349:
31:
335:
618:
116:
for seven centuries and was consequently highly prized. From the 1030s, however, the coin was increasingly debased, until in the 1080s, following the military disasters and civil wars of the previous decade, its gold content was reduced to almost zero. Consequently, in 1092, Emperor
152:
remained the standard gold coin until gold coins ceased to be minted by the
Byzantines in the mid-14th century. It too, however, was subject to gradual debasement: under the
492:
172:
1282–1328) to 12 carats. At the same time, the quality of the coins declined as well, and in the 14th century, their weight was far from uniform. The last
650:
141:, but only 20.5 carat purity (0.854 fineness) instead of the standard 24 carat, resulting in a reduced gold content of only 4.1
1129:
558:
530:
502:
508:
521:
600:
579:
643:
1124:
622:
145:
instead of 4.8 grams. The lower purity was due to melting down and inclusion of earlier debased coins.
636:
362:
165:
17:
988:
157:
1095:
354:
177:
8:
1134:
710:
1102:
367:
118:
89:
1071:
981:
886:
859:
659:
628:
596:
575:
554:
526:
516:
498:
261:
126:
38:
911:
905:
663:
249:
208:
185:
153:
85:
71:
1076:
796:
590:
569:
548:
372:
776:
685:
377:
266:
200:
113:
102:
80:
56:
1118:
30:
340:
88:'s standard gold coinage in the 11th century. It was introduced by emperor
809:
75:
892:
788:
278:
133:(meaning "super-refined"). This was of the same standard weight (4.45
1028:
1019:
1013:
968:
950:
699:
306:
301:
276:
189:
1081:
1047:
962:
319:
257:
191:
100:
The traditional gold currency of the
Byzantine Empire had been the
42:
782:
308:
220:
176:, and thus the last Byzantine gold coins, were struck by Emperor
156:(1204–1261), its gold content fell gradually to 18 carats, under
108:
1054:
1034:
881:
864:
822:
751:
744:
737:
728:
722:
617:
273:
241:
232:
692:
216:
61:
199:
The name was adopted in various forms by
Western Europeans (
184:
1347–1352). The name remained in use thereafter solely as a
571:
The
Economy, Fiscal Administration and Coinage of Byzantium
235:, as well as moneys of account. More often in the West the
142:
134:
658:
592:
Studies in the
Byzantine Monetary Economy c. 300–1450
330:
164:1259–1282) to 15 and under his son and successor
1116:
525:. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.
125:1081–1118) undertook a drastic overhaul of the
112:, whose gold content had remained steady at 24
644:
484:
231:, etc.) designating various coins, usually
129:system and introduced a new gold coin, the
651:
637:
595:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
546:
490:
475:
463:
435:
423:
407:
395:
29:
515:
451:
439:
411:
287:it eventually came to rate 12 electrum
14:
1117:
283:, although with the debasement of the
245:, especially among Italian merchants.
632:
588:
567:
41:(r. 1143–1180), showing its typical
24:
540:
522:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
497:. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks.
25:
1146:
610:
616:
347:
333:
181:
169:
161:
122:
469:
457:
445:
429:
417:
401:
389:
299:equalled 12 of the new silver
13:
1:
1130:Coins of the Byzantine Empire
574:. London: Variorum Reprints.
383:
307:
277:
256:was the equivalent of three
190:
74:coin in use during the late
7:
326:
295:. In the 14th century, the
10:
1151:
589:Hendy, Michael F. (1985).
568:Hendy, Michael F. (1989).
363:Medieval Bulgarian coinage
95:
62:
1090:
1064:
998:
923:
832:
761:
670:
547:Grierson, Philip (1982).
491:Grierson, Philip (1999).
485:General and cited sources
166:Andronikos II Palaiologos
60:
158:Michael VIII Palaiologos
1096:Byzantine Empire Portal
870:Trikephalon/Manouelaton
355:Byzantine Empire portal
291:and 288 to 384 billon
212:
204:
46:
178:John VI Kantakouzenos
33:
625:at Wikimedia Commons
553:. London: Methuen.
442:, pp. 964–965.
27:Late Byzantine coin
1125:Alexios I Komnenos
1103:Numismatics Portal
926:(ca. 1300 – 1350s)
517:Kazhdan, Alexander
368:Montenegrin perper
188:, divided into 24
119:Alexios I Komnenos
90:Alexios I Komnenos
68:nómisma hypérpyron
47:
45:(cup-shaped) form.
1112:
1111:
1072:Byzantine economy
835:(1092 – ca. 1300)
621:Media related to
560:978-0-416-71360-2
532:978-0-19-504652-6
504:978-0-88402-274-9
494:Byzantine Coinage
426:, pp. 11–12.
219:countries of the
127:Byzantine coinage
63:νόμισμα ὑπέρπυρον
39:Manuel I Komnenos
16:(Redirected from
1142:
1043:
1009:
977:
958:
946:
934:
901:
877:
855:
843:
818:
805:
772:
764:(ca. 700 – 1092)
718:
707:
681:
664:Byzantine Empire
653:
646:
639:
630:
629:
620:
606:
585:
564:
536:
512:
507:. Archived from
479:
473:
467:
461:
455:
449:
443:
433:
427:
421:
415:
405:
399:
393:
357:
352:
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343:
338:
337:
336:
312:
282:
250:Komnenian period
195:
186:money of account
183:
171:
163:
154:Empire of Nicaea
124:
86:Byzantine Empire
78:, replacing the
66:
65:
64:
21:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1086:
1077:Byzantine mints
1060:
1041:
1007:
1000:
994:
975:
956:
944:
932:
925:
919:
899:
875:
853:
841:
834:
828:
816:
803:
770:
763:
757:
716:
705:
679:
673:(498 – ca. 700)
672:
666:
657:
613:
603:
582:
561:
550:Byzantine Coins
543:
541:Further reading
533:
505:
487:
482:
474:
470:
462:
458:
450:
446:
434:
430:
422:
418:
406:
402:
394:
390:
386:
373:Ragusan perpera
353:
348:
346:
339:
334:
332:
329:
317:and 768 copper
239:was called the
98:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1148:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1106:
1099:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1074:
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1066:
1065:Related topics
1062:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1051:
1044:
1039:
1025:
1017:
1010:
1004:
1002:
996:
995:
993:
992:
985:
978:
973:
959:
954:
947:
942:
935:
929:
927:
921:
920:
918:
917:
909:
902:
897:
878:
873:
860:Nomisma trachy
856:
851:
844:
838:
836:
830:
829:
827:
826:
819:
814:
806:
801:
793:
773:
767:
765:
759:
758:
756:
755:
748:
741:
734:
726:
719:
714:
708:
703:
696:
689:
682:
676:
674:
668:
667:
656:
655:
648:
641:
633:
627:
626:
612:
611:External links
609:
608:
607:
601:
586:
580:
565:
559:
542:
539:
538:
537:
531:
519:, ed. (1991).
513:
511:on 2013-12-14.
503:
486:
483:
481:
480:
468:
456:
454:, p. 965.
444:
438:, p. 12;
428:
416:
414:, p. 964.
410:, p. 11;
400:
387:
385:
382:
381:
380:
378:Serbian perper
375:
370:
365:
359:
358:
344:
328:
325:
97:
94:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1045:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1030:
1029:Doukatopoulon
1026:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1005:
1003:
1001:(1367 – 1453)
997:
991:
990:
986:
984:
983:
979:
974:
971:
970:
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964:
960:
955:
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952:
948:
943:
941:
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931:
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928:
924:Fourth period
922:
916:
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903:
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802:
799:
798:
794:
791:
790:
785:
784:
779:
778:
774:
769:
768:
766:
762:Second period
760:
754:
753:
749:
747:
746:
742:
740:
739:
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733:
732:
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725:
724:
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619:
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602:0-521-24715-2
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587:
583:
581:0-86078-253-0
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544:
534:
528:
524:
523:
518:
514:
510:
506:
500:
496:
495:
489:
488:
478:, p. 45.
477:
476:Grierson 1999
472:
466:, p. 44.
465:
464:Grierson 1999
460:
453:
448:
441:
437:
436:Grierson 1999
432:
425:
424:Grierson 1999
420:
413:
409:
408:Grierson 1999
404:
398:, p. 10.
397:
396:Grierson 1999
392:
388:
379:
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374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
360:
356:
345:
342:
331:
324:
322:
321:
316:
313:, 384 copper
311:
310:
304:
303:
298:
294:
290:
286:
281:
280:
275:
271:
268:
264:
263:
259:
255:
251:
248:In the early
246:
244:
243:
238:
234:
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222:
218:
214:
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146:
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115:
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110:
105:
104:
93:
91:
87:
83:
82:
77:
73:
69:
58:
54:
53:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
1101:
1094:
1053:
1046:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1012:
999:Fifth period
987:
980:
967:
961:
949:
938:
937:
913:
904:
891:
885:
880:
869:
863:
858:
847:
846:
833:Third period
821:
808:
795:
787:
781:
775:
750:
745:Pentanummium
743:
736:
730:
721:
698:
691:
684:
671:First period
591:
570:
549:
520:
509:the original
493:
471:
459:
452:Kazhdan 1991
447:
440:Kazhdan 1991
431:
419:
412:Kazhdan 1991
403:
391:
341:Money portal
318:
314:
300:
296:
292:
288:
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269:
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247:
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224:
198:
173:
149:
147:
138:
130:
107:
101:
99:
79:
67:
51:
50:
48:
34:
810:Miliaresion
800:(from 960s)
738:Decanummium
76:Middle Ages
37:of Emperor
1135:Gold coins
1119:Categories
1048:Tournesion
963:Tournesion
939:Hyperpyron
914:tetarteron
906:Tetarteron
848:Hyperpyron
813:(from 720)
797:Tetarteron
789:Histamenon
713:(from 615)
660:Currencies
623:Hyperpyron
297:hyperpyron
254:hyperpyron
237:hyperpyron
215:) and the
150:hyperpyron
131:hyperpyron
52:hyperpyron
35:Hyperpyron
1022:stavraton
1014:Stavraton
969:Politikon
951:Basilikon
700:Tremissis
384:Citations
309:tournesia
279:tetartera
174:hyperpyra
137:) as the
72:Byzantine
18:Hyperpyra
1082:Scyphate
989:Assarion
893:Stamenon
854:Electrum
711:Hexagram
693:Semissis
327:See also
302:basilika
258:electrum
229:iperpero
205:perperum
70:) was a
43:scyphate
1055:Follaro
786:(later
783:Nomisma
777:Solidus
686:Solidus
662:of the
320:assaria
315:trachea
293:trachea
289:trachea
285:trachea
272:or 864
270:trachea
262:trachea
221:Balkans
213:perpero
209:Italian
192:keratia
139:solidus
109:nomisma
103:solidus
96:History
84:as the
81:solidus
1042:Copper
1035:Aspron
1008:Silver
982:Trachy
976:Copper
957:Billon
945:Silver
900:Copper
887:trachy
882:aspron
876:Billon
865:aspron
823:Follis
817:Copper
804:Silver
752:Nummus
731:follis
723:Follis
717:Copper
706:Silver
599:
578:
557:
529:
501:
274:copper
267:billon
252:, the
242:bezant
233:silver
225:perper
217:Slavic
114:carats
1020:Half-
912:Half-
729:Half-
305:, 96
265:, 48
201:Latin
143:grams
135:grams
57:Greek
933:Gold
842:Gold
771:Gold
680:Gold
597:ISBN
576:ISBN
555:ISBN
527:ISBN
499:ISBN
148:The
49:The
780:or
106:or
92:.
1121::
323:.
227:,
211::
207:,
203::
196:.
182:r.
170:r.
162:r.
123:r.
59::
1038:)
1032:(
972:)
966:(
896:)
890:(
872:)
868:(
792:)
652:e
645:t
638:v
605:.
584:.
563:.
535:.
223:(
180:(
168:(
160:(
121:(
55:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
