: 639: 638: 628: 627: 626: 619:Rail transport 616: 611: 610: 609: 604: 599: 594: 592:Roller skating 589: 588: 587: 582: 577: 572: 567: 565:Cycle rickshaw 562: 552: 547: 537: 536: 535: 530: 529: 528: 521:Human-electric 516:Hybrid vehicle 513: 512: 511: 506: 501: 500: 499: 483: 478: 477: 474: 473: 470: 469: 468: 467: 462: 457: 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 407: 402: 397: 395:Renewable heat 392: 387: 382: 381: 380: 375: 370: 360: 355: 350: 349: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 288: 287: 286: 275: 270: 269: 266: 265: 262: 261: 256: 251: 246: 241: 236: 231: 226: 221: 216: 211: 206: 201: 196: 191: 186: 184:Green building 181: 176: 171: 166: 161: 156: 154:Energy storage 151: 146: 141: 136: 131: 126: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 75: 70: 69: 66: 65: 57: 56: 50: 49: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7597: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7562: 7560: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7531: 7528: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7491:Reciprocating 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7468: 7466: 7462: 7456: 7452: 7445: 7441: 7438: 7434: 7431: 7427: 7424: 7420: 7417: 7413: 7410: 7409:Rear mid-rear 7406: 7403: 7399: 7396: 7392: 7389: 7385: 7382: 7379: 7378: 7376: 7370: 7366: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7346: 7344: 7342: 7338: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7293: 7291: 7289: 7285: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7253: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7238: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7208: 7204: 7201: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7145: 7143: 7141: 7137: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7067: 7065: 7059: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7022:Station wagon 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6912:Coupé utility 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6859: 6857: 6855: 6851: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6797: 6795: 6793: 6789: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6754: 6752: 6748: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6726:Sport compact 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6703: 6701: 6699: 6695: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6670: 6668: 6666: 6662: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6642: 6640: 6638: 6637:Minivan / MPV 6634: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6614: 6612: 6610: 6606: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6576: 6574: 6572: 6568: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6523: 6521: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6508: 6503: 6496: 6491: 6489: 6484: 6482: 6477: 6476: 6473: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6450:Windmill ship 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6427: 6425: 6421: 6415: 6414: 6410: 6408: 6407: 6403: 6401: 6400: 6396: 6395: 6393: 6391:Documentaries 6389: 6383: 6382:Electric boat 6380: 6378: 6375: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6362: 6361: 6360:Solar vehicle 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6322: 6320: 6318:Multiple-fuel 6316: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6286: 6284: 6280: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6240: 6238: 6236: 6232: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6220:Methanol fuel 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6167: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6156: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6134: 6133: 6132:Solar vehicle 6130: 6128: 6125: 6121: 6118: 6117: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6074: 6071: 6070: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6052: 6049: 6048: 6047: 6044: 6040: 6037: 6036: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6029:Electric boat 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6001: 5999: 5997: 5992: 5988: 5982: 5981:Tesla turbine 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5968: 5966: 5964: 5958: 5952: 5951:Electric boat 5949: 5947: 5944: 5938: 5935: 5934: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5914: 5913: 5912:Solar vehicle 5910: 5909: 5907: 5905: 5901: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5886: 5884: 5882: 5878: 5872: 5869: 5868: 5866: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5849: 5844: 5842: 5837: 5835: 5830: 5829: 5826: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5809: 5804: 5800: 5799: 5781: 5775: 5759: 5755: 5748: 5734: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5713: 5707: 5701: 5694: 5689: 5682: 5678: 5675: 5670: 5663: 5657: 5650: 5645: 5638: 5632: 5625: 5619: 5605: 5601: 5594: 5580: 5576: 5570: 5561: 5552: 5543: 5529: 5525: 5519: 5513: 5509: 5506: 5500: 5492: 5479: 5465:on 2013-06-04 5461: 5454: 5447: 5445: 5436: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5418: 5411: 5404: 5397: 5393: 5390: 5385: 5371: 5370: 5362: 5360: 5344:on 2008-04-21 5343: 5339: 5332: 5330: 5328: 5313: 5309: 5302: 5288: 5282: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5231: 5223: 5217: 5209: 5203: 5195: 5189: 5181: 5175: 5167: 5161: 5153: 5147: 5139: 5133: 5125: 5121: 5115: 5109: 5105: 5102: 5096: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5075: 5067: 5061: 5053: 5047: 5039: 5033: 5025: 5019: 5011: 5007: 5001: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4974: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4927: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4875: 4867: 4861: 4855: 4849: 4843: 4839: 4836: 4830: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4790: 4788: 4772: 4771:HowStuffWorks 4768: 4762: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4737: 4736:11368/2965242 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4709: 4694: 4692: 4687: 4681: 4666: 4662: 4656: 4649:. 2010-12-06. 4648: 4642: 4628:on 2010-01-17 4627: 4623: 4616: 4602:on 2010-12-19 4601: 4597: 4593: 4586: 4572:on 2010-12-22 4571: 4567: 4561: 4546: 4539: 4525:on 2010-08-27 4524: 4520: 4514: 4507:. 2011-03-07. 4506: 4500: 4485: 4479: 4464: 4457: 4449: 4445: 4439: 4432:. 2010-10-11. 4431: 4425: 4411: 4407: 4400: 4385: 4381: 4375: 4361:. Honda Motor 4360: 4354: 4346: 4342: 4336: 4328: 4324: 4318: 4310: 4309:marsMediaSite 4306: 4300: 4292: 4288: 4282: 4268: 4264: 4257: 4243:on 2015-09-05 4242: 4238: 4232: 4218: 4211: 4197: 4193: 4186: 4171: 4165: 4150: 4146: 4140: 4126: 4122: 4115: 4101:on 2013-04-21 4100: 4096: 4092: 4086: 4072: 4068: 4061: 4046: 4039: 4024: 4018: 4004:on 2015-05-25 4003: 3999: 3993: 3979:on 2013-10-17 3978: 3974: 3968: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3949: 3934: 3930: 3924: 3910:on 2013-05-09 3909: 3905: 3899: 3885:on 2011-05-07 3884: 3880: 3876: 3870: 3856:on 2013-05-20 3855: 3851: 3847: 3841: 3827:on 2013-04-06 3826: 3822: 3815: 3801: 3795: 3781: 3775: 3761:on 2009-05-08 3760: 3756: 3752: 3745: 3737: 3733: 3727: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3705: 3692: 3686: 3673: 3667: 3659: 3653: 3638: 3637:"AOPA ONLINE" 3631: 3622: 3614: 3610: 3603: 3588: 3584: 3577: 3569: 3565: 3558: 3551: 3546: 3544: 3536: 3531: 3529: 3513: 3509: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3480:on 2012-10-25 3479: 3475: 3469: 3467: 3452: 3448: 3441: 3434:on 2014-09-03 3433: 3429: 3428: 3420: 3412: 3408: 3402: 3395:. TreeHugger. 3394: 3387: 3381: 3374: 3366: 3360: 3349: 3342: 3336: 3325: 3318: 3311: 3303: 3299: 3292: 3277: 3276: 3271: 3265: 3250: 3249: 3244: 3238: 3223: 3219: 3213: 3199:on 2013-06-05 3198: 3194: 3188: 3180: 3176: 3170: 3156:on 2015-10-16 3155: 3151: 3147: 3141: 3127:on 2005-11-10 3126: 3122: 3118: 3112: 3098: 3092: 3088: 3087: 3079: 3065: 3059: 3055: 3054: 3046: 3042: 3032: 3031:Triple-hybrid 3029: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3017: 3014: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3004: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2968: 2963: 2952: 2949: 2948:Energy portal 2943: 2938: 2931: 2918: 2915: 2903: 2900: 2896: 2894: 2886:Adoption rate 2883: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2864: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2829: 2825: 2819: 2815: 2802: 2800: 2796: 2791: 2789: 2785: 2779: 2765: 2762: 2758: 2755: 2751: 2749: 2745: 2744: 2743: 2741: 2738:and electric 2737: 2727: 2725: 2721: 2716: 2713: 2708: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2695: 2684: 2681:February 2014 2672: 2667: 2658: 2657: 2649: 2640: 2638: 2634: 2633:Mercedes-Benz 2630: 2626: 2622: 2617: 2609: 2608: 2604: 2599: 2595: 2592: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2571: 2568: 2560: 2549: 2546: 2542: 2539: 2535: 2532: 2528: 2525: 2521: 2518: – 2517: 2513: 2512:Find sources: 2506: 2502: 2496: 2495: 2490:This section 2488: 2484: 2479: 2478: 2474: 2464: 2458: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2431: 2428: 2426: 2422: 2421:Honda Insight 2418: 2403: 2400: 2392: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2378: 2374: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2348: 2347: 2341: 2337: 2334: 2333:driving cycle 2330: 2326: 2325: 2324: 2322: 2307: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2260: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2237: 2234: 2230: 2224: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2203: 2194: 2190: 2182: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2165: 2159: 2151: 2147: 2142: 2135: 2131: 2126: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2083: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2062: 2056: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2042: 2037: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2020:series hybrid 2018: 2014: 2010: 2004:Series hybrid 2001: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1986: 1984: 1979: 1977: 1966: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1932:Honda Insight 1929: 1924: 1922: 1911: 1900: 1896: 1891: 1889: 1888:Honda Insight 1884: 1877: 1873: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1853: 1849: 1848:Honda Insight 1845: 1835: 1831: 1821: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1794: 1791: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1757: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1725: 1719: 1717: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1688: 1675: 1661: 1647: 1644: 1640: 1630: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1608: 1600: 1595: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1567: 1563: 1562:autogas (LPG) 1559: 1556: 1553:($ 28.00 per 1552: 1551:megawatt-hour 1548: 1544: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1490: 1489:dual-mode bus 1486: 1482: 1481:diesel engine 1478: 1474: 1473: 1472: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1445:flexible fuel 1442: 1438: 1429: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1418:electric rail 1415: 1411: 1405: 1403: 1398: 1388: 1384: 1381: 1377: 1376:series-hybrid 1373: 1369: 1365: 1360: 1358: 1354: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1289:Lexus RX 400h 1286: 1282: 1281:Honda Insight 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1240: 1233: 1228: 1222: 1219: 1214: 1200: 1197: 1193: 1184: 1182: 1178: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1167:diesel engine 1164: 1161: 1157: 1156:steam engines 1153: 1143: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1130: 1129:serial hybrid 1120: 1118: 1114: 1108: 1106: 1101: 1099: 1094: 1085: 1081: 1072: 1070: 1066: 1056: 1054: 1053:Union Pacific 1050: 1046: 1042: 1036: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1009: 1003: 999: 994: 993:North America 990: 988: 983: 979: 977: 973: 968: 964: 962: 958: 953: 949: 947: 943: 939: 934: 928: 925: 921: 916: 906: 904: 900: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 868: 864: 860: 856: 850:Heavy vehicle 847: 845: 841: 837: 829: 825: 821: 820: 819: 817: 813: 809: 804: 796: 793:) (a kind of 792: 788: 784: 781: 777: 773: 769: 768: 767: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 738:Vehicle types 735: 733: 729: 725: 720: 718: 714: 702: 697: 695: 690: 688: 683: 682: 680: 679: 673: 668: 662: 659: 649: 648: 647: 646: 637: 634: 633: 632: 631:Rapid transit 629: 625: 622: 621: 620: 617: 615: 612: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 597:Skateboarding 595: 593: 590: 586: 583: 581: 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 558: 557: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 542: 541: 538: 534: 531: 527: 524: 523: 522: 519: 518: 517: 514: 510: 507: 505: 504:Solar vehicle 502: 498: 495: 494: 493: 490: 489: 488: 487:Green vehicle 485: 484: 481: 476: 475: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 412: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 368:Tidal barrage 366: 365: 364: 361: 359: 358:Marine energy 356: 354: 351: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 323: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 285: 282: 281: 280: 277: 276: 273: 268: 267: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 209:Passive house 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 192: 190: 187: 185: 182: 180: 177: 175: 172: 170: 167: 165: 162: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 127: 125: 122: 120: 117: 115: 112: 110: 107: 105: 102: 100: 97: 95: 92: 90: 87: 85: 82: 80: 77: 76: 73: 68: 67: 63: 59: 58: 55: 52: 51: 47: 46: 41: 36: 30: 26: 22: 7331:Twelve-wheel 7288:Drive wheels 7061:Specialized 6982:Pickup truck 6887:Cabrio coach 6731:Sports sedan 6706:Grand tourer 6411: 6404: 6397: 6344: 6340:Hybrid train 6205:Ethanol fuel 6185:Butanol fuel 6170:Alcohol fuel 6105:Hybrid train 6046:Electric car 6034:Electric bus 5783:. Retrieved 5774: 5762:. Retrieved 5757: 5747: 5736:. Retrieved 5722: 5712: 5700: 5688: 5669: 5656: 5644: 5631: 5618: 5607:. Retrieved 5603: 5593: 5582:. Retrieved 5578: 5569: 5560: 5551: 5542: 5531:. Retrieved 5527: 5518: 5499: 5478:cite journal 5467:. Retrieved 5460:the original 5416: 5403: 5384: 5374:, retrieved 5368: 5346:. Retrieved 5342:the original 5315:. Retrieved 5311: 5301: 5290:. Retrieved 5281: 5240: 5236: 5230: 5216: 5202: 5188: 5174: 5160: 5146: 5132: 5123: 5114: 5095: 5079: 5074: 5060: 5046: 5032: 5018: 5009: 5000: 4983: 4979: 4973: 4940: 4936: 4926: 4884: 4880: 4874: 4860: 4848: 4829: 4795: 4775:. Retrieved 4773:. 2010-12-06 4770: 4761: 4718: 4714: 4708: 4697:. Retrieved 4695:. 2021-09-08 4689: 4680: 4669:. Retrieved 4664: 4655: 4641: 4630:. Retrieved 4626:the original 4615: 4604:. Retrieved 4600:the original 4595: 4585: 4574:. Retrieved 4570:the original 4560: 4549:. Retrieved 4538: 4527:. Retrieved 4523:the original 4513: 4499: 4488:. Retrieved 4484:"Prius PHEV" 4478: 4467:. Retrieved 4456: 4448:the original 4438: 4424: 4413:. Retrieved 4410:The Atlantic 4409: 4399: 4388:. Retrieved 4386:. 1997-08-22 4383: 4374: 4363:. Retrieved 4353: 4344: 4335: 4326: 4317: 4308: 4299: 4290: 4281: 4270:. Retrieved 4266: 4256: 4245:. Retrieved 4241:the original 4231: 4220:. Retrieved 4210: 4199:. Retrieved 4195: 4185: 4174:. Retrieved 4164: 4153:. Retrieved 4148: 4139: 4128:. Retrieved 4124: 4114: 4103:. Retrieved 4099:the original 4094: 4085: 4074:. Retrieved 4070: 4060: 4049:. Retrieved 4038: 4027:. Retrieved 4017: 4006:. Retrieved 4002:the original 3992: 3981:. Retrieved 3977:the original 3967: 3948: 3937:. Retrieved 3935:. 2013-05-07 3932: 3923: 3912:. Retrieved 3908:the original 3898: 3887:. Retrieved 3883:the original 3878: 3869: 3858:. Retrieved 3854:the original 3849: 3840: 3829:. Retrieved 3825:the original 3814: 3803:. Retrieved 3794: 3783:. Retrieved 3774: 3763:. 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Retrieved 3052: 3045: 2919: 2916: 2909: 2901: 2897: 2889: 2865: 2848: 2846: 2837: 2833: 2831:inaccurate. 2828:greenwashing 2823: 2820: 2816: 2813: 2792: 2781: 2763: 2756: 2746: 2739: 2735: 2733: 2717: 2709: 2691: 2678: 2670: 2646: 2618: 2610: 2600: 2596: 2593: 2578: 2563: 2554: 2544: 2537: 2530: 2523: 2511: 2499:Please help 2494:verification 2491: 2443: 2432: 2429: 2425:Toyota Prius 2409: 2396: 2366:aerodynamics 2345: 2318: 2304:Prius family 2300:Lexus CT200h 2292:Honda Fit EV 2272:Fisker Karma 2261: 2238: 2226: 2191: 2183: 2167: 2115: 2084: 2079: 2057: 2053:Fisker Karma 2045: 2035: 2033: 2027: 2023: 1994:Toyota Prius 1991: 1987: 1980: 1972: 1963:Smart fortwo 1925: 1917: 1892: 1885: 1881: 1862:Toyota Prius 1800: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1720: 1689: 1685: 1636: 1625:(liquid) or 1613: 1477:trolleybuses 1458: 1406: 1394: 1385: 1374:developed a 1364:Henri Pieper 1361: 1349: 1340: 1261:Toyota Yaris 1257:Toyota Prius 1244: 1242: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1177:towing kites 1174: 1171: 1149: 1126: 1109: 1102: 1089: 1062: 1037: 1015:include the 1010: 992: 991: 981: 980: 966: 965: 951: 950: 932: 931: 915:Hybrid train 874:power trains 871: 833: 827: 823: 816:quadricycles 800: 790: 786: 771: 746: 721: 712: 710: 570:Kick scooter 555:Land vehicle 515: 124:Energy audit 89:Cogeneration 7481:Four-stroke 7381:Front-front 7321:Eight-wheel 7296:Front-wheel 7228:Natural gas 7213:Fossil fuel 7168:Biogasoline 6854:Body styles 6782:Vintage car 6190:Biogasoline 5904:Solar power 5881:Human power 5764:12 December 5758:www.epa.gov 5706:Calcars.org 5101:Hitachi.com 4047:. Inhabitat 2784:fossil fuel 2757:Dual power. 2720:Hoidas Lake 2581:Lithium-ion 2417:Honda Civic 2294:, the 2012 2264:Nissan Leaf 2207:Nissan Leaf 2107:AFS Trinity 2103:lithium-ion 2066:and ships. 2064:locomotives 1951:BAS Hybrids 1803:Sinclair C5 1714:) highway. 1643:Tata Motors 1529:natural gas 1345:Mild hybrid 1341:Full hybrid 1232:Optare Solo 1203:Engine type 1196:fuel cell. 996:In the US, 754:, and even 575:Quadracycle 430:Forecasting 363:Tidal power 346:Small hydro 331:Micro hydro 284:Sustainable 149:Energy Star 7559:Categories 7506:Two-stroke 7402:Front-rear 7395:Rear-front 7311:Four-wheel 7301:Rear-wheel 7140:Propulsion 7130:Voiturette 7115:Flying car 7110:Police car 7075:Amphibious 6987:Quad coupé 6877:Berlinetta 6594:Street rod 6536:Subcompact 5785:2015-05-30 5738:2011-08-11 5609:2020-10-22 5584:2019-04-17 5533:2015-11-16 5469:2013-04-30 5376:2013-04-30 5348:2008-03-18 5317:2015-05-30 5292:2015-05-30 4777:2020-04-04 4721:: 100826. 4699:2021-11-10 4671:2020-11-11 4632:2009-11-22 4606:2010-12-17 4576:2010-12-17 4551:2010-12-17 4529:2010-08-25 4490:2012-01-14 4469:2013-05-01 4415:2009-10-17 4390:2009-10-17 4365:2009-05-01 4272:2013-03-02 4247:2015-06-30 4222:2015-05-30 4201:2013-03-25 4176:2013-04-22 4155:2013-04-22 4130:2013-04-22 4125:Gizmag.com 4105:2013-04-22 4076:2013-04-22 4051:2013-04-22 4029:2013-04-22 4008:2015-05-30 3983:2013-10-17 3939:2013-04-22 3933:Gizmag.com 3914:2013-04-22 3889:2010-12-12 3860:2013-04-30 3850:Aircars.tk 3831:2013-03-31 3805:2013-03-31 3785:2013-03-31 3765:2012-04-18 3643:2018-05-10 3518:2013-04-22 3484:2013-04-22 3456:2014-10-01 3282:2015-04-22 3255:2013-04-30 3228:2012-01-13 3203:2012-06-05 3160:2013-04-22 3150:bluewin.ch 3131:2013-04-30 3102:2006-01-11 3069:2007-02-27 3038:References 2753:batteries. 2724:Mount Weld 2697:dysprosium 2527:newspapers 2375:Using low 2364:Improving 2356:Otto cycle 2162:See also: 2091:Chevy Volt 1936:Honda CR-Z 1908:‑imp 1790:Citroën C3 1786:‑imp 1740:‑imp 1732:‑imp 1712:‑imp 1708:‑imp 1592:See also: 1575:and other 1515:biobutanol 1471:vehicles: 1461:propulsion 1426:third rail 1378:using two 1253:Saturn Vue 1017:Green Goat 942:Bombardier 903:submarines 844:3D printed 607:Watercraft 585:Velomobile 545:Helicopter 373:Tidal farm 336:Pico hydro 321:Hydropower 104:Eco-cities 7416:Rear-rear 7326:Ten-wheel 7316:Six-wheel 7306:Two-wheel 7218:Fuel cell 7158:Biodiesel 7125:Tow truck 7100:Pedal car 7080:Connected 7052:Vis-à-vis 7027:Targa top 6972:Panel van 6967:Notchback 6947:Limousine 6937:Landaulet 6927:Hatchback 6872:Barchetta 6840:S-segment 6835:M-segment 6830:J-segment 6825:F-segment 6820:E-segment 6815:D-segment 6810:C-segment 6805:B-segment 6800:A-segment 6711:Hot hatch 6688:Coupe SUV 6622:Executive 6584:Lead sled 6561:Full-size 6541:Supermini 6370:Solar bus 6365:Solar car 6350:Multifuel 6175:Biodiesel 6147:Solar bus 6142:Solar car 5932:Solar car 5927:Solar bus 5863:Fuel cell 5372:, Reuters 5265:0885-8993 4822:181737522 4753:216309011 4745:0739-8859 4430:"Shocker" 4091:"Welcome" 3998:"On-road" 3691:US 424817 3672:US 409116 3592:1 October 3587:The Drive 3568:USA Today 2805:Marketing 2705:Neodymium 2603:Panasonic 2557:July 2008 2433:Hybrid CO 2306:of cars. 1904:‑US 1834:Micro HEV 1782:‑US 1754:company ( 1736:‑US 1728:‑US 1627:pneumatic 1623:hydraulic 1469:dual mode 1362:In 1899, 1218:New Flyer 1163:submarine 1033:lead acid 1021:Green Kid 1019:(GG) and 972:KiHa E200 948:company. 812:tricycles 550:Hydrofoil 415:Community 189:Heat pump 99:Eco hotel 7539:Category 7516:W engine 7501:Straight 7258:Hydrogen 7223:Fuel gas 7188:Electric 7063:vehicles 7002:Runabout 6952:Microvan 6942:Liftback 6932:Kammback 6917:Fastback 6892:Cab over 6882:Brougham 6627:Personal 6599:T-bucket 6589:Lowrider 6556:Mid-size 6440:Vactrain 6423:See also 6235:Hydrogen 6225:Wood gas 6137:aircraft 5677:Archived 5508:Archived 5505:CSIS.org 5392:Archived 5273:14359975 5104:Archived 4965:14643413 4838:Archived 4665:BBC News 3957:Archived 2934:See also 2893:Bob Lutz 2810:Adoption 2788:biofuels 2643:Charging 1998:Lexus RX 1573:bicycles 1511:methanol 1503:gasoline 1422:trolleys 1221:Metrobus 1187:Aircraft 1181:SkySails 1011:Variant 1004:(Na-NiCl 936:The new 867:Van Hool 842:, and a 658:Category 580:Tricycle 465:Windpump 460:Windbelt 435:Industry 114:Ecolabel 109:Ecohouse 79:Arcology 7570:Engines 7511:V (Vee) 7486:H-block 7252:plug-in 7250: ( 7235: ( 7205: ( 7203:Ethanol 7192:battery 7190: ( 7163:Biofuel 7153:Autogas 7120:Taxicab 7095:Gyrocar 7090:Go-kart 7037:Touring 7032:Torpedo 6977:Phaeton 6957:Minibus 6922:Hardtop 6767:Economy 6762:Classic 6757:Antique 6741:Go-kart 6673:Compact 6650:Leisure 6645:Compact 6579:Hot rod 6551:Compact 6519:By size 6309:Propane 6289:Autogas 6159:Biofuel 6024:Pedelec 5894:Pedelec 5662:WSJ.com 5245:Bibcode 5010:Reuters 4992:7585584 4945:Bibcode 4917:7631750 4909:7369783 4889:Bibcode 4291:Autocar 3613:Riviera 3512:Epa.gov 3222:ENN.com 3121:MCN.org 2736:engines 2671:updated 2541:scholar 2388:carcass 2328:weight. 2298:, 2012 2290:, 2012 2132:has an 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