790:
682:
31:
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1266:
419:
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843:
781:, Noh Hyeong-seok described the memorial as hypocritical, given Japan's wars to colonize Korea, and called the movement of the tombs "atrocities". However, a 2021 paper by Hyun-Chul Youn and Seong-Lyong Ryoo claimed that it is not known with certainty whether the Japanese were responsible for the moved graves, as relevant records from this period are lost.
986:
was considering a plan to demolish the stadium. In 2019, the park was set to be reorganized and renewed as part of the 100th anniversary celebration of the establishment of the KPG. As part of the plan, they controversially sought to move
Uiyeolsa to a different location in the park. As the park is a
862:
Noh alleged that, in 1956, Rhee conspired with the Seoul city government to move the graves of the independence activists elsewhere, and construct a stadium and circuit roadway in the area instead. The government provided the pretense of the activists' graves being disrespected by children playing in
771:. Her son's tomb was also moved in 1944, along with the majority of other tombs. After their relocation, the tombs of the royal consort and the crown prince were placed more than 100 paces from each other (2 km), which violated the wishes of King Jeongjo. In their place, a memorial to victims of
905:
administration took similar steps to move the identity of the park away from that of a cemetery or memorial park for the independence movement. A golf course was again constructed, this time in a valley. On either side of the valley were the graves of independence activists. Sports facilities, food
833:
On July 9, 1946, a national funeral was held for the reinterment of the remains of Lee Bong-chang, Baek Jeong-gi, and Yun Bong-gil in the park. In
September 1948, the remains of Yi Dong-nyeong, Cha Ri-seok, and Cho Seong-hwan were buried in the park. Kim Ku was buried in the park on July 5, 1949,
2001:
341:
were buried in the park. Since the 1940s, there has been a conflict over whether the park should be treated like a park or a memorial. The park currently functions as both, although the majority of people may mostly know the park as a leisure space.
480:
plants (the national flower of South Korea) that are dedicated to each of these figures. The sign for Lee's indicates that Lee had played in the park in his youth. Yun's was planted at the same time (11:40 am) and on the anniversary of the 1932
987:
protected historical site, they conducted written interviews with experts in history, architecture, and feng shui between
October and December 2020. A majority of the experts rejected the move. The overall plan is set to be finished by 2024.
724:
In June 1924 the area was made into a park, with a recorded size of 81,460 pyeong (0.2693 km). In August, a road was paved in the park and the first public toilets were installed, which improved access for the general public. In 1925, a
1758:
937:
administration in the 1980s, the identity of the park was moved back towards that of a cemetery and historical site. The temple
Uiyeolsa and gate Changyeolmun were constructed in November 1988. On June 8, 1989, the park was designated
1993:
716:
in Korea around the graves. Fences were erected around the tombs, which were directly in the line of play. It was a nine-hole golf course designed by a
British person and operated by a nearby hotel. The last Crown Prince of Korea
863:
the area. This was met with pushback from living independence activists and related people. Kim Chang-sook laid down in front of a bulldozer to prevent the removal of the graves. He composed a poem that was then published in
964:
According to Noh Hyeong-seok, the park's identity (and even public awareness of the graves in the park) has continued to be uncertain. The majority of people currently seem to view the park as a space for leisure. In 2018,
3143:
2086:
819:(KPG) had just returned from their exile in China, and were searching for adequate places to bury the remains of independence activists who died in exile. They decided on the park for the location. Hong So-yeon (
930:) was established on March 10, 1978. Beginning in that year, the organization has held an annual memorial ceremony for independence activists on April 13, the anniversary of the establishment of the KPG.
854:
speculated that the park might have eventually become a national cemetery if not for Kim Ku's assassination, the Korean War, and the tense relationship between Kim and the first president of South Korea,
829:
The choice to use the area where Japan forcefully requisitioned and dominated Korean royal tombs as a memorial location for independence activists was highly symbolic. Of course they chose this spot.
685:
The area, which then still contained tombs of the royal family, was turned into a golf course by the
Japanese Empire. A fenced-off tomb can be seen in the center of the picture. Two Korean children
501:
1971:
1834:
1748:
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in Korea, with the graves directly on the course. It was first designated a park in 1924. It received its current name in 1940, and the graves were subsequently moved out of the park. After the
1794:
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advocated for more of a memorial identity for the park. On August 15, 2017, Moon participated in a memorial ceremony dedicated to the KPG at the park. In 2018, it was reported that the
3442:
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searched for a suitable location. Jeongjo reportedly visited the eventual location of the tomb thrice, then decided that he was pleased with the sunny hill, forest, and view of the
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3059:
506:
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402:. The park is surrounded by a dense urban environment. Also in the area are Hyochang Children's Park and the first stadium constructed after the founding of South Korea:
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1961:
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in the surrounding region that led to the deaths of hundreds of people. In the aftermath of the flood, a temporary relief camp was made in the area.
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This is in spite of a number of both private and government efforts to locate his remains, including a rare joint North-South Korean effort in 2006.
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3384:
2811:
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912:) was also constructed in 1969, and still stands today. The Wonhyo statue was installed in 1969 as well. Park also installed a statue of his wife,
805:
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3047:
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2291:
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2139:
816:
709:). At the time, it was the largest green space in Seoul. In 1915, the Yongsan police department held a ceremony for their new chief in the area.
518:, which opened in October 2002, is located inside of the park. A statue of Lee Bong-chang stands in front of the museum. Also in the park is the
71:
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administration. However, its construction was met with some pushback due to the opposition of sports-related organizations. In 2005, President
594:
period on July 19, 1786. Jeongjo wanted the location of the grave to be auspicious and close to the palace. He, some servants, and experts in
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1939:
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366:, the sculpture is supposed to symbolize the communication between people and the source of life: water. Also in the park is a statue of the
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and drink stands, and the community center for the elderly were constructed. A monument for anti-communists who fought against North Korea (
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2799:
2584:
2471:
2336:
2246:
2191:
1604:
759:
On March 12, 1940, the colonial government gave the park its current name: "Hyochang Park". The tomb of the royal consort was moved to the
2064:
422:
Tombs of the Three
Martyrs. On the far left is an empty tomb for when the remains of An Jung-geun are finally recovered. (Photo from 2016)
2715:
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2521:
2080:
1093:
3019:
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announced a plan to demolish the stadium and make the park more of a memorial park, but the plans faced too much pushback and stalled.
898:
in June 1959, the estate of Kim Ku allowed for the stadium and roadway to be constructed nearby without the relocation of the graves.
2414:
1452:[Royal Tombs -> Golf Course -> Amusement Park -> Independence Activist Cemetery '232 Years of Honor and Disgrace'].
2114:
1564:[To Make Hyochang Park, Where Kim Ku and Seven Others Rest, Into a Hallowed Place for the Korean Independence Movement].
850:
The two Kims originally intended for the park to become a quiet sanctuary to honor the independence movement. Noh Hyeong-seok of
3518:
3014:
2407:
3523:
1896:
362:
are located in the park. In the park is a blue pillar that rises from a small lake. According to an article published by the
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1533:
1371:
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in 1945 at the end of World War II. Around that time, around 50,000 pyeong (0.17 km) of the park was empty. Kim Ku,
1867:[The Painful History of Hyochang Park... A Royal Cemetery Turned 'Golf Course' During the Japanese Occupation].
721:
played at the course, although a significant majority of the players were
Japanese. The golf course was closed in 1924.
2329:
731:
1128:[How an Anti-Communist Monument and Soccer Field Were Built at the Resting Place of Kim Ku and Seven Others].
3106:
3081:
2997:
2950:
2787:
760:
1653:"VR and AR Restoration of Urban Heritage: A Virtual Platform Mediating Disagreement from Spatial Conflicts in Korea"
1261:
750:
In the 1930s, it was turned into an amusement park. Children's rides were installed and various cherry blossom and
470:
is also located right next to these three, but it lies empty as of 2021, as his remains have yet to be recovered.
2911:
2675:
2486:
890:. Despite the relocation being blocked, the Rhee administration still pushed to construct what eventually became
879:
628:
407:
315:
825:), director of the Simsan Kim Chang-sook Memorial Hall, evaluated their motivation for the location as follows:
1994:"Address by President Moon Jae-in on 101st Anniversary of Founding of Provisional Republic of Korea Government"
1314:
747:, to surrender their ownership. In the end, the Office leased more than half of the land in the area for free.
225:
1966:
1901:
1529:
1367:
363:
292:
789:
740:
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2828:
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2107:
939:
427:
338:
64:
3188:
3138:
2068:
2059:
1215:
1164:
1089:
1696:[The 105th Anniversary of the March 1st Movement... Taegeukgi Flower Trees in Hyochang Park].
466:), which can be translated as " paved a path of beauty for future generations". A temporary grave for
3538:
3513:
1319:
676:
399:
319:
284:
1751:[Hyochangwon and Gyeongseong (Seoul) Training Center During the Japanese Colonial Period].
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632:
1929:
1864:
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2353:
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2100:
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576:
302:
The name of the area has changed several times over its history. The area was originally called "
1594:
287:. Popular for leisure and exercise, the park has walking paths, sports facilities, forests, and
3528:
2123:
1753:
377:
It is a popular spot for exercise. The park contains such amenities as children's playgrounds,
1693:
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3004:
1081:
859:. Rhee had even placed police in the park to block mourners in the aftermath of Kim's death.
681:
482:
391:
280:
239:
166:
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1962:"Hyochang Park, Resting Place of Independence Activists, to Become Centenary Memorial Park"
1789:
549:
916:, who was killed in 1974. However, he did install a statue of Kim Ku in addition to this.
358:. In total, there are over 100,000 trees of at least 70 species in the park. A variety of
8:
3487:
3402:
3336:
3273:
2888:
2183:
1817:"Flood in Korea Wiped Out Entire Villages; Refugees on Floating Roofs Cry Vainly for Aid"
697:
During the
Japanese colonial period, the name of the area was changed to Kuyongsan'goji (
583:
553:
536:), where seven independence activists are enshrined. In addition, the gate Changyeolmun (
395:
334:
311:
3369:
3351:
3341:
3243:
3160:
2703:
2606:
2526:
2419:
2278:
2196:
2149:
1821:
810:
801:
495:
2024:
3427:
3198:
2898:
2873:
2667:
2365:
1826:
1674:
772:
768:
599:
587:
476:
3533:
655:). During the late Joseon and Korean Empire period, the surrounding area was called
3459:
2868:
2720:
2446:
2316:
2223:
1664:
1042:) is a term that refers to the tombs of royal family members who were not monarchs.
895:
891:
636:
403:
272:
148:
49:
30:
953:
In 2002, the Kim Koo Museum was constructed in place of a tennis court during the
3417:
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3093:
2794:
2730:
2639:
2131:
1934:
865:
640:
262:
1521:
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interviewed the leader of an organization called "People Who Love
Hyochangwon" (
3034:
3024:
1309:
902:
515:
486:
485:
that he participated in. Other activists are buried in the park too, including
431:
355:
296:
288:
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945:
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934:
913:
887:
837:
794:
793:
The remains of Lee, Yun, and Baek upon their return to Korea. Photo taken at
777:
631:, died five months later on September 14, and was buried in a tomb close by.
86:
73:
1524:['Sleeves' Uibin Seong and Her Son Are Buried in 'Hyochang Park'?].
474:
is also buried in the park. In the vicinity of these graves are a number of
3437:
3288:
2883:
2845:
2493:
2231:
1599:
1053:"일제가 왕실 묘역을 침탈하고 강점했던 곳에 독립운동가들의 유택을 마련한다는 상징성이 컸기 때문에 당연히 이곳을 골랐을 것으로 보인다"
958:
954:
856:
467:
439:
435:
418:
359:
621: Hyochang Cemetery), where "Hyochang" means "filial and prosperous" (
3407:
3379:
2878:
2840:
2652:
979:
878:
The relocation was eventually blocked by a unanimous resolution from the
713:
330:
57:
784:
2476:
1597:["The Remains of An Jung-geun Will Be Buried in 'Dungsanpo'"].
883:
230:
215:
212:
209:
206:
3306:
2772:
2743:
2647:
743:
and the government of Seoul into forcing the owners of the land, the
712:
In June 1921, the Japanese colonial government established the first
595:
378:
842:
3211:
3071:
3042:
2738:
2055:[Liberation Day Special] A walk through history - Hyochang Park
752:
2027:[Trail Construction in Yongsan District's Hyochang Park].
1719:
2092:
1897:"19.Hyochang Stadium, Korea's First International Soccer Stadium"
2074:
975:) that advocates for greater emphasis on its memorial function.
413:
350:
The area of the park is 12.3307 hectares (30.47 acres). A large
2777:
2089:– A longer documentary, with more shots of the park (in Korean)
764:
690:
591:
548:) is also at the park. Each year around the anniversary of the
471:
454:). On the barrier wall beneath the graves is written the text "
371:
182:
1930:"Marking independence fighters - either leaders or grassroots"
310:" in 1870. It was first used in 1786 as the burial ground for
718:
520:
367:
276:
198:
53:
1998:
Embassy of the Republic of Korea to the Republic of Cameroon
1223:
351:
838:
Attempted relocation of graves and change of park identity
739:
In the late 1920s, Japanese residents of Seoul petitioned
656:
511:. Memorial services for these figures are held annually.
244:
1651:
Youn, Hyun-Chul; Ryoo, Seong-Lyong (November 20, 2021).
785:
Liberation and Korean independence movement memorials
354:
forest is present on the grounds. The park also has
390:The park is an 8 to 10 minute walk from Exit 1 of
3500:
1785:"[FOUNTAIN]New milestone in Korean golf"
329:In 1921, the Japanese turned it into the first
442:are known as the Graves of the Three Martyrs (
279:, South Korea. The park is near Exit 1 of the
2108:
414:Memorials to the Korean independence movement
1155:
1153:
1051:
1037:
1031:
1004:
970:
925:
907:
870:
820:
704:
698:
662:
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644:
639:were also buried in the same area. In 1870,
622:
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606:
552:, trees next to the park are decorated with
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531:
525:
461:
455:
449:
443:
382:
381:courts, and a senior citizens' association (
266:
204:
188:
924:The Hyochang Park Martyr Memorial Society (
670:
618:
2115:
2101:
1668:
1150:
984:Ministry of Patriots and Veterans Affairs
1650:
944:
841:
788:
680:
605:The area was then called "Hyochangmyo" (
417:
894:. After Seoul was selected to host the
869:entitled "Weeping Over Hyochang Park" (
693:for the players. (Photo published 1925)
3501:
3015:Yanghwajin Foreign Missionary Cemetery
1858:
1856:
1854:
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1515:
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1501:
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430:are buried in the park. The graves of
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949:Exercise equipment in the park (2023)
291:. In 1989, the park was designated a
3544:18th-century establishments in Korea
1407:
1405:
1403:
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1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1076:
1074:
1072:
802:Korea gained independence from Japan
590:, was buried at the area during the
1928:Lee, Suh-yoon (February 20, 2019).
1927:
1849:
1738:
1548:
1003:Also "Hyochang Neighborhood Park" (
886:, the son of independence activist
882:. The resolution was introduced by
643:renamed the area to "Hyochangwon" (
337:, the remains of eight significant
13:
2122:
2004:from the original on July 17, 2023
1974:from the original on July 17, 2023
1942:from the original on July 17, 2023
1909:from the original on July 21, 2023
1877:from the original on July 17, 2023
1837:from the original on July 17, 2023
1797:from the original on July 17, 2023
1783:Oh, Byung-sang (January 5, 2003).
1782:
1773:
1761:from the original on July 18, 2023
1619:
1607:from the original on July 17, 2023
1574:from the original on July 17, 2023
1536:from the original on July 17, 2023
1474:
1462:from the original on July 17, 2023
1374:from the original on July 17, 2023
1326:from the original on July 17, 2023
1312:[Hyochang Park in Seoul].
1269:from the original on July 17, 2023
1171:from the original on July 19, 2023
1138:from the original on July 17, 2023
1096:from the original on July 17, 2023
14:
3555:
2047:
2022:
1862:
1691:
1592:
1559:
1519:
1447:
1386:
1357:
1338:
1281:
1238:
1183:
1126:"김구 등 7명 잠든 효창공원에 반공탑·축구장 들어선 사연"
1123:
1108:
1069:
919:
761:Royal Tombs of the Joseon dynasty
586:, the four-year-old first son of
2864:Dongdaemun History & Culture
1450:"왕실묘→골프장→유원지→독립투사 묘지 '영욕의 232년'"
1262:Cultural Heritage Administration
29:
2016:
1986:
1954:
1921:
1889:
1809:
1720:"효창공원 역사 | 효창독립 100년 메모리얼 프로젝트"
1712:
1685:
1586:
1522:"'옷소매' 성덕임과 그의 아들의 묘가 '효창공원'에?"
1360:"그냥 지나칠 수 없는 '효창공원 다섯 무궁화 이야기'"
1161:"Seoul Hyochang Park (서울 효창공원)"
1045:
1021:
1012:
978:On February 9, 2015, President
629:Royal Noble Consort Uibin Seong
316:Royal Noble Consort Uibin Seong
2075:Hyochang Park Memorial Project
1315:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
1052:
1038:
1032:
1005:
997:
971:
926:
908:
871:
821:
705:
699:
663:
651:
645:
627:). The crown prince's mother,
623:
613:
607:
544:
538:
532:
526:
462:
450:
444:
383:
345:
267:
205:
189:
48:04311 177-18, Hyochangwon-ro,
1:
3519:Historic Sites of South Korea
1967:Seoul Metropolitan Government
1902:Seoul Metropolitan Government
1595:""안중근 의사 유해는 '둥산포'에 묻혀 있을 것""
1530:Seoul Metropolitan Government
1368:Seoul Metropolitan Government
1062:
817:Korean Provisional Government
428:Korean independence activists
364:Seoul Metropolitan Government
339:Korean independence activists
3524:Tourist attractions in Seoul
940:Historic Site of South Korea
775:was made. In an article for
408:Sookmyung Women's University
293:Historic Site of South Korea
7:
3443:Yeouido Saetgang Ecological
2761:Gwanghwamun Citizen's Plaza
1692:박, 차영 (February 29, 2024).
1562:"김구 등 7명 잠든 효창공원, 독립운동 성지로"
1222:(in Korean). Archived from
1009:) or "Seoul Hyochang Park".
815:, and other members of the
657:
245:
231:
106:12.33 ha (30.47 acres)
10:
3560:
2069:Korea Tourism Organization
1865:"효창공원 수난사…왕실묘원에 일제가 '골프장'"
1520:신, 병주 (February 8, 2023).
1218:[Parks of Seoul].
1165:Korea Tourism Organization
1090:Seoul Tourism Organization
846:The grave of Kim Ku (2023)
727:significant flood occurred
674:
559:
16:Park in Seoul, South Korea
3458:
3393:
3350:
3297:
3242:
3197:
3159:
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2087:Video of Kim Ku's funeral
2081:Video of Kim Ku's funeral
1694:"105주년 삼일절…효창공원에 태극기 꽃나무"
1670:10.3390/buildings11110561
1320:Academy of Korean Studies
834:after his assassination.
677:Korea under Japanese rule
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3139:Maeheon Citizen's Forest
1863:이, 정규 (April 11, 2019).
990:
745:Office of the Yi Dynasty
671:Japanese colonial period
633:Royal Consort Sugui Park
524:-style temple Uiyeolsa (
320:Japanese colonial period
2919:Jungnang Camping Forest
2269:Seoul National Cemetery
2023:박, 종일 (July 25, 2023).
1593:박, 나영 (June 19, 2023).
1358:최, 용수 (June 17, 2021).
741:the colonial government
139:"filial and prosperous"
3262:Eungbong Rock Climbing
3189:Seodaemun Independence
3060:Gyeongchun Line Forest
1754:Seoul History Archives
1560:김, 경욱 (May 31, 2018).
1448:노, 형석 (May 31, 2018).
1257:"Hyochang Park, Seoul"
1124:김, 경욱 (May 31, 2018).
950:
847:
831:
798:
694:
572:Annals of King Jeongjo
423:
87:37.54500°N 126.96111°E
2065:How to visit the park
1905:. November 10, 2013.
1226:on September 28, 2011
1092:. November 17, 2021.
948:
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827:
792:
684:
483:Hongkou Park Incident
421:
400:Gyeongui–Jungang Line
392:Hyochang Park Station
281:Hyochang Park station
167:Hyochang Park station
3114:Banpo Sports Complex
2988:Mangwon Hangang Park
2971:Gyeongui Line Forest
2067:(in English, by the
1790:Korea JoongAng Daily
1526:mediahub.seoul.go.kr
1364:mediahub.seoul.go.kr
756:trees were planted.
550:March First Movement
356:cherry blossom trees
289:cherry blossom trees
226:Revised Romanization
163:Connecting transport
144:Administered by
2625:Geumcheon Waterfall
1749:"일제강점기 효창원과 경성 훈련원"
933:Beginning with the
584:Crown Prince Munhyo
396:Seoul Subway Line 6
335:liberation of Korea
318:. During the early
312:Crown Prince Munhyo
295:, and contains the
92:37.54500; 126.96111
83: /
3217:Odong Neighborhood
2620:Geumcheon Athletic
2391:Gildong Ecological
2025:"용산구, 효창공원 둘레길 조성"
2000:. April 22, 2020.
1970:. April 17, 2019.
1822:The New York Times
951:
848:
799:
773:wars of aggression
695:
554:South Korean flags
424:
370:-era intellectual
3496:
3495:
2403:Gwangnaru Hangang
2157:Seoul Iris Garden
1825:. July 22, 1925.
1310:"서울 효창공원 (─孝昌公園)"
1220:parks.seoul.go.kr
880:National Assembly
569:According to the
477:Hibiscus syriacus
406:. To its east is
322:, it was called "
256:
255:
246:Hyoch‘ang kongwŏn
240:McCune–Reischauer
3551:
3539:History of Seoul
3514:Yongsan District
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3144:Culture and Arts
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1082:"Hyochang Park"
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927:효창공원 순국선열추모위원회
921:
920:Recent history
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903:Park Chung Hee
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806:Kim Chang-sook
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516:Kim Koo Museum
502:Cho Seong-hwan
487:Yi Dong-nyeong
432:Lee Bong-chang
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2167:
2163:
2158:
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2146:
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2138:
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2118:
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2099:
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2088:
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2082:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2051:
2030:
2026:
2019:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1957:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1924:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1892:
1876:
1873:(in Korean).
1872:
1871:
1870:The Hankyoreh
1866:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1812:
1796:
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1715:
1699:
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1671:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1606:
1603:(in Korean).
1602:
1601:
1596:
1589:
1573:
1570:(in Korean).
1569:
1568:
1567:The Hankyoreh
1563:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1535:
1531:
1528:(in Korean).
1527:
1523:
1516:
1514:
1512:
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1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
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1490:
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1461:
1458:(in Korean).
1457:
1456:
1455:The Hankyoreh
1451:
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1442:
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1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
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1398:
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1390:
1373:
1369:
1366:(in Korean).
1365:
1361:
1354:
1352:
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1344:
1342:
1325:
1321:
1318:(in Korean).
1317:
1316:
1311:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
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1268:
1264:
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1246:
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1217:
1211:
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1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1156:
1154:
1137:
1134:(in Korean).
1133:
1132:
1131:The Hankyoreh
1127:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1068:
1048:
1029:
1024:
1015:
1000:
996:
988:
985:
981:
976:
972:효창원을 사랑하는 사람들
968:
967:The Hankyoreh
962:
960:
956:
947:
943:
941:
936:
935:Chun Doo-hwan
931:
917:
915:
914:Yuk Young-soo
904:
899:
897:
893:
889:
888:Kim Chwa-chin
885:
881:
876:
868:
867:
860:
858:
853:
852:The Hankyoreh
844:
835:
830:
826:
818:
812:
807:
803:
796:
795:Seoul Station
791:
782:
780:
779:
778:The Hankyoreh
774:
770:
766:
762:
757:
755:
754:
748:
746:
742:
737:
733:
728:
722:
720:
715:
710:
692:
688:
687:wearing white
683:
678:
668:
659:
642:
638:
634:
630:
603:
602:at the site.
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
578:
573:
557:
555:
551:
523:
522:
517:
512:
508:
503:
497:
492:
488:
484:
479:
478:
473:
469:
441:
440:Baek Jeong-gi
437:
433:
429:
420:
411:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
388:
380:
375:
373:
369:
365:
361:
360:swing benches
357:
353:
343:
340:
336:
332:
327:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
300:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
264:
260:
259:Hyochang Park
251:
247:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
227:
223:
217:
214:
211:
208:
202:
200:
196:
186:
184:
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175:
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168:
165:
161:
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153:
150:
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142:
138:
134:
127:
116:
115:
113:
109:
105:
101:
96:
68:
66:
62:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
32:
27:
24:Hyochang Park
22:
19:
3477:
3428:Yeungdeungpo
3395:Yeongdeungpo
3289:Seoul Forest
2982:
2884:Seoullo 7017
2874:Jangchungdan
2783:Heunginjimun
2494:Hakdong Park
2415:Iljasan Park
2325:Dream Forest
2033:. Retrieved
2028:
2018:
2006:. Retrieved
1997:
1988:
1976:. Retrieved
1965:
1956:
1944:. Retrieved
1933:
1923:
1911:. Retrieved
1900:
1891:
1879:. Retrieved
1868:
1839:. Retrieved
1820:
1811:
1799:. Retrieved
1788:
1763:. Retrieved
1752:
1728:. Retrieved
1723:
1714:
1702:. Retrieved
1697:
1687:
1660:
1656:
1609:. Retrieved
1600:Sisa Journal
1598:
1588:
1576:. Retrieved
1565:
1538:. Retrieved
1525:
1464:. Retrieved
1453:
1376:. Retrieved
1363:
1328:. Retrieved
1313:
1271:. Retrieved
1260:
1228:. Retrieved
1224:the original
1219:
1173:. Retrieved
1140:. Retrieved
1129:
1098:. Retrieved
1085:
1047:
1027:
1023:
1014:
999:
977:
966:
963:
959:Roh Moo-hyun
955:Kim Dae-jung
952:
932:
923:
900:
877:
864:
861:
857:Syngman Rhee
851:
849:
832:
828:
800:
776:
758:
751:
749:
738:
723:
711:
696:
689:can be seen
624:"효성스럽고 번성하다"
604:
588:King Jeongjo
570:
568:
519:
513:
475:
468:An Jung-geun
436:Yun Bong-gil
425:
389:
376:
349:
328:
323:
307:
303:
301:
258:
257:
18:
3473:Nodeul Farm
3446: [
3380:Yongwangsan
3274:Eungbongsan
3265: [
3225: [
3207:Cheongryang
3129:Maljukgeori
3105: [
3080: [
3063: [
3051: [
2996: [
2974: [
2949: [
2922: [
2910: [
2869:Hullyeonwon
2827: [
2815: [
2803: [
2786: [
2764: [
2752: [
2702: [
2653:Nakseongdae
2588: [
2576: [
2559: [
2542: [
2525: [
2485: [
2463: [
2418: [
2406: [
2394: [
2377: [
2352: [
2340: [
2328: [
2260: [
2252:Sangdo Park
2195: [
2160: [
2148: [
2083:(in Korean)
2077:(in Korean)
2031:(in Korean)
1726:(in Korean)
1700:(in Korean)
1663:(11): 561.
980:Moon Jae-in
909:북한 반공투사 위령탑
809: [
730: [
714:golf course
641:King Gojong
575: [
505: [
494: [
491:Cha Ri-seok
346:Description
331:golf course
308:Hyochangwon
304:Hyochangmyo
265::
177:Korean name
111:Established
90: /
78:126°57′40″E
65:Coordinates
58:South Korea
3503:Categories
3119:Guryongsan
2907:Bonghwasan
2795:Marronnier
2630:Mansucheon
2615:Gamrocheon
2482:Guryongsan
2386:Dongmyeong
2247:Samil Park
2242:Noryangjin
2192:Baebongsan
2184:Dongdaemun
1063:References
884:Kim Du-han
675:See also:
117:Park (1924
75:37°32′42″N
3385:Yangcheon
3352:Yangcheon
3244:Seongdong
3179:Bukhansan
3161:Seodaemun
3025:World Cup
2824:Sejong-ro
2812:Samcheong
2773:Inwangsan
2744:Bukhansan
2699:Gaeungsan
2648:Gwanaksan
2607:Geumcheon
2597:Yeomchang
2522:Bongjesan
2460:Cheongdam
2437:Saenmaeul
2297:Eunpyeong
2279:Eunpyeong
2209:Gandaemae
1831:0362-4331
1679:2075-5309
1657:Buildings
942:No. 330.
872:효창공원을 통곡함
600:Han River
596:feng shui
379:badminton
158:Every day
136:Etymology
3478:Hyochang
3468:Eungbong
3418:Seonyudo
3413:Jungmaru
3327:Munjeong
3257:Eungbong
3234:Seongbuk
3212:Gaeunsan
3199:Seongbuk
3184:Gungdong
3134:Seoripul
3077:Taereung
3072:Suraksan
3048:Chungsuk
3043:Buramsan
2983:Hyochang
2899:Jungnang
2749:Cheongun
2739:Bugaksan
2668:Gwangjin
2427:Myeongil
2366:Gangdong
2302:Galhyeon
2292:Bulgwang
2257:Sayuksin
2237:Kachisan
2204:Dapsimni
2174:Wolcheon
2169:Ssangmun
2145:Choansan
2140:Balbadak
2035:April 2,
2008:July 17,
2002:Archived
1978:July 17,
1972:Archived
1946:July 17,
1940:Archived
1913:July 21,
1907:Archived
1881:July 17,
1875:Archived
1841:July 17,
1835:Archived
1801:July 17,
1795:Archived
1765:July 18,
1759:Archived
1704:April 2,
1611:July 17,
1605:Archived
1578:July 17,
1572:Archived
1540:July 17,
1534:Archived
1466:July 17,
1460:Archived
1378:July 17,
1372:Archived
1330:July 17,
1324:Archived
1273:July 17,
1267:Archived
1230:July 17,
1216:"서울의 공원"
1175:July 19,
1169:Archived
1142:July 17,
1136:Archived
1100:July 16,
1094:Archived
769:Gyeonggi
753:Platanus
691:caddying
658:Aegirŭng
398:and the
45:Location
3460:Yongsan
3438:Yeouido
3337:Olympic
3312:Cheonma
3284:Seongsu
3252:Dalmaji
3151:Yeomgok
2936:Saemteo
2931:Manguri
2846:Waryong
2711:Gocheok
2658:Saemmal
2551:Gungsan
2517:Banghwa
2509:Gangseo
2499:Saemteo
2455:Bongeun
2447:Gangnam
2432:Saemteo
2374:Cheonho
2317:Gangbuk
2307:Gupabal
2287:Bongsan
2232:Boramae
2224:Dongjak
2060:YouTube
560:History
394:on the
283:of the
119: (
3408:Mullae
3403:Ankara
3365:Gyenam
3360:Galsan
3322:Jangji
3299:Songpa
3279:Geumho
3094:Seocho
3010:Sangam
2941:Yongma
2879:Namsan
2841:Tapgol
2778:Naksan
2731:Jongno
2640:Gwanak
2556:Maehwa
2349:Solbat
2214:Yongdu
2132:Dobong
1829:
1730:May 2,
1698:아틀라스뉴스
1677:
1036:;
1006:효창근린공원
765:Goyang
703:;
649:;
617:;
611:;
592:Joseon
565:Joseon
542:;
530:;
472:Kim Ku
448:;
438:, and
372:Wonhyo
263:Korean
183:Hangul
3534:Keijō
3450:]
3370:Paris
3332:Ogeum
3269:]
3229:]
3222:Odong
3169:Ansan
3109:]
3084:]
3067:]
3055:]
3035:Nowon
3000:]
2978:]
2953:]
2926:]
2914:]
2831:]
2819:]
2807:]
2800:Sajik
2790:]
2768:]
2756:]
2706:]
2592:]
2585:Ujang
2580:]
2563:]
2546:]
2529:]
2489:]
2477:Dosan
2472:Dogok
2467:]
2422:]
2410:]
2398:]
2381:]
2356:]
2344:]
2337:Odong
2332:]
2264:]
2199:]
2164:]
2152:]
2029:아시아경제
991:Notes
813:]
734:]
719:Yi Un
706:舊龍山高地
700:구용산고지
579:]
521:hanok
509:]
498:]
384:대한노인회
368:Silla
277:Seoul
199:Hanja
54:Seoul
3307:Asia
2963:Mapo
2856:Jung
2716:Onsu
2691:Guro
2539:Guam
2037:2024
2010:2023
1980:2023
1948:2023
1915:2023
1883:2023
1843:2023
1827:ISSN
1803:2023
1767:2023
1732:2024
1706:2024
1675:ISSN
1613:2023
1580:2023
1542:2023
1468:2023
1380:2023
1332:2023
1275:2023
1232:2023
1177:2023
1144:2023
1102:2023
901:The
635:and
619:lit.
514:The
463:유방백세
457:遺芳百世
451:三義士墓
445:삼의사묘
352:pine
268:효창공원
190:효창공원
155:Open
121:1924
103:Area
3020:Wau
2058:on
1665:doi
1028:Won
875:).
822:홍소연
763:in
667:).
664:애기릉
652:孝昌園
646:효창원
614:孝昌墓
608:효창묘
545:彰烈門
539:창열문
533:義烈祠
527:의열사
460:" (
387:).
326:".
3505::
3448:ko
3267:ko
3227:ko
3107:ko
3082:ko
3065:ko
3053:ko
2998:ko
2976:ko
2951:ko
2924:ko
2912:ko
2829:ko
2817:ko
2805:ko
2788:ko
2766:ko
2754:ko
2704:ko
2590:ko
2578:ko
2561:ko
2544:ko
2527:ko
2487:ko
2465:ko
2420:ko
2408:ko
2396:ko
2379:ko
2354:ko
2342:ko
2330:ko
2262:ko
2197:ko
2162:ko
2150:ko
1996:.
1964:.
1938:.
1932:.
1899:.
1851:^
1833:.
1819:.
1793:.
1787:.
1775:^
1757:.
1740:^
1722:.
1673:.
1661:11
1659:.
1655:.
1621:^
1550:^
1532:.
1476:^
1388:^
1370:.
1362:.
1340:^
1322:.
1283:^
1265:.
1259:.
1240:^
1185:^
1167:.
1152:^
1110:^
1088:.
1084:.
1071:^
811:ko
767:,
732:ko
582:,
577:ko
556:.
507:ko
500:,
496:ko
489:,
434:,
410:.
374:.
299:.
275:,
56:,
52:,
2116:e
2109:t
2102:v
2071:)
2039:.
2012:.
1982:.
1950:.
1917:.
1885:.
1845:.
1805:.
1769:.
1734:.
1708:.
1681:.
1667::
1615:.
1582:.
1544:.
1470:.
1382:.
1334:.
1277:.
1234:.
1179:.
1146:.
1104:.
1039:園
1033:원
1030:(
661:(
261:(
216:園
213:公
210:昌
207:孝
125:)
123:)
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