161:
247:, which means high-output cardiac failure causes the blood to circulate rapidly. The excessive pumping of blood causes the left side of the heart to fail leading to pulmonary edema. The build up of fluid in the lungs increases the pressure in the lungs leading to vasoconstriction. The coupled vasoconstriction and pulmonary hypertension causes the right side of the heart to fail which in turn, increases the venous hydrostatic pressure in the body. The summation of these effects ultimately leads to peripheral edema and ascites. All in all, the left side failure of the heart will lead to pulmonary edema whereas right side failure will lead to peripheral edema and ascites. The non-immune form of hydrops fetalis has many causes including:
64:
32:
204:, is the only immune cause of hydrops fetalis. Rh disease is a hemolytic disease of newborns. Pregnant mothers do not always have the same blood type as their child. During birth or throughout the pregnancy, the mother may be exposed to the infant's blood. In the event of a pregnancy where the fetus has the Rh-D blood antigen and the mother does not, the mother's immune system will respond to the red blood cells as foreign and create
441:
Therapy for Fetal anemia caused by a parvovirus infection or fetomaternal hemorrhage is fetal blood sampling followed by intrauterine transfusion. This treatment at an advanced gestational age poses risks and should not be performed if the risks associated with delivery are considered to be less than
409:
scans. An official diagnosis is made by identifying excess serous fluid in at least one space (ascites, pleural effusion, of pericardial effusion) accompanied by skin edema (greater than 5 mm thick). A diagnosis can also be made by identifying excess serous fluid in two potential spaces without
449:
Hydrops
Fetalis resulting from fetal CPAM can be treated using either a fetal needle drainage of effusion or placement of thoracoamniotic shunt or a maternal administration of corticosteroids, betamethasone 12.5 mg IM q24 h × 2 doses or dexamethasone 6.25 mg IM q12 h × 4
445:
Fetal hydrothorax, chylothorax, or large pleural effusion associated with bronchopulmonary sequestration should be treated using a Fetal needle drainage of effusion or placement of thoracoamniotic shunt. This procedure can be performed prior to delivery if gestational age is
437:
Therapy for
Cardiac tachyarrhythmia, supraventricular tachycardia, atrial flutter, or atrial fibrillation etiologies are maternal transplacental administration of antiarrhythmic medication(s). This type of treatment is recommended unless the fetus is close to
230:
Rh disease is currently an uncommon cause of immune-mediated hydrops fetalis. Due to preventative methods developed in the 1970s, the incidence of Rh disease has markedly declined. Rh disease can be prevented by administration of anti-D IgG
235:) injections to RhD-negative mothers during pregnancy and/or within 72 hours of the delivery. However, a small percentage of pregnant mothers are still susceptible to Rh disease even after receiving anti-D IgG (Rho(D) Immune Globulin).
184:, when the heart needs to pump a much greater volume of blood to deliver the same amount of oxygen. This anemia can have either an immune or non-immune cause. Non-immune hydrops can also be unrelated to anemia, for example if a fetal
1324:
1209:
1190:
1046:
Wilson RD, Baxter JK, Johnson MP, King M, Kasperski S, Crombleholme TM, et al. (2004). "Thoracoamniotic shunts: fetal treatment of pleural effusions and congenital cystic adenomatoid malformations".
219:
in the fetal liver and bone marrow. The push to make more erythroblasts to help compensate with the hemolysis over works the liver causing hepatomegaly. The resulting liver dysfunction decreases
1317:
1133:
Lee H, Bebbington M, Crombleholme TM (2013). "The North
American Fetal Therapy Network Registry data on outcomes of radiofrequency ablation for twin-reversed arterial perfusion sequence".
1310:
315:
can also cause hydrops fetalis when all four of the genetic loci for α globin are deleted or affected by mutation. This is termed Hb Barts (consists of y-4 tetramers).
761:
Nassr AA, Ness A, Hosseinzadeh P, Salmanian B, Espinoza J, Berger V, et al. (2018). "Outcome and
Treatment of Antenatally Diagnosed Nonimmune Hydrops Fetalis".
208:
against the Rh-D antigen on the fetal blood cells. Rh disease develops in the event of a second pregnancy where the mother's immune system launches an attack, via
2010:
160:
726:
Norton ME, Chauhan SP, Dashe JS (February 2015). "Society for maternal-fetal medicine (SMFM) clinical guideline #7: nonimmune hydrops fetalis".
410:
accompanying edema. Prenatal ultrasound scanning enables early recognition of hydrops fetalis and has been enhanced with the introduction of
1698:
212:, against the infant's Rh-D positive blood cells. The immune response results in hemolysis of fetal red blood cells causing severe anemia.
1713:
1703:
299:
92:, in at least two fetal compartments. By comparison, hydrops allantois or hydrops amnion is an accumulation of excessive fluid in the
295:
189:
256:
1693:
192:
increases the demand for blood flow. The increased demand for cardiac output leads to heart failure, and corresponding edema.
1596:
1601:
1379:
564:
458:
454:
358:
1922:
1897:
1688:
554:
521:
465:
364:
169:
1989:
1939:
1507:
1302:
348:
274:
931:"Diagnosis and treatment of fetal cardiac disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association"
1681:
1917:
1840:
1658:
1606:
970:
Centers for
Disease Control (CDC) (February 1989). "Risks associated with human parvovirus B19 infection".
216:
1417:
1907:
1812:
1749:
1754:
1744:
1635:
1630:
49:
929:
Donofrio MT, Moon-Grady AJ, Hornberger LK, Copel JA, Sklansky MS, Abuhamad A, et al. (May 2014).
1784:
1493:
1489:
1449:
434:
while still in the womb. This treatment increases the chance that the fetus will survive until birth.
406:
270:
63:
1850:
1771:
1228:
997:
Yinon Y, Grisaru-Granovsky S, Chaddha V, Windrim R, Seaward PG, Kelly EN, et al. (July 2010).
880:
Derderian SC, Jeanty C, Fleck SR, Cheng LS, Peyvandi S, Moon-Grady AJ, et al. (January 2015).
244:
1946:
1912:
1517:
1437:
1427:
1374:
342:
152:, in which the heart is unable to satisfy demand (in most cases abnormally high) for blood flow.
1827:
1645:
1554:
1537:
251:
232:
1268:
1761:
1469:
588:"[Serious materno-fetal alloimmunization: about a case and review of the literature]"
227:. Consequentially, the decrease in pressure results in overall peripheral edema and ascites.
2015:
1799:
1789:
1591:
1547:
411:
319:
145:
129:
430:
fetuses, including those with Rh disease and alpha thalassemia major, can be treated with
8:
1984:
1967:
1817:
1673:
1583:
1213:
352:
109:
529:
1902:
1858:
1835:
1725:
1502:
1158:
1115:
1072:
1028:
947:
930:
906:
881:
786:
696:
671:
612:
587:
431:
266:
1222:
1218:
1735:
1653:
1623:
1564:
1542:
1359:
1239:
1150:
1107:
1064:
1032:
1020:
979:
952:
911:
862:
821:
778:
743:
701:
652:
617:
560:
510:
312:
44:
1162:
1119:
1076:
1977:
1804:
1464:
1405:
1369:
1279:
1142:
1099:
1056:
1010:
942:
901:
897:
893:
857:
852:
840:
813:
790:
770:
735:
691:
683:
644:
607:
603:
599:
224:
209:
121:
1332:
1934:
1612:
1532:
1233:
528:
Hamdan AH, Sheftel DN, Rosenkrantz T. Windle ML, Pramanik AK, Nimavat DJ (eds.).
478:
384:
379:
371:
329:
323:
289:
502:
1559:
1244:
1103:
841:"Alpha thalassemia major--new mutations, intrauterine management, and outcomes"
739:
283:
1290:
1203:
999:"Perinatal outcome following fetal chest shunt insertion for pleural effusion"
2004:
1498:
1338:
394:
387:, in which fetal and placental hydrops develops in association with maternal
260:
149:
1199:
1618:
1459:
1154:
1111:
1068:
1024:
956:
915:
866:
825:
817:
782:
747:
705:
656:
648:
621:
514:
388:
97:
983:
461:
requires laser ablation of placental anastomoses or selective termination.
1962:
1864:
1730:
1432:
1263:
125:
31:
1182:
1972:
1929:
1870:
1708:
1285:
687:
546:
201:
165:
144:
is usually seen in the fetal subcutaneous tissue, sometimes leading to
57:
53:
1146:
1060:
774:
1875:
1334:
1274:
1015:
998:
93:
996:
1668:
338:
306:
286:(fifth disease) infection of the pregnant woman (most common cause)
205:
1391:
969:
928:
804:
Isaacs H (January 2008). "Fetal hydrops associated with tumors".
635:
Isaacs H (January 2008). "Fetal hydrops associated with tumors".
220:
137:
133:
81:
534:
eMedicine
Pediatrics: Cardiac Disease and Critical Care Medicine
1395:
1194:
427:
422:
The treatment depends on the cause and stage of the pregnancy.
181:
117:
760:
1779:
1526:
1090:
Simpson LL (January 2013). "Twin-twin transfusion syndrome".
845:
Hematology. American
Society of Hematology. Education Program
334:
185:
141:
113:
89:
85:
586:
Zineb B, Boutaina L, Ikram L, Driss MR, Mohammed D (2015).
1132:
879:
16:
Accumulation of fluid in at least two fetal compartments
1045:
585:
669:
1172:
527:
215:Hemolysis caused by the Rh incompatibility, causes
725:
405:Hydrops fetalis can be diagnosed and monitored by
353:pregnancies in which twins share a single placenta
39:An ultrasound showing a fetus with hydrops fetalis
2002:
496:
494:
500:
468:requires percutaneous radio frequency ablation.
88:characterized by an accumulation of fluid, or
2011:Disorders originating in the perinatal period
1318:
1092:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
728:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
491:
269:. This enzyme deficiency is the cause of the
238:
337:, the most common type of fetal tumor being
972:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
552:
1325:
1311:
670:Jagannathan-Bogdan M, Zon LI (June 2013).
376:Fetal cardiac defects and skeletal defects
300:congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation
62:
30:
1014:
1003:Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology
946:
905:
856:
838:
695:
611:
464:Therapy for hydrops fetalis derived from
453:Therapy for hydrops fetalis derived from
365:Twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence
195:
180:Hydrops fetalis usually stems from fetal
326:type 2 can present with hydrops fetalis.
296:Congenital pulmonary airway malformation
200:Erythroblastosis fetalis, also known as
190:congenital pulmonary airway malformation
159:
1089:
257:Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia
2003:
803:
634:
1306:
721:
719:
717:
715:
556:Equine stud farm medicine and surgery
280:Congenital disorders of glycosylation
103:
1597:Infant respiratory distress syndrome
442:those associated with the procedure.
355:(hydrops affects the recipient twin)
13:
1602:Transient tachypnea of the newborn
948:10.1161/01.cir.0000437597.44550.5d
712:
14:
2027:
1380:Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
359:Twin anemia-polycythemia sequence
1898:Vertically transmitted infection
806:American Journal of Perinatology
637:American Journal of Perinatology
170:hemolytic disease of the newborn
1990:Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
1940:Group B streptococcal infection
1508:Intrauterine growth restriction
1126:
1083:
1039:
990:
963:
922:
873:
832:
592:The Pan African Medical Journal
223:output which in turn decreases
1333:Conditions originating in the
898:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2014.10.027
858:10.1182/asheducation-2009.1.35
797:
754:
663:
628:
604:10.11604/pamj.2015.22.137.3508
579:
501:Vanaparthy R, Mahdy H (2023).
349:Twin-twin transfusion syndrome
309:and maternal diabetes mellitus
275:mucopolysaccharidosis type VII
1:
1682:Vitamin K deficiency bleeding
484:
176:. The infant did not survive.
1841:Periventricular leukomalacia
1659:Persistent fetal circulation
1607:Meconium aspiration syndrome
886:Journal of Pediatric Surgery
417:
400:
217:extramedullary hematopoiesis
148:. It is a prenatal form of
7:
1750:Intraventricular hemorrhage
1135:Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy
1049:Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy
882:"The many faces of hydrops"
839:Vichinsky EP (2009-01-01).
763:Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy
530:"Pediatric Hydrops Fetalis"
472:
10:
2032:
1755:Germinal matrix hemorrhage
1745:Velamentous cord insertion
1636:Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
1104:10.1016/j.ajog.2012.10.880
892:(1): 50–4, discussion 54.
740:10.1016/j.ajog.2014.12.018
239:Non-immune pathophysiology
108:Locations can include the
50:Obstetrics and gynaecology
1955:
1890:
1849:
1826:
1798:
1785:Necrotizing enterocolitis
1770:
1667:
1644:
1582:
1575:
1516:
1494:Large for gestational age
1490:Small for gestational age
1482:
1446:
1414:
1388:
1356:
1345:
1254:
1176:
509:. StatPearls Publishing.
271:lysosomal storage disease
265:Deficiency of the enzyme
155:
43:
38:
29:
24:
391:, edema and hypertension
245:hyperdynamic circulation
1947:Neonatal conjunctivitis
1438:Single umbilical artery
1428:Umbilical cord prolapse
1375:Placental insufficiency
1348:complicating pregnancy,
553:Knottenbelt DC (2003).
343:sacrococcygeal teratoma
243:Severe anemia leads to
1923:ureaplasma urealyticum
1631:Wilson–Mikity syndrome
1555:Brachial plexus injury
818:10.1055/s-2007-1004826
649:10.1055/s-2007-1004826
252:Iron deficiency anemia
233:Rho(D) Immune Globulin
196:Immune pathophysiology
177:
1871:Congenital hypertonia
1762:Anemia of prematurity
1470:Shoulder presentation
163:
1876:Congenital hypotonia
1790:Meconium peritonitis
1592:Intrauterine hypoxia
1548:Subgaleal hemorrhage
320:Niemann-Pick disease
164:Newborn infant with
146:spontaneous abortion
130:pericardial effusion
1985:Neonatal withdrawal
1968:Perinatal mortality
1818:Sclerema neonatorum
1674:hematologic disease
978:(6): 81–88, 93–97.
110:subcutaneous tissue
1918:mycoplasma hominis
1903:Neonatal infection
1859:Gray baby syndrome
1836:Perinatal asphyxia
1726:Hyperbilirubinemia
1503:Postterm pregnancy
1350:labour or delivery
1255:External resources
688:10.1242/dev.083147
432:blood transfusions
267:beta-glucuronidase
178:
104:Signs and symptoms
1998:
1997:
1886:
1885:
1736:Neonatal jaundice
1654:Pneumopericardium
1624:Pneumomediastinum
1565:Klumpke paralysis
1543:Caput succedaneum
1478:
1477:
1346:Maternal factors
1300:
1299:
1147:10.1159/000343223
1061:10.1159/000078994
941:(21): 2183–2242.
775:10.1159/000475990
682:(12): 2463–2467.
503:"Hydrops Fetalis"
341:, particularly a
322:Type C (NPC) and
313:Alpha-thalassemia
298:(formerly called
172:, suffering from
71:
70:
19:Medical condition
2023:
1978:Infant mortality
1813:Erythema toxicum
1805:thermoregulation
1772:Gastrointestinal
1580:
1579:
1576:Affected systems
1453:
1421:
1406:Chorioamnionitis
1399:
1370:Placenta praevia
1363:
1354:
1353:
1327:
1320:
1313:
1304:
1303:
1174:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1018:
1016:10.1002/uog.7507
994:
988:
987:
967:
961:
960:
950:
926:
920:
919:
909:
877:
871:
870:
860:
836:
830:
829:
801:
795:
794:
758:
752:
751:
723:
710:
709:
699:
667:
661:
660:
632:
626:
625:
615:
583:
577:
576:
574:
573:
550:
544:
543:
541:
540:
525:
519:
518:
498:
225:oncotic pressure
122:pleural effusion
100:, respectively.
78:hydrops foetalis
67:
66:
34:
22:
21:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1951:
1935:Neonatal sepsis
1882:
1851:Musculoskeletal
1845:
1822:
1803:
1794:
1766:
1721:Hydrops fetalis
1672:
1663:
1640:
1613:Pleural disease
1571:
1533:Cephalohematoma
1512:
1474:
1447:
1442:
1415:
1410:
1389:
1384:
1357:
1349:
1347:
1341:
1331:
1301:
1296:
1295:
1291:Hydrops fetalis
1250:
1249:
1185:
1171:
1170:
1131:
1127:
1088:
1084:
1044:
1040:
995:
991:
968:
964:
927:
923:
878:
874:
837:
833:
802:
798:
759:
755:
724:
713:
672:"Hematopoiesis"
668:
664:
633:
629:
584:
580:
571:
569:
567:
551:
547:
538:
536:
526:
522:
499:
492:
487:
479:Mirror syndrome
475:
420:
403:
385:Mirror syndrome
380:Noonan syndrome
372:hyperthyroidism
330:Turner syndrome
324:Gaucher disease
290:Cytomegalovirus
241:
198:
174:hydrops fetalis
158:
106:
74:Hydrops fetalis
61:
25:Hydrops fetalis
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2029:
2019:
2018:
2013:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1965:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1932:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1913:herpes simplex
1910:
1900:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1861:
1855:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1832:
1830:
1828:Nervous system
1824:
1823:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1809:
1807:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1776:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1723:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1685:
1684:
1678:
1676:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1650:
1648:
1646:Cardiovascular
1642:
1641:
1639:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1588:
1586:
1577:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1522:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1496:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1456:
1454:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1424:
1422:
1418:umbilical cord
1412:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1402:
1400:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1366:
1364:
1351:
1343:
1342:
1330:
1329:
1322:
1315:
1307:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1282:
1271:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1236:
1225:
1206:
1186:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1177:Classification
1169:
1168:
1141:(4): 224–229.
1125:
1082:
1055:(5): 413–420.
1038:
989:
962:
921:
872:
831:
796:
769:(2): 123–128.
753:
734:(2): 127–139.
711:
662:
627:
578:
565:
545:
520:
489:
488:
486:
483:
482:
481:
474:
471:
470:
469:
462:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
419:
416:
402:
399:
398:
397:
392:
382:
377:
374:
368:
362:
356:
346:
332:
327:
316:
310:
303:
293:
287:
284:Parvovirus B19
281:
278:
263:
254:
240:
237:
197:
194:
166:Rhesus disease
157:
154:
105:
102:
98:amniotic space
69:
68:
47:
41:
40:
36:
35:
27:
26:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2028:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2006:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
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259:resulting in
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1518:Birth trauma
1460:Breech birth
1450:presentation
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555:
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533:
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389:preeclampsia
318:Uncommonly,
242:
229:
214:
199:
179:
173:
168:, a type of
107:
77:
73:
72:
2016:Neonatology
1963:Miscarriage
1865:muscle tone
1731:Kernicterus
1584:Respiratory
1560:Erb's palsy
1465:Asynclitism
1433:Nuchal cord
1264:MedlinePlus
1098:(1): 3–18.
935:Circulation
676:Development
412:MCA Doppler
126:pericardium
2005:Categories
1973:Stillbirth
1930:Omphalitis
1891:Infections
1800:Integument
1286:Patient UK
1240:DiseasesDB
572:2010-02-11
539:2010-02-11
507:StatPearls
485:References
407:ultrasound
351:(TTTS) in
206:antibodies
202:Rh disease
132:) and the
58:immunology
54:hematology
1699:Anti-Kell
1337:period /
1335:perinatal
1275:eMedicine
1033:206542529
446:advanced.
426:Severely
418:Treatment
401:Diagnosis
370:Maternal
305:Maternal
292:in mother
94:allantoic
82:condition
45:Specialty
1669:Bleeding
1360:placenta
1280:ped/1042
1163:12699823
1155:23594603
1120:78687065
1112:23200164
1077:24586927
1069:15305098
1025:20069656
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826:18075961
783:28647738
748:25557883
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657:18075961
622:26889318
515:33085361
473:See also
339:teratoma
307:syphilis
1908:rubella
1538:Chignon
1392:chorion
1234:D015160
984:2536885
907:4315667
791:3601812
697:3666375
613:4742050
598:: 137.
367:(TRAPS)
273:called
221:albumin
138:ascites
134:abdomen
124:), the
112:on the
84:in the
1483:Growth
1396:amnion
1269:007308
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450:doses.
428:anemic
361:(TAPS)
335:Tumors
182:anemia
156:Causes
118:pleura
116:, the
60:
1956:Other
1780:Ileus
1527:scalp
1245:29715
1223:778.0
1219:773.3
1204:P83.2
1159:S2CID
1116:S2CID
1073:S2CID
1029:S2CID
787:S2CID
466:TRAPS
438:term.
186:tumor
142:Edema
114:scalp
90:edema
86:fetus
80:is a
1714:Rh E
1709:Rh D
1704:Rh c
1229:MeSH
1214:9-CM
1151:PMID
1108:PMID
1065:PMID
1021:PMID
980:PMID
953:PMID
912:PMID
863:PMID
849:2009
822:PMID
779:PMID
744:PMID
702:PMID
653:PMID
618:PMID
561:ISBN
511:PMID
459:TAPS
455:TTTS
1802:and
1694:ABO
1689:HDN
1671:and
1210:ICD
1200:P56
1191:ICD
1143:doi
1100:doi
1096:208
1057:doi
1011:doi
943:doi
939:129
902:PMC
894:doi
853:doi
814:doi
771:doi
736:doi
732:212
692:PMC
684:doi
680:140
645:doi
608:PMC
600:doi
457:or
210:IgG
188:or
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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