281:
1218:
3917:
2555:
1157:
956:
810:
743:
3611:
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183:
5440:
4404:
4772:
2615:
4922:
2090:
410:. Some countries have highly developed their hydropower potential and have very little room for growth: Switzerland produces 88% of its potential and Mexico 80%. In 2022, the IEA released a main-case forecast of 141 GW generated by hydropower over 2022–2027, which is slightly lower than deployment achieved from 2017–2022. Because environmental permitting and construction times are long, they estimate hydropower potential will remain limited, with only an additional 40 GW deemed possible in the accelerated case.
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38:
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474:
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432:
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889:
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10164:
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2355:
a hydroelectric reservoir capable of storing weeks of output is useful to balance generation on the grid. Peak wind power can be offset by minimum hydropower and minimum wind can be offset with maximum hydropower. In this way the easily regulated character of hydroelectricity is used to compensate for the intermittent nature of wind power. Conversely, in some cases wind power can be used to spare water for later use in dry seasons.
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4100:
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5378:
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3188:
3127:
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1023:
877:
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3428:
2795:
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1999:
460:
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1217:
1305:
distribution network. Since small hydro projects usually have minimal reservoirs and civil construction work, they are seen as having a relatively low environmental impact compared to large hydro. This decreased environmental impact depends strongly on the balance between stream flow and power production.
1813:
is quicker its capacity is tiny compared to hydro. It takes less than 10 minutes to bring most hydro units from cold start-up to full load; this is quicker than nuclear and almost all fossil fuel power. Power generation can also be decreased quickly when there is a surplus power generation. Hence the
1330:
of power. These installations can provide power to an isolated home or small community, or are sometimes connected to electric power networks. There are many of these installations around the world, particularly in developing nations as they can provide an economical source of energy without purchase
652:
of few meters to few tens of meters can be classified either as an SHP or an LHP. The other distinction between SHP and LHP is the degree of the water flow regulation: a typical SHP primarily uses the natural water discharge with very little regulation in comparison to an LHP. Therefore, the term SHP
2437:
Paraguay produces nearly all of its electricity from hydro and exports far more than it uses. Larger plants tend to be built and operated by national governments, so most capacity (70%) is publicly owned, despite the fact that most plants (nearly 70%) are owned and operated by the private sector, as
2354:
on a daily basis. Maximum wind generation has little relationship to peak daily electricity consumption, the wind may peak at night when power is not needed or be still during the day when electrical demand is highest. Occasionally weather patterns can result in low wind for days or weeks at a time,
1387:
is generally used at large facilities and makes use of a large natural height difference between two waterways, such as a waterfall or mountain lake. A tunnel is constructed to take water from the high reservoir to the generating hall built in a cavern near the lowest point of the water tunnel and a
2134:
report, where the reservoir is large compared to the generating capacity (less than 100 watts per square metre of surface area) and no clearing of the forests in the area was undertaken prior to impoundment of the reservoir, greenhouse gas emissions from the reservoir may be higher than those of a
2029:
Large reservoirs associated with traditional hydroelectric power stations result in submersion of extensive areas upstream of the dams, sometimes destroying biologically rich and productive lowland and riverine valley forests, marshland and grasslands. Damming interrupts the flow of rivers and can
581:
Run-of-the-river hydroelectric stations are those with small or no reservoir capacity, so that only the water coming from upstream is available for generation at that moment, and any oversupply must pass unused. A constant supply of water from a lake or existing reservoir upstream is a significant
167:
China added 24 GW in 2022, accounting for nearly three-quarters of global hydropower capacity additions. Europe added 2 GW, the largest amount for the region since 1990. Meanwhile, globally, hydropower generation increased by 70 TWh (up 2%) in 2022 and remains the largest renewable energy source,
2041:
both upstream and downstream of the plant site. Generation of hydroelectric power changes the downstream river environment. Water exiting a turbine usually contains very little suspended sediment, which can lead to scouring of river beds and loss of riverbanks. The turbines also will kill large
1826:
as high value clean electricity. In 2021, the IEA estimated that the "reservoirs of all existing conventional hydropower plants combined can store a total of 1,500 terawatt-hours (TWh) of electrical energy in one full cycle" which was "about 170 times more energy than the global fleet of pumped
1364:
Pico Hydro
Project in Kenya supplies 57 homes with very small electric loads (e.g., a couple of lights and a phone charger, or a small TV/radio). Even smaller turbines of 200–300 W may power a few homes in a developing country with a drop of only 1 m (3 ft). A Pico-hydro setup is
2067:
Changes in the amount of river flow will correlate with the amount of energy produced by a dam. Lower river flows will reduce the amount of live storage in a reservoir therefore reducing the amount of water that can be used for hydroelectricity. The result of diminished river flow can be power
1851:
will cover the construction costs after 5 to 8 years of full generation. However, some data shows that in most countries large hydropower dams will be too costly and take too long to build to deliver a positive risk adjusted return, unless appropriate risk management measures are put in place.
1304:
Small hydro stations may be connected to conventional electrical distribution networks as a source of low-cost renewable energy. Alternatively, small hydro projects may be built in isolated areas that would be uneconomic to serve from a grid, or in areas where there is no national electrical
2310:
is relatively inflexible; although it can reduce its output reasonably quickly. Since the cost of nuclear power is dominated by its high infrastructure costs, the cost per unit energy goes up significantly with low production. Because of this, nuclear power is mostly used for
159:
In 2021, global installed hydropower electrical capacity reached almost 1,400 GW, the highest among all renewable energy technologies. Hydroelectricity plays a leading role in countries like Brazil, Norway and China. but there are geographical limits and environmental issues.
131:
is a flexible source, since the amount of electricity produced can be increased or decreased in seconds or minutes in response to varying electricity demand. Once a hydroelectric complex is constructed, it produces no direct waste, and almost always emits considerably less
1770:
Efficiency is often higher (that is, closer to 1) with larger and more modern turbines. Annual electric energy production depends on the available water supply. In some installations, the water flow rate can vary by a factor of 10:1 over the course of a year.
2063:
can fill a reservoir and reduce its capacity to control floods along with causing additional horizontal pressure on the upstream portion of the dam. Eventually, some reservoirs can become full of sediment and useless or over-top during a flood and fail.
1846:
Where a dam serves multiple purposes, a hydroelectric station may be added with relatively low construction cost, providing a useful revenue stream to offset the costs of dam operation. It has been calculated that the sale of electricity from the
2058:
When water flows it has the ability to transport particles heavier than itself downstream. This has a negative effect on dams and subsequently their power stations, particularly those on rivers or within catchment areas with high siltation.
2155:
Another disadvantage of hydroelectric dams is the need to relocate the people living where the reservoirs are planned. In 2000, the World
Commission on Dams estimated that dams had physically displaced 40–80 million people worldwide.
2080:
in particular is vulnerable due to its heavy reliance on hydroelectricity, as increasing temperatures, lower water flow and alterations in the rainfall regime, could reduce total energy production by 7% annually by the end of the century.
1860:
While many hydroelectric projects supply public electricity networks, some are created to serve specific industrial enterprises. Dedicated hydroelectric projects are often built to provide the substantial amounts of electricity needed for
1538:
641:, the threshold varies by the country, but in any case a plant with the capacity of 50 MW or more is considered an LHP. As an example, for China, SHP power is below 25 MW, for India - below 15 MW, most of Europe - below 10 MW.
1842:
Hydroelectric stations have long economic lives, with some plants still in service after 50–100 years. Operating labor cost is also usually low, as plants are automated and have few personnel on site during normal operation.
2042:
portions of the fauna passing through, for instance 70% of the eel passing a turbine will perish immediately. Since turbine gates are often opened intermittently, rapid or even daily fluctuations in river flow are observed.
2174:
Because large conventional dammed-hydro facilities hold back large volumes of water, a failure due to poor construction, natural disasters or sabotage can be catastrophic to downriver settlements and infrastructure.
1808:
Hydropower is a flexible source of electricity since stations can be ramped up and down very quickly to adapt to changing energy demands. Hydro turbines have a start-up time of the order of a few minutes. Although
1971:
with a relatively constant water supply. Large hydro dams can control floods, which would otherwise affect people living downstream of the project. Managing dams which are also used for other purposes, such as
151:
and population displacement. They also disrupt the natural ecology of the river involved, affecting habitats and ecosystems, and siltation and erosion patterns. While dams can ameliorate the risks of flooding,
1814:
limited capacity of hydropower units is not generally used to produce base power except for vacating the flood pool or meeting downstream needs. Instead, it can serve as backup for non-hydro generators.
2146:
are typically only 2% to 8% of any kind of conventional fossil-fuel thermal generation. A new class of underwater logging operation that targets drowned forests can mitigate the effect of forest decay.
2076:
in the United States suggest that modest climate changes, such as an increase in temperature in 2 degree
Celsius resulting in a 10% decline in precipitation, might reduce river run-off by up to 40%.
7040:
2481:
dating to the year 2023 unless otherwise specified. Only includes countries with more than 1 TWh of generation. Links for each location go to the relevant hydro power page, when available.
675:
The largest power producers in the world are hydroelectric power stations, with some hydroelectric facilities capable of generating more than double the installed capacities of the current
6947:
5888:
277:, with an output of about 12.5 kilowatts. By 1886 there were 45 hydroelectric power stations in the United States and Canada; and by 1889 there were 200 in the United States alone.
198:
Hydropower has been used since ancient times to grind flour and perform other tasks. In the late 18th century hydraulic power provided the energy source needed for the start of the
85:
553:. When the demand becomes greater, water is released back into the lower reservoir through a turbine. In 2021 pumped-storage schemes provided almost 85% of the world's 190 GW of
606:
station makes use of the daily rise and fall of ocean water due to tides; such sources are highly predictable, and if conditions permit construction of reservoirs, can also be
9864:
5956:
513:. The power extracted from the water depends on the volume and on the difference in height between the source and the water's outflow. This height difference is called the
2362:
with Sweden, Denmark, the
Netherlands, Germany and the UK. Norway is 98% hydropower, while its flatland neighbors have wind power. In areas that do not have hydropower,
1701:
1666:
6609:
Ansar, Atif; Flyvbjerg, Bent; Budzier, Alexander; Lunn, Daniel (March 2014). "Should We Build More Large Dams? The Actual Costs of
Hydropower Megaproject Development".
308:
to regulate hydroelectric power stations on federal land and water. As the power stations became larger, their associated dams developed additional purposes, including
1730:
10040:
6149:
1940:. Greater greenhouse gas emission impacts are found in the tropical regions because the reservoirs of power stations in tropical regions produce a larger amount of
1619:
1593:
9708:
9165:
5602:
1928:. While carbon dioxide is initially produced during construction of the project, and some methane is given off annually by reservoirs, hydro has one of the lowest
292:
At the beginning of the 20th century, many small hydroelectric power stations were being constructed by commercial companies in mountains near metropolitan areas.
1369:, meaning that dams are not used, but rather pipes divert some of the flow, drop this down a gradient, and through the turbine before returning it to the stream.
2315:. By way of contrast, hydroelectricity can supply peak power at much lower cost. Hydroelectricity is thus often used to complement nuclear or other sources for
1760:
1563:
1427:
8548:
9881:
8486:
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2022:
1929:
576:
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at different elevations. At times of low electrical demand, the excess generation capacity is used to pump water into the higher reservoir, thus providing
7044:
1224:
9317:
9133:
8272:
540:
332:
which had begun a series of western US irrigation projects in the early 20th century, was now constructing large hydroelectric projects such as the 1928
6080:
11068:
9312:
8553:
297:
2030:
harm local ecosystems, and building large dams and reservoirs often involves displacing people and wildlife. The loss of land is often exacerbated by
9180:
8142:
6402:
6377:
822:
755:
492:
6575:
2021:, alongside certain projects that concurrently submerge rainforests, can in these specific cases result in the global warming impact, or equivalent
1169:
8371:
2118:
areas, where inundation of a part of the forest is necessary, it has been noted that the reservoirs of power plants produce substantial amounts of
1335:
solar energy systems because in many areas water flow, and thus available hydro power, is highest in the winter when solar energy is at a minimum.
1035:
9160:
9107:
6670:
6944:
968:
11093:
8263:
7347:
2268:
1259:
on a scale serving a small community or industrial plant. The definition of a small hydro project varies but a generating capacity of up to 10
6019:
901:
127:
on demand, making it a key element for creating secure and clean electricity supply systems. A hydroelectric power station that has a dam and
10392:
8816:
1599:) is the coefficient of efficiency (a unitless, scalar coefficient, ranging from 0 for completely inefficient to 1 for completely efficient).
6591:
1102:
9049:
8532:
8356:
8020:
5592:
2169:
670:
11005:
8933:
8527:
8351:
2219:
facilities create less risk, but can form continuing hazards even after being decommissioned. For example, the small earthen embankment
682:
Although no official definition exists for the capacity range of large hydroelectric power stations, facilities from over a few hundred
10752:
9202:
9150:
8376:
6839:
Glowa, Sarah E.; Kneale, Andrea J.; Watkinson, Douglas A.; Ghamry, Haitham K.; Enders, Eva C.; Jardine, Timothy D. (10 February 2023).
6206:
10081:
9197:
8772:
1361:
6049:
1990:
In 2021 the IEA called for "robust sustainability standards for all hydropower development with streamlined rules and regulations".
10202:
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9123:
8841:
8618:
8366:
8361:
8325:
1985:
6890:
9768:
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2190:). The resulting flood resulted in the deaths of 26,000 people, and another 145,000 from epidemics. Millions were left homeless.
351:
Hydroelectric power stations continued to become larger throughout the 20th century. Hydropower was referred to as "white coal".
7211:
6224:
1947:
Like other non-fossil fuel sources, hydropower also has no emissions of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, or other particulates.
11213:
10702:
9417:
9380:
9234:
9219:
9128:
8777:
8721:
8472:
1881:
airplanes before it was allowed to provide irrigation and power to citizens (in addition to aluminium power) after the war. In
1827:
storage hydropower plants". Battery storage capacity is not expected to overtake pumped storage during the 2020s. When used as
250:
11121:
10076:
9214:
8560:
8456:
8330:
7262:
6772:
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6503:"About 25% of U.S. power plants can start up within an hour - Today in Energy - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)"
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337:
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5961:, Explorations in the History of Machines and Mechanisms: Proceedings of HMM2012, Teun Koetsier and Marco Ceccarelli, 2012.
5577:
2409:
300:, with over one million visitors 1925. By 1920, when 40% of the power produced in the United States was hydroelectric, the
17:
7008:
1360:. It is useful in small, remote communities that require only a small amount of electricity. For example, the 1.1 kW
644:
The SHP and LHP categories are further subdivided into many subcategories that are not mutually exclusive. For example, a
9579:
9357:
9175:
9097:
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9070:
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280:
9102:
7312:(International Electrotechnical Commission - Technical Committee 4) IEC TC 4 portal with access to scope, documents and
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10902:
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10008:
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8025:
7340:
6841:"Applying a 2D-Hydrodynamic Model to Estimate Fish Stranding Risk Downstream from a Hydropeaking Hydroelectric Station"
6336:
1822:
The major advantage of conventional hydroelectric dams with reservoirs is their ability to store water at low cost for
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9935:
9811:
9628:
8821:
8412:
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8167:
7645:
6923:
2320:
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shortages in areas that depend heavily on hydroelectric power. The risk of flow shortage may increase as a result of
1236:
570:
226:
played a significant part in the development of the factory system, with modern employment practices. In the 1840s,
11030:
10987:
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de Faria, Felipe A M; Jaramillo, Paulina; Sawakuchi, Henrique O; Richey, Jeffrey E; Barros, Nathan (2015-12-01).
5618:
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325:
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of the generation system. Pumped storage is not an energy source, and appears as a negative number in listings.
10947:
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9993:
9277:
9024:
8579:
8279:
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5597:
4227:
4197:
3493:
2050:
Drought and seasonal changes in rainfall can severely limit hydropower. Water may also be lost by evaporation.
676:
666:
7316:
5640:
320:. Federal funding became necessary for large-scale development, and federally owned corporations, such as the
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1810:
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2193:
The creation of a dam in a geologically inappropriate location may cause disasters such as 1963 disaster at
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9758:
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597:
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2212:(Côte d'Azur), southern France, collapsed on December 2, 1959, killing 423 people in the resulting flood.
203:
147:
Construction of a hydroelectric complex can have significant environmental impact, principally in loss of
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288:
water-powered generator house, used for the generation of electricity for the castle from 1894 until 1940
6877:
A Review of
Operational Water Consumption and Withdrawal Factors for Electricity Generating Technologies
2414:
In 2022 hydro generated 4,289 TWh, 15% of total electricity and half of renewables. Of the world total,
241:
would drive development as well. In 1878, the world's first hydroelectric power scheme was developed at
10737:
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321:
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areas, where part of the forest is inundated, substantial amounts of greenhouse gases may be emitted.
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10937:
10732:
10570:
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9700:
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9648:
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Renewable Energy: Its
Physics, Engineering, Use, Environmental Impacts, Economy, and Planning Aspects
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3132:
2187:
2131:
1789:
550:
305:
7304:
6004:
2097:
in the United States is a large conventional dammed-hydro facility, with an installed capacity of
359:
power station was the world's largest hydroelectric power station in 1936; it was eclipsed by the
11158:
10932:
10775:
10585:
10557:
10280:
10270:
10188:
10144:
10066:
9976:
9718:
9690:
9370:
9019:
8997:
8604:
7944:
7934:
7924:
7130:
6595:
5530:
2328:
2123:
1898:
1823:
607:
227:
7278:
5939:
1677:
1642:
11184:
11177:
10997:
10952:
10907:
10722:
10686:
10676:
10471:
10446:
10430:
10415:
10397:
9743:
9563:
9505:
9422:
9407:
9292:
8928:
8874:
8869:
8864:
8859:
8854:
8849:
8519:
8346:
8210:
7865:
7728:
7511:
7400:
5692:
4409:
1874:
100:
50:
6656:
6530:
6286:
1712:
11075:
11020:
10977:
10860:
10835:
10800:
10476:
10132:
9778:
9655:
9463:
8913:
8836:
8565:
8499:
8000:
7768:
7763:
7743:
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6557:
6476:
5572:
2031:
610:
to generate power during high demand periods. Less common types of hydro schemes use water's
329:
238:
223:
199:
6210:
2223:
failed in 1977, twenty years after its power station was decommissioned, causing 39 deaths.
1422:
A simple formula for approximating electric power production at a hydroelectric station is:
237:
was developed and could now be coupled with hydraulics. The growing demand arising from the
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10785:
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6708:
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2299:
should "price in the value of the multiple public benefits provided by hydropower plants".
1956:
1886:
1733:
1669:
1604:
1578:
645:
234:
6918:(reference. ed.). Highlands Ranch, Colo.: Water Resources Publications. p. 375.
6429:
6111:
6056:
1533:{\displaystyle P=-\eta \ ({\dot {m}}g\ \Delta h)=-\eta \ ((\rho {\dot {V}})\ g\ \Delta h)}
8:
10972:
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10850:
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in
Southern China failed when more than a year's worth of rain fell within 24 hours (see
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5752:
2295:
and the indirect health effects of coal emissions. In 2021 the IEA said that government
2250:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
406:
In 2021 the
International Energy Agency (IEA) said that more efforts are needed to help
55:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
11223:
10917:
10912:
10547:
10509:
10466:
10385:
9816:
9748:
9665:
9515:
9480:
9437:
9432:
9427:
8992:
8441:
8225:
7839:
7450:
7254:
6858:
6699:
Wehrli, Bernhard (1 September 2011). "Climate science: Renewable but not carbon-free".
6644:
6618:
5987:
5821:
5445:
2143:
1745:
1622:
1596:
1548:
638:
510:
266:
11126:
11109:
11080:
10875:
10759:
10565:
10318:
10255:
10050:
9713:
9458:
9224:
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8970:
8757:
8711:
7990:
7870:
7475:
7258:
7242:
6919:
6862:
6797:
6652:
6536:
6482:
6292:
5848:
5825:
5813:
5766:
5567:
4014:
2284:
2226:
1937:
545:
This method produces electricity to supply high peak demands by moving water between
301:
211:
7099:
6648:
6188:
5737:"Estimating greenhouse gas emissions from future Amazonian hydroelectric reservoirs"
618:. Tidal power is viable in a relatively small number of locations around the world.
182:
11050:
10922:
10897:
10790:
10590:
10542:
10537:
10519:
10456:
10407:
10328:
10298:
10293:
10250:
10093:
9660:
9643:
9584:
9475:
9239:
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8826:
8762:
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7939:
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7579:
7556:
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7405:
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6848:
6716:
6636:
6035:
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2220:
1866:
1848:
1763:
735:
649:
514:
498:
375:
363:
124:
116:
77:
6238:
5958:
One of the Oldest
Hydroelectric Power Plants in Europa Built on Tesla's Principels
10885:
10795:
10780:
10646:
10611:
10420:
10045:
9966:
9930:
9859:
9833:
9821:
9738:
9670:
9545:
9402:
9014:
8965:
8943:
8195:
7970:
7929:
7907:
7788:
7758:
7723:
7683:
7485:
7320:
7299:
6951:
6579:
6406:
6381:
6084:
5786:"Brazil's Balbina Dam: Environment versus the legacy of the Pharaohs in Amazonia"
5292:
2470:
2280:
2089:
1566:
1231:, with the spillways (closed at the time of the photo) on the left. In 1994, the
558:
7243:"Small hydropower plants proliferation and fluvial ecosystem conservation nexus"
6640:
2382:
2025:
of hydroelectricity projects, to potentially exceed that of coal power stations.
210:, which described vertical- and horizontal-axis hydraulic machines, and in 1771
10810:
10727:
10661:
10656:
10375:
10353:
10288:
10211:
9998:
9854:
9796:
9791:
9633:
9522:
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9249:
9244:
9092:
9029:
8767:
8747:
8706:
8627:
8300:
8200:
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7985:
7783:
7395:
6876:
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2363:
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2272:
2209:
2127:
2073:
2069:
1933:
1925:
1704:
1015:
611:
341:
285:
246:
177:
133:
6776:
5875:
2390:
626:
The classification of hydropower plants starts with two top-level categories:
11207:
11115:
10840:
10825:
10820:
10805:
10626:
10580:
10338:
10071:
10003:
9728:
9550:
9535:
9470:
9365:
8220:
8205:
8015:
7803:
7688:
7668:
7599:
7589:
7546:
7430:
7385:
6975:
6798:"Loss of European silver eel passing a hydropower station | Request PDF"
5852:
5817:
5770:
5544:
2650:
2446:
2427:
2307:
2296:
2201:
2139:
1391:
1332:
1185:
1171:
1118:
1104:
1051:
1037:
984:
970:
917:
903:
838:
824:
771:
757:
506:
309:
262:
120:
81:
6879:, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Technical Report NREL/TP-6A20-50900.
5972:
The age of manufactures, 1700-1820: Industry, innovation and work in Britain
1924:
Since hydroelectric dams do not use fuel, power generation does not produce
445:
11088:
10486:
10245:
9956:
9753:
9397:
9387:
9034:
8918:
8831:
8215:
8177:
8035:
8010:
7875:
7844:
7658:
7460:
7212:"Paraguay: a significant electricity exporter, but citizens suffer outages"
5558:
2366:
serves a similar role, but at a much higher cost and 20% lower efficiency.
2319:. Country examples where they are paired in a close to 50/50 share include
2276:
1878:
1289:
1149:
802:
418:
In 2021 the IEA said that major modernisation refurbishments are required.
72:
2374:
621:
10671:
10666:
10631:
10494:
9983:
9500:
9492:
8742:
8230:
8157:
8152:
7860:
7828:
7621:
7609:
7529:
7455:
7445:
7375:
7065:
6125:
4136:
3768:
3283:
3042:
2453:
2292:
2216:
2183:
2165:
1968:
1960:
1955:
Reservoirs created by hydroelectric schemes often provide facilities for
1894:
1634:
1314:
1250:
948:
637:
The classification of a plant as an SHP or LHP is primarily based on its
615:
603:
591:
219:
215:
161:
153:
148:
137:
108:
6971:"Deliberate drowning of Brazil's rainforest is worsening climate change"
5478:
1263:(MW) is generally accepted as the upper limit. This may be stretched to
10830:
10815:
10641:
10621:
10015:
9392:
8162:
8120:
7823:
7818:
7631:
7614:
7470:
7325:
5809:
5352:
5170:
4593:
3860:
3585:
2343:
2194:
2115:
2094:
2002:
1973:
1964:
1417:
1344:
1294:
1228:
869:
367:
352:
313:
141:
104:
6896:. Great Britain: TEMPUS Publications. pp. 265–275. Archived from
6017:
2248:. The reason given is: solar panels on reservoirs, also Tasmania link.
473:
11099:
11045:
10499:
8960:
7539:
7534:
7420:
7380:
6853:
6840:
6720:
5785:
4531:
2860:
2114:
Lower positive impacts are found in the tropical regions. In lowland
2060:
2038:
2014:
1902:
1862:
1832:
1095:
546:
522:
382:. Hydroelectricity would eventually supply some countries, including
317:
128:
6891:"Teaching Case Studies in Reservoir Siltation and Catchment Erosion"
5524:
2205:
431:
10892:
7653:
7313:
4988:
4746:
4685:
4624:
4439:
3984:
3102:
2312:
2100:
1882:
1795:
1630:
1400:
1388:
horizontal tailrace taking water away to the lower outlet waterway.
1356:
1326:
1298:
1278:
1260:
1082:
894:
724:
699:
692:
683:
518:
391:
293:
254:
242:
6623:
2227:
Comparison and interactions with other methods of power generation
230:
were developed to generate and transmit hydro power to end users.
187:
10865:
10180:
8938:
8596:
7574:
7564:
5552:
5538:
5140:
4897:
4287:
4257:
3646:
3253:
3012:
2770:
2119:
1941:
1909:
1905:
1626:
1283:
6073:
The Evolution of the Flood Control Act of 1936, Joseph L. Arnold
5734:
2122:. This is due to plant material in flooded areas decaying in an
2037:
Hydroelectric projects can be disruptive to surrounding aquatic
1986:
Renewable energy debate § Disadvantages of hydroelectricity
1959:, and become tourist attractions themselves. In some countries,
10529:
9951:
8276:
7569:
7287:
7282:
6249:
5914:"Large hydropower dams not sustainable in the developing world"
5414:
5231:
5080:
4837:
4807:
4777:
4654:
4105:
3830:
3554:
2830:
2431:
2423:
2419:
2077:
2018:
1404:
1272:
1028:
882:
395:
383:
340:
was also involved in hydroelectric development, completing the
191:
7292:
6993:
6268:
6266:
6264:
2497:
1998:
9865:
Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement
8948:
8089:
6411:
6386:
5721:
5019:
4317:
3953:
2415:
2006:
1890:
1870:
1784:
1737:
1162:
961:
815:
748:
140:-powered energy plants. However, when constructed in lowland
6573:
Hydropower – A Way of Becoming Independent of Fossil Energy?
459:
51:
https://www.iea.org/reports/hydropower-special-market-report
7524:
6812:"One in five fish dies from passing hydroelectric turbines"
6671:"2018 Hydropower Status Report: Sector Trends and Insights"
6311:
6261:
5383:
5049:
3373:
3193:
2460:
2288:
1570:
413:
7293:
Interactive demonstration on the effects of dams on rivers
6838:
1855:
370:
opened in 1984 in South America as the largest, producing
10041:
Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change
8271:
8137:
6727:
6608:
5717:
Renewables 2011 Global Status Report, page 25, Hydropower
2013:
submerge large areas of land due to the requirement of a
2010:
1831:
to meet demand, hydroelectricity has a higher value than
686:
are generally considered large hydroelectric facilities.
502:
112:
6555:
5603:
List of renewable energy topics by country and territory
2045:
11070:
UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972)
5841:"Chinese Dam Projects Criticized for Their Human Costs"
2441:
The following table lists these data for each country:
1799:
of electricity within 60 seconds of the demand arising.
622:
Sizes, types and capacities of hydroelectric facilities
2084:
1963:
in reservoirs is common. Multi-use dams installed for
107:(water power). Hydropower supplies 14% of the world's
9882:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
7043:. Internationalrivers.org. 2008-02-29. Archived from
2400:
List of countries by renewable electricity production
2378:
Share of electricity production from hydropower, 2022
1748:
1715:
1680:
1645:
1607:
1581:
1551:
1430:
1395:
Measurement of the tailrace and forebay rates at the
577:
List of run-of-the-river hydroelectric power stations
186:
Museum Hydroelectric power plant "Under the Town" in
7247:
Complementarity of Variable Renewable Energy Sources
7131:"Germany and Norway commission NordLink power cable"
6945:
Climate change, disasters and electricity generation
6594:. Waterpowermagazine.com. 2007-01-10. Archived from
5520:
2490:
1993:
2142:reservoirs of Canada and Northern Europe, however,
541:
List of pumped-storage hydroelectric power stations
2511:
1936:impact of hydroelectricity is found especially in
1754:
1724:
1695:
1660:
1613:
1587:
1557:
1532:
582:advantage in choosing sites for run-of-the-river.
298:International Exhibition of Hydropower and Tourism
265:, began to produce electricity in 1881. The first
8143:List of conventional hydroelectric power stations
7156:"Share of electricity production from hydropower"
6474:
6036:"Hydroelectric power - energy from falling water"
2135:conventional oil-fired thermal generation plant.
493:List of conventional hydroelectric power stations
437:Cross-section of a conventional hydroelectric dam
11205:
10082:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
6826:"Another nail in the coffin for endangered eels"
6225:"Run-of-the-River Hydropower Goes With the Flow"
6189:"Hydroelectricity - Renewable Energy Generation"
6734:Atkins, William (2003). "Hydroelectric Power".
6524:
6522:
6018:Association for Industrial Archaeology (1987).
1889:was constructed to provide electricity for the
703:) are in operation worldwide, see table below.
11094:Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
7027:""Rediscovered" Wood & The Triton Sawfish"
6562:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 10.
2452:percent of that country's generation that was
2291:. Hydroelectricity also avoids the hazards of
2269:flue gas emissions from fossil fuel combustion
2053:
2034:of surrounding areas caused by the reservoir.
1950:
1411:
10196:
8817:History of climate change policy and politics
8612:
8257:
8105:
7341:
7009:"Hydroelectric power's dirty secret revealed"
6888:
6528:
6334:
5693:"Hydropower Special Market Report – Analysis"
1901:was constructed to supply electricity to the
348:as the premier federal flood control agency.
7240:
6519:
6337:"World's biggest hydroelectric power plants"
6317:
6272:
6255:
6100:. Vol. 9 (1945 ed.). p. 3220.
6021:Industrial archaeology review, Volumes 10-11
5889:"BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2019"
5593:List of hydroelectric power station failures
2504:
2170:List of hydroelectric power station failures
671:List of largest hydroelectric power stations
168:surpassing all other technologies combined.
8934:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
8494:
7006:
6468:
6400:Renewables Global Status Report 2009 Update
6375:Renewables Global Status Report 2006 Update
5876:https://www.iea.org/reports/renewables-2022
1323:installations that typically produce up to
11165:
10203:
10189:
10163:
10151:
9608:
8619:
8605:
8264:
8250:
8112:
8098:
7348:
7334:
6549:
6426:"Micro Hydro in the fight against poverty"
2197:in Italy, where almost 2,000 people died.
304:was enacted into law. The Act created the
123:. Hydropower can provide large amounts of
11105:Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)
9903:
9709:Adaptation strategies on the German coast
8842:United Nations Climate Change conferences
7102:USGS Historical Site, retrieved 02sep2009
6852:
6775:. Internationalrivers.org. Archived from
6622:
6330:
6328:
6326:
6150:"Renewable Energy Essentials: Hydropower"
5999:
5997:
5982:
5980:
5783:
5760:
5710:
2369:
1362:Intermediate Technology Development Group
273:, began operating September 30, 1882, in
11133:UN Conference on Sustainable Development
9413:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation
7355:
7180:
7178:
7176:
7007:Graham-Rowe, Duncan (24 February 2005).
5874:IEA (2022), Renewables 2022, IEA, Paris
2389:
2381:
2373:
2088:
2009:. Hydroelectric power stations that use
1997:
1915:
1783:
1390:
1331:of fuel. Micro hydro systems complement
1288:
1277:
653:is frequently used as a synonym for the
497:Most hydroelectric power comes from the
414:Modernization of existing infrastructure
279:
181:
71:
9769:National Adaptation Programme of Action
9558:Land use, land-use change, and forestry
7113:"Norway is Europe's cheapest "battery""
7064:References may be found in the list of
6939:
6937:
6935:
6913:
6755:Encyclopedia of Environment and Society
6752:
6358:"The seven wonders of the modern world"
6024:. Oxford University Press. p. 187.
5838:
2518:
1856:Suitability for industrial applications
328:(1937) were created. Additionally, the
49:. The reason given is: IEA 2021 report
14:
11206:
10703:Corporate environmental responsibility
9418:Economics of climate change mitigation
9381:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)
8894:
8722:Scientific consensus on climate change
7041:"Briefing of World Commission on Dams"
6992:. Dams.org. 2000-11-16. Archived from
6733:
6698:
6475:Robert A. Huggins (1 September 2010).
6323:
6284:
6066:
5994:
5977:
5725:, published 2011, accessed 2016-02-19.
1865:electrolytic plants, for example. The
689:Currently, only seven facilities over
614:or undammed sources such as undershot
486:
398:, with over 85% of their electricity.
115:in 2023, which is more than all other
10184:
10077:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project
9902:
9607:
9343:
8893:
8805:
8686:
8638:
8600:
8245:
8093:
7329:
7305:European Small Hydropower Association
7241:Kuriqi, Alban; Jurasz, Jakub (2022).
7173:
7080:"La catastrophe de Malpasset en 1959"
6973:, Daniel Grossman 18 September 2019,
6291:. Taylor & Francis. p. 246.
6077:United States Army Corps of Engineers
5687:
5685:
5683:
5681:
5608:Lists of hydroelectric power stations
2466:percent growth in hydro capacity, and
2418:(30%) produced the most, followed by
2046:Drought and water loss by evaporation
1366:
1235:elected the Itaipu Dam as one of the
421:
338:United States Army Corps of Engineers
88:power-producing facility of any kind.
11076:Brundtlandt Commission Report (1983)
10099:Representative Concentration Pathway
9040:Tipping points in the climate system
8716:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
8566:Summary of top fossil fuel exporters
6943:Frauke Urban and Tom Mitchell 2011.
6932:
6753:Robbins, Paul (2007). "Hydropower".
6678:International Hydropower Association
6559:Geological Survey Professional Paper
6355:
5870:
5868:
5679:
5677:
5675:
5673:
5671:
5669:
5667:
5665:
5663:
5661:
5578:International Hydropower Association
5473:
2410:Category:Hydroelectricity by country
2386:Yearly hydro generation by continent
2230:
1932:for electricity generation. The low
1835:and a much higher value compared to
344:in 1937 and being recognized by the
202:. In the mid-1700s, French engineer
31:
9870:Nationally determined contributions
9580:Individual action on climate change
8785:World energy supply and consumption
6055:. December 21, 1928. Archived from
6042:
5784:Fearnside, Philip M. (1989-07-01).
5588:List of energy storage power plants
2126:environment and forming methane, a
2110:Environmental impacts of reservoirs
2085:Methane emissions (from reservoirs)
1817:
1233:American Society of Civil Engineers
660:
564:
401:
374:, but was surpassed in 2008 by the
27:Electricity generated by hydropower
24:
10718:Environmental full-cost accounting
10210:
10009:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis
8626:
8026:Renewable energy commercialization
7255:10.1016/b978-0-323-85527-3.00027-3
7093:
7058:
6773:"Sedimentation Problems with Dams"
6746:
6356:Pope, Gregory T. (December 1995),
6142:
1930:lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions
1716:
1521:
1467:
25:
11240:
10652:Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity
9936:Satellite temperature measurement
9541:forestry for carbon sequestration
8822:History of climate change science
8168:Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity
7272:
7077:
6916:Hydraulics of dams and reservoirs
6889:Patrick James, H Chansen (1998).
6556:Geological Survey (U.S.) (1980).
6535:. Academic Press. pp. 556–.
5944:IEA – International Energy Agency
5881:
5865:
5658:
2394:Hydro generation by country, 2021
2017:. These changes to land color or
1994:Ecosystem damage and loss of land
1237:Seven Wonders of the Modern World
630:small hydropower plants (SHP) and
571:Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity
528:
269:hydroelectric power station, the
11164:
11153:
11152:
11122:UN Millennium Declaration (2000)
10162:
10150:
10139:
10138:
10126:
9787:Climate Change Performance Index
9166:Destruction of cultural heritage
8176:
8074:
8073:
7494:
6960:Institute of Development Studies
6288:Introduction to Renewable Energy
5641:"Global Electricity Review 2024"
5551:
5537:
5523:
5511:weighted average cost of capital
5477:
5438:
5407:
5376:
5345:
5315:
5285:
5255:
5224:
5193:
5163:
5133:
5103:
5073:
5042:
5012:
4981:
4951:
4920:
4890:
4860:
4830:
4800:
4770:
4739:
4708:
4678:
4647:
4617:
4586:
4555:
4524:
4493:
4463:
4432:
4402:
4372:
4341:
4310:
4280:
4250:
4220:
4190:
4159:
4129:
4098:
4068:
4037:
4007:
3977:
3946:
3915:
3884:
3853:
3823:
3792:
3761:
3731:
3700:
3669:
3639:
3609:
3578:
3547:
3517:
3486:
3456:
3426:
3396:
3366:
3336:
3306:
3276:
3246:
3216:
3186:
3156:
3125:
3095:
3065:
3035:
3005:
2974:
2944:
2914:
2884:
2853:
2823:
2793:
2763:
2733:
2703:
2673:
2643:
2613:
2583:
2553:
2321:the electric grid in Switzerland
2302:
2267:Hydroelectricity eliminates the
2235:
2159:
1979:
1216:
1155:
1088:
1021:
954:
887:
875:
808:
741:
472:
458:
444:
430:
388:Democratic Republic of the Congo
253:. It was used to power a single
164:can be used in coastal regions.
36:
10708:Corporate social responsibility
10637:Ocean thermal energy conversion
10576:Community-supported agriculture
10261:Human impact on the environment
9926:Instrumental temperature record
9877:Sustainable Development Goal 13
8148:Pumped-storage hydroelectricity
7204:
7148:
7123:
7105:
7071:
7033:
7019:
7000:
6982:
6964:
6907:
6882:
6869:
6832:
6818:
6804:
6790:
6765:
6692:
6663:
6602:
6584:
6566:
6495:
6443:
6418:
6393:
6368:
6349:
6278:
6239:"Energy Resources: Tidal power"
6231:
6217:
6199:
6181:
6118:
6104:
6089:
6028:
6011:
5964:
5950:
5932:
5619:National Hydropower Association
5615:– electricity from sea currents
2445:total generation from hydro in
2271:, including pollutants such as
1944:than those in temperate areas.
1736:h) is the change in height (in
535:Pumped-storage hydroelectricity
326:Bonneville Power Administration
10948:Socially responsible marketing
9994:Climate variability and change
9344:
9025:Retreat of glaciers since 1850
8580:List of international rankings
8119:
6956:Overseas Development Institute
6592:"Beyond Three Gorges in China"
5906:
5832:
5777:
5762:10.1088/1748-9326/10/12/124019
5741:Environmental Research Letters
5728:
5633:
5598:List of largest power stations
1803:
1527:
1509:
1491:
1488:
1473:
1446:
1372:
677:largest nuclear power stations
667:List of largest power stations
633:large hydropower plants (LHP).
259:Schoelkopf Power Station No. 1
233:By the late 19th century, the
13:
1:
11214:Bright green environmentalism
11139:Sustainable Development Goals
10943:Socially responsible business
10104:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
9639:Climate emergency declaration
8021:Renewable Energy Certificates
7981:Cost of electricity by source
7903:Arc-fault circuit interrupter
7779:High-voltage shore connection
6979:; retrieved 30 September 2020
6114:. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation.
5626:
2404:Cost of electricity by source
2338:
2333:Electricity sector in Finland
2150:
1877:, United States for American
1779:
1774:
257:in his art gallery. The old
10087:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
9313:Middle East and North Africa
8639:
8036:Spark/Dark/Quark/Bark spread
7834:Transmission system operator
7794:Mains electricity by country
7371:Automatic generation control
7310:IEC TC 4: Hydraulic turbines
6335:Hemanth Kumar (March 2021).
6050:"Boulder Canyon Project Act"
5990:. U.S. Department of Energy.
5469:
2325:Electricity sector in Sweden
1397:Limestone Generating Station
1207:
1145:
1140:
1078:
1073:
1011:
1006:
944:
939:
865:
860:
798:
793:
731:
655:run-of-the-river power plant
598:List of tidal power stations
119:combined and also more than
7:
10968:Sustainability organization
10753:Standards and certification
10344:Social return on investment
9161:Depopulation of settlements
8806:
8061:List of electricity sectors
8056:Electric energy consumption
7774:High-voltage direct current
7749:Electric power transmission
7739:Electric power distribution
7416:Energy return on investment
7288:Hydropower Reform Coalition
6950:September 20, 2012, at the
6641:10.1016/j.enpol.2013.10.069
6207:"Pumped Storage, Explained"
6161:International Energy Agency
5839:Yardley, Jim (2007-11-19).
5516:
2054:Siltation and flow shortage
2023:life-cycle greenhouse gases
1951:Other uses of the reservoir
1837:intermittent energy sources
1764:acceleration due to gravity
1412:Calculating available power
521:") delivers water from the
10:
11245:
10393:Systemic change resistance
9921:Global surface temperature
9812:Popular culture depictions
9724:Ecosystem-based adaptation
9454:Carbon capture and storage
9376:Carbon offsets and credits
8687:
8549:Consumption and production
7976:Carbon offsets and credits
7694:Three-phase electric power
7234:
6875:John Macknick and others,
6453:. T4cd.org. Archived from
6112:"Hoover Dam and Lake Mead"
2407:
2397:
2163:
2107:
1983:
1696:{\displaystyle {\dot {m}}}
1661:{\displaystyle {\dot {V}}}
1415:
1376:
1342:
1312:
1282:A micro-hydro facility in
1248:
664:
595:
589:
574:
568:
538:
532:
490:
322:Tennessee Valley Authority
175:
171:
11148:
11059:
10996:
10768:
10695:
10604:
10571:Climate-smart agriculture
10556:
10528:
10485:
10439:
10406:
10279:
10236:
10218:
10133:Climate change portal
10120:
10059:
10026:Extreme event attribution
9944:
9913:
9909:
9898:
9842:
9777:
9699:
9649:School Strike for Climate
9621:
9617:
9603:
9572:
9528:Climate-smart agriculture
9489:
9446:
9356:
9352:
9339:
9263:
9116:
9063:
8906:
8902:
8889:
8812:
8801:
8730:
8699:
8695:
8682:
8665:Climate change adaptation
8660:Climate change mitigation
8655:Effects of climate change
8645:
8634:
8574:
8541:
8518:
8485:
8465:
8434:
8425:
8390:
8339:
8293:
8286:
8185:
8174:
8127:
8069:
8044:
8031:Renewable Energy Payments
7954:
7891:
7853:
7707:
7644:
7555:
7520:Fossil fuel power station
7510:
7503:
7492:
7363:
7186:"Yearly electricity data"
6736:Water: Science and Issues
6428:. Tve.org. Archived from
2346:goes through predictable
2244:This section needs to be
1385:underground power station
1379:Underground power station
1293:Pico hydroelectricity in
714:
711:
346:Flood Control Act of 1936
204:Bernard Forest de Bélidor
178:Hydropower § History
45:This article needs to be
11229:Sustainable technologies
10713:Environmental accounting
10462:Sustainable architecture
10452:Environmental technology
10036:Global warming potential
9843:International agreements
9490:Preserving and enhancing
8924:Arctic methane emissions
8846:Years in climate change
8753:Greenhouse gas emissions
8650:Causes of climate change
7814:Single-wire earth return
7754:Electrical busbar system
7411:Energy demand management
7029:. Inhabitat. 2006-11-16.
6481:. Springer. p. 60.
6318:Kuriqi & Jurasz 2022
6273:Kuriqi & Jurasz 2022
6256:Kuriqi & Jurasz 2022
6193:www.electricityforum.com
5790:Environmental Management
2459:total hydro capacity in
2327:and to a lesser extent,
2188:1975 Banqiao Dam failure
2144:greenhouse gas emissions
2132:World Commission on Dams
1839:such as wind and solar.
1790:Ffestiniog Power Station
1725:{\displaystyle \Delta h}
1308:
1244:
306:Federal Power Commission
228:hydraulic power networks
208:Architecture Hydraulique
10586:Sustainable agriculture
10067:Climate change scenario
9719:Disaster risk reduction
9371:Carbon emission trading
9181:U.S. insurance industry
9151:Civilizational collapse
8998:sea surface temperature
7945:Residual-current device
7935:Power system protection
7925:Generator interlock kit
6126:"Hydropower – Analysis"
5988:"History of Hydropower"
5531:Renewable energy portal
1899:Manapouri Power Station
1338:
1275:and the United States.
585:
11129:(Rio+10, Johannesburg)
10998:Sustainable management
10983:Urban drainage systems
10723:Environmental planning
10687:Water recycling shower
10677:Tidal stream generator
10472:Sustainable industries
10431:Sustainable population
10416:Demographic transition
10398:Tragedy of the commons
10060:Research and modelling
9744:Nature-based solutions
9564:Nature-based solutions
9506:Carbon dioxide removal
9423:Fossil fuel divestment
9408:Climate risk insurance
9318:Small island countries
8929:Arctic sea ice decline
8211:Gorlov helical turbine
7729:Distributed generation
7401:Electric power quality
6914:Șentürk, Fuat (1994).
6529:Bent Sørensen (2004).
6405:July 18, 2011, at the
6380:July 18, 2011, at the
4410:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2477:Data are sourced from
2395:
2387:
2379:
2370:Hydro power by country
2358:An example of this is
2105:
2026:
1875:Bellingham, Washington
1800:
1756:
1726:
1697:
1662:
1615:
1589:
1559:
1534:
1408:
1301:
1286:
1227:Panoramic view of the
1186:26.33389°N 102.63000°E
985:28.25972°N 103.64944°E
839:27.22306°N 102.90306°E
772:30.82083°N 111.00222°E
557:and improve the daily
289:
195:
125:low-carbon electricity
89:
11021:Humanistic capitalism
10836:Environmental finance
10477:Sustainable packaging
10021:Earth's energy budget
9904:Background and theory
9792:Climate crisis (term)
9464:Fossil fuel phase-out
9358:Economics and finance
9323:by individual country
9265:By country and region
9240:Security and conflict
9235:Psychological impacts
8914:Abrupt climate change
8837:Charles David Keeling
8670:By country and region
8001:Fossil fuel phase-out
7769:Electricity retailing
7764:Electrical substation
7744:Electric power system
6285:Nelson, V.C. (2011).
6243:www.darvill.clara.net
6213:on December 31, 2012.
6098:The Book of Knowledge
6007:. Water Encyclopedia.
6005:"Hydroelectric Power"
5573:Hydraulic engineering
2393:
2385:
2377:
2092:
2072:. One study from the
2032:habitat fragmentation
2001:
1787:
1757:
1727:
1698:
1663:
1629:of water (~1000
1616:
1614:{\displaystyle \rho }
1590:
1588:{\displaystyle \eta }
1560:
1535:
1394:
1292:
1281:
918:25.40861°S 54.58917°W
517:. A large pipe (the "
330:Bureau of Reclamation
283:
239:Industrial Revolution
224:continuous production
200:Industrial Revolution
185:
156:can be catastrophic.
101:electricity generated
75:
10988:Urban infrastructure
10682:Water heat recycling
10505:Conservation biology
10349:Steady-state economy
10324:Micro-sustainability
10309:Ecological footprint
10266:Planetary boundaries
9850:Glasgow Climate Pact
9511:Carbon sequestration
9076:Mass mortality event
7357:Electricity delivery
5878:, License: CC BY 4.0
5613:Marine current power
5583:International Rivers
1893:aluminium industry.
1887:Brokopondo Reservoir
1869:switched to support
1746:
1713:
1678:
1670:volumetric flow rate
1643:
1605:
1579:
1549:
1428:
1353:generation of under
1119:7.76639°N 62.99917°W
1052:3.11583°S 51.79583°W
923:-25.40861; -54.58917
646:low-head hydro power
551:demand side response
408:limit climate change
235:electrical generator
18:Hydroelectric energy
11089:Earth Summit (1992)
10743:Metrics and indices
10596:Sustainable fishery
10515:Holocene extinction
10334:Product stewardship
10304:Earth Overshoot Day
9989:Climate sensitivity
9764:The Adaptation Fund
9220:Infectious diseases
9117:Social and economic
7966:Availability factor
7918:Sulfur hexafluoride
7799:Overhead power line
7699:Virtual power plant
7674:Induction generator
7627:Sustainable biofuel
7436:Home energy storage
7426:Grid energy storage
7391:Droop speed control
7119:. 18 December 2014.
6990:"WCD Findal Report"
6713:2011NatGe...4..585W
6633:2014EnPol..69...43A
6578:28 May 2008 at the
6258:, pp. 505–506.
5802:1989EnMan..13..401F
5753:2015ERL....10l4019D
5513:is a major factor.
2130:. According to the
1351:hydroelectric power
1321:hydroelectric power
1257:hydroelectric power
1191:26.33389; 102.63000
1181: /
1114: /
1057:-3.11583; -51.79583
1047: /
990:28.25972; 103.64944
980: /
913: /
844:27.22306; 102.90306
834: /
777:30.82083; 111.00222
767: /
555:grid energy storage
487:Conventional (dams)
275:Appleton, Wisconsin
271:Vulcan Street Plant
97:hydroelectric power
10548:Sustainable energy
10510:Endangered species
10467:Sustainable design
10381:Consumer behaviour
9560:(LULUCF and AFOLU)
9532:Forest management
9516:Direct air capture
9481:Sustainable energy
9438:Net zero emissions
9433:Low-carbon economy
9428:Green Climate Fund
9215:Indigenous peoples
9108:Plant biodiversity
8896:Effects and issues
8273:Lists of countries
8226:Cross-flow turbine
7840:Transmission tower
7451:Nameplate capacity
7319:2015-04-27 at the
7298:2019-07-25 at the
6680:. 2018. p. 16
6451:"Pico Hydro Power"
6227:. 31 January 2012.
6083:2007-08-23 at the
5974:(Routledge, 2005).
5940:"Hydroelectricity"
5845:The New York Times
5810:10.1007/BF01867675
5489:. You can help by
5446:Dominican Republic
2396:
2388:
2380:
2350:by season, but is
2106:
2027:
1976:, is complicated.
1938:temperate climates
1801:
1752:
1722:
1693:
1658:
1611:
1585:
1555:
1530:
1409:
1319:Micro hydro means
1302:
1287:
1124:7.76639; -62.99917
639:nameplate capacity
422:Generating methods
296:, France held the
290:
214:'s combination of
196:
90:
11201:
11200:
11127:Earth Summit 2002
11110:Lisbon Principles
11082:Our Common Future
10760:Sustainable yield
10566:Civic agriculture
10319:Green consumption
10256:Global governance
10178:
10177:
10116:
10115:
10112:
10111:
10051:Radiative forcing
9894:
9893:
9890:
9889:
9714:Adaptive capacity
9599:
9598:
9595:
9594:
9459:Energy transition
9335:
9334:
9331:
9330:
9045:Tropical cyclones
8971:Urban heat island
8885:
8884:
8797:
8796:
8793:
8792:
8758:Carbon accounting
8712:Greenhouse effect
8678:
8677:
8594:
8593:
8481:
8480:
8421:
8420:
8331:Usage and pricing
8239:
8238:
8087:
8086:
7991:Environmental tax
7871:Cascading failure
7640:
7639:
7476:Utility frequency
7264:978-0-323-85527-3
7190:ember-climate.org
7160:Our World in Data
6828:. 26 August 2019.
6701:Nature Geoscience
6542:978-0-12-656153-1
6488:978-1-4419-1023-3
6362:Popular Mechanics
6298:978-1-4398-3450-3
6062:on June 13, 2011.
5920:. 5 November 2018
5568:Energy transition
5507:
5506:
5467:
5466:
2265:
2264:
2215:Smaller dams and
1755:{\displaystyle g}
1690:
1655:
1558:{\displaystyle P}
1520:
1514:
1506:
1487:
1466:
1458:
1445:
1212:
1211:
302:Federal Power Act
251:William Armstrong
212:Richard Arkwright
117:renewable sources
70:
69:
16:(Redirected from
11236:
11219:Hydroelectricity
11168:
11167:
11156:
11155:
11100:Agenda 21 (1992)
11071:
11036:Natural resource
10923:Organic movement
10898:Impact investing
10617:Hydroelectricity
10591:Sustainable diet
10543:Renewable energy
10538:Carbon footprint
10520:Invasive species
10457:Natural building
10408:World population
10369:Marketing myopia
10329:Over-consumption
10299:Circular economy
10294:Anti-consumerism
10251:Environmentalism
10205:
10198:
10191:
10182:
10181:
10166:
10165:
10154:
10153:
10142:
10141:
10131:
10130:
10129:
10094:Paleoclimatology
9911:
9910:
9900:
9899:
9661:Ecological grief
9644:Climate movement
9619:
9618:
9605:
9604:
9585:Plant-based diet
9476:Renewable energy
9354:
9353:
9341:
9340:
9176:Economic impacts
9098:Invasive species
8954:Coastal flooding
8904:
8903:
8891:
8890:
8827:Svante Arrhenius
8803:
8802:
8773:from agriculture
8763:Carbon footprint
8748:Greenhouse gases
8697:
8696:
8684:
8683:
8636:
8635:
8621:
8614:
8607:
8598:
8597:
8585:Lists by country
8495:Hydroelectricity
8432:
8431:
8291:
8290:
8266:
8259:
8252:
8243:
8242:
8187:Hydroelectricity
8180:
8129:Hydroelectricity
8114:
8107:
8100:
8091:
8090:
8077:
8076:
7986:Energy subsidies
7940:Protective relay
7881:Rolling blackout
7508:
7507:
7498:
7466:Power-flow study
7406:Electrical fault
7350:
7343:
7336:
7327:
7326:
7279:Hydroelectricity
7268:
7228:
7227:
7225:
7223:
7208:
7202:
7201:
7199:
7197:
7182:
7171:
7170:
7168:
7166:
7152:
7146:
7145:
7143:
7142:
7135:Power Technology
7127:
7121:
7120:
7109:
7103:
7097:
7091:
7090:
7088:
7086:
7075:
7069:
7062:
7056:
7055:
7053:
7052:
7037:
7031:
7030:
7023:
7017:
7016:
7013:NewScientist.com
7004:
6998:
6997:
6986:
6980:
6968:
6962:
6941:
6930:
6929:
6911:
6905:
6904:
6902:
6895:
6886:
6880:
6873:
6867:
6866:
6856:
6854:10.1002/eco.2530
6836:
6830:
6829:
6822:
6816:
6815:
6808:
6802:
6801:
6794:
6788:
6787:
6785:
6784:
6769:
6763:
6762:
6750:
6744:
6743:
6731:
6725:
6724:
6721:10.1038/ngeo1226
6696:
6690:
6689:
6687:
6685:
6675:
6667:
6661:
6660:
6626:
6606:
6600:
6599:
6588:
6582:
6570:
6564:
6563:
6553:
6547:
6546:
6526:
6517:
6516:
6514:
6513:
6499:
6493:
6492:
6472:
6466:
6465:
6463:
6462:
6447:
6441:
6440:
6438:
6437:
6422:
6416:
6415:, published 2009
6397:
6391:
6390:, published 2006
6372:
6366:
6365:
6364:, pp. 48–56
6353:
6347:
6346:
6344:
6343:
6332:
6321:
6315:
6309:
6308:
6306:
6305:
6282:
6276:
6270:
6259:
6253:
6247:
6246:
6235:
6229:
6228:
6221:
6215:
6214:
6209:. Archived from
6203:
6197:
6196:
6185:
6179:
6178:
6176:
6175:
6169:
6163:. Archived from
6154:
6146:
6140:
6139:
6137:
6136:
6122:
6116:
6115:
6108:
6102:
6101:
6093:
6087:
6070:
6064:
6063:
6061:
6054:
6046:
6040:
6039:
6032:
6026:
6025:
6015:
6009:
6008:
6001:
5992:
5991:
5984:
5975:
5968:
5962:
5954:
5948:
5947:
5946:. 28 April 2024.
5936:
5930:
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5555:
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5502:
5499:
5481:
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5443:
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5381:
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5350:
5349:
5348:
5320:
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5318:
5290:
5289:
5288:
5260:
5259:
5258:
5229:
5228:
5227:
5198:
5197:
5196:
5168:
5167:
5166:
5138:
5137:
5136:
5108:
5107:
5106:
5078:
5077:
5076:
5047:
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5017:
5016:
5015:
4986:
4985:
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4955:
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4497:
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4407:
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4375:
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4344:
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4255:
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4223:
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3889:
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3309:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3010:
3009:
3008:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2529:
2522:
2515:
2508:
2501:
2494:
2484:
2483:
2360:Norway's trading
2260:
2257:
2251:
2239:
2238:
2231:
2221:Kelly Barnes Dam
2103:
1867:Grand Coulee Dam
1849:Three Gorges Dam
1818:High value power
1798:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1683:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1648:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1586:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1518:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1499:
1485:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1451:
1443:
1367:run-of-the-river
1359:
1329:
1270:
1266:
1220:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1197:Three Gorges Dam
1193:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1094:
1092:
1091:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1027:
1025:
1024:
1004:
1003:
1001:
1000:
999:
997:
992:
991:
986:
981:
978:
977:
976:
973:
960:
958:
957:
937:
936:
934:
933:
932:
930:
925:
924:
919:
914:
911:
910:
909:
906:
893:
891:
890:
881:
879:
878:
858:
857:
855:
854:
853:
851:
850:Three Gorges Dam
846:
845:
840:
835:
832:
831:
830:
827:
814:
812:
811:
791:
790:
788:
787:
786:
784:
783:Three Gorges Dam
779:
778:
773:
768:
765:
764:
763:
760:
747:
745:
744:
736:Three Gorges Dam
706:
705:
702:
695:
661:Large facilities
650:hydrostatic head
565:Run-of-the-river
525:to the turbine.
505:water driving a
499:potential energy
476:
465:Run-of-the-river
462:
448:
434:
402:Future potential
381:
376:Three Gorges Dam
373:
364:Grand Coulee Dam
362:
358:
194:, built in 1900.
93:Hydroelectricity
78:Three Gorges Dam
65:
62:
56:
40:
39:
32:
21:
11244:
11243:
11239:
11238:
11237:
11235:
11234:
11233:
11204:
11203:
11202:
11197:
11144:
11069:
11061:
11060:Agreements and
11055:
10992:
10796:Climate finance
10764:
10691:
10647:Reclaimed water
10600:
10552:
10524:
10481:
10435:
10421:Family planning
10402:
10275:
10232:
10214:
10209:
10179:
10174:
10127:
10125:
10108:
10055:
10046:Orbital forcing
9940:
9905:
9886:
9860:Paris Agreement
9838:
9834:Warming stripes
9773:
9739:Managed retreat
9734:Loss and damage
9695:
9629:Business action
9613:
9591:
9568:
9491:
9485:
9442:
9403:Climate finance
9348:
9327:
9259:
9112:
9088:Extinction risk
9064:Flora and fauna
9059:
9020:Permafrost thaw
9015:Ozone depletion
8944:Extreme weather
8898:
8881:
8808:
8789:
8726:
8691:
8674:
8641:
8630:
8625:
8595:
8590:
8589:
8570:
8537:
8514:
8477:
8461:
8417:
8398:Proven reserves
8386:
8335:
8282:
8270:
8240:
8235:
8196:Francis turbine
8181:
8172:
8123:
8118:
8088:
8083:
8065:
8049:
8047:
8040:
7971:Capacity factor
7959:
7957:
7950:
7930:Numerical relay
7908:Circuit breaker
7896:
7894:
7887:
7849:
7789:Load management
7759:Electrical grid
7724:Demand response
7717:
7712:
7703:
7684:Microgeneration
7636:
7551:
7499:
7490:
7486:Vehicle-to-grid
7359:
7354:
7321:Wayback Machine
7300:Wayback Machine
7275:
7265:
7237:
7232:
7231:
7221:
7219:
7210:
7209:
7205:
7195:
7193:
7184:
7183:
7174:
7164:
7162:
7154:
7153:
7149:
7140:
7138:
7129:
7128:
7124:
7111:
7110:
7106:
7098:
7094:
7084:
7082:
7076:
7072:
7063:
7059:
7050:
7048:
7039:
7038:
7034:
7025:
7024:
7020:
7005:
7001:
6988:
6987:
6983:
6969:
6965:
6952:Wayback Machine
6942:
6933:
6926:
6912:
6908:
6900:
6893:
6887:
6883:
6874:
6870:
6837:
6833:
6824:
6823:
6819:
6810:
6809:
6805:
6796:
6795:
6791:
6782:
6780:
6771:
6770:
6766:
6751:
6747:
6732:
6728:
6697:
6693:
6683:
6681:
6673:
6669:
6668:
6664:
6607:
6603:
6590:
6589:
6585:
6580:Wayback Machine
6571:
6567:
6554:
6550:
6543:
6527:
6520:
6511:
6509:
6501:
6500:
6496:
6489:
6473:
6469:
6460:
6458:
6449:
6448:
6444:
6435:
6433:
6424:
6423:
6419:
6407:Wayback Machine
6398:
6394:
6382:Wayback Machine
6373:
6369:
6354:
6350:
6341:
6339:
6333:
6324:
6316:
6312:
6303:
6301:
6299:
6283:
6279:
6271:
6262:
6254:
6250:
6237:
6236:
6232:
6223:
6222:
6218:
6205:
6204:
6200:
6187:
6186:
6182:
6173:
6171:
6167:
6152:
6148:
6147:
6143:
6134:
6132:
6124:
6123:
6119:
6110:
6109:
6105:
6095:
6094:
6090:
6085:Wayback Machine
6071:
6067:
6059:
6052:
6048:
6047:
6043:
6034:
6033:
6029:
6016:
6012:
6003:
6002:
5995:
5986:
5985:
5978:
5969:
5965:
5955:
5951:
5938:
5937:
5933:
5923:
5921:
5912:
5911:
5907:
5897:
5895:
5891:
5887:
5886:
5882:
5873:
5866:
5857:
5855:
5837:
5833:
5782:
5778:
5733:
5729:
5715:
5711:
5702:
5700:
5691:
5690:
5659:
5650:
5648:
5639:
5638:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5557:
5550:
5543:
5536:
5529:
5522:
5519:
5503:
5497:
5494:
5487:needs expansion
5472:
5439:
5437:
5408:
5406:
5377:
5375:
5346:
5344:
5316:
5314:
5293:North Macedonia
5286:
5284:
5256:
5254:
5225:
5223:
5194:
5192:
5164:
5162:
5134:
5132:
5104:
5102:
5074:
5072:
5043:
5041:
5013:
5011:
4982:
4980:
4952:
4950:
4921:
4919:
4891:
4889:
4861:
4859:
4831:
4829:
4801:
4799:
4771:
4769:
4740:
4738:
4709:
4707:
4679:
4677:
4648:
4646:
4618:
4616:
4587:
4585:
4556:
4554:
4525:
4523:
4494:
4492:
4464:
4462:
4433:
4431:
4403:
4401:
4373:
4371:
4342:
4340:
4311:
4309:
4281:
4279:
4251:
4249:
4221:
4219:
4191:
4189:
4160:
4158:
4130:
4128:
4099:
4097:
4069:
4067:
4038:
4036:
4008:
4006:
3978:
3976:
3947:
3945:
3916:
3914:
3885:
3883:
3854:
3852:
3824:
3822:
3793:
3791:
3762:
3760:
3732:
3730:
3701:
3699:
3670:
3668:
3640:
3638:
3610:
3608:
3579:
3577:
3548:
3546:
3518:
3516:
3487:
3485:
3457:
3455:
3427:
3425:
3397:
3395:
3367:
3365:
3337:
3335:
3307:
3305:
3277:
3275:
3247:
3245:
3217:
3215:
3187:
3185:
3157:
3155:
3126:
3124:
3096:
3094:
3066:
3064:
3036:
3034:
3006:
3004:
2975:
2973:
2945:
2943:
2915:
2913:
2885:
2883:
2854:
2852:
2824:
2822:
2794:
2792:
2764:
2762:
2734:
2732:
2704:
2702:
2674:
2672:
2644:
2642:
2614:
2612:
2584:
2582:
2554:
2552:
2527:
2520:
2513:
2506:
2499:
2492:
2471:capacity factor
2412:
2406:
2372:
2341:
2305:
2281:carbon monoxide
2261:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2240:
2236:
2229:
2172:
2162:
2153:
2112:
2098:
2087:
2056:
2048:
1996:
1988:
1982:
1953:
1922:
1919:
1858:
1820:
1806:
1793:
1782:
1777:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1498:
1497:
1450:
1449:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1420:
1414:
1381:
1375:
1354:
1347:
1341:
1324:
1317:
1311:
1268:
1264:
1255:Small hydro is
1253:
1247:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1226:
1221:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1167:
1156:
1154:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1089:
1087:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1033:
1022:
1020:
995:
993:
989:
987:
983:
982:
979:
974:
971:
969:
967:
966:
955:
953:
928:
926:
922:
920:
916:
915:
912:
907:
904:
902:
900:
899:
888:
886:
885:
876:
874:
849:
847:
843:
841:
837:
836:
833:
828:
825:
823:
821:
820:
809:
807:
782:
780:
776:
774:
770:
769:
766:
761:
758:
756:
754:
753:
742:
740:
697:
690:
673:
663:
624:
600:
594:
588:
579:
573:
567:
559:capacity factor
543:
537:
531:
495:
489:
484:
483:
482:
481:
480:
477:
468:
467:
466:
463:
454:
453:
452:
449:
440:
439:
438:
435:
424:
416:
404:
379:
371:
360:
356:
324:(1933) and the
180:
174:
111:, almost 4,210
86:world's largest
66:
60:
57:
54:
41:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11242:
11232:
11231:
11226:
11221:
11216:
11199:
11198:
11196:
11195:
11188:
11181:
11174:
11162:
11149:
11146:
11145:
11143:
11142:
11136:
11135:(Rio+20, 2012)
11130:
11124:
11119:
11113:
11107:
11102:
11097:
11091:
11086:
11078:
11073:
11065:
11063:
11057:
11056:
11054:
11053:
11048:
11043:
11038:
11033:
11028:
11023:
11018:
11013:
11008:
11002:
11000:
10994:
10993:
10991:
10990:
10985:
10980:
10975:
10970:
10965:
10960:
10955:
10950:
10945:
10940:
10935:
10930:
10925:
10920:
10915:
10910:
10905:
10900:
10895:
10890:
10889:
10888:
10883:
10881:Infrastructure
10878:
10868:
10863:
10858:
10853:
10848:
10843:
10838:
10833:
10828:
10823:
10818:
10813:
10811:Eco-capitalism
10808:
10803:
10798:
10793:
10788:
10783:
10778:
10772:
10770:
10766:
10765:
10763:
10762:
10757:
10756:
10755:
10750:
10745:
10740:
10735:
10728:Sustainability
10725:
10720:
10715:
10710:
10705:
10699:
10697:
10696:Accountability
10693:
10692:
10690:
10689:
10684:
10679:
10674:
10669:
10664:
10659:
10654:
10649:
10644:
10639:
10634:
10629:
10624:
10619:
10614:
10608:
10606:
10602:
10601:
10599:
10598:
10593:
10588:
10583:
10578:
10573:
10568:
10562:
10560:
10554:
10553:
10551:
10550:
10545:
10540:
10534:
10532:
10526:
10525:
10523:
10522:
10517:
10512:
10507:
10502:
10497:
10491:
10489:
10483:
10482:
10480:
10479:
10474:
10469:
10464:
10459:
10454:
10449:
10443:
10441:
10437:
10436:
10434:
10433:
10428:
10423:
10418:
10412:
10410:
10404:
10403:
10401:
10400:
10395:
10390:
10389:
10388:
10383:
10373:
10372:
10371:
10366:
10361:
10354:Sustainability
10351:
10346:
10341:
10336:
10331:
10326:
10321:
10316:
10311:
10306:
10301:
10296:
10291:
10289:Anthropization
10285:
10283:
10277:
10276:
10274:
10273:
10268:
10263:
10258:
10253:
10248:
10242:
10240:
10234:
10233:
10231:
10230:
10225:
10219:
10216:
10215:
10212:Sustainability
10208:
10207:
10200:
10193:
10185:
10176:
10175:
10173:
10172:
10160:
10148:
10136:
10121:
10118:
10117:
10114:
10113:
10110:
10109:
10107:
10106:
10101:
10096:
10091:
10090:
10089:
10079:
10074:
10069:
10063:
10061:
10057:
10056:
10054:
10053:
10048:
10043:
10038:
10033:
10028:
10023:
10018:
10013:
10012:
10011:
10001:
9999:Cloud feedback
9996:
9991:
9986:
9981:
9980:
9979:
9974:
9969:
9964:
9954:
9948:
9946:
9942:
9941:
9939:
9938:
9933:
9928:
9923:
9917:
9915:
9907:
9906:
9896:
9895:
9892:
9891:
9888:
9887:
9885:
9884:
9879:
9874:
9873:
9872:
9867:
9857:
9855:Kyoto Protocol
9852:
9846:
9844:
9840:
9839:
9837:
9836:
9831:
9830:
9829:
9824:
9819:
9809:
9807:Media coverage
9804:
9799:
9797:Climate spiral
9794:
9789:
9783:
9781:
9775:
9774:
9772:
9771:
9766:
9761:
9756:
9751:
9746:
9741:
9736:
9731:
9726:
9721:
9716:
9711:
9705:
9703:
9697:
9696:
9694:
9693:
9688:
9686:Public opinion
9683:
9678:
9673:
9668:
9663:
9658:
9653:
9652:
9651:
9641:
9636:
9634:Climate action
9631:
9625:
9623:
9615:
9614:
9601:
9600:
9597:
9596:
9593:
9592:
9590:
9589:
9588:
9587:
9576:
9574:
9570:
9569:
9567:
9566:
9561:
9555:
9554:
9553:
9548:
9546:REDD and REDD+
9543:
9538:
9530:
9525:
9523:Carbon farming
9520:
9519:
9518:
9513:
9503:
9497:
9495:
9487:
9486:
9484:
9483:
9478:
9473:
9468:
9467:
9466:
9456:
9450:
9448:
9444:
9443:
9441:
9440:
9435:
9430:
9425:
9420:
9415:
9410:
9405:
9400:
9395:
9390:
9385:
9384:
9383:
9373:
9368:
9362:
9360:
9350:
9349:
9337:
9336:
9333:
9332:
9329:
9328:
9326:
9325:
9320:
9315:
9310:
9305:
9300:
9295:
9290:
9285:
9280:
9275:
9269:
9267:
9261:
9260:
9258:
9257:
9255:Water security
9252:
9250:Water scarcity
9247:
9245:Urban flooding
9242:
9237:
9232:
9227:
9222:
9217:
9212:
9207:
9206:
9205:
9195:
9190:
9185:
9184:
9183:
9173:
9168:
9163:
9158:
9153:
9148:
9143:
9138:
9137:
9136:
9131:
9120:
9118:
9114:
9113:
9111:
9110:
9105:
9100:
9095:
9093:Forest dieback
9090:
9085:
9080:
9079:
9078:
9067:
9065:
9061:
9060:
9058:
9057:
9052:
9047:
9042:
9037:
9032:
9030:Sea level rise
9027:
9022:
9017:
9012:
9011:
9010:
9005:
9003:stratification
9000:
8995:
8990:
8985:
8975:
8974:
8973:
8968:
8958:
8957:
8956:
8946:
8941:
8936:
8931:
8926:
8921:
8916:
8910:
8908:
8900:
8899:
8887:
8886:
8883:
8882:
8880:
8879:
8878:
8877:
8872:
8867:
8862:
8857:
8852:
8844:
8839:
8834:
8829:
8824:
8819:
8813:
8810:
8809:
8799:
8798:
8795:
8794:
8791:
8790:
8788:
8787:
8782:
8781:
8780:
8775:
8770:
8768:Carbon leakage
8765:
8760:
8750:
8745:
8740:
8734:
8732:
8728:
8727:
8725:
8724:
8719:
8709:
8707:Climate system
8703:
8701:
8693:
8692:
8680:
8679:
8676:
8675:
8673:
8672:
8667:
8662:
8657:
8652:
8646:
8643:
8642:
8632:
8631:
8628:Climate change
8624:
8623:
8616:
8609:
8601:
8592:
8591:
8588:
8587:
8582:
8576:
8575:
8572:
8571:
8569:
8568:
8563:
8558:
8557:
8556:
8545:
8543:
8539:
8538:
8536:
8535:
8530:
8524:
8522:
8516:
8515:
8513:
8512:
8507:
8502:
8497:
8491:
8489:
8483:
8482:
8479:
8478:
8476:
8475:
8469:
8467:
8463:
8462:
8460:
8459:
8454:
8449:
8444:
8438:
8436:
8429:
8423:
8422:
8419:
8418:
8416:
8415:
8410:
8405:
8400:
8394:
8392:
8388:
8387:
8385:
8384:
8379:
8374:
8369:
8364:
8359:
8354:
8349:
8343:
8341:
8337:
8336:
8334:
8333:
8328:
8323:
8318:
8313:
8308:
8303:
8297:
8295:
8288:
8284:
8283:
8269:
8268:
8261:
8254:
8246:
8237:
8236:
8234:
8233:
8228:
8223:
8218:
8213:
8208:
8203:
8201:Kaplan turbine
8198:
8192:
8190:
8183:
8182:
8175:
8173:
8171:
8170:
8165:
8160:
8155:
8150:
8145:
8140:
8134:
8132:
8125:
8124:
8117:
8116:
8109:
8102:
8094:
8085:
8084:
8082:
8081:
8070:
8067:
8066:
8064:
8063:
8058:
8052:
8050:
8046:Statistics and
8045:
8042:
8041:
8039:
8038:
8033:
8028:
8023:
8018:
8013:
8008:
8003:
7998:
7996:Feed-in tariff
7993:
7988:
7983:
7978:
7973:
7968:
7962:
7960:
7955:
7952:
7951:
7949:
7948:
7942:
7937:
7932:
7927:
7922:
7921:
7920:
7915:
7905:
7899:
7897:
7892:
7889:
7888:
7886:
7885:
7884:
7883:
7873:
7868:
7863:
7857:
7855:
7851:
7850:
7848:
7847:
7842:
7837:
7831:
7826:
7821:
7816:
7811:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7791:
7786:
7784:Interconnector
7781:
7776:
7771:
7766:
7761:
7756:
7751:
7746:
7741:
7736:
7734:Dynamic demand
7731:
7726:
7720:
7718:
7708:
7705:
7704:
7702:
7701:
7696:
7691:
7686:
7681:
7676:
7671:
7666:
7664:Combined cycle
7661:
7656:
7650:
7648:
7642:
7641:
7638:
7637:
7635:
7634:
7629:
7624:
7619:
7618:
7617:
7612:
7607:
7602:
7597:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7572:
7567:
7561:
7559:
7553:
7552:
7550:
7549:
7544:
7543:
7542:
7537:
7532:
7527:
7516:
7514:
7505:
7501:
7500:
7493:
7491:
7489:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7463:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7441:Load-following
7438:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7408:
7403:
7398:
7396:Electric power
7393:
7388:
7383:
7378:
7373:
7367:
7365:
7361:
7360:
7353:
7352:
7345:
7338:
7330:
7324:
7323:
7307:
7302:
7290:
7285:
7274:
7273:External links
7271:
7270:
7269:
7263:
7236:
7233:
7230:
7229:
7203:
7172:
7147:
7122:
7104:
7092:
7078:Bruel, Frank.
7070:
7057:
7032:
7018:
6999:
6996:on 2013-08-21.
6981:
6963:
6931:
6924:
6906:
6903:on 2009-09-02.
6881:
6868:
6831:
6817:
6803:
6789:
6764:
6745:
6726:
6707:(9): 585–586.
6691:
6662:
6601:
6598:on 2011-06-14.
6583:
6565:
6548:
6541:
6518:
6494:
6487:
6478:Energy Storage
6467:
6442:
6417:
6392:
6367:
6348:
6322:
6320:, p. 506.
6310:
6297:
6277:
6275:, p. 505.
6260:
6248:
6230:
6216:
6198:
6180:
6141:
6117:
6103:
6096:"Hydropower".
6088:
6065:
6041:
6027:
6010:
5993:
5976:
5963:
5949:
5931:
5905:
5880:
5864:
5831:
5796:(4): 401–423.
5776:
5747:(12): 124019.
5727:
5709:
5699:. 30 June 2021
5657:
5631:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5622:
5616:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5564:
5563:
5562:
5548:
5534:
5518:
5515:
5505:
5504:
5484:
5482:
5471:
5468:
5465:
5464:
5461:
5458:
5455:
5452:
5449:
5434:
5433:
5430:
5427:
5424:
5421:
5418:
5403:
5402:
5399:
5396:
5393:
5390:
5387:
5372:
5371:
5368:
5365:
5362:
5359:
5356:
5341:
5340:
5337:
5334:
5331:
5328:
5325:
5311:
5310:
5307:
5304:
5301:
5298:
5295:
5281:
5280:
5277:
5274:
5271:
5268:
5265:
5251:
5250:
5247:
5244:
5241:
5238:
5235:
5220:
5219:
5216:
5213:
5210:
5207:
5204:
5189:
5188:
5185:
5182:
5179:
5176:
5173:
5159:
5158:
5155:
5152:
5149:
5146:
5143:
5129:
5128:
5125:
5122:
5119:
5116:
5113:
5111:Czech Republic
5099:
5098:
5095:
5092:
5089:
5086:
5083:
5069:
5068:
5065:
5062:
5059:
5056:
5053:
5038:
5037:
5034:
5031:
5028:
5025:
5022:
5008:
5007:
5004:
5001:
4998:
4995:
4992:
4977:
4976:
4973:
4970:
4967:
4964:
4961:
4947:
4946:
4943:
4940:
4937:
4934:
4931:
4916:
4915:
4912:
4909:
4906:
4903:
4900:
4886:
4885:
4882:
4879:
4876:
4873:
4870:
4856:
4855:
4852:
4849:
4846:
4843:
4840:
4826:
4825:
4822:
4819:
4816:
4813:
4810:
4796:
4795:
4792:
4789:
4786:
4783:
4780:
4766:
4765:
4762:
4759:
4756:
4753:
4750:
4735:
4734:
4731:
4728:
4725:
4722:
4719:
4704:
4703:
4700:
4697:
4694:
4691:
4688:
4674:
4673:
4670:
4667:
4664:
4661:
4658:
4643:
4642:
4639:
4636:
4633:
4630:
4627:
4613:
4612:
4609:
4606:
4603:
4600:
4597:
4582:
4581:
4578:
4575:
4572:
4569:
4566:
4551:
4550:
4547:
4544:
4541:
4538:
4535:
4520:
4519:
4516:
4513:
4510:
4507:
4504:
4489:
4488:
4485:
4482:
4479:
4476:
4473:
4471:United Kingdom
4459:
4458:
4455:
4452:
4449:
4446:
4443:
4428:
4427:
4424:
4421:
4418:
4415:
4412:
4398:
4397:
4394:
4391:
4388:
4385:
4382:
4368:
4367:
4364:
4361:
4358:
4355:
4352:
4337:
4336:
4333:
4330:
4327:
4324:
4321:
4306:
4305:
4302:
4299:
4296:
4293:
4290:
4276:
4275:
4272:
4269:
4266:
4263:
4260:
4246:
4245:
4242:
4239:
4236:
4233:
4230:
4216:
4215:
4212:
4209:
4206:
4203:
4200:
4186:
4185:
4182:
4179:
4176:
4173:
4170:
4155:
4154:
4151:
4148:
4145:
4142:
4139:
4125:
4124:
4121:
4118:
4115:
4112:
4109:
4094:
4093:
4090:
4087:
4084:
4081:
4078:
4064:
4063:
4060:
4057:
4054:
4051:
4048:
4033:
4032:
4029:
4026:
4023:
4020:
4017:
4003:
4002:
3999:
3996:
3993:
3990:
3987:
3973:
3972:
3969:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3957:
3942:
3941:
3938:
3935:
3932:
3929:
3926:
3911:
3910:
3907:
3904:
3901:
3898:
3895:
3880:
3879:
3876:
3873:
3870:
3867:
3864:
3849:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3839:
3836:
3833:
3819:
3818:
3815:
3812:
3809:
3806:
3803:
3788:
3787:
3784:
3781:
3778:
3775:
3772:
3757:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3744:
3741:
3727:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3696:
3695:
3692:
3689:
3686:
3683:
3680:
3665:
3664:
3661:
3658:
3655:
3652:
3649:
3635:
3634:
3631:
3628:
3625:
3622:
3619:
3605:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3592:
3589:
3574:
3573:
3570:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3543:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3513:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3482:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3452:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3436:
3422:
3421:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3392:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3362:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3332:
3331:
3328:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3302:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3242:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3212:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3182:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3152:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3091:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3061:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3015:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2940:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2910:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2789:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2759:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2639:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2609:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2579:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2549:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2524:
2523:
2516:
2509:
2502:
2495:
2488:
2475:
2474:
2473:for that year.
2467:
2464:
2457:
2450:
2447:terawatt-hours
2371:
2368:
2364:pumped storage
2340:
2337:
2317:load following
2304:
2301:
2273:sulfur dioxide
2263:
2262:
2243:
2241:
2234:
2228:
2225:
2210:French Riviera
2161:
2158:
2152:
2149:
2128:greenhouse gas
2086:
2083:
2074:Colorado River
2070:climate change
2055:
2052:
2047:
2044:
1995:
1992:
1981:
1978:
1952:
1949:
1934:greenhouse gas
1926:carbon dioxide
1921:
1917:
1914:
1857:
1854:
1833:baseload power
1824:dispatch later
1819:
1816:
1805:
1802:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1768:
1767:
1766:(9.8 m/s)
1751:
1741:
1721:
1718:
1708:
1705:mass flow rate
1689:
1686:
1673:
1654:
1651:
1638:
1610:
1600:
1584:
1574:
1554:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1502:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1416:Main article:
1413:
1410:
1377:Main article:
1374:
1371:
1349:Pico hydro is
1343:Main article:
1340:
1337:
1313:Main article:
1310:
1307:
1249:Main article:
1246:
1243:
1223:
1222:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1165:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1098:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1063:Belo Monte Dam
1031:
1018:
1016:Belo Monte Dam
1013:
1009:
1008:
1005:
964:
951:
946:
942:
941:
938:
897:
872:
867:
863:
862:
859:
818:
805:
800:
796:
795:
792:
751:
738:
733:
729:
728:
721:
716:
713:
710:
662:
659:
635:
634:
631:
623:
620:
612:kinetic energy
590:Main article:
587:
584:
569:Main article:
566:
563:
533:Main article:
530:
529:Pumped-storage
527:
488:
485:
478:
471:
470:
469:
464:
457:
456:
455:
451:Pumped-storage
450:
443:
442:
441:
436:
429:
428:
427:
426:
425:
423:
420:
415:
412:
403:
400:
342:Bonneville Dam
286:Warwick Castle
249:, England, by
247:Northumberland
173:
170:
134:greenhouse gas
68:
67:
44:
42:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11241:
11230:
11227:
11225:
11222:
11220:
11217:
11215:
11212:
11211:
11209:
11194:
11193:
11189:
11187:
11186:
11182:
11180:
11179:
11175:
11173:
11172:
11163:
11161:
11160:
11151:
11150:
11147:
11140:
11137:
11134:
11131:
11128:
11125:
11123:
11120:
11117:
11116:Earth Charter
11114:
11111:
11108:
11106:
11103:
11101:
11098:
11095:
11092:
11090:
11087:
11085:
11083:
11079:
11077:
11074:
11072:
11067:
11066:
11064:
11058:
11052:
11049:
11047:
11044:
11042:
11039:
11037:
11034:
11032:
11029:
11027:
11024:
11022:
11019:
11017:
11014:
11012:
11009:
11007:
11006:Environmental
11004:
11003:
11001:
10999:
10995:
10989:
10986:
10984:
10981:
10979:
10976:
10974:
10971:
10969:
10966:
10964:
10961:
10959:
10956:
10954:
10951:
10949:
10946:
10944:
10941:
10939:
10938:Refurbishment
10936:
10934:
10931:
10929:
10928:Organizations
10926:
10924:
10921:
10919:
10916:
10914:
10911:
10909:
10906:
10904:
10901:
10899:
10896:
10894:
10891:
10887:
10884:
10882:
10879:
10877:
10874:
10873:
10872:
10869:
10867:
10864:
10862:
10859:
10857:
10854:
10852:
10849:
10847:
10844:
10842:
10841:Green economy
10839:
10837:
10834:
10832:
10829:
10827:
10826:Eco-socialism
10824:
10822:
10821:Eco-investing
10819:
10817:
10814:
10812:
10809:
10807:
10806:Disinvestment
10804:
10802:
10799:
10797:
10794:
10792:
10789:
10787:
10784:
10782:
10779:
10777:
10774:
10773:
10771:
10767:
10761:
10758:
10754:
10751:
10749:
10746:
10744:
10741:
10739:
10736:
10734:
10731:
10730:
10729:
10726:
10724:
10721:
10719:
10716:
10714:
10711:
10709:
10706:
10704:
10701:
10700:
10698:
10694:
10688:
10685:
10683:
10680:
10678:
10675:
10673:
10670:
10668:
10665:
10663:
10660:
10658:
10655:
10653:
10650:
10648:
10645:
10643:
10640:
10638:
10635:
10633:
10630:
10628:
10627:Marine energy
10625:
10623:
10620:
10618:
10615:
10613:
10610:
10609:
10607:
10603:
10597:
10594:
10592:
10589:
10587:
10584:
10582:
10581:Cultured meat
10579:
10577:
10574:
10572:
10569:
10567:
10564:
10563:
10561:
10559:
10555:
10549:
10546:
10544:
10541:
10539:
10536:
10535:
10533:
10531:
10527:
10521:
10518:
10516:
10513:
10511:
10508:
10506:
10503:
10501:
10498:
10496:
10493:
10492:
10490:
10488:
10484:
10478:
10475:
10473:
10470:
10468:
10465:
10463:
10460:
10458:
10455:
10453:
10450:
10448:
10445:
10444:
10442:
10438:
10432:
10429:
10427:
10424:
10422:
10419:
10417:
10414:
10413:
10411:
10409:
10405:
10399:
10396:
10394:
10391:
10387:
10384:
10382:
10379:
10378:
10377:
10374:
10370:
10367:
10365:
10362:
10360:
10357:
10356:
10355:
10352:
10350:
10347:
10345:
10342:
10340:
10339:Simple living
10337:
10335:
10332:
10330:
10327:
10325:
10322:
10320:
10317:
10315:
10312:
10310:
10307:
10305:
10302:
10300:
10297:
10295:
10292:
10290:
10287:
10286:
10284:
10282:
10278:
10272:
10269:
10267:
10264:
10262:
10259:
10257:
10254:
10252:
10249:
10247:
10244:
10243:
10241:
10239:
10235:
10229:
10226:
10224:
10221:
10220:
10217:
10213:
10206:
10201:
10199:
10194:
10192:
10187:
10186:
10183:
10171:
10170:
10161:
10159:
10158:
10149:
10147:
10146:
10137:
10135:
10134:
10123:
10122:
10119:
10105:
10102:
10100:
10097:
10095:
10092:
10088:
10085:
10084:
10083:
10080:
10078:
10075:
10073:
10072:Climate model
10070:
10068:
10065:
10064:
10062:
10058:
10052:
10049:
10047:
10044:
10042:
10039:
10037:
10034:
10032:
10029:
10027:
10024:
10022:
10019:
10017:
10014:
10010:
10007:
10006:
10005:
10004:Cloud forcing
10002:
10000:
9997:
9995:
9992:
9990:
9987:
9985:
9982:
9978:
9975:
9973:
9970:
9968:
9965:
9963:
9960:
9959:
9958:
9955:
9953:
9950:
9949:
9947:
9943:
9937:
9934:
9932:
9929:
9927:
9924:
9922:
9919:
9918:
9916:
9912:
9908:
9901:
9897:
9883:
9880:
9878:
9875:
9871:
9868:
9866:
9863:
9862:
9861:
9858:
9856:
9853:
9851:
9848:
9847:
9845:
9841:
9835:
9832:
9828:
9825:
9823:
9820:
9818:
9815:
9814:
9813:
9810:
9808:
9805:
9803:
9800:
9798:
9795:
9793:
9790:
9788:
9785:
9784:
9782:
9780:
9779:Communication
9776:
9770:
9767:
9765:
9762:
9760:
9759:Vulnerability
9757:
9755:
9752:
9750:
9747:
9745:
9742:
9740:
9737:
9735:
9732:
9730:
9729:Flood control
9727:
9725:
9722:
9720:
9717:
9715:
9712:
9710:
9707:
9706:
9704:
9702:
9698:
9692:
9689:
9687:
9684:
9682:
9679:
9677:
9674:
9672:
9669:
9667:
9664:
9662:
9659:
9657:
9654:
9650:
9647:
9646:
9645:
9642:
9640:
9637:
9635:
9632:
9630:
9627:
9626:
9624:
9620:
9616:
9612:
9606:
9602:
9586:
9583:
9582:
9581:
9578:
9577:
9575:
9571:
9565:
9562:
9559:
9556:
9552:
9551:reforestation
9549:
9547:
9544:
9542:
9539:
9537:
9536:afforestation
9534:
9533:
9531:
9529:
9526:
9524:
9521:
9517:
9514:
9512:
9509:
9508:
9507:
9504:
9502:
9499:
9498:
9496:
9494:
9488:
9482:
9479:
9477:
9474:
9472:
9471:Nuclear power
9469:
9465:
9462:
9461:
9460:
9457:
9455:
9452:
9451:
9449:
9445:
9439:
9436:
9434:
9431:
9429:
9426:
9424:
9421:
9419:
9416:
9414:
9411:
9409:
9406:
9404:
9401:
9399:
9396:
9394:
9391:
9389:
9386:
9382:
9379:
9378:
9377:
9374:
9372:
9369:
9367:
9366:Carbon budget
9364:
9363:
9361:
9359:
9355:
9351:
9347:
9342:
9338:
9324:
9321:
9319:
9316:
9314:
9311:
9309:
9306:
9304:
9301:
9299:
9296:
9294:
9291:
9289:
9286:
9284:
9281:
9279:
9276:
9274:
9271:
9270:
9268:
9266:
9262:
9256:
9253:
9251:
9248:
9246:
9243:
9241:
9238:
9236:
9233:
9231:
9228:
9226:
9223:
9221:
9218:
9216:
9213:
9211:
9208:
9204:
9203:Mental health
9201:
9200:
9199:
9196:
9194:
9191:
9189:
9186:
9182:
9179:
9178:
9177:
9174:
9172:
9169:
9167:
9164:
9162:
9159:
9157:
9154:
9152:
9149:
9147:
9144:
9142:
9139:
9135:
9134:United States
9132:
9130:
9127:
9126:
9125:
9122:
9121:
9119:
9115:
9109:
9106:
9104:
9101:
9099:
9096:
9094:
9091:
9089:
9086:
9084:
9081:
9077:
9074:
9073:
9072:
9069:
9068:
9066:
9062:
9056:
9053:
9051:
9048:
9046:
9043:
9041:
9038:
9036:
9033:
9031:
9028:
9026:
9023:
9021:
9018:
9016:
9013:
9009:
9006:
9004:
9001:
8999:
8996:
8994:
8991:
8989:
8988:deoxygenation
8986:
8984:
8983:acidification
8981:
8980:
8979:
8976:
8972:
8969:
8967:
8964:
8963:
8962:
8959:
8955:
8952:
8951:
8950:
8947:
8945:
8942:
8940:
8937:
8935:
8932:
8930:
8927:
8925:
8922:
8920:
8917:
8915:
8912:
8911:
8909:
8905:
8901:
8897:
8892:
8888:
8876:
8873:
8871:
8868:
8866:
8863:
8861:
8858:
8856:
8853:
8851:
8848:
8847:
8845:
8843:
8840:
8838:
8835:
8833:
8830:
8828:
8825:
8823:
8820:
8818:
8815:
8814:
8811:
8804:
8800:
8786:
8783:
8779:
8778:from wetlands
8776:
8774:
8771:
8769:
8766:
8764:
8761:
8759:
8756:
8755:
8754:
8751:
8749:
8746:
8744:
8741:
8739:
8738:Deforestation
8736:
8735:
8733:
8729:
8723:
8720:
8717:
8713:
8710:
8708:
8705:
8704:
8702:
8698:
8694:
8690:
8685:
8681:
8671:
8668:
8666:
8663:
8661:
8658:
8656:
8653:
8651:
8648:
8647:
8644:
8637:
8633:
8629:
8622:
8617:
8615:
8610:
8608:
8603:
8602:
8599:
8586:
8583:
8581:
8578:
8577:
8573:
8567:
8564:
8562:
8559:
8555:
8552:
8551:
8550:
8547:
8546:
8544:
8540:
8534:
8531:
8529:
8526:
8525:
8523:
8521:
8517:
8511:
8508:
8506:
8503:
8501:
8498:
8496:
8493:
8492:
8490:
8488:
8484:
8474:
8471:
8470:
8468:
8464:
8458:
8455:
8453:
8450:
8448:
8445:
8443:
8440:
8439:
8437:
8433:
8430:
8428:
8424:
8414:
8411:
8409:
8406:
8404:
8401:
8399:
8396:
8395:
8393:
8389:
8383:
8380:
8378:
8375:
8373:
8370:
8368:
8365:
8363:
8360:
8358:
8355:
8353:
8350:
8348:
8345:
8344:
8342:
8338:
8332:
8329:
8327:
8324:
8322:
8319:
8317:
8314:
8312:
8309:
8307:
8304:
8302:
8299:
8298:
8296:
8292:
8289:
8285:
8281:
8278:
8274:
8267:
8262:
8260:
8255:
8253:
8248:
8247:
8244:
8232:
8229:
8227:
8224:
8222:
8221:Turgo turbine
8219:
8217:
8214:
8212:
8209:
8207:
8206:Tyson turbine
8204:
8202:
8199:
8197:
8194:
8193:
8191:
8188:
8184:
8179:
8169:
8166:
8164:
8161:
8159:
8156:
8154:
8151:
8149:
8146:
8144:
8141:
8139:
8136:
8135:
8133:
8130:
8126:
8122:
8115:
8110:
8108:
8103:
8101:
8096:
8095:
8092:
8080:
8072:
8071:
8068:
8062:
8059:
8057:
8054:
8053:
8051:
8043:
8037:
8034:
8032:
8029:
8027:
8024:
8022:
8019:
8017:
8016:Pigouvian tax
8014:
8012:
8009:
8007:
8004:
8002:
7999:
7997:
7994:
7992:
7989:
7987:
7984:
7982:
7979:
7977:
7974:
7972:
7969:
7967:
7964:
7963:
7961:
7953:
7946:
7943:
7941:
7938:
7936:
7933:
7931:
7928:
7926:
7923:
7919:
7916:
7914:
7913:Earth-leakage
7911:
7910:
7909:
7906:
7904:
7901:
7900:
7898:
7890:
7882:
7879:
7878:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7869:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7858:
7856:
7854:Failure modes
7852:
7846:
7843:
7841:
7838:
7835:
7832:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7822:
7820:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7804:Power station
7802:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7787:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7757:
7755:
7752:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7742:
7740:
7737:
7735:
7732:
7730:
7727:
7725:
7722:
7721:
7719:
7716:
7711:
7706:
7700:
7697:
7695:
7692:
7690:
7689:Rankine cycle
7687:
7685:
7682:
7680:
7677:
7675:
7672:
7670:
7669:Cooling tower
7667:
7665:
7662:
7660:
7657:
7655:
7652:
7651:
7649:
7647:
7643:
7633:
7630:
7628:
7625:
7623:
7620:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7592:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7562:
7560:
7558:
7554:
7548:
7545:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7528:
7526:
7523:
7522:
7521:
7518:
7517:
7515:
7513:
7512:Non-renewable
7509:
7506:
7502:
7497:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7431:Grid strength
7429:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7386:Demand factor
7384:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7368:
7366:
7362:
7358:
7351:
7346:
7344:
7339:
7337:
7332:
7331:
7328:
7322:
7318:
7315:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7297:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7280:
7277:
7276:
7266:
7260:
7256:
7252:
7248:
7244:
7239:
7238:
7218:. 14 Jun 2022
7217:
7216:Dialogo China
7213:
7207:
7191:
7187:
7181:
7179:
7177:
7161:
7157:
7151:
7136:
7132:
7126:
7118:
7114:
7108:
7101:
7096:
7081:
7074:
7067:
7061:
7047:on 2008-09-13
7046:
7042:
7036:
7028:
7022:
7014:
7010:
7003:
6995:
6991:
6985:
6978:
6977:
6976:New Scientist
6972:
6967:
6961:
6957:
6953:
6949:
6946:
6940:
6938:
6936:
6927:
6925:0-918334-80-2
6921:
6917:
6910:
6899:
6892:
6885:
6878:
6872:
6864:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6846:
6842:
6835:
6827:
6821:
6813:
6807:
6799:
6793:
6779:on 2010-10-01
6778:
6774:
6768:
6760:
6756:
6749:
6741:
6737:
6730:
6722:
6718:
6714:
6710:
6706:
6702:
6695:
6679:
6672:
6666:
6658:
6654:
6650:
6646:
6642:
6638:
6634:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6616:
6612:
6611:Energy Policy
6605:
6597:
6593:
6587:
6581:
6577:
6574:
6569:
6561:
6560:
6552:
6544:
6538:
6534:
6533:
6525:
6523:
6508:
6504:
6498:
6490:
6484:
6480:
6479:
6471:
6457:on 2009-07-31
6456:
6452:
6446:
6432:on 2012-04-26
6431:
6427:
6421:
6414:
6413:
6408:
6404:
6401:
6396:
6389:
6388:
6383:
6379:
6376:
6371:
6363:
6359:
6352:
6338:
6331:
6329:
6327:
6319:
6314:
6300:
6294:
6290:
6289:
6281:
6274:
6269:
6267:
6265:
6257:
6252:
6244:
6240:
6234:
6226:
6220:
6212:
6208:
6202:
6194:
6190:
6184:
6170:on 2017-03-29
6166:
6162:
6158:
6151:
6145:
6131:
6127:
6121:
6113:
6107:
6099:
6092:
6086:
6082:
6078:
6074:
6069:
6058:
6051:
6045:
6037:
6031:
6023:
6022:
6014:
6006:
6000:
5998:
5989:
5983:
5981:
5973:
5970:Maxine Berg,
5967:
5960:
5959:
5953:
5945:
5941:
5935:
5919:
5915:
5909:
5890:
5884:
5877:
5871:
5869:
5854:
5850:
5846:
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5545:Energy portal
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5485:This section
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2309:
2308:Nuclear power
2303:Nuclear power
2300:
2298:
2297:energy policy
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2259:
2247:
2242:
2233:
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2222:
2218:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2202:Malpasset Dam
2198:
2196:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2167:
2160:Failure risks
2157:
2148:
2145:
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2136:
2133:
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2121:
2117:
2111:
2102:
2096:
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2043:
2040:
2035:
2033:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1991:
1987:
1980:Disadvantages
1977:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1873:aluminium in
1872:
1868:
1864:
1853:
1850:
1844:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1815:
1812:
1811:battery power
1797:
1792:can generate
1791:
1786:
1772:
1765:
1749:
1742:
1739:
1735:
1719:
1709:
1706:
1687:
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1002:
965:
963:
952:
950:
947:
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935:
898:
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884:
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871:
868:
864:
856:
819:
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806:
804:
801:
797:
789:
752:
750:
739:
737:
734:
730:
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722:
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704:
701:
694:
687:
685:
680:
678:
672:
668:
658:
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651:
647:
642:
640:
632:
629:
628:
627:
619:
617:
613:
609:
605:
599:
593:
583:
578:
572:
562:
560:
556:
552:
548:
542:
536:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
507:water turbine
504:
500:
494:
475:
461:
447:
433:
419:
411:
409:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
377:
369:
366:in 1942. The
365:
354:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
310:flood control
307:
303:
299:
295:
287:
282:
278:
276:
272:
268:
264:
263:Niagara Falls
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
231:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
193:
189:
184:
179:
169:
165:
163:
157:
155:
150:
145:
143:
139:
135:
130:
126:
122:
121:nuclear power
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
87:
83:
82:Central China
79:
74:
64:
52:
48:
43:
34:
33:
30:
19:
11190:
11183:
11176:
11169:
11157:
11081:
10846:Construction
10769:Applications
10616:
10487:Biodiversity
10246:Anthropocene
10167:
10155:
10143:
10124:
9957:Carbon cycle
9914:Measurements
9609:Society and
9493:carbon sinks
9398:Climate debt
9388:Carbon price
9210:Human rights
9035:Season creep
8993:heat content
8919:Anoxic event
8832:James Hansen
8542:Total energy
8216:Pelton wheel
8186:
8128:
8011:Net metering
7958:and policies
7876:Power outage
7845:Utility pole
7809:Pumped hydro
7715:distribution
7710:Transmission
7659:Cogeneration
7584:
7461:Power factor
7314:TC 4 website
7249:. Elsevier.
7246:
7220:. Retrieved
7215:
7206:
7194:. Retrieved
7192:. 6 Dec 2023
7189:
7163:. Retrieved
7159:
7150:
7139:. Retrieved
7137:. 2021-05-28
7134:
7125:
7116:
7107:
7100:Toccoa Flood
7095:
7083:. Retrieved
7073:
7066:Dam failures
7060:
7049:. Retrieved
7045:the original
7035:
7021:
7012:
7002:
6994:the original
6984:
6974:
6966:
6915:
6909:
6898:the original
6884:
6871:
6845:Ecohydrology
6844:
6834:
6820:
6806:
6792:
6781:. Retrieved
6777:the original
6767:
6758:
6754:
6748:
6739:
6735:
6729:
6704:
6700:
6694:
6682:. Retrieved
6665:
6614:
6610:
6604:
6596:the original
6586:
6568:
6558:
6551:
6531:
6510:. Retrieved
6506:
6497:
6477:
6470:
6459:. Retrieved
6455:the original
6445:
6434:. Retrieved
6430:the original
6420:
6410:
6395:
6385:
6370:
6361:
6351:
6340:. Retrieved
6313:
6302:. Retrieved
6287:
6280:
6251:
6242:
6233:
6219:
6211:the original
6201:
6192:
6183:
6172:. Retrieved
6165:the original
6156:
6144:
6133:. Retrieved
6129:
6120:
6106:
6097:
6091:
6068:
6057:the original
6044:
6038:. Clara.net.
6030:
6020:
6013:
5971:
5966:
5957:
5952:
5943:
5934:
5922:. Retrieved
5917:
5908:
5896:. Retrieved
5883:
5856:. Retrieved
5844:
5834:
5793:
5789:
5779:
5744:
5740:
5730:
5720:
5712:
5701:. Retrieved
5696:
5649:. Retrieved
5647:. 2024-05-07
5644:
5635:
5559:Water portal
5508:
5498:January 2022
5495:
5491:adding to it
5486:
5263:South Africa
2530:
2476:
2440:
2436:
2426:(9.2%), the
2413:
2357:
2352:intermittent
2342:
2306:
2283:, dust, and
2277:nitric oxide
2266:
2256:January 2022
2253:
2245:
2214:
2199:
2192:
2180:Typhoon Nina
2177:
2173:
2154:
2137:
2113:
2066:
2057:
2049:
2036:
2028:
1989:
1957:water sports
1954:
1946:
1923:
1879:World War II
1859:
1845:
1841:
1821:
1807:
1769:
1541:
1424:
1421:
1382:
1348:
1333:photovoltaic
1318:
1303:
1254:
1150:Wudongde Dam
803:Baihetan Dam
688:
681:
674:
643:
636:
625:
616:water wheels
608:dispatchable
601:
580:
544:
496:
417:
405:
378:in China at
350:
291:
232:
207:
197:
166:
158:
146:
96:
92:
91:
61:January 2022
58:
46:
29:
11062:conferences
10933:Procurement
10876:Development
10776:Advertising
10738:Measurement
10672:Tidal power
10667:Small hydro
10632:Micro hydro
10495:Biosecurity
10447:Appropriate
10376:Sustainable
10359:Advertising
10281:Consumption
10271:Development
9984:Carbon sink
9962:atmospheric
9827:video games
9501:Blue carbon
9124:Agriculture
9103:Marine life
9050:Water cycle
9008:temperature
8743:Fossil fuel
8533:Consumption
8520:Electricity
8357:Consumption
8340:Natural gas
8311:Consumption
8287:Fossil Fuel
8231:Water wheel
8158:Micro hydro
8153:Small hydro
8006:Load factor
7861:Black start
7829:Transformer
7530:Natural gas
7481:Variability
7456:Peak demand
7446:Merit order
7376:Backfeeding
7085:2 September
6507:www.eia.gov
5323:El Salvador
4928:Ivory Coast
4868:South Korea
4137:Philippines
3769:North Korea
3284:New Zealand
3043:Switzerland
2430:(5.8%) and
2293:coal mining
2217:micro hydro
2204:failure in
2184:Banqiao Dam
2166:Dam failure
1969:agriculture
1961:aquaculture
1910:Tiwai Point
1895:New Zealand
1804:Flexibility
1373:Underground
1315:Micro hydro
1251:Small hydro
1189: /
1176:102°37′48″E
1122: /
1055: /
996:Xiluodu Dam
988: /
975:103°38′58″E
949:Xiluodu Dam
921: /
842: /
829:102°54′11″E
775: /
762:111°00′08″E
648:plant with
604:tidal power
592:Tidal power
355:'s initial
261:, US, near
220:water frame
216:water power
162:Tidal power
154:dam failure
149:arable land
138:fossil fuel
109:electricity
11208:Categories
10953:Sanitation
10908:Livelihood
10831:Ecovillage
10816:Eco-cities
10733:Accounting
10642:Pico hydro
10622:Hydropower
10440:Technology
10238:Principles
10016:Cryosphere
9977:permafrost
9749:Resilience
9701:Adaptation
9676:Litigation
9666:Governance
9611:adaptation
9393:Carbon tax
9346:Mitigation
9283:Antarctica
9171:Disability
8554:per capita
8528:Production
8510:Geothermal
8452:Generation
8447:Production
8403:Production
8352:Production
8306:Production
8163:Pico hydro
8131:generation
8121:Hydropower
8048:production
7893:Protective
7824:Super grid
7819:Smart grid
7646:Generation
7580:Geothermal
7471:Repowering
7141:2022-01-29
7051:2008-09-03
6954:. London:
6783:2010-07-16
6742:: 187–191.
6512:2022-01-30
6461:2010-07-16
6436:2012-07-22
6342:2022-02-05
6304:2024-04-27
6174:2017-01-16
6135:2022-01-30
5858:2023-04-21
5703:2022-01-30
5651:2024-09-02
5627:References
5353:Azerbaijan
5171:Montenegro
4594:Uzbekistan
4228:Costa Rica
4198:Kazakhstan
3861:Kyrgyzstan
3586:Mozambique
3494:Tajikistan
2469:the hydro
2408:See also:
2398:See also:
2344:Wind power
2339:Wind power
2195:Vajont Dam
2164:See also:
2151:Relocation
2116:rainforest
2108:See also:
2095:Hoover Dam
2039:ecosystems
2003:Merowe Dam
1984:See also:
1974:irrigation
1965:irrigation
1916:Reduced CO
1829:peak power
1780:Advantages
1775:Properties
1418:Hydropower
1365:typically
1345:Pico hydro
1295:Mondulkiri
1229:Itaipu Dam
1195: (
1128: (
1109:62°59′57″W
1106:07°45′59″N
1061: (
1042:51°47′45″W
1039:03°06′57″S
994: (
972:28°15′35″N
929:Itaipu Dam
927: (
908:54°35′21″W
905:25°24′31″S
870:Itaipu Dam
848: (
826:27°13′23″N
781: (
759:30°49′15″N
723:Capacity (
665:See also:
596:See also:
575:See also:
547:reservoirs
539:See also:
491:See also:
368:Itaipu Dam
353:Hoover Dam
334:Hoover Dam
318:navigation
314:irrigation
206:published
176:See also:
142:rainforest
105:hydropower
11224:Landscape
11046:Recycling
11041:Planetary
11031:Materials
11026:Landscape
11011:Fisheries
10978:Transport
10903:Landscape
10886:Marketing
10861:Gardening
10801:Community
10748:Reporting
10612:Footprint
10500:Biosphere
10031:Feedbacks
9802:Education
9303:Caribbean
9298:Australia
9225:Migration
9188:Fisheries
9129:Livestock
9055:Wildfires
8961:Heat wave
8561:Intensity
8487:Renewable
8377:Shale gas
8294:Petroleum
8189:equipment
7956:Economics
7679:Micro CHP
7557:Renewable
7540:Petroleum
7535:Oil shale
7421:Grid code
7381:Base load
7196:20 August
7165:15 August
7117:SINTEF.no
6863:256818410
6847:. E2530.
6624:1409.0002
6617:: 43–56.
5853:0362-4331
5826:154405904
5818:1432-1009
5771:1748-9326
5470:Economics
4532:Guatemala
4501:Sri Lanka
3617:Australia
3314:Indonesia
3224:Argentina
2861:Venezuela
2461:gigawatts
2438:of 2021.
2348:variation
2124:anaerobic
2061:Siltation
2015:reservoir
1920:emissions
1903:aluminium
1863:aluminium
1717:Δ
1707:(in kg/s)
1688:˙
1653:˙
1625:) is the
1609:ρ
1583:η
1522:Δ
1504:˙
1495:ρ
1483:η
1480:−
1468:Δ
1456:˙
1441:η
1438:−
1261:megawatts
1173:26°20′2″N
1096:Venezuela
684:megawatts
523:reservoir
511:generator
129:reservoir
11159:Category
10958:Sourcing
10893:Greening
10786:Business
10662:Security
10657:Scarcity
10157:Glossary
10145:Category
9967:biologic
9681:Politics
9573:Personal
9278:Americas
9141:Children
8907:Physical
8700:Overview
8640:Overview
8473:Reserves
8457:Reserves
8382:Fracking
8372:Reserves
8326:Reserves
8280:rankings
8079:Category
7866:Brownout
7654:AC power
7364:Concepts
7317:Archived
7296:Archived
6948:Archived
6684:19 March
6649:55722535
6576:Archived
6403:Archived
6378:Archived
6081:Archived
5924:27 March
5918:BBC News
5898:28 March
5517:See also
4989:Tanzania
4959:Bulgaria
4747:Honduras
4716:Cambodia
4686:Slovakia
4625:Slovenia
4563:Cameroon
4440:Zimbabwe
4380:Thailand
3985:Portugal
3923:DR Congo
3677:Ethiopia
3164:Malaysia
3103:Pakistan
2982:Paraguay
2922:Colombia
2487:Country
2434:(4.6%).
2331:and the
2313:baseload
2182:in 1975
1967:support
1883:Suriname
1672:(in m/s)
1401:Manitoba
1299:Cambodia
1130:Guri Dam
1083:Guri Dam
895:Paraguay
719:Location
519:penstock
392:Paraguay
361:6,809 MW
357:1,345 MW
294:Grenoble
255:arc lamp
243:Cragside
11192:Degrees
11185:Studies
11178:Science
10973:Tourism
10866:Geopark
10856:Finance
10851:Fashion
10426:Control
10314:Ethical
10223:Outline
9972:oceanic
9822:fiction
9671:Justice
9622:Society
9230:Poverty
8939:Drought
8807:History
8731:Sources
8466:Thorium
8435:Uranium
8427:Nuclear
8413:Imports
8408:Exports
8367:Imports
8362:Exports
8321:Imports
8316:Exports
7895:devices
7605:Thermal
7600:Osmotic
7595:Current
7575:Biomass
7565:Biofuel
7547:Nuclear
7504:Sources
7235:Sources
6709:Bibcode
6657:2406852
6629:Bibcode
6157:IEA.org
6079:, 1988
5798:Bibcode
5749:Bibcode
5201:Armenia
5141:Bolivia
4898:Uruguay
4349:Albania
4288:Croatia
4258:Nigeria
4076:Myanmar
4015:Georgia
3892:Ukraine
3708:Iceland
3647:Finland
3525:Romania
3464:Germany
3254:Ecuador
3013:Austria
2771:Vietnam
2565:1226.00
2541:1267.90
2535:4183.41
2422:(10%),
2329:Ukraine
2287:in the
2285:mercury
2246:updated
2208:on the
2178:During
2120:methane
1942:methane
1906:smelter
1703:is the
1668:is the
1627:density
1284:Vietnam
1208:10,200
1141:10,235
1074:11,233
1007:13,860
940:14,000
861:16,000
794:22,500
715:Country
712:Station
698:10,000
380:22.5 GW
172:History
84:is the
47:updated
11141:(2015)
11118:(2000)
11112:(1997)
11096:(1992)
11084:(1987)
11016:Forest
10918:Market
10913:Living
10530:Energy
10386:Market
9952:Albedo
9945:Theory
9656:Denial
9447:Energy
9308:Europe
9288:Arctic
9273:Africa
9198:Health
9193:Gender
9146:Cities
9071:Biomes
8978:Oceans
8966:Marine
8689:Causes
8277:energy
7590:Marine
7570:Biogas
7283:Curlie
7261:
7222:30 Dec
6922:
6861:
6655:
6647:
6539:
6485:
6295:
5851:
5824:
5816:
5769:
5448:(2022)
5444:
5417:(2022)
5415:Malawi
5413:
5386:(2022)
5382:
5355:(2022)
5351:
5321:
5291:
5261:
5234:(2022)
5232:Guinea
5230:
5203:(2022)
5199:
5169:
5139:
5109:
5081:Poland
5079:
5052:(2022)
5048:
5018:
4991:(2022)
4987:
4957:
4930:(2022)
4926:
4896:
4866:
4838:Latvia
4836:
4808:Greece
4806:
4778:Taiwan
4776:
4749:(2022)
4745:
4718:(2022)
4714:
4684:
4657:(2022)
4655:Uganda
4653:
4623:
4596:(2022)
4592:
4565:(2022)
4561:
4534:(2022)
4530:
4503:(2022)
4499:
4469:
4442:(2022)
4438:
4408:
4378:
4351:(2022)
4347:
4320:(2022)
4316:
4286:
4256:
4226:
4196:
4169:(2022)
4167:Bhutan
4165:
4135:
4108:(2022)
4106:Panama
4104:
4074:
4047:(2022)
4043:
4013:
3983:
3956:(2022)
3952:
3925:(2022)
3921:
3894:(2022)
3890:
3863:(2022)
3859:
3831:Serbia
3829:
3802:(2022)
3800:Angola
3798:
3771:(2022)
3767:
3737:
3710:(2022)
3706:
3679:(2022)
3675:
3645:
3615:
3588:(2022)
3584:
3557:(2022)
3555:Zambia
3553:
3523:
3496:(2022)
3492:
3462:
3432:
3404:Mexico
3402:
3372:
3342:
3312:
3282:
3252:
3222:
3192:
3162:
3135:(2022)
3131:
3101:
3071:
3041:
3011:
2984:(2022)
2980:
2952:France
2950:
2920:
2892:Turkey
2890:
2863:(2022)
2859:
2831:Sweden
2829:
2799:
2769:
2745:135.96
2741:Norway
2739:
2715:149.17
2709:
2685:200.87
2681:Russia
2679:
2655:233.96
2649:
2625:364.20
2621:Canada
2619:
2601:109.90
2595:428.65
2591:Brazil
2589:
2571:370.60
2559:
2528:
2514:growth
2512:% cap.
2432:Russia
2424:Canada
2420:Brazil
2323:, the
2206:Fréjus
2140:boreal
2099:2,080
2078:Brazil
2019:albedo
1885:, the
1738:meters
1542:where
1519:
1513:
1486:
1465:
1444:
1405:Canada
1273:Canada
1160:
1093:
1029:Brazil
1026:
959:
892:
883:Brazil
880:
813:
746:
503:dammed
396:Brazil
384:Norway
336:. The
267:Edison
222:, and
218:, the
192:Serbia
11171:Lists
11051:Waste
10963:Space
10871:Green
10605:Water
10364:Brand
10228:Index
10169:Index
9931:Proxy
9691:Women
9156:Crime
9083:Birds
8949:Flood
8505:Solar
7947:(GFI)
7836:(TSO)
7622:Solar
7610:Tidal
7585:Hydro
6901:(PDF)
6894:(PDF)
6859:S2CID
6674:(PDF)
6645:S2CID
6619:arXiv
6412:REN21
6387:REN21
6168:(PDF)
6153:(PDF)
6060:(PDF)
6053:(PDF)
5892:(PDF)
5822:S2CID
5722:REN21
5645:Ember
5020:Kenya
4318:Ghana
4175:100.0
4045:Nepal
4019:10.85
3989:10.98
3959:11.00
3954:Sudan
3928:11.00
3897:11.10
3866:11.90
3835:12.19
3805:12.64
3774:12.82
3743:13.82
3739:Egypt
3713:13.94
3682:14.75
3651:15.11
3621:15.26
3591:15.49
3560:17.09
3529:18.30
3499:18.66
3468:19.47
3444:16.81
3438:20.01
3434:Spain
3414:13.30
3408:20.40
3384:11.68
3378:22.65
3348:23.90
3344:Chile
3318:24.59
3288:26.04
3258:26.61
3234:10.39
3228:29.90
3198:31.51
3168:31.51
3138:33.40
3113:10.64
3107:37.90
3083:18.85
3077:37.94
3073:Italy
3053:15.28
3047:39.00
3023:14.71
3017:39.79
2987:43.87
2962:24.14
2956:53.19
2932:13.21
2926:54.24
2902:31.78
2896:63.72
2872:16.81
2866:65.68
2841:16.40
2835:66.07
2811:28.22
2805:74.50
2801:Japan
2781:22.64
2775:80.90
2751:34.40
2721:47.33
2711:India
2691:50.57
2661:86.66
2631:83.31
2561:China
2531:World
2493:(TWh)
2479:Ember
2454:hydro
2416:China
2007:Sudan
1891:Alcoa
1871:Alcoa
1734:Delta
1571:watts
1567:power
1309:Micro
1269:30 MW
1265:25 MW
1245:Small
1163:China
962:China
816:China
749:China
657:.
479:Tidal
372:14 GW
188:Užice
136:than
103:from
99:, is
95:, or
10791:City
10558:Food
9754:Risk
9293:Asia
8875:2024
8870:2023
8865:2022
8860:2021
8855:2020
8850:2019
8500:Wind
8391:Coal
7713:and
7632:Wind
7615:Wave
7525:Coal
7259:ISBN
7224:2023
7198:2024
7167:2023
7087:2015
6958:and
6920:ISBN
6686:2022
6653:SSRN
6537:ISBN
6483:ISBN
6293:ISBN
5926:2020
5900:2020
5894:. BP
5849:ISSN
5814:ISSN
5767:ISSN
5621:(US)
5509:The
5463:18%
5457:0.62
5451:1.00
5432:31%
5426:0.39
5423:77.8
5420:1.05
5401:35%
5398:43.8
5395:0.46
5392:37.3
5389:1.40
5384:Mali
5370:16%
5364:1.16
5358:1.60
5339:32%
5333:0.57
5330:21.8
5327:1.62
5309:27%
5303:0.70
5300:23.5
5297:1.65
5279:26%
5273:0.75
5267:1.69
5249:28%
5246:37.3
5243:0.81
5240:65.8
5237:2.00
5218:17%
5212:1.35
5209:22.8
5206:2.00
5187:35%
5181:0.70
5178:52.1
5175:2.13
5157:36%
5151:0.74
5148:19.0
5145:2.31
5127:24%
5121:1.12
5115:2.34
5097:28%
5091:0.98
5085:2.38
5067:19%
5061:1.56
5055:2.65
5050:Iraq
5036:36%
5030:0.86
5027:22.1
5024:2.70
5006:54%
5000:0.60
4997:31.3
4994:2.82
4975:14%
4969:2.53
4963:3.11
4945:43%
4939:0.88
4936:30.1
4933:3.35
4914:27%
4908:1.54
4905:27.4
4902:3.62
4884:24%
4881:-0.6
4878:1.80
4872:3.72
4854:28%
4851:-1.3
4848:1.57
4845:60.8
4842:3.80
4824:13%
4818:3.43
4812:3.87
4794:22%
4788:2.10
4782:3.96
4764:50%
4758:0.91
4755:33.3
4752:4.00
4733:27%
4730:26.3
4727:1.68
4724:45.4
4721:4.00
4702:33%
4696:1.62
4693:15.6
4690:4.63
4672:53%
4666:1.03
4663:89.2
4660:4.81
4641:49%
4638:-0.9
4635:1.16
4632:32.6
4629:4.96
4611:25%
4605:2.23
4599:4.97
4580:70%
4574:0.81
4571:61.6
4568:5.00
4549:37%
4543:1.57
4540:38.6
4537:5.08
4518:32%
4512:1.83
4509:29.4
4506:5.11
4487:27%
4481:2.19
4475:5.19
4457:62%
4451:1.08
4448:65.9
4445:5.88
4426:40%
4420:1.84
4417:37.4
4414:6.37
4396:24%
4390:3.11
4384:6.59
4366:32%
4363:-0.8
4360:2.49
4357:99.4
4354:6.96
4335:54%
4329:1.58
4326:33.3
4323:7.50
4304:41%
4298:2.21
4295:46.5
4292:7.87
4274:33%
4271:32.6
4268:2.85
4265:20.4
4262:8.28
4244:41%
4238:2.37
4235:70.5
4232:8.45
4214:35%
4208:2.90
4202:8.79
4184:44%
4178:2.33
4172:9.00
4153:34%
4147:3.09
4141:9.08
4123:57%
4117:1.84
4114:69.2
4111:9.24
4092:33%
4086:3.27
4083:51.6
4080:9.37
4062:50%
4059:11.7
4056:2.20
4053:98.5
4050:9.67
4031:36%
4025:3.45
4022:75.5
4001:15%
3995:8.19
3992:24.5
3971:85%
3965:1.48
3962:61.6
3940:43%
3937:12.3
3934:2.93
3931:99.6
3909:26%
3903:4.82
3878:49%
3872:2.78
3869:85.9
3847:56%
3841:2.49
3838:32.0
3817:39%
3811:3.73
3808:74.6
3786:30%
3780:4.89
3777:57.5
3755:56%
3749:2.83
3725:75%
3719:2.11
3716:70.2
3694:35%
3691:18.4
3688:4.82
3685:95.7
3663:54%
3657:3.18
3654:18.9
3633:21%
3627:8.44
3603:81%
3597:2.19
3594:81.4
3572:62%
3569:17.0
3566:3.17
3563:87.8
3541:32%
3535:6.57
3532:32.5
3511:37%
3505:5.76
3502:89.4
3480:39%
3474:5.74
3450:14%
3420:18%
3390:22%
3374:Iran
3360:37%
3354:7.47
3351:28.6
3330:41%
3324:6.78
3300:52%
3294:5.68
3291:58.5
3270:59%
3264:5.19
3261:76.4
3240:33%
3231:20.4
3210:65%
3204:5.50
3201:52.6
3194:Peru
3180:58%
3174:6.21
3171:16.8
3150:40%
3144:9.65
3141:72.7
3133:Laos
3119:41%
3110:23.5
3089:23%
3086:-0.4
3080:14.5
3059:29%
3050:54.8
3029:31%
3026:-1.4
3020:59.4
2999:57%
2993:8.81
2990:99.7
2968:25%
2965:-0.4
2959:10.4
2938:47%
2929:62.5
2908:23%
2899:19.9
2878:45%
2869:77.6
2847:46%
2838:39.7
2817:30%
2787:41%
2778:29.3
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