113:
136:
27:
609:...we had unimpeachable evidence to the effect that there were instances in which men belonging to the local hindus and also to the local police took part in the looting and local crimes...soldiers encouraged, persuaded and in a few cases even compelled the Hindu mobs to loot Muslim homes and shops. In another district, a judge's house, among others, was looted by soldiers and a
573:
refused to accept this report, and when sent a copy, had said, "There could have been no question of
Government of India sending any goodwill mission to India...There is all about the Razakar atrocities on Hindus..." The Confidential Notes of the Sunderlal Report, the authors issued an entire section
603:
It appears that as the Muslim population fled in panic towards the headquarters of the state or other villages which they thought might be safer but it was not, a very large number was killed on the way and in the jungles. In many places we were shown well or
Bawaries still full corpses rotting. In
582:
During our tours, we also heard statements of
Razakar atrocities...Their atrocities chiefly consisted of levying monthly amounts i.e., Zizya (Jaziya) on every town and village. Wherever these amounts were willingly paid there was generally no further trouble. But at places they were resisted, loot,
599:
merchants. The total Muslim population was nearly ten thousand. When we visited the town, it was barely three thousand. Many ran away to save their lives, The killing lasted twenty days...Our idea is that the total killed in
Gulbarga district must have been between 5000 and 8000...The district of
616:
We are also informed that a large mix of trained and armed men from a well-known Hindu organization filtered into the state along with the Indian Army from
Sholapur...The Indian Army wherever it went, ordered the people to surrender all arms. The order applied to Hindus and Muslims alike. But in
604:
one such, we counted 11 bodies which included that of a woman with a small child sticking to her breast...We saw several such wells. We saw remnants of corpses lying in ditches. At several places, the bodies had been burnt and we could see the charred bones and skulls still lying there.
600:
Bidar fared at least as ill if not worse than
Gulbarga. The fourth district is Nanded. With the total killed according to our estimate somewhere between 2000 and 4000. When we talk of killing, we do not include those who died fighting but only those murdered in cold blood.
583:
rape and murder of innocent Hindus followed. If there was no trouble during the loot trouble generally ended, in the removal of looted property, sometimes in motor trucks. But wherever there was further resistance, arson, murder, even rape and abduction of women followed.
933:
The lowest estimates, even those offered privately by apologists of the military government, came to at least ten times the number of murders with which previously the
Razakars were officially accused...
587:
The report also conservatively put the death toll to between 27,000 and 40,000 Muslim civilian lives lost. Violence by Hindus is told largely through the report, eyewitness accounts and other sources.
595:
in the same district fared even worse. Some witnesses told us that the number of
Muslims murdered by Hindus in Latur was somewhere between 2000 and 2500...Latur was a big business centre. It had big
976:
83:
456:
617:
practice, while all arms were taken from the
Muslims, sometimes with the Hindu population, the Hindus from whom the Indian military had little to fear were left in possession of their arms.
449:
112:
497:. The death toll of Muslims massacred in the process has been estimated to be at least 200,000. Apart from mass killings, activists such as Sundarayya mention
442:
984:
1007:
569:. It is unconfirmed why the report was hidden, but some say it was to prevent further instances of communal violence by Razakars from happening.
642:
415:
304:
554:
In addition to mass killings, activists such as
Sundarayya claim that Indian soldiers systematically engaged in torture, rape, and looting.
774:
551:, mass killings, the seizure of houses and land, looting and burning of Muslim shops, as well as the rape and abduction of Muslim women.
946:
910:
1134:
664:
662:
660:
658:
1094:
655:
296:
1109:
1054:
893:
693:
1119:
879:
613:'s wife was molested. Complaints of molestation and abduction of girls, against Indian soldiers, was none or very rare.
561:, in his "personal capacity". Its report contained a detailed description of the violence that took on during and after
866:
The Committee generally credited the military officers with good conduct but stated that soldiers acted out of bigotry.
565:. The report, although made in 1948, was kept hidden from public eyes, until it was made available for viewing at the
128:, whom the military deemed less of a threat, were often allowed to keep their weapons which resulted in the massacres.
1084:
817:
566:
78:
835:"The integration of the princely state of Hyderabad and the making of the postcolonial state in India, 1948 – 56"
37:
1079:
834:
1099:
1104:
1089:
637:
425:
1074:
741:
1114:
885:
420:
392:
1124:
518:
486:
397:
367:
332:
99:
1129:
746:
632:
387:
954:
430:
44:
977:"The first genocide of Muslims in independent India is celebrated each year on September 17"
920:
671:, pp. 361–375, Appendix 14: The Sunderlal Committee Report on the Massacre of Muslims.
575:
377:
347:
8:
410:
362:
342:
327:
857:
627:
482:
382:
357:
337:
202:
1050:
889:
861:
813:
570:
284:
849:
558:
402:
226:
807:
547:
The crimes that were committed by the Hindu militias included the desecration of
506:
352:
242:
149:
1012:
853:
779:
703:
562:
528:
The violence occurred in many rural areas, however, the hardest-hit areas were
103:
1068:
474:
74:
135:
596:
372:
279:
494:
269:
214:
117:
915:
610:
529:
153:
544:
where "the sufferers were Hindus who formed the hopeless minority."
1008:"Telangana statehood issue: Lessons to learn from Hyderabad's past"
881:
From Raj to Republic: Sovereignty, Violence, and Democracy in India
698:
537:
478:
264:
161:
120:
officers ordered the surrender of all arms, but in practice, only
548:
502:
498:
238:
234:
121:
533:
218:
157:
125:
592:
541:
490:
261:
222:
165:
723:
721:
719:
717:
715:
713:
230:
710:
489:(Operation Polo). The killings were perpetrated by local
52:
557:
The Pandit Sunderlal Committee that was commissioned by
48:
919:. Frontline. Vol. 18, no. 5. Archived from
1005:
801:
799:
797:
775:"Declassify report on the 1948 Hyderabad massacre"
1030:Ahmedabad: Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Smarak Bhavan
1066:
945:Gulbargavi, Talha Hussain (17 September 2022).
794:
766:
643:Violence against Muslims in independent India
450:
416:Violence against Muslims in independent India
47:. Consider transferring direct quotations to
902:
877:
842:Indian Economic & Social History Review
809:Telangana People's Struggle and Its Lessons
733:
944:
805:
457:
443:
111:
826:
694:"Hyderabad 1948: India's hidden massacre"
739:
485:that took place simultaneously with the
1044:
1006:Mir Ayoob Ali Khan (15 December 2013).
908:
832:
727:
691:
668:
1067:
878:Purushotham, Sunil (19 January 2021).
947:"1948 Hyderabad Massacre: A Timeline"
772:
687:
685:
683:
681:
679:
677:
38:too many or overly lengthy quotations
20:
1026:Nandurkar, G.M., ed. (1978, 1981),
983:. 18 September 2022. Archived from
692:Thomson, Mike (24 September 2013).
16:Genocidal massacres against Muslims
13:
969:
938:
909:Noorani, A. G. (3–16 March 2001).
674:
14:
1146:
1028:Sardar's Letters, Mostly Unknown,
806:Sundarayya, Puccalapalli (1972).
742:"Perry Anderson · Why Partition?"
567:Nehru Memorial Museum and Library
740:Anderson, Perry (19 July 2012).
134:
25:
1135:Wartime sexual violence in Asia
1020:
999:
1037:
871:
773:Aiyar, SA (25 November 2012).
487:Indian annexation of Hyderabad
100:Indian annexation of Hyderabad
1:
1095:Anti-Muslim violence in India
648:
512:
493:fanatic militias, and by the
1110:Massacres committed by India
1047:The Destruction of Hyderabad
591:In Osmanabad....the town of
7:
1049:. New Delhi: Tulika Books.
833:Sherman, Taylor C. (2007).
638:Religious violence in India
621:
523:
426:Religious violence in India
186:; 75 years ago
176:13 September 1948
10:
1151:
1120:Massacres of ethnic groups
854:10.1177/001946460704400404
516:
886:Stanford University Press
275:
257:
249:
208:
198:
172:
145:
133:
110:
97:
92:
1085:Wars involving Hyderabad
421:Violence against Muslims
393:2013 Muzaffarnagar riots
363:1987 Hashimpura massacre
323:1948 Hyderabad massacres
306:Violence against Muslims
152:(hardest-hit areas were
93:1948 Hyderabad massacres
45:summarize the quotations
1045:Noorani, A. G. (2014).
519:Annexation of Hyderabad
368:1989 Bhagalpur violence
333:1967 Ranchi-Hatia riots
79:Infobox civilian attack
71:
911:"Of a massacre untold"
747:London Review of Books
633:Persecution of Muslims
619:
606:
585:
388:2006 Malegaon bombings
84:considered for merging
1080:1948 murders in India
607:
589:
580:
431:Religious persecution
1100:Massacres of Muslims
812:. Foundation Books.
378:1993 Pangal massacre
353:1983 Nellie massacre
348:1980 Moradabad riots
308:in independent India
282:retributive violence
730:, pp. 221–246.
471:Hyderabad massacres
411:Freedom of religion
398:2014 Assam violence
343:1970 Bhiwandi riots
328:1964 Calcutta riots
184:- October 1948
1105:Massacres in India
1090:Conflicts in India
987:on 7 December 2023
957:on 23 October 2023
706:on 28 August 2024.
628:Partition of India
499:systematic torture
483:Hyderabadi Muslims
383:2002 Gujarat riots
358:1985 Gujarat riots
338:1969 Gujarat riots
235:systematic torture
203:Hyderabadi Muslims
1075:Massacres in 1948
1056:978-93-82381-33-4
895:978-1-5036-1455-0
571:Vallabhbhai Patel
467:
466:
373:1992 Bombay riots
290:
289:
285:Religious bigotry
70:
69:
1142:
1115:Looting in India
1060:
1031:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1003:
997:
996:
994:
992:
973:
967:
966:
964:
962:
953:. Archived from
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936:
935:
930:
928:
906:
900:
899:
875:
869:
868:
839:
830:
824:
823:
803:
792:
791:
789:
787:
770:
764:
763:
761:
759:
737:
731:
725:
708:
707:
702:. Archived from
689:
672:
666:
559:Jawaharlal Nehru
459:
452:
445:
403:2020 Delhi riots
309:
292:
291:
227:ethnic cleansing
194:
192:
187:
183:
181:
138:
115:
90:
89:
87:
65:
62:
56:
29:
28:
21:
1150:
1149:
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1144:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1057:
1040:
1035:
1034:
1025:
1021:
1004:
1000:
990:
988:
975:
974:
970:
960:
958:
943:
939:
926:
924:
907:
903:
896:
888:. p. 330.
876:
872:
837:
831:
827:
820:
804:
795:
785:
783:
771:
767:
757:
755:
738:
734:
726:
711:
690:
675:
667:
656:
651:
624:
526:
521:
515:
507:Indian soldiers
463:
407:
315:Major incidents
307:
305:
283:
268:
243:Indian soldiers
211:
190:
188:
185:
179:
177:
150:Hyderabad State
141:
140:Hyderabad State
129:
124:were disarmed.
88:
72:
66:
60:
57:
51:or excerpts to
42:
30:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1148:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1125:Arson in India
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1062:
1061:
1055:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1019:
1013:Times of India
998:
968:
937:
923:on 30 May 2023
901:
894:
870:
848:(4): 489–516.
825:
818:
793:
780:Times of India
765:
732:
709:
673:
653:
652:
650:
647:
646:
645:
640:
635:
630:
623:
620:
563:Operation Polo
525:
522:
514:
511:
473:refers to the
465:
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461:
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447:
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108:
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104:Operation Polo
95:
94:
68:
67:
33:
31:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1147:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1130:Rape in India
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
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1002:
986:
982:
981:Muslim Mirror
978:
972:
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952:
948:
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922:
918:
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819:9788175963160
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776:
769:
753:
749:
748:
743:
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729:
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695:
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631:
629:
626:
625:
618:
614:
612:
605:
601:
598:
594:
588:
584:
579:
578:atrocities.
577:
572:
568:
564:
560:
555:
552:
550:
545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
520:
510:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
475:mass killings
472:
460:
455:
453:
448:
446:
441:
440:
438:
437:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
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91:
85:
81:
80:
76:
64:
61:December 2020
54:
50:
46:
40:
39:
34:This article
32:
23:
22:
19:
1046:
1027:
1022:
1011:
1001:
989:. Retrieved
985:the original
980:
971:
959:. Retrieved
955:the original
950:
940:
932:
925:. Retrieved
921:the original
914:
904:
880:
873:
865:
845:
841:
828:
808:
784:. Retrieved
778:
768:
756:. Retrieved
751:
745:
735:
728:Noorani 2014
704:the original
697:
669:Noorani 2014
615:
608:
602:
590:
586:
581:
556:
553:
546:
527:
501:, rapes and
470:
468:
322:
280:Islamophobia
258:Perpetrators
98:Part of the
77:
58:
43:Please help
35:
18:
1038:Works cited
951:The Cognate
927:8 September
495:Indian Army
270:Indian Army
215:Mass murder
210:Attack type
118:Indian Army
73:‹ The
1069:Categories
649:References
517:See also:
513:Background
180:1948-09-13
53:Wikisource
916:The Hindu
862:145000228
611:Tehsildar
530:Osmanabad
154:Osmanabad
82:is being
49:Wikiquote
36:contains
699:BBC News
622:See also
538:Gulbarga
524:Violence
503:lootings
479:massacre
297:a series
295:Part of
265:militias
239:lootings
162:Gulbarga
146:Location
86:. ›
75:template
991:15 July
961:15 July
786:5 March
758:5 March
576:Razakar
549:mosques
253:200,000
191:1948-10
189: (
178: (
122:Muslims
1053:
892:
860:
816:
597:Kutchi
534:Nanded
276:Motive
250:Deaths
219:pogrom
199:Target
158:Nanded
126:Hindus
858:S2CID
838:(PDF)
593:Latur
542:Bidar
491:Hindu
262:Hindu
223:arson
166:Bidar
1051:ISBN
993:2023
963:2023
929:2014
890:ISBN
814:ISBN
788:2024
760:2024
754:(14)
540:and
477:and
469:The
231:rape
173:Date
164:and
850:doi
574:of
505:by
481:of
241:by
1071::
1010:.
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796:^
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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