1546:
violence against
Muslims occurred in Marathwada and Telangana areas. It also concluded: "At several places, members of the armed forces brought out Muslim adult males from villages and towns and massacred them in cold blood." The Committee generally credited the military officers with good conduct but stated that soldiers acted out of bigotry. The official "very conservative estimate" was that 27,000 to 40,000 died "during and after the police action." Other scholars have put the figure at 200,000, or even higher. Among Muslims some estimates were even higher and Smith says that the military government's private low estimates were at least ten times the number of murders with which the Razakars were officially accused.
74:
1380:
1574:
210:
3803:
3790:
611:(10.3%). Despite the overwhelming Hindu majority, Hindus were severely under-represented in government, police and the military. Of 1765 officers in the State Army, 1268 were Muslims, 421 were Hindus, and 121 others were Christians, Parsis and Sikhs. Of the officials drawing a salary between Rs. 600 and 1200 per month, 59 were Muslims, 5 were Hindus and 38 were of other religions. The Nizam and his nobles, who were mostly Muslims, owned 40% of the total land in the state.
6060:
1418:"It is natural that we should rejoice at this swift termination of the action we undertook after prolonged and painful thought and each deliberation. As I have repeatedly said we are men of peace, hating war and the last thing we desire is to come into an armed conflict with anyone. Nevertheless, circumstances which you will know well, compelled us to take this action in Hyderabad. Fortunately, it was brief and we return with relief to the paths of peace again."
3777:
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claimed that the government of
Hyderabad was edging towards independence by divesting itself of its Indian securities, banning the Indian currency, halting the export of ground nuts, organising illegal gun-running from Pakistan, and inviting recruits to its army and its irregular forces, the Razakars." The Hyderabadi envoys accused India of setting up armed barricades on all land routes and of attempting to economically isolate their nation.
1428:
1045:
196:
595:, it covered 82,698 square miles (214,190 km) of fairly homogenous territory and comprised a population of roughly 16.34 million people (as per the 1941 census) of which a majority (85%) was Hindu. The state had its own army, airline, telecommunication system, railway network, postal system, currency and radio broadcasting service. Hyderabad was a multi-lingual state consisting of people speaking
1586:
786:
communists were "positive and in some cases great...The communists redistributed land and livestock, reduced rates, ended forced labour and increased wages by one hundred per cent. They inoculated the population and built public latrines; they encouraged women's organisations, discouraged sectarian sentiment and sought to abolish untouchability."
1297:, air strikes cleared most of the Hyderabadi defences, although some Razakar units still gave resistance to the 2/5 Gurkhas who occupied the town. The retreating Hyderabadi forces destroyed the bridge at Musi to delay the Indians but failed to offer covering fire, allowing the bridge to be quickly repaired. Another incident occurred at
639:(also known as Ittehad or MIM). Its objectives were to unite the Muslims in the State in support of Nizam and to reduce the Hindu majority by large-scale conversion to Islam. The MIM became a powerful communal organisation, with the principal focus to marginalise the political aspirations of the Hindus and moderate Muslims.
869:. This led to terrorising of the Hindu community, some of whom went across the border into independent India and organised raids into Nizam's territory, which further escalated the violence. Many of these raiders were controlled by the Congress leadership in India and had links with extremist religious elements in the
897:. The State Army consisted of three armoured regiments, a horse cavalry regiment, 11 infantry battalions and artillery. These were supplemented by irregular units with horse cavalry, four infantry battalions (termed as the Saraf-e-khas, paigah, Arab and Refugee) and a garrison battalion. This army was commanded by
932:
to investigate who was also fired upon by the
Razakars. The tanks of the Poona Horse then chased the Razakars to Kodad, in Hyderabad territory. Here they were opposed by the armoured cars of 1 Hyderabad Lancers. In a brief action, the Poona Horse destroyed one armoured car and forced the surrender of
864:
had extended their activities from
Hyderabad city into the towns and rural areas, murdering Hindus, abducting women, pillaging houses and fields, and looting non-Muslim property in a widespread reign of terror." "Some women became victims of rape and kidnapping by Razakars. Thousands went to jail and
755:
reportedly warned the then
Viceroy Lord Mountbatten, "If Congress attempted to exert any pressure on Hyderabad, every Muslim throughout the whole of India, yes, all the hundred million Muslims, would rise as one man to defend the oldest Muslim dynasty in India." According to Taylor C. Sherman, "India
735:
Hyderabad violated all clauses of the agreement: in external affairs, by carrying out intrigues with
Pakistan, to which it secretly loaned 15 million pounds; in defence, by building up a large semi-private army; in communications, by interfering with the traffic at the borders and the through traffic
1649:
and Madras regions were appointed to replace the vacancies. They were unable to speak the language and were unfamiliar with local conditions. Nehru objected to this "communal chauvinism" and called them "incompetent outsiders", and tried to impose
Hyderabadi residency requirements: however, this was
1628:
The viewpoint of the government was: "In political physics, Razakar action and Hindu reaction have been almost equal and opposite." A quiet decision was taken to release all Hindus and for a review of all Muslim cases, aiming to let many of them out. Regarding atrocities by
Muslims, Nehru considered
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and the attacking force of the 7th
Brigade. Using speed and surprise, the 7th Brigade managed to secure a vital bridge on the Bori River intact, following which an assault was made on the Hyderabadi positions at Naldurg by the 2nd Sikh Infantry. The bridge and road secured, an armoured column of the
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invaded the state by 13 September 1948, following a crippling economic blockade, and multiple attempts at destabilizing the state through railway disruptions, the bombing of government buildings, and raids on border villages. After the defeat of
Razakars, the Nizam signed an instrument of accession,
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The Committee concluded that while Muslim villagers were disarmed by the Indian Army, Hindus were often left with their weapons. The violence was carried out by Hindu residents, with the army sometimes indifferent, and sometimes participating in the atrocities. The Committee stated that large-scale
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dated to 29 August 1948, wrote that "I am convinced that it is impossible to arrive at any solution of the Hyderabad problem by settlement or peaceful negotiation. Military action becomes essential, we call it as you have called it Police Action." It was also believed that there could be a possible
840:
Even as India and Hyderabad negotiated, most of the sub-continent had been thrown into chaos as a result of communal Hindu-Muslim riots pending the imminent partition of India. Fearing a Hindu civil uprising in his kingdom, the Nizam allowed Razvi to set up a voluntary militia of Muslims called the
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According to Mohammed Hyder, the tragic consequences of the Indian operation were largely preventable. He faulted the Indian army for neither restoring local administration nor setting up their military administration. As a result, the anarchy led to several thousand "thugs", from the camps set up
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Since late in 1945, landlocked Hyderabad had been seeking access to a port. In April 1947 Monckton was in touch with Templewood about the acquisition of port facilities at Mormugao, in Portuguese Goa, with a rail link to be built from the state to the sea. The businessman Sir Alexander Roger was
2049:
See Section 7 (1) (b): "the suzerainty of His Majesty over the Indian States lapses, and with it, all treaties and agreements in force at the date of the passing of this Act between His Majesty and the rulers of Indian States, all functions exercisable by His Majesty at that date with respect to
1549:
Patel reacted angrily to the report and disowned its conclusions. He stated that the terms of reference were flawed because they only covered the part during and after the operation. He also cast aspersions on the motives and standing of the committee. These objections are regarded by Noorani as
1317:
Highway, the forces encountered gunfire from ambush positions. However, leaving some of the units to handle the ambush, the bulk of the force moved on to reach 15 kilometres beyond Zahirabad by nightfall despite sporadic resistance along the way. Most of the resistance was from Razakar units who
876:
Hyder mediated some efforts to minimise the influence of the Razakars. Razvi, while generally receptive, vetoed the option of disarming them, saying that with the Hyderabad state army ineffective, the Razakars were the only means of self-defence available. By the end of August 1948, a full-blown
1620:
The Indian military detained thousands of people during the operation, including Razakars, Hindu militants, and communists. This was largely done based on local informants, who used this opportunity to settle scores. The estimated number of people detained was close to 18,000, which resulted in
723:
which made an assurance that the status quo would be maintained and no military action would be taken for one year. According to this agreement, India would handle Hyderabad's foreign affairs, but Indian Army troops stationed in Secunderabad would be removed. In Hyderabad city there was a huge
841:'Razakars'. The Razakars – who numbered up to 200,000 at the height of the conflict – swore to uphold Islamic domination in Hyderabad and the Deccan plateau in the face of growing public opinion amongst the majority Hindu population favouring the accession of Hyderabad into the Indian Union.
1399:, summoning him to the Nizam's office at 1600 hours. At the meeting, the Nizam stated "The vultures have resigned. I don't know what to do". Munshi advised the Nizam to secure the safety of the citizens of Hyderabad by issuing appropriate orders to the Commander of the Hyderabad State Army,
785:
system, which covered 43% of land holding. Initially, they also drew support from wealthier peasants who also fought under the communist banner, but by 1948, the coalition had disintegrated. According to the Indian Intelligence Bureau Deputy Director, the social and economic programs of the
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was stalled as the river had swollen. The first day on the Western Front ended with the Indians inflicting heavy casualties on the Hyderabadis and capturing large tracts of territory. Amongst the captured defenders was a British mercenary who had been tasked with blowing up the bridge near
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Indian States, all obligations of His Majesty existing at that date towards Indian States or the rulers thereof, and all powers, rights, authority or jurisdiction exercisable by His Majesty at that date in or in relation to Indian States by treaty, grant, usage, sufferance or otherwise."
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Sir Walter Monckton, Mountbatten's self-styled 'dear friend', at that time Constitutional Adviser to the Nizam of Hyderabad, managed to involve Lord Templewood in a conspiracy to persuade the Portuguese government to cooperate in supplying a rail link to the sea at Goa for the use of
1624:
The Indian government set up Special Tribunals to prosecute these. These strongly resembled the colonial governments earlier, and there were many legal irregularities, including denial or inability to access lawyers and delayed trials – about which the Red Cross was pressuring Nehru.
740:
was interfering with supplies to Hyderabad without the knowledge of Delhi. The Government promised to take up the matter with the provincial governments, but scholar Lucien Benichou states that it was never done. There were also delays in arms shipments to Hyderabad from India.
748:"If the safety of the people in Hyderabad was endangered by the activities of Razakars, the Government would intervene in Hyderabad State. The time had arrived when this hostility must cease. If the Hyderabad Government could not stop it, other measures would be adopted."
3722:
3208:
British Documents on Foreign Affairs: Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print. From 1946 through 1950. Asia 1949. Burma, India, Pakistan, Ceylon, Indonesia, The Philippines and South-East Asia and the Far East (general), january 1949- december
700:, the Law Minister in the first independent Indian government considered the state of Hyderabad to be "a new problem which may turn out to be worse than the Hindu-Muslim problem as it is sure to result in the further Balkanisation of India". According to the writer
1342:. By the morning of the 5th day of hostilities, it had become clear that the Hyderabad army and the Razakars had been routed on all fronts and with extremely heavy casualties. At 5 pm on 17 September, the Nizam announced a ceasefire, thus ending the armed action.
689:
At the time of the British withdrawal from India, the Nizam announced that he did not intend to join either new dominion, and proceeded to appoint trade representatives in European countries and to begin negotiations with the Portuguese, seeking to lease or buy
865:
braved the cruelties perpetuated by the oppressive administration. Due to the activities of the Razakars, thousands of Hindus had to flee from the state and take shelter in various camps". Precise numbers are not known, but 40,000 refugees were received by the
1155:, about 34 km north-west of Naldurg. They reached Tuljapur at dawn, where they encountered resistance from a unit of the 1st Hyderabad Infantry and about 200 Razakars who fought for two hours before surrendering. Further advance towards the town of
473:, continuing all previous arrangements except for the stationing of Indian troops in the state. India felt that the establishment of a Communist state in Hyderabad would be a threat to the country. Nizam's power had weakened because of the
829:, a Hindu revivalist movement, had been demanding greater access to power for the Hindu majority since the late 1930s and was curbed by the Nizam in 1938. The Hyderabad State Congress joined forces with the Arya Samaj as well as the
708:'s concern was to defeat what he called Hyderabad's "secessionist venture", but he favoured talks and considered military option as a last resort. In Nehru's observation, the state of Hyderabad was "full of dangerous possibilities".
614:
When the British departed from the Indian subcontinent in 1947, they offered the various princely states in the subcontinent the option of acceding to either India or Pakistan or staying on as an independent state. As stated by
836:
Noorani regards the MIM under Nawab Bahadur Yar Jung as explicitly committed to safeguarding the rights of religious and linguistic minorities. However, this changed with the ascent of Qasim Razvi after the Nawab died in 1944.
1636:
The government was under pressure to not prosecute participants in communal violence, which often made communal relations worse. Patel had also died in 1950. Thus, by 1953 the Indian government released all but a few persons.
724:
demonstration by Razakars led by Syed Qasim Razvi in October 1947, against the administration's decision to sign the Standstill Agreement. This demonstration in front of the houses of the main negotiators, the Prime Minister,
505:, concluded that between 30,000–40,000 people had died in total in the state, in a report which was not released until 2013. Other responsible observers estimated the number of deaths to be 200,000 or higher.
619:
at a press conference in January 1948, "As you are all aware, on the lapse of Paramountcy every Indian State became a separate independent entity." In India, a small number of states, including Hyderabad,
1940:
The lowest estimates, even those offered privately by apologists of the military government, came to at least ten times the number of murders with which previously the Razakars were officially accused...
1554:
across the border, filling the vacuum. He stated "Thousands of families were broken up, children separated from their parents and wives, from their husbands. Women and girls were hunted down and raped."
759:
In the summer of 1948, Indian officials, especially Patel, signalled an intention to invade; Britain encouraged India to resolve the issue without the use of force but refused Nizam's requests to help.
1488:
had no stake in the country or any record of service behind it. By methods reminiscent of Hitlerite Germany it took possession of the State, spread terror ... and rendered me completely helpless."
1115:
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the new dominion. In the case of Pakistan, accession happened far more slowly. Hyderabad had been part of the calculations of all-India political parties since the 1930s. The leaders of the new
1476:, in his radio speech on 23 September 1948, said "In November last , a small group which had organized a quasi-military organization surrounded the homes of my Prime Minister, the
1131:, 61 km inside Hyderabad by 1515 hours, where it quickly overpowered resistance from Razakar units defending the town. Meanwhile, another column consisting of a squadron of
5432:
3055:
1318:
ambushed the Indians as they passed through urban areas. The Razakars were able to use the terrain to their advantage until the Indians brought in their 75 mm guns.
1263:. The city was attacked by six columns of infantry and cavalry, resulting in the civil administration emerging in the afternoon and offering a surrender to the Indians.
1019:
magazine pointed out that if India invaded Hyderabad, Razakars would massacre Hindus, which would lead to retaliatory massacres of Muslims across India. On September 7,
635:
Hyderabad state has been steadily becoming more theocratic since the beginning of the 20th century. In 1926, Mahmud Nawazkhan, a retired Hyderabad official, founded the
559:. Hyderabad's nominal independence is dated to 1724 when the Nizam won a military victory over a rival military appointee. In 1798, Hyderabad became the first Indian
1970:
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1500:, General Chaudhari led an armoured column into Hyderabad at around 4 p.m. on 18 September and the Hyderabad army, led by Major General El Edroos, surrendered.
3879:
1234:
805:, with both sides resorting to increasingly brutal methods. According to an Indian government pamphlet, the communists had killed about 2,000 people by 1948.
1952:
1484:, my constitutional Adviser, by duress compelled the Nawab and other trusted ministers to resign and forced the Laik Ali Ministry on me. This group headed by
957:
in the West – while smaller units pinned down the Hyderabadi army along the border. Overall command was placed in the hands of Lt. Gen. Rajendrasinghji, DSO.
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124:
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along with engineering and ancillary units. In addition, four infantry battalions were to neutralise and protect lines of communication. Two squadrons of
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Muralidharan, Sukumar (2014). "Alternate Histories: Hyderabad 1948 Compels a Fresh Evaluation of the Theology of India's Independence and Partition".
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1376:, and requested his resignation by the morning of the following day. The resignation was delivered along with the resignations of the entire cabinet.
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437:, the British abandoned all such alliances, leaving the states with the option of opting for full independence. However, by 1948 almost all had
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Armchair Historian – Operation Polo (Monday, 18 September 2006) – Contributed by Sidin Sunny Vadukut – Last Updated (Monday, 18 September 2006)
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1226:, 48 km east. As aerial reconnaissance had shown well-entrenched ambush positions set up along the way, the air strikes from squadrons of
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The Nizam was in a weak position as his army numbered only 24,000 men, of whom only some 6,000 were fully trained and equipped. These included
3313:. Historical Section, Ministry of Defence, Government of India; distributors: Manager of Publications, Government of India, Delhi. p. 75.
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If the Indian army invaded Hyderabad, Razvi's Razakars would kill Hyderabad Hindus. Throughout India, Hindus would retaliate against Muslims.
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area, led by communists. The communists drew their support from various quarters. Among the poor peasants, there were grievances against the
2727:
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were called in. These air strikes effectively cleared the route and allowed the land forces to reach and secure Rajeshwar by the afternoon.
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The assault force from the East was meanwhile slowed by an anti-tank ditch and later came under heavy fire from hillside positions of the
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732:, advisor to the Nizam, and Minister Nawab Ali Nawaz Jung, forced them to call off their Delhi visit to sign the agreement at that time.
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736:
of Indian railways. India was also accused of violating the agreement by imposing an economic blockade. It turned out that the state of
674:, initially approached the British government with a request to take on the status of an independent constitutional monarchy within the
441:
to either India or Pakistan. One major exception was that of the wealthiest and most powerful principality, Hyderabad, where the Nizam,
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5679:
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908:. A quarter of these were armed with modern small firearms, while the rest were predominantly armed with muzzle-loaders and swords.
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5027:
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3996:
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901:, an Arab. 55 per cent of the Hyderabadi army was composed of Muslims, with 1,268 Muslims in a total of 1,765 officers as of 1941.
568:
1031:
warned India against this ultimatum. Nehru then launched the invasion on 13 September, after the death of Jinnah on 11 September.
797:, but soon they launched a full-fledged revolt against the Nizam. Starting in mid-1946, the conflict between the Razakars and the
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17:
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where 3 Sikhs, a company of 2 Jodhpur infantry and some tanks from 18 Cavalry faced stubborn resistance from Hyderabadi forces.
844:
According to an account by Mohammed Hyder, a civil servant in Osmanabad district, a variety of armed militant groups, including
6149:
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6000:
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fold. In all, more than 150 villages (of which 70 were in Indian territory outside Hyderabad State) were pushed into violence.
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at dawn but was slowed by a minefield, which had to be cleared. On reaching the junction of the Bidar road with the Solapur-
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In addition to these, there were about 200,000 irregular militia called the Razakars under the command of a civilian leader
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4289:
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1123:, 8 km from Naldurg, at 0900 hours, paving the way for the Strike Force units under Lt. Col Ram Singh Commandant of
2828:
2526:'Communalism' in Princely India", Roosa, 'Quadary of the Qaum' cited in Sherman, "Integration of Princely States" (2007)
744:
Jawaharlal Nehru in a reception to the Bombay Union of Journalists on 26 April 1948 laid out his government's position:
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in 1947, the princely states of India, who in principle had self-government within their territories, were subject to
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La Fin de Goa et de Estado da ĂŤndia : DĂ©colonisation et Guerre Froide dans le Sous-Continent Indien (1945-1962)
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the actions during the operation as "madness" seizing "decent people", analogous to experience elsewhere during the
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In the East, forces led by Lt. Gen A.A. Rudra met with fierce resistance from two armoured car cavalry units of the
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825:, who campaigned for an Islamic State centred on the Nizam as the Sultan dismissing all claims for democracy. The
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2760:(in French). Vol. 1. Lisbon: Ministério dos Negócios Estrangeiros, Instituto diplomático. pp. 234–242.
1783:"The integration of the princely state of Hyderabad and the making of the postcolonial state in India, 1948 – 56"
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of Muslims in reprisals by Hyderabadi Hindus. Jawaharlal Nehru appointed a mixed-faith committee led by Pandit
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591:, was the largest and most prosperous of all the princely states in India. With annual revenues of over Rs. 9
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On receiving directions from the government to seize and annex Hyderabad, the Indian army came up with the
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claimed to be defending the Islamic faith and made claims on the land. "From the beginning of 1948, the
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Mhamai, S K (2001). "The Geostrategic and Geopolitical Importance of Goa in the Indian Sub-Continent".
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501:, at times perpetrated by the Indian Army. The Sunderlal Committee, appointed by Indian prime minister
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disingenuous because the commission was an official one, and it was critical of the Razakars as well.
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where they faced action against the 3 Golconda Lancers who gave token resistance before surrendering.
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and took the town after heavy street combat with the Razakars who determinedly resisted the Indians.
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A Princely Affair: The Accession and Integration of the Princely States of Pakistan, 1947–1955
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1888:, Appendix 15: Confidential notes attached to the Sunderlal Committee Report, pp. 372–373
949:, the Commander-in-Chief of the Southern Command). The plan envisaged two main thrusts – from
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Kate, P. V., Marathwada Under the Nizams, 1724–1948, Delhi: Mittal Publications, 1987, p.84
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On the noon of 17 September, a messenger brought a personal note from the Nizam to India's
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employed as an intermediary, but Monckton himself seems to have visited Portugal in April.
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6 km from Suryapet. The positions were assaulted by the 2/5 Gurkha – veterans of the
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The Nizam also made unsuccessful attempts to seek the intervention of the United Nations.
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1132:
1009:
916:
On 6 September an Indian police post near Chillakallu village came under heavy fire from
818:
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459:
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A force under the command of Maj. Gen. D.S. Brar was tasked with capturing the city of
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270:
171:
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gave ultimatum to Nizam, demanding ban on the Razakars and return of Indian troops to
485:
gave ultimatum to Nizam, demanding ban on the Razakars and return of Indian troops to
5972:
5741:
5290:
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3695:
Police Action in Hyderabad, 1948 September 13–18 : Should We Celebrate It?
1573:
6064:
5901:
5823:
5753:
5746:
5622:
5158:
5145:
5069:
5054:
4821:
4516:
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4136:
3808:
3585:
3480:
From Autocracy to Integration: Political Developments in Hyderabad State, 1938–1948
2609:
2379:
2232:
2171:
From Autocracy to Integration: Political Developments in Hyderabad State, 1938-1948
1797:
1633:. Nehru was also concerned that disenfranchised Muslims would join the communists.
1593:
1384:
1314:
1249:
1020:
968:
Strike Force comprising a mix of fast-moving infantry, cavalry and light artillery,
822:
705:
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600:
502:
482:
231:
1127:(a motorised battalion) to pass through. This armoured column reached the town of
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1993:
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990:
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830:
821:
had sought to harness Muslim aspirations and had won the adherence of MIM leader
729:
596:
399:
215:
109:
79:
1414:
On 18 September, Jawaharlal Nehru in his broadcast said on the military action:
5843:
5838:
5818:
5813:
2598:"Thirty-Six Years Later: The Mixed Legacies of Mountbatten's Transfer of Power"
2341:
1801:
1605:
1364:
1242:
1227:
1203:
1199:
1124:
998:
697:
667:
560:
532:
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83:
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5828:
5808:
5798:
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3605:
3589:
3497:
3249:
3093:
New Themes in Indian History: Art, Politics, Gender, Environment, and Culture
2775:
1438:
1431:
1400:
1392:
1179:, namely the 2nd and 4th Hyderabad Lancers, but managed to reach the town of
701:
629:
415:
139:
126:
117:
5967:
5305:
5140:
5084:
4461:
3727:
3357:. Bureau of the public information of the government of India. p. 247.
2848:
2754:
Bègue, Sandrine (2007). "Les Origines du Conflit Luso-Indien (1947-1950)".
2690:
Diary of Guy Liddell, Deputy Director General of the Security Service, 1948
1578:
1454:
1373:
1279:
1267:
946:
737:
616:
556:
451:
275:
1114:
Fort on the Solapur Secunderabad Highway between a defending force of the
5803:
5243:
5153:
5135:
4108:
4060:
3795:
3782:
2684:
1601:
1519:
1497:
1485:
1465:
1369:
1360:
1330:. Meanwhile, forces led by the 1st Armoured regiment were at the town of
1298:
1207:
1110:
Indian forces entered the state at 4 a.m. The first battle was fought at
925:
905:
663:
584:
443:
291:
113:
6059:
3257:
2244:
2220:
1119:
1st Armoured Brigade – part of the Smash force – moved into the town of
5552:
5336:
5163:
4404:
4374:
3662:
3627:
3476:
3436:
3367:
3233:
3012:
2874:
2870:
2621:
2597:
2428:
2391:
2291:
1527:
1245:– and were neutralised, with the Hyderabadis taking severe casualties.
1069: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
986:
950:
826:
254:
3759:
1097:
5168:
5044:
4898:
3385:
3332:
2833:
1539:
1335:
1310:
1287:
1253:
1223:
982:
971:
Smash Force consisting of predominantly armoured units and artillery,
790:
782:
778:
521:
450:, a Muslim ruler who presided over a largely Hindu population, chose
2613:
2383:
1427:
1044:
977:
Vir Force which comprised infantry, anti-tank and engineering units.
5059:
4867:
3350:
2755:
2198:
Vande Mataram to Jana Gana Mana: Saga of Hyderabad Freedom Struggle
2064:
1523:
1503:
1294:
1184:
1152:
870:
794:
548:
1139:, a troop from 9 Para Field Regiment, 10 Field Company Engineers,
59:
1948 military invasion of Hyderabad State by the Dominion of India
1515:
1442:
1437:(at right) offers his surrender of the Hyderabad State Forces to
1339:
1161:
1111:
954:
890:
853:
802:
604:
3212:. Asia / ed. Anthony Best. Univ. Publ. of America. p. 224.
1534:) were not made public until 2013 when it was accessed from the
2947:
1585:
1191:
1128:
1120:
894:
236:
3076:. Department of History, Osmania University. 2006. p. 82.
1214:
attacked and secured a vital bridge from the Hyderabadi army.
3244:(2). Pakistan Institute of International Affairs: 169. 1964.
1461:
1327:
1283:
1222:
The force that had camped at Umarga proceeded to the town of
1180:
1148:
857:
716:, however, took a hard line, and had no patience with talks.
592:
2965:
By Frank Moraes, Jawaharlal Nehru, Mumbai: Jaico.2007, p.394
1568:
1326:
In the early hours of 17 September, the Indian army entered
433:, giving them control of their external relations. With the
3454:
3442:
2994:
2982:
2646:
Moore, R. J. (1988). "India in 1947: The Limits of Unity".
2459:"Five states that refused to join India after Independence"
1002:
886:
608:
3671:
The Last Nizam: An Indian Prince in the Australian Outback
1530:
to investigate the situation. The findings of the report (
3496:
3310:
Operation Polo: The Police Action Against Hyderabad, 1948
3085:
3083:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2534:
2532:
2297:
989:
and comprised the 2/5 Gurkha Rifles, one squadron of the
808:
691:
358:
5568:
Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research
3539:
2935:
2866:
2854:
2789:
2274:"New book on Hyderabad's Invasion, 1948's Police Action"
2121:
India's Princely States: People, Princes and Colonialism
1278:
Leaving a company of 3/11 Gurkhas to occupy the town of
657:
2649:
Endgames of Empire; Studies of Britain's Indian Problem
719:
Accordingly, the Indian government offered Hyderabad a
578:
The State of Hyderabad under the leadership of its 7th
3706:
Exclusive Sundar Lal report on Hyderabad police action
3080:
2968:
2529:
2278:
The Milli Gazette – Indian Muslims Leading News Source
1309:
The task force under Lt. Col. Ram Singh moved towards
974:
Kill Force composed of infantry and engineering units,
777:
In late 1945, there started a peasant uprising in the
4562:(Portuguese India - Goa, Damaon, Silvassa & Diu)
3023:
3021:
2365:"The Hyderabad Political System and its Participants"
2335:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2221:"Internal Violence: The "Police Action" in Hyderabad"
2060:
2058:
2056:
1995:
Kingship and Colonialism in India's Deccan: 1850–1948
1896:
1894:
3523:
October Coup, A Memoir of the Struggle for Hyderabad
1953:"Hyderabad had tried 'NRC' 71 years ago, and failed"
1480:, in whose wisdom I had complete confidence, and of
563:
to accede to British protection under the policy of
3344:
3336:. Chennai, India. 14 September 2005. Archived from
2093:"Delhi felt Razakars, communists a threat to India"
1621:overcrowded jails and a paralysed criminal system.
1301:where a Razakar unit was decimated by the Indians.
1151:Infantry, and ancillary units attacked the town of
880:
382:
Sunderlal Committee: 30,000–40,000 civilians killed
5469:All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar
3226:
3018:
2557:India's Armed Forces: Fifty Years of War and Peace
2322:
2143:
2141:
2053:
1891:
1350:
920:units. The Indian Army command sent a squadron of
678:. This request was, however, rejected by the last
5483:Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences and Research
3500:; Mukherjee, Aditya; Mukherjee, Mridula (2008) ,
3137:
3047:
2735:. Panaji: Directorate of Archaeology and Archives
2418:. Harrison & Sons, Ltd. 1945. pp. 33–37.
2218:
1824:"585 Mohan Guruswany, There once was a Hyderabad"
960:The attack from Solapur was led by Major General
6076:
3198:
2163:
2161:
1856:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1504:Communal violence during and after the operation
1001:aircraft were prepared for air support from the
4494:Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War
2652:. Delhi: Oxford University Press. p. 193.
2154:. Longmans, Green, Pakistan Branch. p. 21.
2138:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1422:
1101:Indian Army movements during the Operation Polo
936:
642:
477:and the rise of a radical militia known as the
385:Responsible observers: 200,000 civilians killed
3930:Department of Defence Research and Development
3880:Director General Armed Forces Medical Services
3110:
2880:
2875:Benichou, From Autocracy to Integration (2000)
2871:Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India (2010)
2826:
2065:Barbara D. Metcalf; Thomas R. Metcalf (2006).
1557:
1183:by 0830 hours. Pressing on, the force reached
1034:
5563:Defence Research and Development Organisation
4883:
4648:Defence Research and Development Organisation
3743:
3649:(January 1950), "Hyderabad: Muslim Tragedy",
3563:The Story of Integration of the Indian States
3089:
2553:
2339:
2310:Apparasu, Srinivasa Rao (16 September 2022).
2188:
2158:
1841:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1355:On 16 September, faced with imminent defeat,
1345:
1338:, while another column took over the town of
694:to provide his state with access to the sea.
5150:Wonderla Amusement Park, Raviryal, Hyderabad
4982:Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority
3757:
3573:
3460:
3448:
3437:Benichou, From Autocracy to Integration 2000
3368:Benichou, From Autocracy to Integration 2000
3351:India. Bureau of Public Information (1948).
3013:Benichou, From Autocracy to Integration 2000
3000:
2988:
2953:
2595:
2456:
2429:Benichou, From Autocracy to Integration 2000
2415:The India Office and Burma Office List: 1945
2071:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1906:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
789:Initially, in 1945, the communists targeted
632:of India if Hyderabad was left independent.
481:whom he could not put down. On 7 September,
3718:A Blog by Narendra Luther on Operation Polo
3286:Press Information Bureau of India – Archive
2547:
1881:
1879:
1790:Indian Economic & Social History Review
1725:Press Information Bureau of India – Archive
1696:Press Information Bureau of India – Archive
1496:According to the records maintained by the
206:
23:
6125:Operations involving Indian special forces
5996:Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium
5680:Telangana State Road Transport Corporation
4987:Quli Qutb Shah Urban Development Authority
4890:
4876:
4507:Evacuation of Indian civilians from Kuwait
3750:
3736:
3543:The Great Divide: Britain, India, Pakistan
3381:"When the Indian Army liberated thousands"
3328:"When the Indian Army liberated thousands"
3300:
2807:
2711:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2225:Comparative Studies in Society and History
2028:. Delhi: Vikash Publishing House. p.
2017:
2015:
1645:Junior officers from neighbouring Bombay,
1640:
531:(due to its geographical proximity in the
24:
3714:, by Bret Wallach, University of Oklahoma
3668:
2583:The Transfer of Power in India, 1945–1947
2544:, Delhi: Mittal Publications, 1987, p. 73
2513:(Oxford University Press, 2015), pp. 7–12
2342:"Hyderabad 1948: India's hidden massacre"
2117:
1739:
1569:Detentions and release of people involved
1491:
1472:'s first visit to the radio station. The
1085:Learn how and when to remove this message
5578:Electronics Corporation of India Limited
4051:Armed Forces Special Operations Division
3413:"Lessons to learn from Hyderabad's past"
3322:
3320:
3120:Accession of Hyderabad: The Inside Story
3090:Hangloo, Rattan Lal; Murali, A. (2007).
2309:
2167:
2118:Ernst, Waltraud; Pati, Biswamoy (2007).
2021:
1991:
1876:
1650:circumvented by using forged documents.
1584:
1572:
1426:
1378:
1096:
32:This is an accepted version of this page
6130:Religiously motivated violence in India
5874:Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National Park
4972:Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation
3604:
3096:. Black & White. pp. 240–241.
2941:
2893:. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 320.
2795:
2683:
2482:
2457:Roychowdhury, Adrija (17 August 2017).
2362:
2298:Chandra, Mukherjee & Mukherjee 2008
2147:
2012:
1917:
1885:
1780:
1387:that was published on 18 September 1948
1252:and a squadron of 8th Cavalry attacked
174:annexed to the Union of India as a new
14:
6077:
5644:Hyderabad Multi-Modal Transport System
5487:MediCiti Institute of Medical Sciences
3306:
3234:"Vol. 17, No. 2, Second Quarter, 1964"
3116:
3073:Osmania Journal of Historical Research
2886:
2829:"How the Nizam lost Hyderabad in 1948"
2725:
2541:Marathwada Under the Nizams, 1724–1948
2231:(2). Cambridge University Press: 439.
2201:. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 142.
1577:Jawaharlal Nehru addressing crowds at
1321:
1304:
1282:, the remainder of the force moved to
1273:
1217:
1105:
964:and was composed of four task forces:
809:Communal violence before the operation
766:
6120:History of Andhra Pradesh (1947–2014)
5459:Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences
5402:Maulana Azad National Urdu University
4871:
3731:
3708:, Deccan Chronicle, 30 November 2013.
3645:
3559:
3519:
3317:
3170:
3143:
2890:The End of an Era; Hyderabad Memories
2827:Venkateshwarlu, K. (14 August 2012).
2753:
2645:
2406:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2194:
1900:
1409:
684:The 1st Viscount Mountbatten of Burma
658:Political and diplomatic negotiations
465:In November 1947, Hyderabad signed a
5869:Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park
5492:Shadan Institute of Medical Sciences
4897:
4679:List of equipment of the Indian Army
3204:
3031:. Bharat-rakshak.com. Archived from
2312:"How Hyd merger with Union unfolded"
2025:Towards Indias Freedom And Partition
1067:adding citations to reliable sources
1038:
911:
6105:Military history of Hyderabad State
3935:Department of Ex-servicemen Welfare
3577:History and Sociology of South Asia
3389:. 14 September 2005. Archived from
2596:Morris-Jones, W. H. (Autumn 1983).
2340:Thomson, Mike (24 September 2013).
2219:Sunil Purushotham (20 March 2015).
1612:after Hyderabad's accession to the
1013:military response by Pakistan. The
524:in 1687, the region was renamed as
454:and hoped to maintain this with an
56:
6006:G. M. C. Balayogi Athletic Stadium
5695:Hyderabad Bus Rapid Transit System
5618:Rajiv Gandhi International Airport
5474:Deccan College of Medical Sciences
5296:Telangana State Archaeology Museum
3854:Chairman Chiefs of Staff Committee
3147:Beyond The Lines: An Autobiography
3123:. Sundeep Prakashan. p. 176.
2205:
499:massive violence on communal lines
458:. The Nizam was also beset by the
57:
6166:
4761:Indian Maritime Security Strategy
3688:
2485:"C.P. and independent Travancore"
1918:Noorani, A.G. (3–16 March 2001),
1536:Nehru Memorial Museum and Library
1532:Pandit Sunderlal Committee Report
6058:
4835:
4834:
4792:Women in the Indian Armed Forces
4415:Indo-Pakistani border skirmishes
4026:Northern Theatre Command (India)
3801:
3788:
3775:
3758:
3171:Lubar, Robert (30 August 1948).
2560:. Lancer Publishers. p. 6.
1266:There were further incidents in
1190:There were further incidents in
1043:
881:Hyderabadi military preparations
877:invasion by India was imminent.
462:, which he was unable to crush.
295:
284:
208:
194:
72:
5705:Vijayawada–Hyderabad Expressway
4977:Hyderabad District Collectorate
4512:Piracy off the coast of Somalia
4031:Western Theatre Command (India)
3469:
3405:
3373:
3271:
3164:
2959:
2907:
2867:Hodson, The Great Divide (1969)
2860:
2855:Hodson, The Great Divide (1969)
2820:
2801:
2747:
2729:Goa in the Indian Sub-Continent
2719:
2677:
2639:
2589:
2574:
2516:
2503:
2476:
2450:
2434:
2356:
2303:
2266:
2174:. Orient Longman. p. 231.
2111:
2085:
2043:
1985:
1963:
1351:Consultations with Indian envoy
1054:needs additional citations for
551:and bestowed with the title of
6095:Political integration of India
5685:Hyderabad Elevated Expressways
5593:Software industry in Telangana
5537:List of hospitals in Hyderabad
4807:Indian Armed Forces rank flags
3925:Department of Military Affairs
1998:. Springer. pp. 159–161.
1945:
1816:
1710:
1681:
1137:18th King Edward's Own Cavalry
649:Political integration of India
13:
1:
6150:September 1948 events in Asia
6135:Anti-Muslim violence in India
5907:Statue of Equality (Ramanuja)
4621:Counter-insurgency operations
3952:Standing Committee on Defence
3947:Cabinet Committee on Security
3630:War and Peace in Modern India
2444:(Northern Book Centre, 1991)
1859:"There once was a Hyderabad!"
1857:Guruswamy, Mohan (May 2008).
1675:
1406:. This was immediately done.
1367:summoned his Prime Minister,
933:the state garrison at Kodad.
508:
6026:Famous people from Hyderabad
3702:, Frontline, 3–16 March 2001
3673:, Australia: Pan Macmillan,
3611:The Destruction of Hyderabad
3477:Benichou, Lucien D. (2000),
3179:. p. 26. Archived from
2483:Noorani, AG (21 June 2003).
1423:Radio broadcast by the Nizam
1027:. Pakistan foreign minister
937:Indian military preparations
643:Events preceding hostilities
637:Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
571:, and was thus named as the
448:Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII
435:Indian Independence Act 1947
406:in September 1948 through a
7:
6031:Neighbourhoods of Hyderabad
6001:Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium
4663:Weapons of mass destruction
4477:Nathu La and Cho La clashes
4467:Sino-Indian border skirmish
4002:Andaman and Nicobar Command
3997:Integrated Theatre Commands
3972:Defence Intelligence Agency
3875:Vice Chief of Defence Staff
3150:. Roli Books. p. 146.
2363:Leonard, Karen (May 1971).
1781:Sherman, Taylor C. (2007).
1670:Hyderabad State (1948–1956)
1653:
1564:Hyderabad State (1948–1956)
1558:Hyderabad after integration
1202:from units of Razakars and
1035:Commencement of hostilities
893:, North Indian Muslims and
10:
6171:
6046:List of technology centers
5897:Telangana Martyrs Memorial
5700:Mahatma Gandhi Bus Station
4533:Indo-Myanmar border strike
3957:Defence Planning Committee
3628:Raghavan, Srinath (2010),
2068:A Concise History of India
1802:10.1177/001946460704400404
1561:
1507:
1346:Capitulation and surrender
817:, the Muslim League under
770:
646:
6054:
6018:
5986:
5945:
5929:
5920:
5887:
5857:
5782:
5769:LGBT culture in Hyderabad
5717:
5672:
5659:Kacheguda railway station
5631:
5610:
5601:
5545:
5527:
5500:
5451:
5415:
5379:
5372:
5349:
5324:
5281:
5202:Karmanghat Hanuman Temple
5182:
5118:
5035:
5026:
4995:
4964:
4906:
4830:
4769:
4753:
4718:
4687:
4671:
4640:
4580:
4541:
4390:
4297:
4288:
4268:Border Roads Organisation
4232:
4220:Border Roads Organisation
4187:
4160:South Western Air Command
4135:
4107:
4059:
3987:
3980:
3962:Nuclear Command Authority
3942:National Security Council
3910:
3903:
3845:National Security Advisor
3817:
3770:
3700:From the Sundarlal Report
3354:Indian Information Series
3058:26 September 2008 at the
2237:10.1017/S0010417515000092
1971:"Hyderabad Police Action"
985:was led by Major General
378:
338:
327:est. 200,000 irregulars (
306:
222:
187:
90:
71:
66:
5654:Hyderabad Deccan Railway
5583:Dr. Reddy's Laboratories
5508:List of business schools
5397:NALSAR University of Law
4946:Great Musi Flood of 1908
4787:President's Colour Award
4777:President's fleet review
4036:Maritime Theatre Command
4014:Strategic Forces Command
3967:Integrated Defence Staff
3865:Chief of the Naval Staff
3669:Zubrzycki, John (2006),
3590:10.1177/2230807514524091
3520:Hyder, Mohammed (2012),
3503:India Since Independence
3173:"Hyderabad: The Holdout"
3029:"Bharat Rakshak-MONITOR"
2915:"The Hyderabad Question"
2372:Journal of Asian Studies
1198:assaulted and secured a
1029:Muhammad Zafarullah Khan
815:1936–37 Indian elections
714:Indian National Congress
704:, Indian Prime Minister
348:Hyderabad State forces:
39:latest accepted revision
6036:List of cities in India
5889:Monuments and memorials
5879:Mrugavani National Park
5786:in and around Hyderabad
5588:Industries in Hyderabad
5464:Osmania Medical College
5387:University of Hyderabad
5174:Jalagam Vengal Rao Park
4956:Annexation of Hyderabad
3860:Chief of the Army Staff
3712:In the Nizam's dominion
3647:Smith, Wilfred Cantwell
3506:, Penguin Books India,
2168:Benichou, L.D. (2000).
2151:Pakistan Seeks Security
2022:Mehrotra, S.R. (1979).
1641:Overhaul of bureaucracy
993:, and a troop from the
899:Major General El Edroos
852:and ethnic militias of
676:Commonwealth of Nations
18:Hyderabad Police Action
6041:List of largest cities
5953:Hyderabad Cricket Team
5479:Gandhi Medical College
5416:Technical institutions
5212:Chilkoor Balaji Temple
4653:Ordnance Factory Board
4572:Dadra and Nagar Haveli
4280:Awards and Decorations
4127:Southern Naval Command
3870:Chief of the Air Staff
3850:Chief of Defence Staff
3632:, Palgrave Macmillan,
3546:, London: Hutchinson,
3540:Hodson, H. V. (1969),
3307:Prasad, S. N. (1972).
2554:Ashok Krishna (1998).
2442:The Chamber of Princes
1920:"Of a massacre untold"
1617:
1610:Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri
1589:(From left to right):
1582:
1514:There were reports of
1492:The surrender ceremony
1457:
1451:Joyanto Nath Chaudhuri
1420:
1388:
1334:about 60 km from
1248:At the same time, the
1169:Hyderabad State Forces
1116:1st Hyderabad Infantry
1102:
1008:Nehru, in a letter to
962:Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri
947:Lt. Gen. E. N. Goddard
823:Nawab Bahadur Yar Jung
750:
555:by the Mughal Emperor
414:, which was dubbed a "
323:Hyderabad State Forces
250:Joyanto Nath Chaudhuri
223:Commanders and leaders
6140:History of Marathwada
5912:B. R. Ambedkar statue
5774:Hyderabad Queer Pride
5664:Secunderabad Junction
5649:South Central Railway
5332:Durgam Cheruvu Bridge
5316:State Central Library
5126:Nehru Zoological Park
5018:Telangana Legislature
5003:Telangana Secretariat
4817:National War Memorial
4812:Indian military bands
4802:Armed Forces Tribunal
4797:Armed Forces Flag Day
4122:Eastern Naval Command
4117:Western Naval Command
4099:Army Training Command
4089:South Western Command
3560:Menon, V. P. (1956),
3117:Joseph, T.U. (2006).
2887:Munshi, K.M. (1957).
2602:International Affairs
2509:Yaqoob Khan Bangash,
1828:www.india-seminar.com
1588:
1581:after the integration
1576:
1430:
1416:
1382:
1100:
746:
726:the Nawab of Chattari
497:The operation led to
339:Casualties and losses
245:Rajendrasinhji Jadeja
6115:History of Telangana
6110:Nehru administration
6090:Wars involving India
6065:Hyderabad portal
5573:Nuclear Fuel Complex
5359:List of institutions
5301:Birla Science Museum
4320:Battle of Asal Uttar
4200:National Cadet Corps
4155:Southern Air Command
4046:Defence Space Agency
4041:Defence Cyber Agency
3483:, Orient Blackswan,
3419:, 16 December 2013,
3183:on 30 September 2007
2869:, pp. 480–481;
2816:(19 September 2014).
2810:"Destructive merger"
2693:. London. p. 16
2195:Desai, V.H. (1990).
2148:Siddiqi, A. (1960).
1959:. 15 September 2019.
1665:Hyderabad State Army
1435:Syed Ahmed El Edroos
1173:Humber armoured cars
1063:improve this article
801:became increasingly
721:standstill agreement
547:) was appointed its
467:standstill agreement
427:subsidiary alliances
98:13–18 September 1948
5963:Sunrisers Hyderabad
5407:Mahindra University
5239:Kulsum Begum Masjid
5105:Heritage structures
5100:Moazzam Jahi Market
5028:Tourist attractions
5008:Rashtrapati Nilayam
4951:Telangana Rebellion
4931:Nizams of Hyderabad
4731:Historical Aircraft
4626:LOC surgical strike
4368:Battle of Longewala
4305:Indo-Pakistani wars
4273:Paramilitary forces
4244:Ranks and insignia
4205:Paramilitary forces
4175:Maintenance Command
4165:Western Air Command
4150:Eastern Air Command
4145:Central Air Command
3920:Ministry of Defence
3913:Committees/Councils
3835:Minister of Defence
3764:Indian Armed Forces
3651:Middle East Journal
3288:. 13 September 1948
3035:on 27 November 2005
2956:, pp. 128–129.
2857:, pp. 480–481.
2808:VENKATESHWARLU, K.
2631:– via JSTOR.
2099:. 15 September 2018
1727:. 23 September 1948
1718:"RIAF in Hyderabad"
1698:. 21 September 1948
1660:Indian Armed Forces
1322:Day 5, 17 September
1305:Day 4, 16 September
1274:Day 3, 15 September
1218:Day 2, 14 September
1141:3/2 Punjab Regiment
1106:Day 1, 13 September
1010:V. K. Krishna Menon
819:Muhammad Ali Jinnah
793:and even the Hindu
773:Telangana Rebellion
767:Telangana Rebellion
753:Muhammad Ali Jinnah
565:Subsidiary Alliance
475:Telangana Rebellion
460:Telangana rebellion
344:Less than 10 killed
314:Indian Armed Forces
136: /
82:in 1909 (excluding
29:Page version status
6155:Invasions by India
5978:Hyderabad HotShots
5937:Hyderabad Marathon
5759:Hyderabadi Muslims
5737:Hyderabadi biryani
5392:Osmania University
5249:Musheerabad Masjid
5065:Chowmahalla Palace
4921:Qutb Shahi Dynasty
4736:Aircraft Squadrons
4658:Ballistic missiles
4325:Battle of Chawinda
4240:Military Academies
4195:Indian Coast Guard
4019:Commander-in-Chief
4007:Commander-in-Chief
3614:, Hurst & Co,
3417:The Times of India
3144:Nayar, K. (2012).
2877:, pp. 214–215
1957:The Times of India
1689:"Press Communique"
1631:partition of India
1618:
1606:Sir Osman Ali Khan
1583:
1510:Hyderabad Massacre
1482:Sir Walter Monkton
1474:Nizam of Hyderabad
1470:Sir Osman Ali Khan
1458:
1410:Broadcast by Nehru
1389:
1383:The first page of
1365:Sir Osman Ali Khan
1250:3/11 Gurkha Rifles
1187:by the afternoon.
1103:
995:19th Field Battery
991:17th (Poona) Horse
672:Nizam of Hyderabad
668:Sir Osman Ali Khan
653:Partition of India
589:Sir Osman Ali Khan
573:State of Hyderabad
423:partition of India
408:military operation
271:Mir Osman Ali Khan
80:State of Hyderabad
35:
6085:Conflicts in 1948
6072:
6071:
6014:
6013:
5973:Hyderabad Sultans
5742:Hyderabadi haleem
5713:
5712:
5523:
5522:
5345:
5344:
5291:Salar Jung Museum
5234:Khairtabad Mosque
5110:Sultan Nagar Fort
5095:British Residency
5080:King Kothi Palace
5075:Taramati Baradari
4936:Asaf Jahi dynasty
4926:Siege of Golconda
4916:Hasmathpet cairns
4865:
4864:
4749:
4748:
4636:
4635:
4453:Balakot airstrike
4228:
4227:
4183:
4182:
3840:Defence Secretary
3680:978-0-330-42321-2
3639:978-1-137-00737-7
3621:978-1-84904-439-4
3513:978-0-14-310409-4
3490:978-81-250-1847-6
3461:Muralidharan 2014
3449:Muralidharan 2014
3219:978-1-55655-768-2
3205:Best, A. (2003).
3157:978-81-7436-821-8
3130:978-81-7574-171-3
3103:978-81-89320-15-7
3001:Muralidharan 2014
2989:Muralidharan 2014
2954:Muralidharan 2014
2944:, pp. 51–61.
2900:978-0-8426-0032-3
2798:, pp. 213–4.
2659:978-0-19-562143-3
2567:978-1-897829-47-9
2181:978-81-250-1847-6
2131:978-1-134-11988-2
2005:978-0-230-60344-8
1992:B. Cohen (2007).
1614:Dominion of India
1478:Nawab of Chhatari
1145:2/1 Gurkha Rifles
1095:
1094:
1087:
930:2/5 Gurkha Rifles
928:and a company of
912:Skirmish at Kodad
867:Central Provinces
626:Dominion of India
537:Qamar-ud-din Khan
515:Siege of Golconda
471:Dominion of India
392:
391:
260:Subroto Mukherjee
240:Vallabhbhai Patel
202:Dominion of India
183:
182:
140:17.000°N 78.833°E
26:
16:(Redirected from
6162:
6063:
6062:
5927:
5926:
5902:Qutb Shahi Tombs
5861:around Hyderabad
5824:Saroornagar Lake
5754:Telangana Bhasha
5747:Hyderabadi marag
5623:Begumpet Airport
5608:
5607:
5501:Business schools
5452:Medical colleges
5377:
5376:
5373:Higher education
5217:Jagannath Temple
5159:Sanjeevaiah Park
5146:Ramoji Film City
5070:Qutb Shahi tombs
5055:Falaknuma Palace
5033:
5032:
4996:Public buildings
4892:
4885:
4878:
4869:
4868:
4838:
4837:
4822:Amar Jawan Jyoti
4700:Historical Ships
4669:
4668:
4410:Siachen conflict
4400:Kashmir conflict
4295:
4294:
4215:Territorial Army
4188:Other components
4170:Training Command
4084:Southern Command
4079:Northern Command
3985:
3984:
3908:
3907:
3895:Serving marshals
3890:Serving admirals
3885:Serving generals
3809:Indian Air Force
3807:
3805:
3804:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3762:
3752:
3745:
3738:
3729:
3728:
3683:
3665:
3642:
3624:
3601:
3570:
3569:, Orient Longman
3568:
3556:
3536:
3516:
3493:
3464:
3458:
3452:
3446:
3440:
3434:
3428:
3427:
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3314:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3283:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3238:Pakistan Horizon
3230:
3224:
3223:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3188:
3168:
3162:
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3141:
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2681:
2675:
2674:
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2643:
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2630:
2628:
2593:
2587:
2580:E. W. R. Lumby,
2578:
2572:
2571:
2551:
2545:
2536:
2527:
2525:
2520:
2514:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2454:
2448:
2440:R. P. Bhargava,
2438:
2432:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2369:
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2354:
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2106:
2104:
2097:Deccan Chronicle
2089:
2083:
2082:
2062:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2019:
2010:
2009:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
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1967:
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1949:
1943:
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1937:
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1915:
1904:
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1863:Seminar Magazine
1854:
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1693:
1685:
1594:Jawaharlal Nehru
1385:Deccan Chronicle
1171:, equipped with
1090:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1070:
1047:
1039:
1021:Jawaharlal Nehru
981:The attack from
953:in the East and
680:Viceroy of India
622:declined to join
569:Arthur Wellesley
539:(later known as
503:Jawaharlal Nehru
483:Jawaharlal Nehru
299:
288:
232:Jawaharlal Nehru
218:
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6075:
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6073:
6068:
6057:
6050:
6010:
5982:
5958:Deccan Chargers
5941:
5916:
5883:
5860:
5859:National parks
5853:
5849:Khajaguda Talab
5785:
5778:
5764:Hyderabadi Urdu
5709:
5690:Outer Ring Road
5668:
5639:Hyderabad Metro
5627:
5597:
5541:
5519:
5496:
5447:
5411:
5368:
5364:List of schools
5341:
5320:
5283:
5277:
5184:
5178:
5114:
5037:
5022:
4991:
4960:
4941:Hyderabad State
4902:
4896:
4866:
4861:
4826:
4765:
4745:
4726:Active Aircraft
4714:
4683:
4667:
4632:
4588:Northeast India
4576:
4537:
4482:Doklam standoff
4392:
4386:
4382:Sino-Indian War
4347:Battle of Chamb
4284:
4224:
4179:
4131:
4103:
4094:Western Command
4074:Eastern Command
4069:Central Command
4055:
3976:
3912:
3899:
3813:
3802:
3800:
3789:
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3088:
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3069:
3065:
3060:Wayback Machine
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2316:Hindustan Times
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1412:
1353:
1348:
1324:
1307:
1293:At the town of
1286:, and later to
1276:
1220:
1135:, a troop from
1108:
1091:
1080:
1074:
1071:
1060:
1048:
1037:
939:
922:The Poona Horse
914:
883:
831:Hindu Mahasabha
811:
775:
769:
730:Walter Monckton
660:
655:
647:Main articles:
645:
628:were wary of a
511:
494:joining India.
421:At the time of
402:was annexed by
388:
374:
354:unknown wounded
334:
302:
264:
209:
207:
195:
193:
176:Hyderabad State
165:
144:
142:
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110:Hyderabad State
99:
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34:
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5:
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5865:
5863:
5855:
5854:
5852:
5851:
5846:
5844:Khajaguda Lake
5841:
5839:Durgam Cheruvu
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5819:Safilguda Lake
5816:
5814:Shamirpet Lake
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5790:
5788:
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5306:Nizam's Museum
5303:
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5287:
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5279:
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5207:Pedamma Temple
5204:
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5177:
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5166:
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5131:Public Gardens
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4705:Weapon Systems
4702:
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4210:Special forces
4207:
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3837:
3832:
3830:Prime Minister
3827:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3798:
3785:
3771:
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3697:
3690:
3689:External links
3687:
3685:
3684:
3679:
3666:
3643:
3638:
3625:
3620:
3606:Noorani, A. G.
3602:
3584:(2): 119–138.
3571:
3557:
3553:978-0090971503
3552:
3537:
3533:978-8174368508
3532:
3526:, Roli Books,
3517:
3512:
3498:Chandra, Bipan
3494:
3489:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3463:, p. 135.
3453:
3451:, p. 136.
3441:
3439:, p. 238.
3429:
3404:
3372:
3370:, p. 237.
3360:
3343:
3340:on 4 May 2009.
3316:
3299:
3270:
3225:
3218:
3197:
3163:
3156:
3136:
3129:
3109:
3102:
3079:
3063:
3046:
3017:
3015:, p. 229.
3005:
3003:, p. 134.
2993:
2991:, p. 132.
2981:
2967:
2958:
2946:
2934:
2922:United Nations
2906:
2899:
2879:
2873:, p. 77;
2859:
2847:
2819:
2800:
2788:
2766:
2746:
2718:
2676:
2658:
2638:
2608:(4): 624–625.
2588:
2586:(1954), p. 232
2573:
2566:
2546:
2528:
2515:
2502:
2491:. Vol. 20
2475:
2463:Indian Express
2449:
2433:
2421:
2405:
2378:(3): 569–570.
2355:
2321:
2302:
2290:
2265:
2204:
2187:
2180:
2157:
2137:
2130:
2110:
2084:
2078:978-0521682251
2077:
2052:
2042:
2011:
2004:
1984:
1962:
1944:
1905:
1890:
1875:
1840:
1815:
1796:(4): 489–516.
1738:
1709:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1655:
1652:
1642:
1639:
1591:Prime Minister
1570:
1567:
1562:Main article:
1559:
1556:
1508:Main article:
1505:
1502:
1493:
1490:
1424:
1421:
1411:
1408:
1395:to Hyderabad,
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1323:
1320:
1315:Hyderabad City
1306:
1303:
1275:
1272:
1243:Burma Campaign
1219:
1216:
1107:
1104:
1093:
1092:
1051:
1049:
1042:
1036:
1033:
999:Hawker Tempest
979:
978:
975:
972:
969:
938:
935:
913:
910:
882:
879:
833:in the State.
810:
807:
771:Main article:
768:
765:
698:B. R. Ambedkar
659:
656:
644:
641:
567:instituted by
561:princely state
535:) and in 1713
533:Deccan Plateau
519:Mughal Emperor
510:
507:
456:irregular army
412:Operation Polo
396:princely state
390:
389:
387:
386:
383:
379:
376:
375:
373:
372:
371:1,911 captured
369:
362:
361:
355:
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336:
335:
333:
332:
325:
318:
316:
309:
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301:
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281:S.A. El Edroos
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224:
220:
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204:
190:
189:
185:
184:
181:
180:
179:
178:
167:
161:
160:
159:Indian victory
157:
153:
152:
145:17.000; 78.833
108:
106:
102:
101:
96:
88:
87:
69:
68:
67:Operation Polo
58:
47:31 August 2024
36:
30:
27:
25:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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6106:
6103:
6101:
6100:1948 in India
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5829:Mir Alam Tank
5827:
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5809:Himayat Sagar
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5799:Hussain Sagar
5797:
5795:
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5791:
5789:
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5784:Water bodies
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5558:Genome Valley
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5229:Makkah Masjid
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3922:
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3918:
3917:
3915:
3909:
3906:
3902:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3855:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3816:
3810:
3799:
3797:
3786:
3784:
3773:
3772:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3753:
3748:
3746:
3741:
3739:
3734:
3733:
3730:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3713:
3710:
3707:
3704:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3682:
3676:
3672:
3667:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3641:
3635:
3631:
3626:
3623:
3617:
3613:
3612:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3578:
3572:
3565:
3564:
3558:
3555:
3549:
3545:
3544:
3538:
3535:
3529:
3525:
3524:
3518:
3515:
3509:
3505:
3504:
3499:
3495:
3492:
3486:
3482:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3462:
3457:
3450:
3445:
3438:
3433:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3408:
3393:on 4 May 2009
3392:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3376:
3369:
3364:
3356:
3355:
3347:
3339:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3323:
3321:
3312:
3311:
3303:
3287:
3280:
3274:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3229:
3221:
3215:
3211:
3210:
3201:
3194:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3167:
3159:
3153:
3149:
3148:
3140:
3132:
3126:
3122:
3121:
3113:
3105:
3099:
3095:
3094:
3086:
3084:
3075:
3074:
3067:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3050:
3034:
3030:
3024:
3022:
3014:
3009:
3002:
2997:
2990:
2985:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2962:
2955:
2950:
2943:
2938:
2923:
2916:
2910:
2902:
2896:
2892:
2891:
2883:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2856:
2851:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2823:
2815:
2811:
2804:
2797:
2792:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2767:9789729245558
2763:
2759:
2758:
2750:
2731:
2730:
2722:
2714:
2708:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2680:
2673:
2661:
2655:
2651:
2650:
2642:
2635:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2592:
2585:
2584:
2577:
2569:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2550:
2543:
2542:
2538:Kate, P. V.,
2535:
2533:
2519:
2512:
2506:
2490:
2486:
2479:
2464:
2460:
2453:
2447:
2443:
2437:
2431:, p. 13.
2430:
2425:
2417:
2416:
2409:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2366:
2359:
2343:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2317:
2313:
2306:
2300:, p. 96.
2299:
2294:
2279:
2275:
2269:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2200:
2199:
2191:
2183:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2164:
2162:
2153:
2152:
2144:
2142:
2133:
2127:
2124:. Routledge.
2123:
2122:
2114:
2098:
2094:
2088:
2080:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2046:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2018:
2016:
2007:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1988:
1973:. Indian Army
1972:
1966:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1941:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1903:, p. 46.
1902:
1897:
1895:
1887:
1882:
1880:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1829:
1825:
1819:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1726:
1719:
1713:
1697:
1690:
1684:
1680:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1651:
1648:
1638:
1634:
1632:
1626:
1622:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1592:
1587:
1580:
1575:
1565:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1501:
1499:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1439:Major General
1436:
1433:
1432:Major General
1429:
1419:
1415:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1401:Major-General
1398:
1394:
1393:Agent General
1386:
1381:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1271:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1200:sugar factory
1197:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1099:
1089:
1086:
1078:
1075:February 2012
1068:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1052:This section
1050:
1046:
1041:
1040:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1011:
1006:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
976:
973:
970:
967:
966:
965:
963:
958:
956:
952:
948:
945:(laid out by
944:
934:
931:
927:
923:
919:
909:
907:
902:
900:
896:
892:
888:
878:
874:
872:
868:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
842:
838:
834:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
806:
804:
800:
796:
792:
787:
784:
780:
774:
764:
761:
757:
754:
749:
745:
742:
739:
733:
731:
727:
722:
717:
715:
711:
707:
703:
702:A. G. Noorani
699:
695:
693:
687:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
666:
665:
654:
650:
640:
638:
633:
631:
630:Balkanization
627:
623:
618:
612:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
587:
586:
581:
576:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
553:Nizam-ul-Mulk
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
529:
523:
520:
516:
506:
504:
500:
495:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
446:
445:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
419:
417:
416:police action
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
384:
381:
380:
377:
370:
367:
366:
365:
360:
356:
353:
350:
349:
346:
343:
342:
337:
330:
326:
324:
320:
319:
317:
315:
311:
310:
305:
298:
293:
290:
287:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
268:
266:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
235:
233:
230:
229:
227:
226:
221:
217:
205:
203:
192:
191:
186:
177:
173:
170:
169:
168:
163:
162:
158:
155:
154:
149:
119:
118:Western India
115:
111:
107:
104:
103:
100:(5 days)
97:
94:
93:
89:
85:
81:
75:
70:
65:
62:
48:
44:
40:
33:
28:
19:
6056:
6019:Other topics
5968:Hyderabad FC
5727:Architecture
5380:Universities
5271:St. George's
5266:St. Joseph's
5197:Birla Mandir
5141:Lumbini Park
5085:Paigah Tombs
5050:Mecca Masjid
4955:
4770:Other topics
4695:Active Ships
4607:
4599:
4581:Insurgencies
4559:
4550:
4548:
4526:
4518:
4500:
4462:Congo Crisis
4421:
4362:Cactus-Lilly
4361:
4353:
3911:Ministry and
3904:Organisation
3670:
3657:(1): 27–51,
3654:
3650:
3629:
3610:
3581:
3575:
3562:
3542:
3522:
3502:
3479:
3470:Bibliography
3456:
3444:
3432:
3416:
3407:
3397:19 September
3395:. Retrieved
3391:the original
3384:
3375:
3363:
3353:
3346:
3338:the original
3331:
3309:
3302:
3290:. Retrieved
3285:
3279:"Press Note"
3273:
3261:. Retrieved
3241:
3237:
3228:
3207:
3200:
3192:
3185:. Retrieved
3181:the original
3176:
3166:
3146:
3139:
3119:
3112:
3092:
3072:
3066:
3049:
3039:12 September
3037:. Retrieved
3033:the original
3008:
2996:
2984:
2961:
2949:
2942:Noorani 2014
2937:
2927:23 September
2925:. Retrieved
2921:
2909:
2889:
2882:
2862:
2850:
2838:. Retrieved
2832:
2822:
2813:
2803:
2796:Noorani 2014
2791:
2779:. Retrieved
2756:
2749:
2737:. Retrieved
2728:
2721:
2695:. Retrieved
2689:
2685:Liddell, Guy
2679:
2670:
2663:. Retrieved
2648:
2641:
2632:
2625:. Retrieved
2605:
2601:
2591:
2581:
2576:
2556:
2549:
2540:
2518:
2510:
2505:
2493:. Retrieved
2488:
2478:
2466:. Retrieved
2462:
2452:
2441:
2436:
2424:
2414:
2408:
2375:
2371:
2358:
2348:24 September
2346:. Retrieved
2315:
2305:
2293:
2281:. Retrieved
2277:
2268:
2256:. Retrieved
2228:
2224:
2197:
2190:
2170:
2150:
2120:
2113:
2101:. Retrieved
2096:
2087:
2067:
2045:
2033:. Retrieved
2024:
1994:
1987:
1977:13 September
1975:. Retrieved
1965:
1956:
1947:
1939:
1932:, retrieved
1927:
1923:
1886:Noorani 2014
1866:. Retrieved
1862:
1831:. Retrieved
1827:
1818:
1793:
1789:
1729:. Retrieved
1724:
1712:
1700:. Retrieved
1695:
1683:
1644:
1635:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1600:
1579:Fateh Maidan
1552:
1548:
1544:
1531:
1513:
1495:
1464:
1459:
1455:Secunderabad
1417:
1413:
1397:K. M. Munshi
1390:
1368:
1359:
1354:
1325:
1308:
1292:
1277:
1265:
1258:
1247:
1239:5th Infantry
1232:
1221:
1210:– where the
1194:– where the
1189:
1166:
1109:
1081:
1072:
1061:Please help
1056:verification
1053:
1025:Secunderabad
1014:
1007:
980:
959:
943:Goddard Plan
942:
940:
915:
903:
884:
875:
849:
845:
843:
839:
835:
812:
788:
776:
762:
758:
751:
747:
743:
734:
718:
710:Sardar Patel
696:
688:
662:
661:
634:
617:Sardar Patel
613:
607:(12.3%) and
583:
577:
557:Farrukhsiyar
552:
544:
540:
525:
512:
496:
487:Secunderabad
464:
452:independence
442:
420:
411:
393:
368:1,373 killed
363:
276:Mir Laiq Ali
188:Belligerents
112:, (parts of
61:
46:
37:This is the
31:
5804:Osman Sagar
5311:City Museum
5282:Museums and
5244:Toli Masjid
5154:Indira Park
5136:NTR Gardens
4553:(Hyderabad)
4542:Annexations
4527:Devi Shakti
4263:Coast Guard
3796:Indian Navy
3783:Indian Army
3292:16 February
1934:8 September
1731:16 February
1702:16 February
1520:mass murder
1498:Indian Army
1486:Kasim Razvi
1299:Narkatpalli
1235:1st Lancers
1208:Tungabhadra
1133:3rd Cavalry
926:Abhey Singh
906:Kasim Razvi
410:code-named
292:Qasim Razvi
164:Territorial
143: /
6145:Annexation
6079:Categories
5834:Lotus Pond
5794:Musi River
5553:HITEC City
5529:Healthcare
5337:Purana pul
5261:St. John's
5164:Snow World
5036:Historical
5013:High Court
4965:Government
4606:Operation
4598:Operation
4558:Operation
4549:Operation
4525:Operation
4517:Operation
4499:Operation
4420:Operation
4405:Korean War
4375:Kargil War
4360:Operation
4352:Operation
4290:Operations
3818:Leadership
3425:1468149022
2781:15 January
2739:15 January
2697:15 January
2665:15 January
2634:Hyderabad.
2627:15 January
2495:17 January
2468:17 January
2283:4 February
2103:4 February
1901:Smith 1950
1676:References
1528:Sunder Lal
1447:Army Chief
1261:Aurangabad
1212:5/5 Gurkha
1196:1st Mysore
1177:Staghounds
987:Ajit Rudra
983:Vijayawada
951:Vijayawada
827:Arya Samaj
799:Communists
541:Asaf Jah I
513:After the
509:Background
364:Razakars:
351:807 killed
255:Ajit Rudra
5603:Transport
5351:Education
5284:libraries
5183:Places of
5169:Jalavihar
5090:City Wall
5045:Charminar
5038:monuments
4899:Hyderabad
4855:Air Force
4754:Documents
4719:Air Force
4641:Equipment
4600:Blue Star
4443:2016–2018
4438:2014–2015
4393:Conflicts
4391:External
4337:Naval War
4310:1947–1948
4258:Air Force
4233:Personnel
4137:Air Force
3825:President
3598:153722788
3386:The Hindu
3333:The Hindu
3263:25 August
3250:0030-980X
2834:The Hindu
2814:Frontline
2776:493408796
2707:cite book
2522:Copland,
2489:Frontline
2400:162185903
2253:145147551
2035:17 August
1924:Frontline
1810:145000228
1540:New Delhi
1404:El Edroos
1336:Hyderabad
1311:Zahirabad
1288:Mominabad
1254:Osmanabad
1224:Rajeshwar
1206:– and at
795:deshmukhs
791:zamindars
783:jagirdari
779:Telangana
603:(26.4%),
599:(48.2%),
522:Aurangzeb
469:with the
429:with the
400:Hyderabad
216:Hyderabad
172:Hyderabad
5988:Stadiums
5546:Industry
5256:Churches
5060:Golconda
4840:Category
4608:Woodrose
4567:Junagadh
4422:Parakram
3981:Commands
3608:(2014),
3421:ProQuest
3258:41392796
3056:Archived
2687:(1948).
2245:43908352
1868:3 August
1654:See also
1374:Laiq Ali
1295:Suryapet
1228:Tempests
1185:Munagala
1153:Tuljapur
891:Rohillas
871:Hindutva
862:Razakars
850:Deendars
846:Razakars
549:Subahdar
479:Razakars
329:Razakars
307:Strength
105:Location
43:reviewed
5732:Cuisine
5719:Culture
5325:Bridges
5224:Mosques
5192:Temples
5185:worship
4908:History
4782:History
4616:Kashmir
4354:Trident
4342:Air War
3663:4322137
2840:20 June
2622:2619473
2392:2052461
2258:13 July
1516:looting
1460:It was
1443:General
1441:(later
1340:Hingoli
1332:Chityal
1204:Pathans
1162:Naldurg
1125:9 Dogra
1112:Naldurg
955:Solapur
924:led by
918:Razakar
895:Pathans
854:Pathans
813:In the
803:violent
712:of the
605:Kannada
601:Marathi
545:Nizam I
526:Deccan
517:by the
439:acceded
431:British
321:22,000
312:35,000
166:changes
131:78°50′E
128:17°00′N
5930:Events
5443:UCE-OU
4901:topics
4741:Future
4710:Future
4593:Punjab
4519:Raahat
4501:Cactus
3806:
3793:
3780:
3677:
3661:
3636:
3618:
3596:
3550:
3530:
3510:
3487:
3423:
3256:
3248:
3216:
3187:20 May
3154:
3127:
3100:
2897:
2774:
2764:
2656:
2620:
2564:
2446:p. 313
2398:
2390:
2251:
2243:
2178:
2128:
2075:
2002:
1833:28 May
1808:
1608:, and
1192:Hospet
1157:Lohara
1129:Umarga
1121:Jalkot
1005:base.
738:Bombay
728:, Sir
597:Telugu
357:1,647
294:
283:
237:Sardar
213:
199:
156:Result
5946:Teams
5922:Sport
5438:JNTUH
5119:Parks
4560:Vijay
3989:Joint
3659:JSTOR
3594:S2CID
3567:(PDF)
3282:(PDF)
3254:JSTOR
2918:(PDF)
2733:(PDF)
2618:JSTOR
2396:S2CID
2388:JSTOR
2368:(PDF)
2344:. BBC
2249:S2CID
2241:JSTOR
1806:S2CID
1786:(PDF)
1721:(PDF)
1692:(PDF)
1598:Nizam
1462:Nizam
1357:Nizam
1328:Bidar
1284:Latur
1280:Jalna
1268:Jalna
1181:Kodar
1149:Mewar
887:Arabs
858:Arabs
706:Nehru
593:crore
580:Nizam
528:Subah
491:India
404:India
114:South
84:Berar
5673:Road
5632:Rail
5433:IIIT
5423:BITS
4850:Navy
4845:Army
4688:Navy
4672:Army
4551:Polo
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