798:
1476:
62:
1104:
1071:
molecules) is measured with immunoradiometric or immunochemoluminescent assay. Elevated (or high-normal) iPTH with high urine calcium/creatinine ratio (more than 0.03) is suggestive of primary hyperparathyroidism, usually accompanied by low serum phosphate. High iPTH with low urine calcium/creatinine
1385:
Research has led to a better understanding of hypercalcemia in non-human animals. Often the causes of hypercalcemia have a correlation to the environment in which the organisms live. Hypercalcemia in house pets is typically due to disease, but other cases can be due to accidental ingestion of plants
1059:
Once calcium is confirmed to be elevated, a detailed history taken from the subject, including review of medications, any vitamin supplementations, herbal preparations, and previous calcium values. Chronic elevation of calcium with absent or mild symptoms often points to primary hyperparathyroidism
1718:
Soar J, Perkins GD, Abbas G, Alfonzo A, Barelli A, Bierens JJ, Brugger H, Deakin CD, Dunning J, Georgiou M, Handley AJ, Lockey DJ, Paal P, Sandroni C, Thies KC, Zideman DA, Nolan JP (2010). "European
Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010 Section 8. Cardiac arrest in special
706:
Hypercalcemia of malignancy (cancer) is due to a variety of mechanisms. The two most common are humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy and local osteolytic hypercalcemia due to bony metastasis. Humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy involves the tumor releasing a hormone which increases calcium
1143:
The goal of therapy is to treat the hypercalcaemia first and subsequently effort is directed to treat the underlying cause. In those with a calcium level above 13 mg/dL, calcium level that is rising rapidly or those with altered mental status, urgent treatment is required.
627:
after surgical neck exploration is the only way to avoid death. The diagnostic program should be performed within hours, in parallel with measures to lower serum calcium. Treatment of choice for acutely lowering calcium is extensive hydration and
778:
pathway leading to bone resorption and calcium release into the bloodstream. The massive release of calcium from bone metastasis and osteoclast activation usually overwhelms the kidney's ability to secrete calcium, thus leading to hypercalcemia.
793:
Hypercalcemia of malignancy usually portends a poor prognosis, and the medial survival is 25–52 days of its development. It has an incidence of 30% in those with cancer, and the prevalence is estimated to be about 2-3% in the United States.
1306:
Due to its limited duration of action (it works for 48–96 hours, then efficacy decreases as the calcitonin receptors are downregulated) its use is limited to acute hypercalcemia as a bridge therapy until more long-term treatments can be
1076:(PTHrP) measurements (though not available in all labs). Elevated PTHrP is suggestive of malignancy. Normal PTHrP is suggestive of multiple myeloma, vitamin A excess, milk-alkali syndrome, thyrotoxicosis, and immobilisation. Elevated
1095:), with levels greater than 2.6 mmol/L defined as hypercalcaemia. Moderate hypercalcaemia is a level of 2.88–3.5 mmol/L (11.5–14 mg/dL) while severe hypercalcaemia is > 3.5 mmol/L (>14 mg/dL).
1564:
is favorable. Even if small amounts are ingested over long periods of time, the prolonged high levels of calcium ions have large negative effects on the animals. The issues these animals experience are muscle weakness, and
2617:
2655:
257:), with levels greater than 2.6 mmol/L defined as hypercalcemia. Those with a mild increase that has developed slowly typically have no symptoms. In those with greater levels or rapid onset, symptoms may include
739:, which causes further activation of osteoclast activity. The combination of PTHrP driven osteoclast activation and calcium reabsorption by the kidneys causes hypercalcemia associated with malignancy (humoral type).
2732:
2717:
1426:
causes a rapid rise in calcium ion levels. Calcium ion levels can remain high for weeks if untreated and lead to an array of medical issues. There are also cases of hypercalcemia reported due to dogs ingesting
1256:
Bisphosphonates are used as a first line therapy for those with hypercalcemia of malignancy. They are used as both an acute therapy and are usually continued long term to prevent hypercalcemia.
681:
367:, intravenous bisphosphonate, in addition to treating the underlying cause. The evidence for furosemide use, however, is poor. In those with very high levels, hospitalization may be required.
937:
1064:. For those who has underlying malignancy, the cancers may be sufficiently severe to show up in history and examination to point towards the diagnosis with little laboratory investigations.
1895:
3153:
475:. Since calcium blocks sodium channels and inhibits depolarization of nerve and muscle fibers, increased calcium raises the threshold for depolarization. This results in decreased
2614:
2681:
2652:
1719:
circumstances: Electrolyte abnormalities, poisoning, drowning, accidental hypothermia, hyperthermia, asthma, anaphylaxis, cardiac surgery, trauma, pregnancy, electrocution".
1056:
levels does not show the true levels of ionised calcium. There is, however, controversy around the usefulness of corrected calcium as it may be no better than total calcium.
2920:
375:
may be useful. Hypercalcemia is relatively common. Primary hyperparathyroidism occurs in 1–7 per 1,000 people, and hypercalcaemia occurs in about 2.7% of those with cancer.
1165:(inability of the kidney to concentrate the urine). IV fluid rehydration allows the kidneys to excrete more calcium, and usually lowers the calcium level by 1–2 mg/dL.
1067:
If detailed history and examination does not narrow down the differential diagnoses, further laboratory investigations are performed. Intact PTH (iPTH, biologically active
3713:
1560:
or similar substances that cause rises in calcium ion levels. Hypercalcemia is most common in grazing lands at altitudes above 1500 meters where growth of plants like
3457:
2211:
727:
activity, respectively. Osteoclasts are a type of bone cell which cause bone resorption, releasing calcium into the bloodstream. PTHrP also acts by activating
1371:
therapy can correct the hypophosphataemia in the face of hypercalcaemia and lower serum calcium, but this can further increase the risk for kidney stones and
3146:
577:
of smooth and striated muscle. This explains the fatigue, muscle weakness, low tone and sluggish reflexes in muscle groups. The sluggish nerves also explain
2662:
Gruenberg MS, PhD, DECAR DECBHM. W.G., April 2014. Enzootic
Calcinosis. The Merck Veterinary Manual. Merck Sharp & Dohme, Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA.
2624:
Peterson DVM, DACVIM. M. E., July 2013. Hypercalcemia in Dogs and Cats. The Merck
Veterinary Manual. Merck Sharp & Dohme, Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA.
1168:
increased salt intake also can increase body fluid volume as well as increasing urine sodium excretion, which further increases urinary calcium excretion.
2860:
2688:
Khan DVM, MS, PhD, DABVT, S.A., March 2012. Topical Agents (Toxicity). The Merck
Veterinary Manual. Merck Sharp & Dohme, Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA.
3427:
816:
Solid tumor with metastasis via local osteolytic hypercalcemia: which can be due to any tumor that metastasizes to the bone. But common causes include
3139:
573:
can result. The high levels of calcium ions decrease the neuron membrane permeability to sodium ions, thus decreasing excitability, which leads to
597:
A hypercalcaemic crisis is an emergency situation with a severe hypercalcaemia, generally above approximately 14 mg/dL (or 3.5 mmol/L).
1891:
3234:
1459:
which cause the onset of hypercalcemia. Consuming small amounts of these plants can be fatal to pets. Observable symptoms may develop such as
2485:
1179:
can be given to permit continued large volume intravenous salt and water replacement while minimizing the risk of blood volume overload and
1418:
are the main causes of hypercalcemia, but there are also environmental causes usually unique to indoor pets. Ingestion of small amounts of
2024:
1161:
is the initial therapy. Hypercalcemia usually causes symptoms that lead to chronic dehydration, such as nausea, vomiting, anorexia, and
2678:
1767:
3052:
1957:
1343:
effective in hypercalcemia due to malignancy with elevated vitamin D levels (many types of malignancies raise the vitamin D level).
1496:, approximately 17 per cent of sheep are affected, with 60 per cent of these cases being fatal. Many cases are also documented in
2853:
2222:
1488:
In certain outdoor environments, animals such as horses, pigs, cattle, and sheep experience hypercalcemia commonly. In southern
3627:
3508:
3420:
1398:
Household pets such as dogs and cats are found to develop hypercalcemia. It is less common in cats, and many feline cases are
1266:
Bisphosphonates caused normalization of calcium levels in 60-90% of patients who were treated for hypercalcemia of malignancy.
3538:
2465:
2438:
2099:
2068:
2042:
1809:
317:
3490:
2955:
1061:
694:
3071:
2411:
2308:
2293:
2278:
2263:
1073:
708:
561:(12.0 mg/dL or 3 mmol/L). Severe hypercalcaemia (above 15–16 mg/dL or 3.75–4 mmol/L) is considered a
3485:
2846:
3703:
3413:
2208:
931:
797:
3668:
3637:
3632:
3543:
3197:
3047:
2915:
2903:
1593:
1195:
767:
3462:
3118:
3066:
1162:
1025:
716:
1300:
blocks bone resorption by inhibiting osteoclasts and also increases urinary calcium excretion by the kidneys.
3599:
17:
1569:
of blood vessels, heart valves, liver, kidneys, and other soft tissues, which eventually can lead to death.
3553:
3374:
1080:
is suggestive of lymphoma, sarcoidosis, granulomatous disorders, and excessive calcitriol intake. Elevated
992:
675:
662:
309:
156:
3394:
2512:
1411:
644:
289:
136:
3718:
968:
844:
305:
152:
1656:
Minisola S, Pepe J, Piemonte S, Cipriani C (2015). "The diagnosis and management of hypercalcaemia".
1303:
Usually used in life-threatening hypercalcaemia along with rehydration, diuresis, and bisphosphonates
3678:
3202:
3168:
2949:
2945:
2877:
2747:
3642:
2481:
2239:
2058:
1292:
Denosumab caused normalization of calcium levels in 70% in those with hypercalcemia of malignancy.
3609:
3594:
3566:
3436:
3321:
3207:
1588:
1072:
ratio is suggestive of familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia. Low iPTH should be followed up with
113:
2091:
2085:
1187:
tend to depress calcium reabsorption by the kidney thereby helping to lower blood calcium levels
3108:
1439:
cream. Additionally, ingestion of household plants is a cause of hypercalcemia. Plants such as
1260:
1227:
and inhibit osteoclastic bone resorption, therefore inhibiting calcium release from osteoclasts
736:
371:
may be used in those who do not respond to other treatments. In those with vitamin D toxicity,
2798:
2428:
2021:
790:. These causes are rare and constitute about 1% of all causes of hypercalcemia of malignancy.
3467:
3212:
3113:
2869:
2455:
1534:
1124:
1020:
670:
650:
Causes of hypercalcemia can be divided into those that are PTH dependent or PTH independent.
420:
1123:
suggest hypercalcaemia. Significant hypercalcaemia can cause ECG changes mimicking an acute
3673:
3622:
3617:
3477:
3011:
2988:
2910:
1838:
1407:
1274:
is a bone anti-resorptive agent that can be used to treat hypercalcemia in patients with a
1003:
852:
848:
688:
476:
325:
3131:
2083:
8:
3533:
3518:
3292:
2736:
1964:
at
Medscape. Author: Robin R Hemphill. Chief Editor: Erik D Schraga. Retrieved April 2011
1759:
1552:
1518:
1480:
1447:
1068:
787:
712:
617:
491:
329:
2168:
1954:
1842:
1732:
3647:
3576:
3219:
2741:
2583:
2558:
2534:
2507:
2394:
1681:
1578:
1526:
is dried out, the toxicity of it is diminished. Other plants causing hypercalcemia are
1387:
1347:
1112:
927:
892:
759:
499:
356:
313:
192:
160:
89:
2087:
Current
Medical Diagnosis and Treatment 2007 (Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment)
742:
Another mechanism in which cancer causes hypercalcemia is via local osteolysis due to
3513:
3312:
3268:
3019:
2758:
2588:
2539:
2461:
2434:
2398:
2386:
2219:
2190:
2138:
2095:
2064:
2038:
2004:
1866:
1861:
1826:
1805:
1736:
1673:
1583:
1191:
1045:
1030:
856:
624:
562:
519:
454:
349:
333:
266:
176:
167:
102:
77:
1685:
3708:
3444:
3224:
3024:
2935:
2809:
2578:
2570:
2529:
2521:
2378:
2180:
2128:
1994:
1930:
1856:
1846:
1797:
1728:
1665:
1540:
1501:
1372:
1275:
960:
869:
511:
278:
122:
2457:
Medical and
Surgical Treatment of Parathyroid Diseases: An Evidence-Based Approach
1107:
An Osborn wave, an abnormal EKG tracing that can be associated with hypercalcemia.
812:
Common cancer types that are associated with hypercalcemia of malignancy include:
3561:
3335:
3287:
3254:
3192:
2996:
2752:
2685:
2659:
2621:
2525:
2226:
2215:
2059:
Mitchell, Richard
Sheppard, Kumar, Vinay, Abbas, Abul K., Fausto, Nelson (2007).
2028:
1961:
1528:
1475:
1456:
1441:
1386:
or chemicals in the home. Outdoor animals commonly develop hypercalcemia through
1358:
1334:
1328:
1281:
Denosumab is a monoclonal antibody that inhibits osteoclasts. It acts by binding
1213:
1180:
1049:
955:
732:
484:
392:
337:
180:
2812:
1917:
1263:
or those who are severely dehydrated as they may worsen or cause kidney disease.
3317:
3096:
3001:
2973:
2965:
2815:
1546:
1452:
1415:
1362:
1220:
analogues with high affinity for bone, especially areas of high bone-turnover.
1184:
943:
923:
755:
633:
570:
472:
282:
258:
126:
94:
70:
2763:
2726:
2574:
2115:
Sekine O, Hozumi Y, Takemoto N, Kiyozaki H, Yamada S, Konishi F (March 2004).
1337:
increase urinary calcium excretion and decrease intestinal calcium absorption
1052:
level and be confirmed after a week. This is because either high or low serum
3697:
3354:
3229:
3187:
3091:
2978:
2941:
2931:
2898:
2890:
2826:
2369:
Guise TA, Wysolmerski JJ (14 April 2022). "Cancer-Associated
Hypercalcemia".
2194:
2032:
1999:
1982:
1801:
1566:
1403:
1331:
inhibits bone resorption and changes structure of bone crystals (rarely used)
1217:
1172:
825:
817:
751:
747:
368:
274:
118:
82:
3528:
3405:
3103:
3042:
2592:
2543:
2390:
2142:
2008:
1870:
1851:
1740:
1677:
1432:
1423:
1419:
915:
805:
720:
586:
574:
558:
480:
468:
432:
340:
level and be confirmed after a week. Specific changes, such as a shortened
301:
208:
148:
33:
2382:
2133:
2116:
3652:
3061:
2838:
2793:
2185:
1428:
1351:
1282:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1132:
1120:
1081:
919:
911:
840:
821:
775:
771:
728:
551:
345:
341:
321:
297:
246:
204:
172:
144:
2709:
3523:
2927:
2821:
2084:
Tierney, Lawrence M., McPhee, Stephen J., Papadakis, Maxine A. (2006).
1918:
Amazon Sapira's Art & Science of
Bedside Diagnosis (Kindle Edition)
1557:
1460:
1399:
1322:
1297:
1231:
1224:
1176:
1077:
1015:
899:
865:
862:
801:
743:
724:
629:
609:
578:
531:
364:
360:
215:
200:
196:
1669:
782:
Hypercalcemia of malignancy may also occur due to tumor production of
467:
The neuromuscular symptoms of hypercalcaemia are caused by a negative
3500:
3034:
2804:
2769:
1497:
1436:
1368:
1271:
1158:
997:
979:
907:
783:
763:
543:
535:
262:
98:
3586:
1464:
1365:. Supplemental phosphate should be monitored and added if necessary
1340:
no effect on calcium level in normal or primary hyperparathyroidism
973:
877:
873:
833:
601:
539:
527:
523:
507:
436:
372:
270:
106:
2035:
Principles and practice of palliative care and supportive oncology
746:
to bone. Tumor bone metastasis releases local cytokines including
2774:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2602:
1513:
1505:
1053:
829:
647:
and malignancy account for about 90% of cases of hypercalcaemia.
495:
458:
242:
2415:
2312:
2297:
2282:
2267:
1516:. These cases of hypercalcemeia are usually caused by ingesting
623:
In extreme cases of primary hyperparathyroidism, removal of the
61:
3083:
2721:
1509:
1489:
1088:
605:
582:
547:
534:. Psychiatric manifestation can include emotional instability,
503:
427:
293:
250:
140:
2599:
1827:"Calcium block of Na+ channels and its effect on closing rate"
1103:
2508:"Severe hypercalcaemia mimicking acute myocardial infarction"
1920:
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Retrieved January 7, 2012.
1493:
1278:
to bisphosphonates such as severe kidney failure or allergy.
1092:
774:(the cell type responsible for laying down new bone) via the
636:(which have effect on calcium levels after one or two days).
515:
254:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2563:
Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives
2114:
1655:
1084:
is suggestive of vitamin D or excessive calcifediol intake.
3161:
1286:
1044:
Diagnosis should generally include either a calculation of
804:
of ovarian small cell carcinoma of the hypercalcemic type.
613:
589:. Hypocalcaemia causes the opposite by the same mechanism.
566:
2033:
Roenn, Jamie H. Von, Ann Berger, Shuster, John W. (2007).
2665:
1128:
1116:
2218:
in Pazdur R, Wagman LD, Camphausen KA, Hoskins WJ (Eds)
1792:"Appendix 1: Conversion of SI Units to Standard Units".
471:
effect due to the increased interaction of calcium with
1717:
711:(PTHrP)) into the circulation. PTHrP acts similarly to
2648:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2630:
882:
Ovarian small cell carcinoma of the hypercalcemic type
2037:. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
1361:
usually used in severe hypercalcaemia complicated by
839:
Solid tumor with humoral mediation of hypercalcemia:
2699:
2207:
Hu MI, Vassilopoulou-Sellin R, Lustig R, Lamont JP.
3714:
Abnormal clinical and laboratory findings for blood
2627:
770:. These cytokines activate osteoclasts and inhibit
1259:Bisphosphonates are not recommended in those with
1230:current available drugs include: (1st generation)
2556:
2505:
2117:"Parathyroid adenoma without hyperparathyroidism"
2077:
1204:
1127:. Hypercalcaemia has also been known to cause an
719:on the kidneys and bones and causes an increased
600:The main symptoms of a hypercalcaemic crisis are
3695:
2368:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2152:
1422:found in psoriasis cream can be fatal to a pet.
2220:Cancer Management: A Multidisciplinary Approach
1831:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1319:rarely used, or used in special circumstances:
522:occurs as a result, manifestations can include
3235:Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation
2426:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2166:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1818:
1760:"Hypercalcemia - National Library of Medicine"
1285:preventing it from activating osteoclasts via
332:. Diagnosis should generally include either a
3421:
3147:
2854:
2453:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2149:
1824:
1794:Principles and Practice of Geriatric Medicine
3435:
2430:Nutrition Therapy for Chronic Kidney Disease
1390:from wild plants within their environments.
843:(especially squamous cell tumors, a type of
27:High calcium (Ca2+) level in the blood serum
1967:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1131:finding mimicking hypothermia, known as an
32:For the disorder of low blood calcium, see
3428:
3414:
3154:
3140:
2868:
2861:
2847:
2317:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
723:reabsorption of calcium and activation of
60:
2582:
2533:
2184:
2132:
1998:
1980:
1860:
1850:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
914:and other granulomatous diseases such as
557:Symptoms are more common at high calcium
2169:"Hypercalcemia: etiology and management"
2063:(8th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders.
1877:
1787:
1785:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1474:
1102:
796:
592:
296:. Other causes of hypercalcemia include
3162:Metal deficiency and toxicity disorders
2559:"Osborn waves in a hypothermic patient"
1147:
653:
14:
3696:
3628:Acrokeratosis paraneoplastica of Bazex
3509:Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration
1747:
1606:
1325:inhibits bone resorption (rarely used)
886:
3409:
3135:
2842:
2557:Serafi SW, Vliek C, Taremi M (2012).
2167:Renaghan AD, Rosner MH (2018-04-01).
2121:Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology
2051:
1782:
1770:from the original on 8 September 2017
1692:
949:
682:Familial isolated hyperparathyroidism
378:
318:familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia
3491:Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis
2956:Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
2506:Wesson L, Suresh V, Parry R (2009).
2244:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
2090:. McGraw-Hill Professional. p.
1935:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
1467:, extreme fatigue, or constipation.
1062:Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
938:Idiopathic hypercalcaemia of infancy
695:Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
446:Muscle weakness, decreased reflexes
3072:Hypokalemic sensory overstimulation
2412:Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man
2309:Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man
2294:Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man
2279:Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man
2264:Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man
2173:Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation
1955:Hypercalcemia in Emergency Medicine
1733:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.08.015
1074:Parathyroid hormone-related protein
709:parathyroid hormone-related protein
249:. The normal range is 2.1–2.6
24:
3486:Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis
1898:from the original on July 13, 2017
1470:
1313:
514:, abdominal pain, & paralytic
25:
3730:
3539:Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome
2695:
2454:Stack BC Jr, Bodenner DL (2016).
2209:"Thyroid and Parathyroid Cancers"
1431:containing a chemical similar to
1393:
1190:caution must be taken to prevent
1087:The normal range is 2.1–2.6
986:
288:Most outpatient cases are due to
1380:
932:granulomatosis with polyangiitis
585:or coma. In the gut this causes
3669:Febrile neutrophilic dermatosis
3638:Florid cutaneous papillomatosis
3544:Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis
3048:Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis
2916:Disorders of calcium metabolism
2550:
2499:
2488:from the original on 2014-12-16
2482:"Life in the Fast Lane • LITFL"
2474:
2447:
2427:Thomas LK, Othersen JB (2016).
2420:
2405:
2371:New England Journal of Medicine
2302:
2287:
2272:
2257:
2232:
2201:
2108:
2015:
1594:Disorders of calcium metabolism
768:macrophage inflammatory protein
717:parathyroid hormone 1 receptors
667:Primary parathyroid hyperplasia
3119:Cerebral salt-wasting syndrome
3067:Hypokalemic periodic paralysis
2615:Hypercalcemia in Dogs and Cats
2240:"Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia"
1948:
1923:
1910:
1522:before it has dried out. Once
1205:Bisphosphonates and calcitonin
1163:nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
1091:(8.8–10.7 mg/dL, 4.3–5.2
697:/familial benign hypercalcemia
620:should be proved or excluded.
253:(8.8–10.7 mg/dL, 4.3–5.2
13:
1:
3600:Necrolytic migratory erythema
1825:Armstrong CM, Cota G (1999).
1599:
1138:
1035:Excessive calcium consumption
942:Rebound hypercalcaemia after
616:. After recognition, primary
581:, confusion, hallucinations,
3633:Extramammary Paget's disease
3375:Acrodermatitis enteropathica
2526:10.7861/clinmedicine.9-2-186
1916:Orient, Dr. Jane M. (2011).
1039:
993:Tertiary hyperparathyroidism
707:mobilization (most commonly
676:Multiple endocrine neoplasia
663:Solitary parathyroid adenoma
659:Primary hyperparathyroidism
554:may be visible in the eyes.
550:. Calcium deposits known as
494:(especially in those taking
310:multiple endocrine neoplasia
175:level > 2.6 mmol/L (
157:multiple endocrine neoplasia
7:
3395:Inborn errors of metabolism
2921:Hypercalcemia of malignancy
1981:Ziegler R (February 2001).
1796:. Vol. 2. 2005. i–ii.
1572:
1412:primary hyperparathyroidism
645:Primary hyperparathyroidism
292:and inpatient cases due to
290:primary hyperparathyroidism
137:Primary hyperparathyroidism
10:
3735:
3463:Zollinger–Ellison syndrome
3213:African iron overload/HFE4
2433:. CRC Press. p. 116.
1026:Zollinger–Ellison syndrome
845:non-small cell lung cancer
437:excessive urination volume
31:
3661:
3608:
3584:
3575:
3552:
3499:
3476:
3443:
3387:
3363:
3343:
3334:
3301:
3276:
3267:
3243:
3176:
3167:
3082:
3033:
3010:
2987:
2964:
2876:
2784:
2703:
2679:Topical Agents (Toxicity)
2575:10.3402/jchimp.v1i4.10742
1048:or direct measurement of
701:
639:
224:
214:
187:
166:
132:
112:
88:
76:
68:
59:
51:
46:
3704:Electrolyte disturbances
3679:Paraneoplastic pemphigus
3437:Paraneoplastic syndromes
2950:Dystrophic calcification
2946:Metastatic calcification
2460:. Springer. p. 99.
2000:10.1681/ASN.V12suppl_1s3
1802:10.1002/047009057X.app01
1009:
965:Prolonged immobilization
895:(vitamin D intoxication)
715:in that it binds to the
461:, cognitive dysfunction
3595:Erythema gyratum repens
3567:Hypertrophic osteopathy
3322:Occipital horn syndrome
2061:Robbins Basic Pathology
1589:Electrolyte disturbance
1556:. These plants contain
490:Other symptoms include
2870:Electrolyte imbalances
1983:"Hypercalcemic crisis"
1852:10.1073/pnas.96.7.4154
1485:
1261:chronic kidney disease
1108:
1098:
906:(see calcitriol under
851:of the head and neck,
809:
737:nuclear factor kappa B
593:Hypercalcaemic crisis
384:Mnemonic for symptoms
355:Treatment may include
2383:10.1056/NEJMcp2113128
1535:Nierembergia veitchii
1478:
1223:they are taken up by
1171:after rehydration, a
1125:myocardial infarction
1115:can also result, and
1106:
1021:Adrenal insufficiency
849:squamous cell cancers
800:
671:Parathyroid carcinoma
451:Psychiatric overtones
421:non-specific symptoms
411:Abdominal discomfort
279:abnormal heart rhythm
123:abnormal heart rhythm
3674:Pyoderma gangrenosum
3623:Ichthyosis acquisita
3618:Acanthosis nigricans
3198:Hemochromatosis/HFE1
2911:Milk-alkali syndrome
1209:Additional therapy:
1148:Fluids and diuretics
1119:findings of a short
1004:Milk-alkali syndrome
859:, and breast cancer.
654:Parathyroid function
477:deep tendon reflexes
348:, may be seen on an
3534:Transverse myelitis
3519:Limbic encephalitis
2895:Symptoms and signs
2653:Enzootic Calcinosis
2134:10.1093/jjco/hyh028
1987:J. Am. Soc. Nephrol
1843:1999PNAS...96.4154A
1562:Trisetum flavescens
1553:Solanum malacoxylon
1524:Trisetum flavescens
1519:Trisetum flavescens
1481:Trisetum flavescens
1448:Solanum malacoxylon
1234:, (2nd generation)
1069:parathyroid hormone
887:Vitamin-D disorders
788:parathyroid hormone
713:parathyroid hormone
618:hyperparathyroidism
565:: at these levels,
524:increased urination
492:cardiac arrhythmias
385:
330:hydrochlorothiazide
69:Calcium within the
3648:Pityriasis rotunda
3468:Cushing's syndrome
3220:Aceruloplasminemia
2785:External resources
2684:2014-07-28 at the
2658:2014-07-28 at the
2620:2014-07-28 at the
2225:2013-10-04 at the
2214:2010-02-28 at the
2186:10.1093/ndt/gfy054
2027:2017-09-08 at the
1993:(Suppl 17): S3–9.
1960:2011-04-25 at the
1579:Calcium metabolism
1486:
1484:(yellow oat grass)
1388:vitamin D toxicity
1348:hypervitaminosis D
1346:also effective in
1109:
950:High bone-turnover
893:Hypervitaminosis D
857:urothelial cancers
810:
760:interleukin-1 beta
678:(MEN1 & MEN2A)
528:urination at night
383:
379:Signs and symptoms
357:intravenous fluids
314:vitamin D toxicity
245:(Ca) level in the
193:intravenous fluids
191:Underlying cause,
161:vitamin D toxicity
3719:Medical mnemonics
3691:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3643:Leser-Trélat sign
3514:Encephalomyelitis
3403:
3402:
3383:
3382:
3330:
3329:
3313:Copper deficiency
3263:
3262:
3129:
3128:
2836:
2835:
2513:Clinical Medicine
2467:978-3-319-26794-4
2440:978-1-4398-4950-7
2377:(15): 1443–1451.
2101:978-0-07-147247-0
2070:978-1-4160-2973-1
2044:978-0-7817-9595-1
1811:978-0-470-09057-2
1670:10.1136/bmj.h2723
1408:Addison's disease
1246:(3rd generation)
1152:Initial therapy:
1046:corrected calcium
1031:Williams Syndrome
625:parathyroid gland
563:medical emergency
520:kidney impairment
465:
464:
350:electrocardiogram
334:corrected calcium
232:
231:
177:corrected calcium
168:Diagnostic method
41:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3726:
3582:
3581:
3430:
3423:
3416:
3407:
3406:
3368:
3348:
3341:
3340:
3306:
3293:Wilson's disease
3281:
3274:
3273:
3248:
3225:Atransferrinemia
3181:
3174:
3173:
3156:
3149:
3142:
3133:
3132:
2936:Calcinosis cutis
2863:
2856:
2849:
2840:
2839:
2701:
2700:
2689:
2676:
2663:
2650:
2625:
2612:
2597:
2596:
2586:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2537:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2424:
2418:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2366:
2315:
2306:
2300:
2291:
2285:
2276:
2270:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2236:
2230:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2188:
2164:
2147:
2146:
2136:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2002:
1978:
1965:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1927:
1921:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1894:. Merck Manual.
1888:
1875:
1874:
1864:
1854:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1789:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1756:
1745:
1744:
1715:
1690:
1689:
1653:
1541:Solanum esuriale
1502:Papua New Guinea
1373:nephrocalcinosis
1276:contraindication
1181:pulmonary oedema
961:Multiple myeloma
910:) levels (e.g.,
870:multiple myeloma
735:which activates
532:increased thirst
512:loss of appetite
483:), and skeletal
386:
382:
64:
44:
43:
21:
3734:
3733:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3683:
3657:
3604:
3571:
3562:Dermatomyositis
3554:Musculoskeletal
3548:
3495:
3472:
3439:
3434:
3404:
3399:
3379:
3364:
3359:
3344:
3326:
3302:
3297:
3288:Copper toxicity
3277:
3259:
3255:Iron deficiency
3244:
3239:
3193:Hemochromatosis
3177:
3163:
3160:
3130:
3125:
3078:
3029:
3006:
2983:
2960:
2872:
2867:
2837:
2832:
2831:
2780:
2779:
2712:
2698:
2693:
2692:
2686:Wayback Machine
2677:
2666:
2660:Wayback Machine
2651:
2628:
2622:Wayback Machine
2613:
2600:
2555:
2551:
2504:
2500:
2491:
2489:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2468:
2452:
2448:
2441:
2425:
2421:
2410:
2406:
2367:
2318:
2307:
2303:
2292:
2288:
2277:
2273:
2262:
2258:
2248:
2246:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2227:Wayback Machine
2216:Wayback Machine
2206:
2202:
2165:
2150:
2113:
2109:
2102:
2082:
2078:
2071:
2057:Table 20-4 in:
2056:
2052:
2045:
2029:Wayback Machine
2020:
2016:
1979:
1968:
1962:Wayback Machine
1953:
1949:
1939:
1937:
1931:"Hypercalcemia"
1929:
1928:
1924:
1915:
1911:
1901:
1899:
1892:"Hypercalcemia"
1890:
1889:
1878:
1823:
1819:
1812:
1791:
1790:
1783:
1773:
1771:
1758:
1757:
1748:
1727:(10): 1400–33.
1716:
1693:
1654:
1607:
1602:
1575:
1529:Cestrum diurnum
1473:
1471:Outdoor animals
1457:cholecalciferol
1442:Cestrum diurnum
1396:
1383:
1335:glucocorticoids
1329:gallium nitrate
1316:
1314:Other therapies
1214:bisphosphonates
1207:
1183:. In addition,
1150:
1141:
1101:
1050:ionized calcium
1042:
1012:
989:
969:Paget's disease
956:Hyperthyroidism
952:
928:Crohn's disease
903:
889:
733:osteoprotegerin
731:and inhibiting
704:
656:
642:
634:bisphosphonates
595:
485:muscle weakness
473:sodium channels
381:
338:ionized calcium
237:, also spelled
181:ionized calcium
42:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3732:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3689:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3665:
3663:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3614:
3612:
3610:Papulosquamous
3606:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3591:
3589:
3579:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3564:
3558:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3505:
3503:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3482:
3480:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3453:Hypercalcaemia
3449:
3447:
3441:
3440:
3433:
3432:
3425:
3418:
3410:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3371:
3369:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3351:
3349:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3318:Menkes disease
3315:
3309:
3307:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3290:
3284:
3282:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3251:
3249:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3190:
3184:
3182:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3158:
3151:
3144:
3136:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3097:Salt poisoning
3088:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3039:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3016:
3014:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2993:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2970:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2939:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2913:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2904:Trousseau sign
2901:
2893:
2888:
2882:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2866:
2865:
2858:
2851:
2843:
2834:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2827:Hypercalcaemia
2818:
2801:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2766:
2755:
2744:
2729:
2713:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:Classification
2697:
2696:External links
2694:
2691:
2690:
2664:
2626:
2598:
2549:
2498:
2473:
2466:
2446:
2439:
2419:
2404:
2316:
2301:
2286:
2271:
2256:
2231:
2229:. 11 ed. 2008.
2200:
2179:(4): 549–551.
2148:
2107:
2100:
2076:
2069:
2050:
2043:
2014:
1966:
1947:
1922:
1909:
1876:
1817:
1810:
1781:
1746:
1691:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1584:Dent's disease
1581:
1574:
1571:
1547:Solanum torvum
1492:and Mattewara
1472:
1469:
1453:ergocalciferol
1416:kidney failure
1414:, and chronic
1395:
1394:Household pets
1392:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1366:
1363:kidney failure
1356:
1355:
1354:
1344:
1341:
1332:
1326:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1257:
1254:
1228:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1188:
1185:loop diuretics
1169:
1166:
1149:
1146:
1140:
1137:
1100:
1097:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1001:
995:
988:
987:Kidney failure
985:
984:
983:
977:
971:
966:
963:
958:
951:
948:
947:
946:
944:rhabdomyolysis
940:
935:
924:histoplasmosis
901:
896:
888:
885:
884:
883:
880:
860:
837:
703:
700:
699:
698:
692:
686:
685:
684:
679:
673:
668:
665:
655:
652:
641:
638:
594:
591:
571:cardiac arrest
463:
462:
452:
448:
447:
444:
440:
439:
430:
424:
423:
419:Complaints of
417:
413:
412:
409:
405:
404:
401:
397:
396:
390:
380:
377:
344:and prolonged
283:cardiac arrest
259:abdominal pain
239:hypercalcaemia
230:
229:
226:
222:
221:
218:
212:
211:
189:
185:
184:
170:
164:
163:
134:
130:
129:
127:cardiac arrest
116:
110:
109:
95:Abdominal pain
92:
86:
85:
80:
74:
73:
71:periodic table
66:
65:
57:
56:
55:Hypercalcaemia
53:
49:
48:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3731:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3660:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3607:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3577:Mucocutaneous
3574:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3551:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3498:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3478:Hematological
3475:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3431:
3426:
3424:
3419:
3417:
3412:
3411:
3408:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3362:
3356:
3355:Zinc toxicity
3353:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3323:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3300:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3242:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3230:Hemosiderosis
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3203:Juvenile/HFE2
3201:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3188:Iron overload
3186:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3157:
3152:
3150:
3145:
3143:
3138:
3137:
3134:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2942:Calcification
2940:
2937:
2933:
2932:Calciphylaxis
2929:
2926:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2899:Chvostek sign
2897:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2864:
2859:
2857:
2852:
2850:
2845:
2844:
2841:
2828:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2790:
2787:
2783:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2706:
2702:
2687:
2683:
2680:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2594:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2553:
2545:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2502:
2487:
2483:
2477:
2469:
2463:
2459:
2458:
2450:
2442:
2436:
2432:
2431:
2423:
2417:
2413:
2408:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2314:
2310:
2305:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2284:
2280:
2275:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2245:
2241:
2235:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2204:
2196:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2111:
2103:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2080:
2072:
2066:
2062:
2054:
2046:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2018:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1951:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1919:
1913:
1897:
1893:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1837:(7): 4154–7.
1836:
1832:
1828:
1821:
1813:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1788:
1786:
1769:
1765:
1764:PubMed Health
1761:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1721:Resuscitation
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1605:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1570:
1568:
1567:calcification
1563:
1559:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1433:calcipotriene
1430:
1425:
1424:Calcipotriene
1421:
1420:calcipotriene
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1404:lymphosarcoma
1401:
1391:
1389:
1381:Other animals
1374:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1218:pyrophosphate
1215:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1173:loop diuretic
1170:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1145:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1113:heart rhythms
1105:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
994:
991:
990:
981:
978:
975:
972:
970:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
953:
945:
941:
939:
936:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
897:
894:
891:
890:
881:
879:
875:
871:
867:
864:
861:
858:
854:
853:kidney cancer
850:
846:
842:
838:
835:
831:
827:
826:kidney cancer
823:
819:
818:breast cancer
815:
814:
813:
807:
806:H&E stain
803:
799:
795:
791:
789:
785:
780:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
740:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
696:
693:
690:
687:
683:
680:
677:
674:
672:
669:
666:
664:
661:
660:
658:
657:
651:
648:
646:
637:
635:
632:, as well as
631:
626:
621:
619:
615:
611:
608:, as well as
607:
603:
598:
590:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
555:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
488:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
460:
456:
453:
450:
449:
445:
442:
441:
438:
434:
431:
429:
426:
425:
422:
418:
415:
414:
410:
407:
406:
402:
399:
398:
394:
391:
388:
387:
376:
374:
370:
369:Haemodialysis
366:
362:
358:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
306:Paget disease
303:
299:
295:
291:
286:
284:
280:
276:
275:kidney stones
272:
268:
264:
261:, bone pain,
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
235:Hypercalcemia
227:
223:
219:
217:
213:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
171:
169:
165:
162:
158:
154:
153:Paget disease
150:
146:
142:
138:
135:
131:
128:
124:
120:
119:Kidney stones
117:
115:
114:Complications
111:
108:
104:
100:
97:, bone pain,
96:
93:
91:
87:
84:
83:Endocrinology
81:
79:
75:
72:
67:
63:
58:
54:
50:
47:Hypercalcemia
45:
39:
35:
30:
19:
18:Hypercalcemia
3529:Polymyositis
3501:Neurological
3452:
3365:
3345:
3303:
3278:
3245:
3178:
2885:
2820:
2803:
2792:
2768:
2757:
2746:
2731:
2716:
2569:(4): 10742.
2566:
2562:
2552:
2520:(2): 186–7.
2517:
2511:
2501:
2490:. Retrieved
2476:
2456:
2449:
2429:
2422:
2407:
2374:
2370:
2304:
2289:
2274:
2259:
2247:. Retrieved
2243:
2234:
2203:
2176:
2172:
2127:(3): 155–8.
2124:
2120:
2110:
2086:
2079:
2060:
2053:
2034:
2017:
1990:
1986:
1950:
1938:. Retrieved
1934:
1925:
1912:
1900:. Retrieved
1834:
1830:
1820:
1793:
1774:27 September
1772:. Retrieved
1763:
1724:
1720:
1661:
1657:
1561:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1487:
1479:
1446:
1440:
1429:rodenticides
1397:
1384:
1208:
1151:
1142:
1110:
1086:
1066:
1058:
1043:
1000:intoxication
982:intoxication
916:tuberculosis
868:: including
811:
792:
781:
741:
705:
649:
643:
622:
599:
596:
587:constipation
575:hypotonicity
559:blood values
556:
489:
481:hyporeflexia
469:bathmotropic
466:
433:Constipation
354:
320:and certain
302:tuberculosis
287:
241:, is a high
238:
234:
233:
209:hemodialysis
149:tuberculosis
38:
34:Hypocalcemia
29:
3653:Tripe palms
3366:deficiency:
3304:deficiency:
3246:deficiency:
2794:MedlinePlus
1402:. In dogs,
1352:sarcoidosis
1283:RANK ligand
1252:risedronate
1248:zoledronate
1244:alendronate
1240:pamidronate
1236:tiludronate
1225:osteoclasts
1133:Osborn wave
1121:QT interval
1082:calcifediol
920:berylliosis
912:sarcoidosis
863:Hematologic
841:lung cancer
836:of the bone
822:lung cancer
776:rank ligand
772:osteoblasts
729:rank ligand
552:limbus sign
443:Muscle tone
395:or biliary
346:PR interval
342:QT interval
322:medications
298:sarcoidosis
247:blood serum
228:4 per 1,000
220:See article
205:pamidronate
173:Blood serum
145:sarcoidosis
52:Other names
3698:Categories
3524:Opsoclonus
2928:Calcinosis
2822:Patient UK
2759:DiseasesDB
2492:2014-10-19
1600:References
1558:calcitriol
1461:polydipsia
1400:idiopathic
1323:plicamycin
1307:initiated.
1298:Calcitonin
1232:etidronate
1177:furosemide
1139:Treatments
1078:Calcitriol
1016:Acromegaly
802:Micrograph
744:metastasis
725:osteoclast
630:calcitonin
610:somnolence
579:drowsiness
510:(emesis),
455:Depression
403:Bone pain
365:calcitonin
361:furosemide
281:including
267:depression
216:Medication
201:calcitonin
197:furosemide
103:depression
3585:Reactive
3445:Endocrine
3109:Hypotonic
3035:Potassium
3012:Phosphate
2989:Magnesium
2813:emerg/260
2805:eMedicine
2770:SNOMED CT
2399:248155661
2249:11 August
2195:0931-0509
1664:: h2723.
1498:Argentina
1437:psoriasis
1435:found in
1369:phosphate
1272:Denosumab
1198:depletion
1196:magnesium
1192:potassium
1159:IV fluids
1111:Abnormal
1040:Diagnosis
998:Aluminium
980:Vitamin A
908:Vitamin D
898:Elevated
855:or other
784:vitamin D
764:TNF alpha
544:psychosis
536:confusion
263:confusion
225:Frequency
188:Treatment
99:confusion
78:Specialty
3587:erythema
3114:Isotonic
2966:Chloride
2816:ped/1062
2810:med/1068
2775:66931009
2682:Archived
2656:Archived
2618:Archived
2593:23882340
2544:19435131
2486:Archived
2414:(OMIM):
2391:35417639
2311:(OMIM):
2296:(OMIM):
2281:(OMIM):
2266:(OMIM):
2223:Archived
2212:Archived
2143:15078912
2025:Archived
2022:Page 394
2009:11251025
1958:Archived
1902:June 10,
1896:Archived
1871:10097179
1768:Archived
1741:20956045
1686:28462200
1678:26037642
1573:See also
1465:polyuria
1451:contain
1359:dialysis
1175:such as
974:Thiazide
900:1,25(OH)
878:leukemia
874:lymphoma
834:lymphoma
602:oliguria
540:delirium
508:vomiting
373:steroids
324:such as
271:weakness
107:weakness
90:Symptoms
3709:Calcium
3346:excess:
3279:excess:
3179:excess:
2878:Calcium
2753:D006934
2584:3714046
2535:4952678
1940:25 July
1839:Bibcode
1514:Bavaria
1506:Jamaica
1054:albumin
866:cancers
830:myeloma
721:tubular
689:Lithium
500:fatigue
496:digoxin
459:anxiety
428:Thrones
352:(ECG).
326:lithium
312:(MEN),
243:calcium
3269:Copper
3084:Sodium
3053:equine
2799:000365
2742:275.42
2591:
2581:
2542:
2532:
2464:
2437:
2416:143880
2397:
2389:
2313:600740
2298:145981
2283:145980
2268:146200
2193:
2141:
2098:
2067:
2041:
2007:
1869:
1859:
1808:
1739:
1684:
1676:
1550:, and
1512:, and
1510:Hawaii
1490:Brazil
1445:, and
1089:mmol/L
930:, and
828:, and
702:Cancer
640:Causes
606:anuria
583:stupor
548:stupor
546:, and
530:, and
504:nausea
408:Groans
393:Kidney
389:Stones
294:cancer
277:or an
251:mmol/L
141:cancer
133:Causes
3662:Other
3458:SIADH
3388:Other
2727:E83.5
2395:S2CID
1862:22436
1682:S2CID
1494:India
1238:, IV
1093:mEq/L
1010:Other
756:IL-11
518:. If
516:ileus
416:Moans
400:Bones
255:mEq/L
3336:Zinc
3208:HFE3
3169:Iron
3092:High
3043:High
3020:High
2997:High
2974:High
2886:High
2764:6196
2748:MeSH
2737:9-CM
2589:PMID
2540:PMID
2462:ISBN
2435:ISBN
2387:PMID
2251:2021
2191:ISSN
2139:PMID
2096:ISBN
2065:ISBN
2039:ISBN
2031:in:
2005:PMID
1942:2021
1904:2017
1867:PMID
1806:ISBN
1776:2016
1737:PMID
1674:PMID
1350:and
1287:NFKB
1250:and
1216:are
766:and
752:IL-8
748:IL-6
614:coma
569:and
567:coma
435:and
328:and
3104:Low
3062:Low
3025:Low
3002:Low
2979:Low
2891:Low
2733:ICD
2718:ICD
2579:PMC
2571:doi
2530:PMC
2522:doi
2379:doi
2375:386
2181:doi
2129:doi
2092:901
1995:doi
1857:PMC
1847:doi
1798:doi
1729:doi
1666:doi
1662:350
1658:BMJ
1455:or
1194:or
1129:ECG
1117:ECG
1099:ECG
1060:or
976:use
847:),
832:or
786:or
691:use
612:or
604:or
498:),
336:or
179:or
3700::
2948:,
2934:,
2825::
2808::
2797::
2773::
2762::
2751::
2740::
2725::
2722:10
2667:^
2629:^
2601:^
2587:.
2577:.
2565:.
2561:.
2538:.
2528:.
2516:.
2510:.
2484:.
2393:.
2385:.
2373:.
2319:^
2242:.
2189:.
2177:33
2175:.
2171:.
2151:^
2137:.
2125:34
2123:.
2119:.
2094:.
2003:.
1991:12
1989:.
1985:.
1969:^
1933:.
1879:^
1865:.
1855:.
1845:.
1835:96
1833:.
1829:.
1804:.
1784:^
1766:.
1762:.
1749:^
1735:.
1725:81
1723:.
1694:^
1680:.
1672:.
1660:.
1608:^
1544:,
1538:,
1532:,
1508:,
1504:,
1500:,
1463:,
1410:,
1406:,
1242:,
1135:.
926:,
922:,
918:,
876:,
872:,
824:,
820:,
762:,
758:,
754:,
750:,
542:,
538:,
526:,
506:,
502:,
487:.
457:,
363:,
359:,
316:,
308:,
304:,
300:,
285:.
273:,
269:,
265:,
207:,
203:,
199:,
195:,
159:,
155:,
151:,
147:,
143:,
139:,
125:,
121:,
105:,
101:,
3429:e
3422:t
3415:v
3320:/
3155:e
3148:t
3141:v
2952:)
2944:(
2938:)
2930:(
2862:e
2855:t
2848:v
2735:-
2720:-
2710:D
2595:.
2573::
2567:1
2546:.
2524::
2518:9
2495:.
2470:.
2443:.
2401:.
2381::
2253:.
2197:.
2183::
2145:.
2131::
2104:.
2073:.
2047:.
2011:.
1997::
1944:.
1906:.
1873:.
1849::
1841::
1814:.
1800::
1778:.
1743:.
1731::
1688:.
1668::
1289:.
934:)
904:D
902:2
808:.
479:(
183:)
36:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
