Hypersonic flight - Knowledge

889:'s pursuit of hypersonics. Joint programs in hypersonics are informed by Army work; however, at the strategic level, the bulk of the hypersonics work remains at the Joint level. Long Range Precision Fires (LRPF) is an Army priority, and also a DoD joint effort. The Army and Navy's Common Hypersonic Glide Body (C-HGB) had a successful test of a prototype in March 2020. A wind tunnel for testing hypersonic vehicles was completed in Texas (2021). The Army's Land-based Hypersonic Missile "is intended to have a range of 2,300 km (1,400 mi)". By adding rocket propulsion to a shell or glide body, the joint effort shaved five years off the likely fielding time for hypersonic weapon systems. Countermeasures against hypersonics will require sensor data fusion: both radar and infrared sensor tracking data will be required to capture the signature of a hypersonic vehicle in the atmosphere. There are also privately developed hypersonic systems, as well as critics. 1757:

launch sequence was not completed, as of 15 Dec 2021. Hundreds of ARRWs or other Hypersonic weapons are being sought by the Air Force. On 9 March 2022 Congress halved funding for ARRW and transferred the balance to ARRW's R&D account to allow for further testing, which puts the procurement contract at risk. A production decision on ARRW has been delayed for a year to complete flight testing. On 14 May 2022 an ARRW flight test was successfully completed, for the first time. There have been 3 successful tests of ARRW in 2022; however the Air Force is requiring 3 additional successful tests of an All-Up Round (AUR) before making a production decision. No production decision will be made in 2024. The USAF now intends to end the ARRW development program, as of 29 March 2023. A B-52 flying out of Anderson AFB in Guam fired an All-Up-Round AGM-183A Air-launched Rapid Response Weapon (ARRW); the AUR was tested at Reagan test site in the Pacific on 17 March 2024.

1650:-powered hypersonic missile to successfully complete a free flight test in the 2020s. DARPA's goals for the test, which were successfully met, were: "vehicle integration and release sequence, safe separation from the launch aircraft, booster ignition and boost, booster separation and engine ignition, and cruise". HAWC is capable of sustained, powered maneuver in the atmosphere. HAWC appears to depend on a rocket booster to accelerate to scramjet velocities operating in an oxygen-rich environment. It is easier to put a seeker on a sub-sonic air-breathing vehicle. In mid-March 2022 a HAWC Scramjet was successfully tested in an air-launched flight by a second vendor. On 18 July 2022 Raytheon announced another successful test of its Hypersonic Air-breathing Weapon Concept (HAWC) scramjet, in free flight. 213:

kinetic energy is converted in part to internal energy and gas energy is proportional to the internal energy. Therefore, hypersonic boundary layers are high temperature regions due to the viscous dissipation of the flow's kinetic energy. Another region of high temperature flow is the shock layer behind the strong bow shock wave. In the case of the shock layer, the flow's velocity decreases discontinuously as it passes through the shock wave. This results in a loss of kinetic energy and a gain of internal energy behind the shock wave. Due to high temperatures behind the shock wave, dissociation of molecules in the air becomes thermally active. For example, for air at T > 2,000 K (1,730 °C; 3,140 °F), dissociation of diatomic oxygen into oxygen radicals is active: O

50: 2095: 2071: 2058: 1988: 1893: 1848: 1160: 1218: 1452: 1371: 763:; Todd Harrison points out that an orbital trajectory would take 90 minutes for a spaceplane to circle Earth (which would defeat the mission of a weapon in hypersonic flight). The US DoD's headquarters (The Pentagon) reported in October 2021 that two such hypersonic launches have occurred; one launch did not demonstrate the accuracy needed for a precision weapon; the second launch by China demonstrated its ability to change trajectories, according to Pentagon reports on the 2021 competition in arms capabilities. 2345: 2203: 2133: 2120: 2108: 2010: 1949: 1673: 2333: 2309: 1439: 1427: 1415: 2355: 2297: 2285: 2273: 2249: 2237: 2215: 2191: 2178: 2166: 2145: 2034: 2022: 1976: 1936: 1836: 1824: 1812: 1799: 1763: 1749: 1662: 1639: 1626: 1575: 1536: 1523: 1510: 1311: 1295: 1283: 1256: 1244: 1232: 1206: 1905: 1730: 3768:: "The Russian Strategic Missile Force will receive the first two ICBMs fitted with the Avangard warhead in late November or early December." The Avangard HGV was codenamed Yu-71, under Project 4202. "In late November – early December, two UR-100N UTTKh missiles equipped with the hypersonic glide vehicles from the first regiment of Avangard systems will assume experimental combat duty in the Dombarovsky division of the Strategic Missile Force,"— 1486: 1462: 1118:(MDA) launched two satellites on 14 February 2024 (launch USSF-124). The satellites will share the same orbit, which allows the SDA's wide field of view (WFOV) satellites and the MDA's medium field of view (MFOV) downward-looking satellites to traverse the same terrain of Earth. The SDA's four satellites are part of its Tranche 0 tracking layer (T0TL). The MDA's two satellites are HBTSS or Hypersonic and ballistic tracking space sensors. 1999: 1553: 1474: 1403: 1393: 1383: 1359: 1268: 967:, the commander of the Air Force of the Islamic Republic of Iran's Revolutionary Guards Corps, announced the construction of the Islamic Republic's first hypersonic missile. He noted: "This new missile was produced to counter air defense shields and passes through all missile defense systems and which represents a big leap in the generation of missiles" and has a speed above Mach 13. but Col. Rob Lodwick, the spokesman for the 1141: 1917: 1170: 2321: 2261: 1881: 1718: 1686: 1335: 1323: 2225: 2046: 1964: 1860: 1773: 1710: 1698: 1498: 1194: 1182: 678: 759:, had its first flight 3 August 2018. In August 2021 China launched a boost-glide vehicle to low-earth orbit, circling Earth before maneuvering toward its target location, missing its target by two dozen miles. However China has responded that the vehicle was a spacecraft, and not a missile; there was a July 2021 test of a spaceplane, according to Chinese Foreign Ministry Spokesperson 4923: 1347: 319:. Because of this large free mean path aerodynamic concepts, equations, and results based on the assumption of a continuum begin to break down, therefore aerodynamics must be considered from kinetic theory. This regime of aerodynamics is called low-density flow. For a given aerodynamic condition low-density effects depends on the value of a nondimensional parameter called the 3772:, 13 November. The "13th regiment will reportedly be the first unit to receive the two retrofitted SS-19 ICBMs. The regiment is part of the Dombarovskiy (Red Banner) missile division". Eventually 4 more SS-19s fitted with Avangard HGVs will join the 13th Regiment; a second regiment with six Avangard / SS-19s will be stood up by 2027. 739:

deviations from a ballistic trajectory. A hypersonic glide vehicle is usually launched with a ballistic first stage, then deploys wings and switches to hypersonic flight as it re-enters the atmosphere, allowing the final stage to evade all existing nuclear missile defense systems, which were designed for ballistic-only missiles.

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is participating in a joint program with the US Navy and Air Force, to develop a hypersonic glide body. India is also developing such weapons. France and Australia may also be pursuing the technology. Japan is acquiring both scramjet (Hypersonic Cruise Missile), and boost-glide weapons (Hyper Velocity Gliding Projectile).

568:. Higher Mach numbers position the shock wave closer to the body surface, thus at hypersonic speeds, the shock wave lies extremely close to the body surface, resulting in a thin shock layer. At low Reynolds number, the boundary layer grows quite thick and merges with the shock wave, leading to a fully viscous shock layer. 4394:

Increase the discrimination of the radars and other sensors. Use large aperture sensors. Use Space-based missile sensors. An SM-3 Block IIA missile test against ICBM is scheduled for 2020. Plan out the detection, control, and engagement; the sensors, the command-and-control, the fire control, and the

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According to a CNBC July 2019 report (and now in a CNN 2022 report), Russia and China lead in hypersonic weapon development, trailed by the United States, and in this case the problem is being addressed in a joint program of the entire Department of Defense. To meet this development need, the US Army

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The satellites of the NDSA, in gray, are to be deployed in constellations orbiting Earth, and constantly keep Earth in their view, depicted by the blue cones representing the fields of view of the satellite constellations. The satellites are to intercommunicate and serve the defensive systems arrayed

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Transport consumes energy for three purposes: overcoming gravity, overcoming air/water friction, and achieving terminal velocity. The reduced trip times and higher flight altitudes reduce the first two, while increasing the third. Proponents claim that the net energy costs of hypersonic transport can

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Critique of JF-12 hypersonic wind tunnel, as well as the newer JF-22 detonation-driven ultra-high-speed and high-enthalpy shock tunnel (used for XingKong). "PLA strategists fear that the U.S. may deploy hypersonic weapons on the first island chain and/or the second island chain, directly threatening

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air launched rapid response weapon (ARRW, pronounced "arrow") Telemetry data has been successfully transmitted from ARRW —AGM-183A IMV-2 (Instrumented Measurement Vehicle) to the Point Mugu ground stations, demonstrating the ability to accurately broadcast radio at hypersonic speeds; however, ARRW's

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But by 2019, $ 157.4 million was allocated in the FY2020 Pentagon budget for hypersonic defense, out of $ 2.6 billion for all hypersonic-related research. $ 207 million of the FY2021 budget was allocated to defensive hypersonics, up from the FY2020 budget allocation of $ 157 million. Both the US and

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statement on 8 August 2018 (UTC). At least one vendor is developing ceramics to handle the temperatures of hypersonics systems. There are over a dozen US hypersonics projects as of 2018, notes the commander of USSTRATCOM; from which a future hypersonic cruise missile is sought, perhaps by Q4 FY2021.

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The entropy layer is a region of large velocity gradients caused by the strong curvature of the shock wave. The entropy layer begins at the nose of the aircraft and extends downstream close to the body surface. Downstream of the nose, the entropy layer interacts with the boundary layer which causes

2775:"Russia and China are 'aggressively developing' hypersonic weapons — here's what they are and why the US can't defend against them: America's top nuclear commander said the U.S. doesn't have defenses against hypersonic weapons. Russia and China are leading the way in developing hypersonic weapons." 2454:

In the CSIS report and discussion of Hypersonic missile defense, one of the panelists, Kelley M. Sayler (Congressional Research Service) summarized the situation (as of 7 February 2022) and quoted Michael Griffin's assessment that Hypersonic cruise missiles are 10 to 20 times dimmer than ballistic

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In 2022, China unveiled two more hypersonic models. An AI simulation has revealed that a Mach 11 aircraft can simply outrun a Mach 1.3 fighter attempting to engage it, while firing its missile at the "pursuing" fighter. This strategy entails a fire control system to accomplish an over-the-shoulder

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Researchers in China have used shock waves in a detonation chamber to compress ionized argon plasma waves moving at Mach 14. The waves are directed into magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) generators to create a current pulse that could be scaled up to gigawatt scale, given enough argon gas to feed into the

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At hypersonic speeds, this effect becomes much more pronounced, due to the exponential reliance on the Mach number. Since the boundary layer becomes so large, it interacts more viscously with the surrounding flow. The overall effect of this interaction is to create a much higher skin friction than

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On 21 October 2021, the Pentagon stated that a test of a hypersonic glide body failed to complete because its booster failed; according to Lt. Cmdr. Timothy Gorman the booster was not part of the equipment under test, but the booster's failure mode will be reviewed to improve the test setup. The

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Hypersonic flow is a high energy flow. The ratio of kinetic energy to the internal energy of the gas increases as the square of the Mach number. When this flow enters a boundary layer, there are high viscous effects due to the friction between air and the high-speed object. In this case, the high

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Dr. Tom Karako, Director of the CSIS Missile Defense Project; Ms. Kelley Sayler, CRS; Dr. Gillian Bussey, Director of the Joint Hypersonics Transition Office; Dr. Mark Lewis, Executive Director of NDIA's Emerging Technologies Institute; Mr. Stan Stafira, Chief Architect at the Missile Defense

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Hypersonic vehicles frequently fly at very high altitudes and therefore encounter low-density conditions. Hence, the design and analysis of hypersonic vehicles sometimes require consideration of low-density flow. New generations of hypersonic airplanes may spend a considerable portion of their

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statement on 30 November 2020. The development will build on the $ 54 million Hypersonic International Flight Research Experimentation (HIFiRE) under which both nations collaborated on over a 15-year period. Small and large companies will all contribute to the development of these hypersonic

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Hypersonic vehicles are much slower than ballistic (i.e. sub-orbital or fractional orbital) missiles, because they travel in the atmosphere, and ballistic missiles travel in the vacuum above the atmosphere. However, they can use the atmosphere to manoeuvre, making them capable of large-angle

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In March 2024 Stratolaunch Roc launched TA-1, a vehicle which is nearing Mach 5 at 10.67 km (6.63 mi) in a powered flight, a risk-reduction exercise for TA-2. In a similar development Castelion launched its low-cost hypersonic platform in the Mojave desert, in March 2024.

6870: 798:, a distance of 5,955 km (3,700 mi). Avangard uses new composite materials which are to withstand temperatures of up to 2,000 °C (3,630 °F). The Avangard's environment at hypersonic speeds reaches such temperatures. Russia considered its 589:

an increase in aerodynamic heating at the body surface. Although the shock wave at the nose at supersonic speeds is also curved, the entropy layer is only observed at hypersonic speeds because the magnitude of the curve is far greater at hypersonic speeds.

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Hypersonic Conventional Strike Weapon (HCSW - pronounced "hacksaw") passed its critical design review (CDR) but this IDIQ (indefinite duration, indefinite quantity) contract was terminated in favor of ARRW because twice as many ARRWs will fit on a

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normal, causing greater surface heat flow. Additionally, the surface pressure spikes, which results in a much larger aerodynamic drag coefficient. This effect is extreme at the leading edge and decreases as a function of length along the surface.

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Air Force R&D funding for ARRW and HACM tests is $ 150 million and $ 380 million, respectively. "ARRW and HACM are just two of the U.S. military's hypersonic efforts; in all, the Pentagon is requesting $ 11 billion for hypersonic R&D in

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MoHAWC is a follow-on to DARPA's HAWC project. MoHAWC will seek "to further develop the vehicle’s scramjet propulsion system, upgrade integration algorithms, reduce the size of navigation components, and improve its manufacturing

986:(USD(R&E)) is pursuing a program of annual rapid joint experiments, including hypersonics capabilities, to bring down their cost of development. A hypersonic test bed aims to bring the frequency of tests to one per week. 4740: 926:

was successfully tested in a static test; the first stage thrust vector control system control system was included. On 26 October 2022 Sandia National Laboratories conducted a successful test of hypersonic technologies at

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DoD tested a Common Hypersonic Glide Body (C-HGB) in 2020. The Air Force dropped out of the tri-service hypersonic project in 2020, leaving only the Army and Navy on the C-HGB. According to Air Force chief scientist, Dr.

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ARRW's 1st all-up round was successfully tested, completing its flight path and successfully detonating, after 3 consecutive test failures (Apr, Jul, and Dec 2021), and 2 successful tests of the booster in May and July

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hypersonics systems. Countering hypersonic weapons during their cruise phase will require radar with longer range, as well as space-based sensors, and systems for tracking and fire control. A mid-2021 report from the

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In September 2021, and in March 2022, US vendors Raytheon/Northrop Grumman, and Lockheed respectively, first successfully tested their air-launched, scramjet-powered hypersonic cruise missiles, which were funded by

3648:"China has finally unveiled its 'YJ-21', or the 'Eagle Strike 21' shipborne hypersonic anti-ship missile that has long been shrouded in mystery. The missile has been put on display at the ongoing Zhuhai Air Show". 455:

The flow field between the shock wave and the body surface is called the shock layer. As the Mach number M increases, the angle of the resulting shock wave decreases. This Mach angle is described by the equation

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hypersonic weapons delivery, China has flown a Mach 5.5 vehicle for 400 seconds, at 30 km altitude, demonstrating large-angle deviations from a ballistic trajectory, as well as recovery of the payload. See

317: 897:, the US anticipates having hypersonic weapons by the 2020s, hypersonic drones by the 2030s, and recoverable hypersonic drone aircraft by the 2040s. The focus of DoD development will be on air-breathing 6812: 177:

forms, which deflects the air from the stagnation point and insulates the flight body from the atmosphere. This can affect the lifting ability of a flight surface to counteract its drag and subsequent

619:, in order to evaluate the regimes of rotating detonation combustion. The goal is to achieve sustainable turbine-based combined cycle (TBCC) propulsion systems, at speeds between Mach 1 and Mach 5. 4611: 4430:, Breaking Defense, Paris Air Show, new additive-process materials to build the combustor of a scramjet; potential integration among members of an intercommunicating swarm of hypersonics systems. 441: 383: 146:

flew on scramjet for 210 seconds in 2013, finally reaching Mach 5.1 on its fourth flight test. The hypersonic regime has since become the subject for further study during the 21st century, and

4213:"The C-HGB – when fully fielded – will comprise the weapon's conventional warhead, guidance system, cabling, and thermal protection shield." Also: comments from LTG L. Neill Thurgood RCCTO 1443: 1086:

Russia withdrew from the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty in February 2019. This will spur arms development, including hypersonic weapons, in FY2021 and forward. By 2021 the

5024: 826:(Tsirkon) are standoff strike weapons". In February 2022, a coordinated series of missile exercises, some of them hypersonic, were launched on 18 February 2022 in an apparent display of 3661: 270: 5652: 3162: 2957: 2472:(HBTSS) sensors, (i.e., the Medium Field of View (MFOV) sensors). The WFOV sensors provide cueing data to the MFOV sensors, which are more sensitive and provide tipping data to the 2445:. However, tests of DARPA's Hypersonic Air-breathing Weapon Concept (HAWC) have now succeeded, using designs by two different vendors in September 2021, and March 2022 respectively. 5328: 2873: 645:

demonstrated transition from turbojet aircraft engine operation to ramjet operation on 17 November 2022, thus avoiding the need to boost aircraft velocities by rocket or scramjet.

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Kelley M. Sayler, Analyst in Advanced Technology and Global Security. Congressional Research Service R45811 (11 July 2019) Hypersonic Weapons: Background and Issues for Congress

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Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Textbook Maps/Supplemental Modules (Physical and Theoretical Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Energies and_Potentials/Enthalpy/Bond Bond Enthalpies

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Paris Air Show, new additive-process materials to build the combustor of a scramjet; potential integration among members of an intercommunicating swarm of hypersonics systems

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As of August 2019, Lockheed reports $ 3.5 billion in hypersonics work, while Raytheon reports $ 1.6 billion; Boeing declined to give the value of its hypersonics awards.

3088: 221:→ 2N Consequently, in this temperature range, a plasma forms: —molecular dissociation followed by recombination of oxygen and nitrogen radicals produces nitric oxide: N 5479: 4507: 3990: 830:. The launch platforms ranged from submarines in the Barents sea in the Arctic, as well as from ships on the Black sea to the south of Russia. The exercise included a 615:(RDE) might propel airframes in hypersonic flight; on 14 December 2023 engineers at GE Aerospace demonstrated their test rig, which is to combine an RDE with a ramjet/ 6849: 5223: 4989: 6321: 7256: 6682: 4207:"The U.S. Navy and U.S. Army jointly executed the launch of a common hypersonic glide body (C-HGB), which flew at hypersonic speed to a designated impact point. " 1050: 3632: 2932: 4043: 3035: 983: 6060: 5375: 4941: 2998: 1125:

of the National defense space architecture (NDSA), also known as the Proliferated warfighting space architecture (PWSA) will be tested over the next two years.

403: 7367:, vol. 325, no. 2 (August 2021), pp. 64–71. Quote from p. 71: "Failure to fully assess is a recipe for wasteful spending and increased global risk." 4140: 3828: 3408: 1350: 5516: 3574: 3467: 2645: 6831: 5394: 3713: 3192: 6645: 6615: 5937: 4778: 3282: 2675: 6303: 5009: 4391: 4003: 576:

The compressible flow boundary layer increases proportionately to the square of the Mach number, and inversely to the square root of the Reynolds number.

5096: 4897: 4183: 2498: 810:. In an earlier report, Franz-Stefan Gady named the unit as the 13th Regiment/Dombarovskiy Division (Strategic Missile Force). In 2021 Russia launched a 6453: 6001: 4492: 2667: 974:

In 2021, DoD was codifying flight test guidelines, knowledge gained from Conventional Prompt Strike (CPS), and the other hypersonics programs, for some

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Conversely, the same satellites can be used to track friendly hypersonic weapons and perform battle damage assessment of their strikes against targets.

6287: 5012:"Senators may halve request for Rapid Defense Experimentation Reserve funding without transition plan" (RDER funding for DoD R&E, A&S projects) 3204: 708: 5587: 4271: 4344: 3676: 6566: 5067: 4859: 4407: 4123: 4102: 3977: 3692: 3512:

Holmes Liao (8 Oct 2021) China's Development of Hypersonic Missiles and Thought on Hypersonic Defense Publication: China Brief Volume: 21 Issue: 19

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became the first American and second person to fly hypersonic when his capsule reentered the atmosphere at a speed above Mach 5 at the end of his

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some 11 experiments: hypersonic communication and navigation equipment; materials that can withstand the atmospheric heating at hypersonic speeds

4258: 4028: 3953: 3072:(27 Oct 2022) 2022 National Defense Strategy of the United States, including the 2022 Nuclear Posture Review, and the 2022 Missile Defense Review 2680: 7097: 6465: 5301: 4475: 3831:

Giperzvukovogo Oruzhiya—(GZO); or Giperzvukovyye letatel’nyye apparaty—(GZLA) Kinzhal, Tsirkon, Kalibr, Poseidon, Avangard, Burevestnik, Sarmat,

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solution to be unreliable, and replaced it with new composite materials. Two Avangard hypersonic glide vehicles (HGVs) will first be mounted on

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Rand Corporation (28 September 2017) estimates there is less than a decade to prevent Hypersonic Missile proliferation. In the same way that

975: 6427: 5042: 4442: 3511: 3159: 6133: 4676: 3880:"Lockheed Martin gets a second hypersonic weapons contract, this time for $ 480 million, as the US tries to keep pace with Russia and China" 3841: 2774: 2698: 6657: 5965: 5359: 5054: 3879: 3853: 2928: 6695: 6151: 4976: 3217: 184:

In order to maneuver in the atmosphere at faster speeds than supersonic, the forms of propulsion can still be airbreathing systems, but a

6169: 5313: 4843: 1490: 6578: 5439: 4570: 4457: 3437: 2861:(4 Oct 2019) Research at Hyper Speed: The Pentagon's Research Laboratories Are Working Flat Out to Develop Hypersonic Weapons Technology 3765: 3540: 1702: 6191: 4362: 4245: 3365: 3248: 3071: 2916: 5197: 4728: 3730: 3075: 2422: 1466: 5951: 5376:

BRETT TINGLEY AND JOSEPH TREVITHICK (19 JUNE 2021) Missile Defense Agency Lays Out How It Plans To Defend Against Hypersonic Threats

4827: 4376: 4155: 3801: 3750: 3269: 731:. Hypersonic weapons, by definition, travel five or more times the speed of sound. Hypersonic cruise missiles, which are powered by 7171: 6362: 5273: 275: 5531:"Launching our Tracking satellites into the same orbit with the MDA HBTSS satellites is a win for both agencies" —Derek Tournear. 5504: 5248: 7336: 5528: 4427: 3924: 2685: 2653: 1643: 6590: 6377: 6720: 5802: 4761: 4311: 3328: 1600: 911: 1646:(HAWC, pronounced "hawk"). September 2021: HAWC is DARPA-funded. Built by Raytheon and Northrop Grumman, HAWC is the first US 173:

of air flowing around a body is a point where its local velocity is zero. At this point the air flows around this location. A

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At 15 m (49 ft) long and weighing more than 3,200 kg (7,100 lb), it operates at the UTSA Hypersonics Lab

3869:(6 Nov 2022) Hypersonic Hype? This Is Why US 'Trails' Russia, China & Even North Korea In Hypersonic Missile Development 5407: 3558: 3047: 1091: 712: 217:→ 2O For T > 4,000 K (3,730 °C; 6,740 °F), dissociation of diatomic nitrogen into N radicals is active: N 6603: 6348: 5569: 5291:

DOD Should Clarify Roles and Responsibilities to Ensure Coordination across Development Efforts, recommendation gao-21-378

4623: 2900: 1094:. James Acton characterized the proliferation of hypersonic vehicles as never-ending in October 2021; Jeffery Lewis views 6730: 6245: 5838: 5381:

Missile Defense Agency (16 Jun 2021) MDA Concept for Regional Hypersonic Missile Defense: Technology to Defeat the Threat

3645: 1885: 1611:, and Draper. DIU is soliciting additional Hypersonic and High-Cadence Airborne Testing Capabilities (HyCAT), for Mayhem. 1502: 787: 686: 408: 350: 200:

after their initial boost, in which the speed of the air passing through the scramjet remains supersonic. Other systems (

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completed successful tests earlier that week, for the hypersonics effort. On 29 October 2021 the booster rocket for the

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Megan Eckstein (3 November 2017) Navy Conducts Flight Test to Support Conventional Prompt Strike From Ohio-Class SSGNs

3296: 2062: 7296: 7234: 6545: 6232: 4885: 3868: 3646:(13 Nov 2022) China Unveils World's 1st Carrier-Based Hypersonic Anti-Ship Missile 'YJ-21' That Can 'Strike The Eagle' 3283:

Paul McLeary (31 January 2020) SecNav Tells Fleet Hypersonic Competition Demands ‘Sputnik Moment;’ Glide Body Test Set

7318: 6929: 6204: 3388: 1545: 886: 96:, the rocket reached a speed of 8,290 km/h (5,150 mph), or about Mach 6.7. The vehicle, however, burned on 7193: 6635:

Air Force: "Three more 'all-up' flight tests of the AGM-183 Air-launched Rapid Response Weapon (ARRW) must succeed".

5782: 4957: 4812:(14 March 2022) US tested hypersonic missile in mid-March but kept it quiet to avoid escalating tensions with Russia 4204: 7274: 7148: 5285: 4598: 3383:

Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (30 August 2019) Hypersonics: Army Awards $ 699M To Build First Missiles For A Combat Unit

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Jeff Brumfiel (20 Oct 2021) Behind murky claim of a new hypersonic missile test, there lies a very real arms race

4756: 4186:"Aero shells that provide thermal protection for the high-speed platforms will be a key component of the systems" 3662:(28 Feb 2023) Chinese AI simulates hypersonic air battle, offering surprising tactic for winning Mach 11 dogfight 2788: 682: 7216: 4811: 4703: 4458:"Hypersonic Missiles: US Draws Big Plan To Track, Intercept & Shoot-Down Chinese Super-Maneuverable Threats" 3895: 3529:(16 Oct 2021) China Tested A Fractional Orbital Bombardment System That Uses A Hypersonic Glide Vehicle: Report 240: 7432: 7000: 5081:(22 Oct 2021) India Is One Of The Few Countries Working On Hypersonic Missiles : U.S. Congressional report 4873: 4655: 4328: 3331:

In FY2021 HELs funding is up 209 percent; LRHW funding is up 86 percent. RCCTO spending is $ 1 billion in 2021.

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Theresa Hitchens (27 February 2020) Lockheed Martin, Air Force Press Ahead On Air-Launched Hypersonic Missile

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Patrick Tucker (13 January 2020) The US Wants to Intimidate China with Hypersonics, Once It Solves the Physics

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is an Integrated Air and Missile Defense (IAMD) capability designed to work with Patriots and other missiles.

790:, a hypersonic glide vehicle. The third known test, in 2017, failed. In 2018, an Avangard was launched at the 188:

does not suffice for a system to attain Mach 5, as a ramjet slows down the airflow to subsonic. Some systems (

7396: 6220: 4924:"خبرگزاری فارس - سردار حاجی‌زاده: «کروز پاوه» در سبد موشکی سپاه قرار گرفت/ سرعت هایپرسونیک ایرانی ۱۳ ماخ است" 4225: 3590:"China's Claim That Its Fractional Orbital Bombardment System Was A Spaceplane Test Doesn't Add Up (Updated)" 2706: 2289: 1604: 1099: 131: 5224:(20 Sep 2023) Ukraine downed a hypersonic missile with a Patriot. What that says about the future of weapons 4990:

Nathan Strout (5 Oct 2020) SpaceX, L3 to provide hypersonic tracking satellites for Space Development Agency

4874:(11 March 2024) Watch as World’s Largest Plane Releases Hypersonic Vehicle for Its First Powered Test Flight 4168: 4141:

Aaron Gregg (2 August 2019) In conversations with investors, defense firms double down on hypersonic weapons

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Stephen Carlson (13 Nov 2018) Space, lasers, hypersonic missiles rank high for U.S. missile defense research

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POLARIS Raumflugzeuge GmbH is developing and testing a hypersonic spaceplane for the German Armed Forces in

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is the typical length scale of the object considered. The value of the Knudsen number based on nose radius,

6269: 5329:

Sebastien Roblin (30 April 2020) The Pentagon Plans to Deploy An Arsenal Of Hypersonic Weapons In The 2020s

2860: 2570: 1407: 1102:

need rethinking. CSIS assesses that hypersonic defense should be the US' priority over hypersonic weapons.

932: 923: 873: 775: 49: 5302:"Putin says Russia also suspending key nuclear arms treaty after U.S. move to withdraw", NBC News, Reuters 4495:

230 kg (510 lb) payload; maneuverability at Mach 5 is an issue; possible red herring for funding

2999:(20 Jan 2023) The biggest plane in the world has wings longer than a football field. See its latest flight 2417:"on-nuclear capabilities may be able to complement nuclear forces in strategic deterrence plans"—The 2022 906:

states the United States is "unlikely" to field an operational hypersonic glide vehicle (HGV) until 2023.

515: 459: 6758: 5606: 5070:

Test Resource Management Center (TRMC) SkyRange seeks to convert 24 Global Hawks for testing hypersonics.

4379: 3766:

Franz-Stefan Gady (14 November 2019) Russia: Avangard Hypersonic Warhead to Enter Service in Coming Weeks

3385:

prototypes—Dynetics: Common hypersonic glide body (C-HGB); Lockheed: Long range hypersonic weapon (LRHW)

2912: 2681:

DOV S. ZAKHEIM, OPINION CONTRIBUTOR (08/26/19) Putin built a hypersonic arsenal, while the Pentagon slept

2593: 2421:

as cited by Loren Thompson. Thus non-nuclear hypersonics serve as proportionate deterrent layers in the

1299: 1198: 1028:

Australia and the US have begun joint development of air-launched hypersonic missiles, as announced by a

806:

ICBMs; on 27 December 2019 the weapon was first fielded to the Yasnensky Missile Division, a unit in the

7406: 7112: 5905: 5464: 5366:, GBI replacement (the Next generation interceptor NGI) will be made by Deputy Secretary Kathleen Hicks. 1583:

and HSSW: "solid rocket-boosted, air-breathing, hypersonic conventional cruise missile", a follow-on to

3036:(28 Mar 2024) Hermeus rolls out new uncrewed aircraft as company edges toward goal of hypersonic flight 2933:(14 Dec 2023) GE Aerospace Demonstrates Hypersonic Dual-Mode Ramjet with Rotating Detonation Combustion 1630: 612: 3910:"DARPA & Air Force: Tactical Boost-Glide (TBG) and Hypersonic Air-breathing Weapon Concept (HAWC)" 3559:(18 October 2021) China denies testing a nuclear-capable hypersonic missile, says it was a spacecraft 1363: 1098:

as additional arguments for ending the arms race. Doug Loverro assesses that both missile defense and

6404: 5517:(29 Mar 2023) Space Development Agency readies launch of first satellites for comms, missile tracking 4351:

Kris Osborn (16 December 2019) Pentagon Advances New Technology to Destroy Hypersonic Missile Attacks

3468:"China successfully tests first hypersonic aircraft that can carry nuclear warheads – Times of India" 3389:

Nancy Jones-Bonbrest, U.S. Army RCCTO (30 August 2019) Army awards hypersonic weapon system contracts

1517:

Quarterhourse unmanned hypersonic demonstrator designed to land and take-off on conventional runways.

1223: 854:

was used against it, but apparently did not exceed Mach 3 and was shot down 7 February 2024 in Kyiv.

724: 512:

where a is the speed of the sound wave and v is the flow velocity. Since M=v/a, the equation becomes

447:

mission at high altitudes, and for these vehicles, low-density effects will become more significant.

127:

research aircraft at speeds over Mach 6. On 3 October 1967, in California, an X-15 reached Mach 6.7.

6960: 6290:"For HAWC, that program of record will be the Air Force’s Hypersonic Attack Cruise Missile, or HACM" 4363:

David Brennan (27 Jan 2021) Pentagon Orders Hypersonic Missile Trackers Amid Russia, China Arms Race

4285:(4 Feb 2022) Top Pentagon officials met with industry executives about hypersonics. What comes next? 3751:"Russia hits a snag in developing a hypersonic weapon after Putin said it was already in production" 272:. Low density air is much thinner. At an altitude of 104 km (65 mi) the mean free path is 56:(RV) after an 8,000-kilometre (5,000 mi) flight, 1959. Note the blackened tip of the RV due to 6016: 5363: 5360:

Theresa Hitchens (12 Aug 2021) Next Budget Will Limit Glide Phase Interceptor Contractors: MDA Head

4992: 4392:

Jen Judson (20 August 2019) US Missile Defense Agency boss reveals his goals, challenges on the job

2663:(15 Jun 2018) Lockheed Martin Hypersonic Conventional Strike Weapon (HCSW) Missile for US Air Force 2527: 2473: 2207: 1111: 935:

all-up round (AUR) and the US Navy's Conventional Prompt Strike. The missile was launched from the

728: 325: 35: 4377:

Theresa Hitchens (24 February 2020) 2021 Budget Will Finally Fully Fund Next-Gen OPIR, Says Roper

3607: 2719: 1607:(AFRL) digital engineering techniques in a System design agent team, a collaboration with Leidos, 6616:(9 Dec 2022) Air Force successfully tests first fully-operational air-launched hypersonic missile 6531:"First Flight Test Of Hypersonic AGM-183A ARRW (Air-launched Rapid Response Weapon) Fails, Again" 6096: 2958:

Superfast drone fitted with new 'rotating detonation rocket engine' approaches the speed of sound

2277: 795: 685:(denoted in red), has a distinctive signature which is being tracked by one of the layers of the 6982: 6871:"موشک هایپرسونیک سپاه رونمایی می‌شود- اخبار نظامی | دفاعی | امنیتی - اخبار سیاسی تسنیم | Tasnim" 6696:(21 Mar 2024) US tests hypersonic missile in Pacific as it aims to keep up with China and Russia 5672: 4359:

Continuous tracking is needed to maintain custody of a hypersonic threat before its disposition.

4071: 3785:, Associated Press. —Avangard has been fielded to the Yasnensky Missile Division, a unit in the 3205:(2 Jun 2022) Lockheed’s CEO wants to fund a hypersonic wind tunnel, but says DoD isn’t buying in 3048:"SDA Awards Contracts for the First Generation of the Tracking Layer – Space Development Agency" 2823: 6579:(17 Jul 2022) US Air Force weighing future of key hypersonic program after two successful tests 6530: 6205:(10 Jan 2023) Air Force Research Lab Advances "First-of-its-Kind" Armed Hypersonic Attack Drone 5980: 5745: 5120: 4612:"Defense Against Hypersonic Attack Is Becoming The Biggest Military Challenge Of The Trump Era" 4382:

replacement: three satellites in Geosynchronous Orbit (GEO) and two satellites in a polar orbit

4357:

Melanie Marlowe (8 April 2020) Three obstacles are slowing space sensors for hypersonic threats

4184:

Jon Harper (4 March 2020) JUST IN: Pentagon to Spend Billions Mass-Producing Hypersonic Weapons

3329:

Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (28 Feb 2020) Army Ramps Up Funding For Laser Shield, Hypersonic Sword

2465: 2418: 1115: 1087: 1062: 6288:(18 Apr 2022) Air-breathing hypersonics: A new tactical capability to counter evolving threats 5097:"South Korea Unveils Hypersonic Cruise Missile Prototype Concept | Aviation Week Network" 3249:

Stephen Carlson (14 Nov 2018) DARPA issues contract proposition for hypersonic missile defense

2973: 2476:. as cited in USNI News. Two WFOV satellites were launched as part of the inititial Tranche 0. 7427: 4757:

Mike Stone (27 Sep 2021) U.S. successfully flight tests Raytheon hypersonic weapon - Pentagon

2544: 2195: 2170: 1998: 1992: 1940: 1315: 735:, are limited to below 30 km (19 mi); hypersonic glide vehicles can travel higher. 699: 653: 143: 6428:

Mark Episkopos (26 Aug 2021) Bad News: Russia's Tsirkon Hypersonic Missiles Are Coming 2025

6207:"The new hypersonic vehicle, called Mayhem, will perform surveillance and 'strike' missions" 2743: 6567:(9 Mar 2022) Air Force can’t buy its first hypersonic ARRW as planned, following budget cut 6441:(4 Oct 2021) Russia test fires submarine-launched hypersonic Tsirkon missile for first time 6134:"German Spaceplane Designer Flies Flight-Control Demonstrator | Aviation Week Network" 5025:"'Affordable' hypersonics, small business and sustainment lead DoD tech chief's priorities" 4508:"Air Force Bails On Tri-Service Hypersonic Weapon Project As Army, Navy Ask For More Money" 3954:(28 Oct 2021) 'Hundreds' Of China Hypersonic Tests Vs. 9 US; Hyten Says US Moves Too Slowly 3409:"India successfully test-fires hypersonic missile carrier, 4th country to achieve the feat" 2945:(27 Mar 2024) The company building a rotating detonation engine is pushing the tech forward 2374: 2253: 1302: 1275: 863: 791: 120: 97: 7257:"Jumping into the New Space Race, Orbital Sciences Unveils Mini-Shuttle Spaceplane Design" 6813:"China Fields the World's Only Hypersonic Military Aircraft: What is the WZ-8 Capable Of?" 6776: 6670:(22 Aug 2023) Air Force won't say whether newest ARRW test succeeded, echoing past failure 6122:(2021) What Is A Rotating Detonation Engine - And Why Are They Better Than Regular Engines 3991:"Air Force Reveals Tests Of Supposed Record-Setting Scramjet Engine From Northrop Grumman" 3937: 3854:

Russia's 'Zircon' hypersonic super weapon has failed in Ukraine. Putin is egg-faced again

3193:(1 Jun 2022) Russia and China are ahead of US in hypersonic missile technology. Here's why 2886: 8: 7363: 7039: 6633:(14 Dec 2022) Three More Successful All-Up ARRW Tests Required Before Production Decision 6322:"Northrop And Raytheon Have Been Secretly Working On Scramjet Powered Hypersonic Missile" 6221:(20 Jan 2023) Project Mayhem, the Air Force's Secret Hypersonic Bomber, Has Begun Cooking 5542:(13 Feb 2024) The Pentagon's next satellite launch is a test for missile defense's future 5491: 4830:"speeds just above Mach 5 at an altitude higher than 65,000 feet for more than 300 miles" 4259:(2 Feb 2022) Pentagon developing ‘National Defense Science and Technology’ strategy: Memo 3160:(7 Apr 2022) AMERICA MAY HAVE JUST TAKEN THE LEAD IN HYPERSONIC CRUISE MISSILE TECHNOLOGY 2265: 1803: 1431: 1419: 1272: 1186: 843: 835: 57: 7391: 7179: 6897: 5212:(25 Jan 2022) Aussies unveil new hypersonics center, signal distance from Ukraine crisis 2686:

Colin Clark (19 June 2019) Raytheon, Northrop Will ‘Soon’ Fly Hypersonic Cruise Missile

2668:

Chris Martin (17 Dec 2019) Lockheed awards $ 81.5M contract for hypersonic missile motor

6258:(24 Jan 2023) DIU asks industry for help getting hypersonic test jet closer to lift off 5653:"Swiss Hypersonic Startup Destinus Appears Destined for Same Path as U.S. Counterparts" 4529:"Lockheed Martin Hypersonic Conventional Strike Weapon (HCSW) Missile for US Air Force" 3218:"Hypersonic weapons are the center of a new arms race between China, the US and Russia" 3010: 2531: 2301: 2038: 1954: 1595:

is preparing a system requirements review, and a conceptual design for these missions.

964: 388: 104:

became the first human to travel at hypersonic speed, during the world's first piloted

7411: 6035:"This hypersonic airliner would take you from Los Angeles to Tokyo in under two hours" 4762:

Theresa Hitchens (27 Sep 2021) DARPA Hypersonic Cruise Missile Prototype Flies At Last

3782: 2437:

According to Alex Hollings, as 21 March 2022 no nation has yet successfully fielded a

931:. On 28 June 2024 DoD announced a successful recent end-to-end test of the US Army's 237:

At standard sea-level condition for air, the mean free path of air molecules is about

192:) use a first stage rocket to boost a body into the hypersonic regime. Other systems ( 7437: 7358: 6909: 6745: 5981:"Abstract: SPARTAN: Scramjet Powered Accelerator for Reusable Technology AdvaNcement" 5917: 5690: 5618: 4814:

Both the Raytheon and the Lockheed teams have now successfully tested their scramjets

4205:

Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (20 Mar 2020) Hypersonics: Army, Navy Test Common Glide Body

4061:(20 Dec 2021) Air Force hypersonic weapon runs into trouble after a third failed test 4022: 3229: 2901:(6 Feb 2023) China Built a Hypersonic Generator That Could Power Unimaginable Weapons 2676:

NPR (23 October 2018) Nations Rush Ahead With Hypersonic Weapons Amid Arms Race Fear

2369: 2026: 1210: 1070: 672: 113: 4886:(11 March 2024) Hypersonic weapon startup Castelion has first prototype missile test 4329:

Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (11 September 2018) Aiming The Army's Thousand-Mile Missiles

3633:(10 Nov 2022) China displays air-launched hypersonic missile at air show near Taiwan 2464:

Space development agency (SDA) provides the PWSA wide field of view (WFOV) sensors;

6440: 5727: 5480:(14 Feb 2024) Pentagon launches six satellites to boost missile tracking capability 5043:(9 Feb 2022) To catch China and Russia in hypersonic race, US must embrace risk now 3169:

2 tests of Hypersonic Air-breathing Weapon Concept (HAWC) using 2 different vendors

3067: 2929:(14 Dec 2023) GE's Breakthrough In 'Detonating' Hypersonic Propulsion Is A Big Deal 2384: 1690: 1579:

Expendable Hypersonic Air-Breathing Multi-Mission Demonstrator ("Mayhem") Based on

847: 827: 636: 170: 159: 31: 7134: 7079: 6683:(21 Aug 2023) US Air Force fires hypersonic ARRW in first test since March failure 6658:(24 Mar 2023) Air Force mum on whether latest ARRW hypersonic test was successful 6194:"Mayhem air vehicle to demonstrate strike and intelligence-gathering capabilities" 6152:"Polaris Flies German-Funded Spaceplane Demonstrator | Aviation Week Network" 5588:"ISRO's Scramjet Engine Technology Demonstrator Successfully Flight Tested – ISRO" 3731:"Putin Says 'Invulnerable' New Hypersonic Nuclear Missile Is Ready For Deployment" 6363:(18 Jul 2022) U.S. successfully flight-tests Raytheon hypersonic weapon -Pentagon 5010:(27 Oct 2022) Pentagon’s Shyu, LaPlante push to get critical tech into production 4716:(26 October 2022) Pentagon successfully flight tests hypersonic weapon components 4571:"Get Ready, Russia and China: America's Next Fighter Jet Will Dominate the Skies" 3786: 3166: 2344: 2137: 1046: 1042: 968: 839: 819: 807: 72:, but their aerodynamic heat loads need to be managed (see figure to the right). 53: 7021: 4828:(5 Apr 2022) US SUCCESSFULLY TESTS SCRAMJET-POWERED HYPERSONIC MISSILE IN SECRET 4493:

Bryan Clark (21 April 2020) DoD Is Running the Wrong Way in the Hypersonics Race

4124:"Long-range precision fires modernization a joint effort, Army tech leader says" 2808:

Anderson, John (2016). Introduction to Flight (Eighth ed.) McGraw-Hill Education

2617:"A comparative analysis of the performance of long-range hypervelocity vehicles" 1587:. As of 2020 no design work had been done. By 2022 Mayhem was to be tasked with 7098:"Meet the Jiageng-1: China's Demonstrator for its Equivalent of the DARPA XS-1" 5440:(7 Feb 2022) Pentagon needs to prioritize hypersonic defense, not offense: CSIS 5343:"Missile Defense Agency dials up the speed in quest for hypersonic interceptor" 4103:"Army Futures Command aims to tap into innovative culture in Austin and beyond" 3147:(21 Mar 2022) Don't believe the hype around Russia's hypersonic Kinzhal missile 3117:(4 Nov 2022) The 2022 National Defense Strategy: A conversation with Colin Kahl 2332: 2308: 2149: 2124: 2112: 1485: 1461: 1438: 1426: 1414: 1066: 963:

In 2022, Iran was believed to have constructed their first hypersonic missile.

928: 919: 894: 320: 142:

for 10 seconds, and then glided for 10 minutes on its last flight in 2004. The

105: 81: 61: 7407:

A comparative analysis of the performance of long-range hypervelocity vehicles

6517: 6504: 6170:"'Mayhem' Will Be Larger, Multi-Role Air-Breathing Hypersonic System for USAF" 6121: 5846: 5553: 5451: 5422: 5380: 5234: 5080: 4794: 4528: 4353:

HBTSS will "establish a continuous 'track' on approaching hypersonic missiles"

3693:"The Kremlin says it conducted another successful test of a hypersonic weapon" 3485: 3346:"The Army joins the Air Force, Navy in attempt to develop hypersonic weaponry" 3146: 3116: 2702: 2662: 2648: 7421: 6430:

3M22 missile (the Tsirkon hypersonic missile) fielded to ships and submarines

5763: 5173:"Australia to Acquire Hypersonic Weapons Capability in Collaboration with US" 4692:(21 October 2021, updated 22 Oct 21) Latest US military hypersonic test fails 4648: 3129: 3089:(20 Dec 2022) Ten Ways Hypersonic Weapons Can Strengthen Strategic Deterrence 2789:"Watch the Air Force use a hypersonic bullet to blast a drone out of the sky" 2389: 2354: 2296: 2284: 2272: 2248: 2236: 2214: 2190: 2182: 2177: 2165: 2144: 2033: 2021: 1975: 1935: 1835: 1823: 1816: 1811: 1798: 1762: 1748: 1661: 1638: 1625: 1574: 1535: 1522: 1509: 1310: 1294: 1282: 1255: 1243: 1231: 1205: 80:

The first manufactured object to achieve hypersonic flight was the two-stage

7282: 7156: 6378:(14 Mar 2024) Air Force Won’t Buy Hypersonic Missiles in 2024, Official Says 5639:"Sydney to Europe in four hours? New contender enters hypersonic plane race" 5288: 4860:(28 Mar 2023) Failed Hypersonic Test Dims Air Force View of Lockheed Missile 3677:(18 Apr 2023) Pentagon: Yes, we are still lagging behind China's hypersonics 1558: 1140: 868:

These tests have prompted US responses in weapons development. By 2018, the

633:

be lower than those of conventional transport while slashing journey times.

7304: 7242: 6591:( Air Force delays hypersonic missile program after flight test 'anomalies' 6192:(16 Dec 2022) Mayhem Hypersonic Strike-Recon Jet Contract Awarded To Leidos 4942:"U.S. Skeptical of Reports Iran Has Developed Hypersonic Missile -Pentagon" 2408:

Ning describes a method for interrelating Reynolds number with Mach number.

2379: 2202: 2132: 2119: 2107: 2094: 2009: 1948: 1852: 1672: 1287: 1236: 1029: 799: 229:→ 2NO, which then dissociates and recombines to form ions: N + O → NO + e 109: 101: 85: 43: 7065: 6937: 6646:(29 Mar 2023) US Air Force Plans to End Lockheed Hypersonic Weapon Program 6233:(21 Dec 2022) THE U.S. AIR FORCE IS PREPARING TO UNLEASH HYPERSONIC MAYHEM 5952:"UK Unveils HVX Hypersonic Demonstrator Plan | Aviation Week Network" 5890: 5868: 5423:(7 Feb 2022) Complex Air Defense: Countering the Hypersonic Missile Threat 3608:(OCTOBER 20 2021) China conducted two hypersonic weapons tests this summer 7201: 6850:"Avangard (Hypersonic Glide Vehicle) – Missile Defense Advocacy Alliance" 4844:(22 Sep 2022) Raytheon wins $ 985M contract to develop hypersonic missile 4272:(4 Feb 2022) Pentagon Previews New Tech Strategy, Updates Priorities List 3966:"DARPA Starts Work On 'Glide Breaker' Hypersonic Weapons Defense Project" 3817:(29 Nov 2021) Russian Navy test-fires hypersonic missile in the White Sea 3575:"After China's 'Hypersonic' Test, US Alarm And Many Unanswered Questions" 2442: 2313: 2099: 1980: 1904: 1840: 1729: 1217: 1090:

was funding regional countermeasures against hypersonic weapons in their

1018: 1014: 915: 898: 851: 823: 811: 778:. The capability directly threatens Guam, and US Navy aircraft carriers. 760: 193: 5673:"Dream Chaser® – America's Spaceplane™ | Sierra Nevada Corporation" 5529:(14 Feb 2024) SDA, MDA missile tracking demonstration payloads blast off 4779:(30 Sep 2021) Raytheon Ends Air-Launched Hypersonic Vehicle Test Drought 4226:

New hypersonic facility accelerates UTSA as leader in aerospace projects

4169:

Jason Cutshaw (19 September 2018) Secretary of the Navy visits AMC, SMDC

4044:"As Air Force Signals Hypersonic Doubts, Key Senators Want To Go Faster" 3829:(7 Feb 2022) The Role of Hypersonic Weapons in Russian Military Strategy 3791: 2874:(28 Mar 2023) U.S. Hypersonic Missile Test Marred by In-Flight Data Loss 2703:

Rand Corporation (28 September 2017) Hypersonic Missile Nonproliferation

7001:"IXV – Intermediate Experimental Vehicle – Spacecraft & Satellites" 6708:"Hypersonic Weapons Are Almost Here (And They Will Change War Forever)" 6097:(29 Jun 2022) Venus Aerospace unveils its dart-like Mach 9 plane design 5607:"DARPA scraps XS-1 military space plane project after Boeing drops out" 4898:"Iran hypersonic missile claim sparks concern from UN nuclear watchdog" 4729:(28 October 2022) U.S. DoD Continues To Advance Hypersonic Capabilities 3112: 2656: 1722: 1596: 1478: 1074: 979: 881: 877: 831: 174: 89: 27: 6518:(18 Dec 2021) Third Test of US Hypersonic Missile AGM-183A Arrow Fails 6417:(2 Mar 2020) Roper: The ARRW Hypersonic Missile Better Option for USAF 6246:(20 Jan 2023) US' hypersonic missile 'Mayhem' gets a boost from Kratos 4704:(29 Oct 2021) U.S. successfully tests hypersonic booster motor in Utah 2849:(29 May 2014) Will heating diatomic oxygen enough break the O=O bonds? 2720:"MIT "Fluids" 1. Effects of Reynolds Number 2. Effects of Mach Number" 2615:

Alfred J. Eggers, H. Julian Allen, Stanford Neice (10 December 1954),

786:

In 2016, Russia is believed to have conducted two successful tests of

16:

Flight at altitudes lower than 90km (56 mi) and at speeds above Mach 5

5068:(6 Jan 2023) Pentagon racing to restore US superiority in hypersonics 4211:

DoD (20 March 2020) Department of Defense tests hypersonic glide body

2632: 2241: 1909: 1828: 1451: 1370: 1260: 1248: 998: 815: 756: 197: 189: 178: 135: 100:, and only charred remnants were found. In April 1961, Russian Major 68:

Hypersonic vehicles are able to maneuver through the atmosphere in a

39: 6443:

3M22 Tsirkon launched from Severodvinsk submarine for the first time

6390:(9 May 2022) DARPA seeks funding for next phase of hypersonic weapon 5055:(8 Nov 2022) Pentagon test bed to ramp up development of hypersonics 7357:

David Wright and Cameron Tracy, "Over-hyped: Physics dictates that

6672:

An end-to-end test of a Middle Tier Acquisition (MTA) from Lockheed

6618: 3413: 2974:""Russia's Elon Musk" is developing hypersonic rocket cargo planes" 2438: 1777: 1753: 1647: 1584: 732: 677: 616: 201: 139: 6480:"Air Force's Hypersonic Weapon Hits 'Major Milestone' in New Test" 6078: 5465:(14 February 2024) SpaceX launches U.S. missile-defense satellites 4795:"USAF Completes 1st Free Flight Test of HAWC Hypersonic Weapon..." 4345:(23 April 2019) Hypersonic Weapons – A Threat to National Security 4179: 4177: 4171:

memorandum of agreement in June to co-develop a hypersonic vehicle

4004:"US Air Force launches study of another hypersonic cruise missile" 2824:(Jan 1970) Table of Bond Dissociation Energies in Simple Molecules 971:

on Middle East affairs said that there are doubts in this regard.

774:

covered 1,900 km (1,200 mi) in 12 minutes, according to

6832:"DRDO conducts maiden test of hypersonic technology demonstrator" 5408:(21 Oct 2021) Hypersonic Space Test Fuels Sino-American Arms Race 4533: 3490: 1608: 1552: 1527: 1514: 1473: 1402: 1392: 1382: 1358: 1267: 1149: 1006: 869: 642: 2917:(4 Oct 2023) RTX to develop rotating detonation engine for DARPA 2646:

China successfully tests first hypersonic aircraft that can ..

693:) beginning in 2021. Tranche 0 is to begin deployment in 2022. 6454:"Lockheed awards $ 81.5M contract for hypersonic missile motor" 5657: 5362:

2028 target date is being accelerated. FY2022 decisions on GPI/

4174: 3635:

Mockups of 2PZD-21 thought to be air-launched versions of YJ-21

3541:"China surprises U.S. with hypersonic missile test, FT reports" 3119:

2 hour discussion of NDS presented by the Brookings Institution

2573:. ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation). 22 March 2010 2325: 2320: 2260: 2229: 2050: 1968: 1880: 1717: 1685: 1592: 1375: 1334: 1327: 1322: 1169: 994: 185: 23: 6505:(14 Feb 2021) AGM 183A Arrow U.S Long-range Hypersonic Missile 6304:"Air Force tests hypersonic weapon aboard B-52 for first time" 6280: 6110:(27 Oct 2022) Venus Aerospace Benchmarks New Hypersonic Engine 5966:"Farnborough 2022: UK reveals 'Concept V' hypersonic aircraft" 5505:(27 Jan 2023) Report to Congress on Hypersonic Missile Defense 5314:"Landmark US-Russia arms control treaty poised for final blow" 5274:"Pentagon Studies Post-INF Weapons, Shooting Down Hypersonics" 4428:"Raytheon, Northrop Will 'Soon' Fly Hypersonic Cruise Missile" 3078:(1st-32nd pages); NPR (33rd-62nd pages); MDR (63rd-80th pages) 7319:"Valier "Raketenschiff" (1929): Classic Rocketship Series #6" 5746:"HyperMach unveils SonicStar supersonic business jet concept" 5492:(24 Jan 2023) Hypersonic Missile Defense: Issues for Congress 5216: 5146:"Iran says it has built hypersonic ballistic missile -Tasnim" 4741:(28 Jun 2024) DOD Completes Flight Test of Hypersonic Missile 4408:"SDA Missile Tracking A 'Strategic Win' For L3Harris, SpaceX" 4274:

for upcoming National Defense Science and Technology Strategy

4072:

Mary Kate Aylward (5 February 2019) Experiments in hyperspeed

3792:"The first regiment with the 'Avangard' took up combat duty" 3679: 2337: 2224: 2070: 2057: 2045: 2014: 1987: 1963: 1897: 1892: 1864: 1859: 1847: 1772: 1709: 1697: 1677: 1497: 1339: 1193: 1181: 1159: 1010: 1002: 944: 803: 771: 312:{\displaystyle \lambda =1\,\mathrm {ft} =0.305\,\mathrm {m} } 42:

exist. Speeds over Mach 25 have been achieved below the

7361:

cannot live up to the grand promises made on their behalf",

6759:"NASA Dryden Fact Sheets – X-15 Hypersonic Research Program" 6604:(16 May 2022) US Air Force tests troubled hypersonic missile 5452:(2 May 2023) Hypersonic Missile Defense: Issues for Congress 5249:"Putin unveils new nuclear missile, says 'listen to us now'" 4218: 3938:"Rotating Detonation Engines Could Propel Hypersonic Flight" 3714:"Putin crows as he oversees Russian hypersonic weapons test" 3486:"Youtube clip XingKong-2 hypersonic aircraft (Starry Sky-2)" 2694:(September 7, 2020) Express News Service, The Indian Express 2692:

DRDO successfully flight tests hypersonic technology vehicle

2594:"NASA Dryden Fact Sheets - X-15 Hypersonic Research Program" 6349:"Hypersonic Missiles: Plethora Of Boost-Glide & Cruise" 4298:(1 Nov 2022) Hypersonic Missiles: Evolution Or Revolution? 3783:"New Russian weapon can travel 27 times the speed of sound" 3378: 3376: 3374: 1916: 1346: 1174: 1022: 124: 6405:(10 Feb 2020) Hypersonic Conventional Strike Weapon (HCSW) 4312:"Army aligning modernization programs with other services" 3316:"Army Moves Out On Lasers, Hypersonics: Lt. Gen. Thurgood" 2649:

Youtube clip XingKong-2 hypersonic aircraft (Starry Sky-2)

2640:

3 August 2018 China tests hypersonic aircraft Starry Sky-2

1110:

As part of their Hypersonic vehicle tracking mission, the

6721:"Raytheon Tactical Boost Glide Baseline Review Completed" 5121:"What Are Hypersonic Missiles and Who's Developing Them?" 4677:

One of Four Boosters Fails in Rapid-Fire Hypersonic Tests

4001: 3622:(28 Oct 2021) "China, Testing New Weapon, Jolts Pentagon" 2876:

ARRW plagued by loss of telemetry data in the latest test

2863:

operating at 8,000 K (7,730 °C; 13,940 °F)

2002: 1148:

commercial hypersonic transport aircraft proposed by the

951:(HACM), a scramjet-powered hypersonic missile by FY2027. 6061:"Hermeus reveals Quarterhorse hypersonic flying testbed" 4343:

John L. Dolan, Richard K. Gallagher & David L. Mann

4246:"Hypersonic Weapons: Background and Issues for Congress" 4077: 3794:На боевое дежурство заступил первый полк с "Авангардами" 3455:"China tests waverider hypersonic aircraft Starry Sky-2" 3371: 3130:"Hypersonic Weapons: Background and Issues for Congress" 3101:(28 Mar 2022) Fact Sheet: 2022 National Defense Strategy 2458: 1051:

Integrated Air and Missile Defense Battle Command System

885:

The Long range precision fires (LRPF) CFT is supporting

5803:"How Boeing's Hypersonic Passenger Plane Concept Works" 4626:

MDA's Hypersonic Defense Weapon System – 4 Interceptors

4347:

Hypersonic and Ballistic Tracking Space Sensor (HBTSS)

4303: 4086:

1st hypersonic glide vehicle test (Flight experiment 1)

3802:"Russia commissions intercontinental hypersonic weapon" 2528:

Altitude reached: 116 miles, velocity reached: 5134 mph

2441:-powered hypersonic cruise missile, including Russia's 984:

Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering

947:. By September 2022 Raytheon was selected for fielding 6017:"Space tech meets aviation: The hypersonic revolution" 6002:"High-Speed Experimental Fly Vehicles – INTernational" 5904:

February 2013, Markus Hammonds 20 (20 February 2013).

5434: 5432: 4468: 1351:

Programme for Reusable In-orbit Demonstrator in Europe

1226:

hypersonic aircraft. A prototype was tested last year.

6731:"Raytheon, DARPA complete TBG baseline design review" 6409: 6215: 6213: 5978: 5938:"Delivering the future of UK Hypersonic capabilities" 4686: 4684: 4476:"Pentagon to TestFly New Hypersonic Weapon This Year" 3216:

Miller, Jeff Morganteen, Andrea (26 September 2019).

518: 462: 411: 391: 353: 328: 278: 243: 150:

between the United States, India, Russia, and China.

6625: 6335:"Air Force arms B1-B bomber with hypersonic weapons" 6225: 6114: 4969: 4967: 4624:"MDA Kickstarts New Way To Kill Hypersonic Missiles" 4443:"Congress Shouldn't Rubber-Stamp Hypersonic Weapons" 4322: 4277: 3568: 3566: 2448: 30:

below altitudes of about 90 km (56 mi) at

7080:"JAXA | Hypersonic Flight Experiment "HYFLEX"" 6571: 6546:"Hypersonics: DoD Wants 'Hundreds of Weapons' ASAP" 6372: 6370: 6327: 5429: 4996: 4224:University Strategic Communications (18 May, 2021) 4200: 4198: 4146: 4065: 3581: 3361: 3359: 1603:is preparing a conceptual design for Mayhem, using 436:{\displaystyle \mathrm {Kn} ={\frac {\lambda }{R}}} 378:{\displaystyle \mathrm {Kn} ={\frac {\lambda }{l}}} 147: 60:. Compare to the aerodynamic heating effect on the 6608: 6559: 6210: 5781: 5237:, Rand Corporation, 28 September 2017, via YouTube 4854: 4852: 4806: 4804: 4681: 4557:"Joint hypersonic weapon tests to start next year" 4486: 4449: 4162: 4156:"DoD Boosts Hypersonics 136 % In 2019: DARPA" 3297:"Joint hypersonic weapon tests to start next year" 3260: 3197: 560: 504: 435: 397: 377: 339: 311: 264: 7337:"Rockwell C-1057 "Breadbox" Space Shuttle (1972)" 6896:April 2015, Elizabeth Howell 21 (21 April 2015). 6099:meant to operate at 32 mile altitude at 7000 mph. 5421:Center for Strategic & International Studies 5322: 5312:Rebecca Kheel and Morgan Chalfant (31 July 2019) 4977:"DoD Needs To Sharpen Hypersonics Oversight: GAO" 4964: 4773: 4771: 3563: 3276: 3242: 3180:"How does China's hypersonic glide vehicle work?" 2913:(9 Oct 2023) RTX to build Gambit engine for DARPA 2744:"Andrew Ning "Matching Mach and Reynolds Number"" 2705:estimates there is less than a decade to prevent 1081:National Defense Space Architecture (2021), above 1077:systems were not yet in development, as of 2019. 767:missile launch, which does not yet exist (2023). 7419: 7113:"Sänger-Bredt Silbervogel: The Nazi Space Plane" 6382: 6367: 6235:AFRL project; design package to be ready by 2027 5906:"Skylon Space Plane: The Spacecraft of Tomorrow" 5557:Science China Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy 5369: 4948: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4733: 4646: 4462:Latest Asian, Middle-East, EurAsian, Indian News 4195: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3612: 3356: 3063: 3061: 2433: 2431: 134:of a space vehicle was extensively studied. The 6102: 5988:2014 ReinventingSpace Conference (Rispace 2014) 5198:"Australia to help develop hypersonic missiles" 4849: 4838: 4836: 4801: 4696: 4669: 4264: 3995: 3804:, NBC News, Associated Press, 27 December 2019. 3011:"Hermeus Completes Hypersonic Engine Milestone" 2866: 1025:also have hypersonic weapon research programs. 698:against enemy hypersonic vehicles, and build a 7084:JAXA | Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency 6675: 6662: 6650: 6596: 5605:January 2020, Mike Wall 23 (23 January 2020). 5554:Hypersonic I-shaped aerodynamic configurations 5534: 5497: 5484: 5417: 5415: 5353: 5266: 4958:"OSD Writes Hypersonic Flight Test Guidelines" 4768: 4599:"DOD scaling up effort to develop hypersonics" 4385: 3946: 3930: 3846: 3745: 3743: 3671: 3669: 3547:. 17 October 2021 – via www.reuters.com. 3152: 2822:B. deB. Darwent, National Bureau of Standards 2818: 2816: 2814: 2627: 2625: 2470:Hypersonic and Ballistic Tracking Space Sensor 6744:Dr. Peter Erbland, Lt. Col. Joshua Stults () 6510: 6459: 6355: 6238: 6197: 5903: 5474: 5472: 5073: 5002: 4788: 4786: 4745: 4118: 4116: 4055: 4053: 3719: 3058: 2428: 38:of air begins to become significant and high 6983:"Project 863-706 Shenlong ("Divine Dragon")" 6446: 6399: 6397: 6089: 5783:"Boeing Unveils Hypersonic Airliner Concept" 5604: 5509: 4878: 4833: 4822: 4820: 4370: 3958: 3438:"Japan unveils its hypersonic weapons plans" 3339: 3337: 3322: 3307: 3234:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2893: 2889:. Glenn Research Center, NASA. 6 April 2018. 2853: 2841: 2829: 6914:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 6638: 6522: 5922:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 5623:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 5412: 4027:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3983: 3971: 3896:"Hypersonics Won't Repeat Mistakes Of F-35" 3890: 3888: 3821: 3761: 3759: 3740: 3666: 3656: 3654: 3185: 3139: 2967: 2965: 2811: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2622: 1591:and strike missions, as a possible bomber. 639:can be used to launch hypersonic aircraft. 6895: 6583: 6497: 6250: 6184: 5800: 5570:"ISRO's AVATAR – making India proud again" 5521: 5469: 5279: 5114: 5112: 5110: 4783: 4593: 4591: 4505: 4365:HBTSS awards to L3Harris; Northrop Grumman 4240: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4113: 4050: 3873: 3587: 3270:"Army Warhead Is Key To Joint Hypersonics" 3122: 2611: 2609: 2607: 1703:Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle 265:{\displaystyle \lambda =68\,\mathrm {nm} } 207: 6958: 6688: 6394: 6347:Freedberg, Sydney J. Jr. (3 March 2020). 6346: 6340: 5388: 5334: 4866: 4817: 4433: 4398: 4339: 4337: 4290: 4095: 3834: 3797:(in Russian). Interfax. 27 December 2019. 3600: 3505: 3334: 3288: 3106: 2947:Venus Aerospace: Mach 0.9 at 12,000 feet 2937: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2503:Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum 723:Two main types of hypersonic weapons are 303: 288: 253: 7412:(2022) Joint Air Power Competence Centre 6298: 6296: 5979:D. Preller; P. M. Smart (23 June 2021). 5821:"SR-72 Hypersonic Demonstrator Aircraft" 5457: 5444: 5400: 5240: 5204: 5091: 5089: 4721: 4708: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4523: 4521: 4498: 4134: 4002:Reim2020-04-30T00:42:00+01:00, Garrett. 3920: 3918: 3901:"Navy: Conventional Prompt Strike (CPS)" 3885: 3809: 3756: 3651: 3572: 3028: 2962: 2795: 2642:--Xingkong-2 (Starry-sky-2) first flight 2585: 1139: 1095: 842:until it reached its destination on the 676: 597: 204:) use a cannon for their initial boost. 48: 6543: 6162: 5331:Army LRHW, Navy C-HGB, Air Force HSW-ab 5107: 5047: 5035: 4588: 4506:Trevithick, Joseph (11 February 2020). 4231: 4035: 3781:Vladimir Isachenkov (27 December 2019) 3551: 3523: 3521: 3172: 3093: 3081: 3040: 3003: 2604: 1644:Hypersonic Air-breathing Weapon Concept 1114:(SDA) launched four satellites and the 7420: 7214: 5707: 5340: 4568: 4334: 3964:Joseph Trevithick (6 September 2018), 3882:, 14 August 2018, CNBC-- $ 480 million 3858: 3690: 3625: 3588:Trevithick, Joseph (18 October 2021). 3215: 2921: 2905: 2760: 2496: 2411: 606: 571: 6756: 6468:=HSW-ab; ARRW funding is augmented; 6293: 5235:"Hypersonic Missile Nonproliferation" 5086: 5060: 5022: 4995:National Defense Space Architecture ( 4983: 4649:Defense Primer: Emerging Technologies 4629: 4518: 4251: 3915: 3904:"Army: Land-Based Hypersonic Missile" 3573:Hitchens, Theresa (19 October 2021). 3429: 2971: 2591: 2571:"Hypersonic plane passes latest test" 2423:defense strategy of the United States 1958:(human-rated, only flew without crew) 1599:has begun a partnership with Leidos. 681:Hypersonic weapon, demonstrating its 7341:The Virtual Museum of Flying Wonders 7323:The Virtual Museum of Flying Wonders 7110: 6829: 6710:Lockheed-Martin vs Raytheon-Northrup 6477: 5118: 4974: 4955: 4440: 4405: 4153: 3638: 3618:David E Sanger, and William J Broad 3518: 3368:Lists names for hypersonics programs 3267: 2950: 2670:to Rocketdyne for HCSW $ 81.5M, ARRW 2659:statement 05:03, 8 August 2018 (UTC) 2505:. airandspace.si.edu. Archived from 2402: 713:Joint all-domain command and control 561:{\displaystyle \mu =\sin ^{-1}(1/M)} 505:{\displaystyle \mu =\sin ^{-1}(a/v)} 5272:Sydney Freedberg (1 February 2019) 5170: 4380:Space-Based Infrared System (SBIRS) 3691:Macias, Amanda (26 December 2018). 3435: 3285:Hypersonic Glide Body test for 2020 3070:, US Secretary of Defense, et. al. 2991: 2780: 1503:Zero Emission Hyper Sonic Transport 1444:Hypersonic Air Vehicle Experimental 687:National Defense Space Architecture 450: 232: 164: 13: 7351: 6456:, Defense News, HCSW $ 81.5M, ARRW 6320:Joseph Trevithick (18 June 2019), 6270:"Advanced Hypersonic Weapon (AHW)" 5300:Linda Givetash (2 February 2019), 4441:Katz, Justin (29 September 2021). 3989:Joseph Trevithic (6 August 2019), 3936:Nick Stockton (27 December 2018), 3894:Sydney Freedberg (13 March 2019), 2063:Chongfu Shiyong Shiyan Hangtian Qi 1767:DARPA Tactical Boost Glide vehicle 912:Pacific Spaceport Complex – Alaska 834:ICBM, which was launched from the 416: 413: 358: 355: 333: 330: 305: 293: 290: 258: 255: 119:In November 1961, Air Force Major 92:first stage. In February 1949, at 14: 7449: 7371: 6898:"Buran: The Soviet Space Shuttle" 6065:aerospacetestinginternational.com 5171:Rej, Abhijnan (2 December 2020). 4622:Paul McLeary (18 December 2019), 4597:David Vergun (14 December 2018), 4244:Kelley M. Sayler (11 July 2019), 4041:THERESA HITCHENS and AARON MEHTA 3749:Amanda Macias (12 October 2018), 3135:. Congressional Research Service. 2619:, NACA report 1382, pp. 1141–1160 2542: 1546:rotating detonation rocket engine 1033:missiles, named SCIFIRE in 2022. 978:alone, as of 2021. In 2021-2023, 887:Space and Missile Defense Command 818:, as part of a series of tests. " 7329: 7311: 7289: 7267: 7249: 7227: 7215:Conner, Monroe (30 March 2016). 7208: 7186: 7169: 7163: 7141: 7119: 7104: 7090: 7072: 7050: 7040:"The Martin Marietta X-23 Prime" 7032: 7014: 6993: 6975: 6952: 6922: 6889: 6863: 6842: 6823: 6805: 6787: 6769: 6757:Gibbs, Yvonne (13 August 2015). 6750: 6738: 6713: 6700: 6537: 6471: 6452:Chris Martin (17 December 2019) 6433: 6421: 6314: 6262: 6144: 6126: 6071: 6053: 6027: 6008: 5994: 5972: 5958: 5944: 5930: 5897: 5875: 5853: 5831: 5813: 5801:Pappalardo, Joe (26 June 2018). 5794: 5774: 5756: 5738: 5720: 5701: 5683: 5665: 5645: 5631: 5598: 5580: 5562: 5546: 5306: 5294: 5286:Government Accountability Office 5228: 5190: 5164: 5138: 5119:Gale, Alastair (February 2022). 5015: 4934: 4916: 4890: 4846:HACM possible fielding by FY2027 4647:Kelley M. Sayler (8 June 2021). 4616: 4604: 4562: 4549: 4420: 4414: 4248:, Congressional Research Service 4189: 3606:Demetri Sevastopulo, Washington 3294:Sean Kimmons, Army News Service 2847:Answered by ron, stack exchange 2707:Hypersonic Missile proliferation 2592:Gibbs, Yvonne (13 August 2015). 2353: 2343: 2331: 2319: 2307: 2295: 2283: 2271: 2259: 2247: 2235: 2223: 2213: 2201: 2189: 2176: 2164: 2143: 2131: 2118: 2106: 2093: 2069: 2056: 2044: 2032: 2020: 2008: 1997: 1986: 1974: 1962: 1947: 1934: 1915: 1903: 1891: 1879: 1858: 1846: 1834: 1822: 1810: 1797: 1771: 1761: 1747: 1728: 1716: 1708: 1696: 1684: 1671: 1660: 1637: 1624: 1573: 1551: 1534: 1521: 1508: 1496: 1484: 1472: 1460: 1450: 1437: 1425: 1413: 1401: 1391: 1381: 1369: 1357: 1345: 1333: 1321: 1309: 1293: 1281: 1266: 1254: 1242: 1230: 1216: 1204: 1192: 1180: 1168: 1158: 1041:In May 2023 Ukraine shot down a 949:Hypersonic Attack Cruise Missile 857: 690: 583: 6544:McLeary, Paul (24 April 2020). 6014: 5728:"HyperSoar – Military Aircraft" 5708:Conner, Monroe (4 April 2016). 5450:Congressional Research Service 4569:Osborn, Kris (12 August 2017). 4480:www.nationaldefensemagazine.org 4406:Katz, Justin (9 October 2020). 4089: 3775: 3707: 3684: 3533: 3478: 3460: 3448: 3401: 3395: 3268:Katz, Justin (22 August 2018). 3209: 3149:Kinzhal does not use a scramjet 2879: 2826:BDE: bond dissociation enthalpy 2773:Amanda Macias (21 March 2018), 2497:Winter, Frank (3 August 2000). 976:70 hypersonics R&D programs 622: 6830:Peri, Dinakar (12 June 2019). 6719:Steve Trimble (29 July 2019), 6333:Kris Osborn (1 October 2019), 5559:61:024722 Wind tunnel proposal 5341:Judson, Jen (13 August 2021). 5023:Gould, Joe (12 October 2021). 4975:Katz, Justin (22 March 2021). 4956:Katz, Justin (24 March 2021). 4656:Congressional Research Service 4610:Loren Thompson (30 July 2019) 2972:Blain, Loz (9 February 2022). 2736: 2712: 2697:Current test targets, such as 2563: 2545:"Across the Hypersonic Divide" 2536: 2521: 2490: 1105: 937:Pacific Missile Range Facility 904:Congressional Research Service 555: 541: 499: 485: 1: 6729:Robin Hughes (5 August 2019) 6478:Xiao, Bing (10 August 2020). 5289:(Mar 2021) Hypersonic Weapons 4283:Courtney Albon and Joe Gould 4154:Katz, Justin (1 March 2018). 2483: 2290:HL-20 Personnel Launch System 1605:Air Force Research Laboratory 1446:(HVX) with Concept V aircraft 1276:hypersonic passenger airliner 1073:, counter-countermeasures to 794:, reaching its target at the 592: 340:{\displaystyle \mathrm {Kn} } 88:second stage set on top of a 7397:Resources in other libraries 6961:"Autonomous Systems – X-37B" 6959:Ba (Nyse) (1 January 2020). 5552:Cui, et al. (February 2019) 4797:– via www.youtube.com. 4555:Sean Kimmons (31 May 2019), 4426:Colin Clark (19 June 2019), 4395:weapons (the kill vehicles). 4074:more on Prompt Global Strike 3716:, ABC News, 26 December 2018 2079: 1530:Halcyon hypersonic transport 933:Long-Range Hypersonic Weapon 924:Long-Range Hypersonic Weapon 874:Long-Range Hypersonic Weapon 69: 7: 7343:. Fantastic Plastic Models. 7325:. Fantastic Plastic Models. 7111:Drye, Paul (10 July 2012). 6781:www.designation-systems.net 5383:GPI scenario animation 7:51 3436:Yeo, Mike (13 March 2020). 3178:Mark Zastrow (2021-11-04), 3115:, US Department of Defense 2363: 1300:Boeing Commercial Airplanes 1199:Advanced Technology Vehicle 1128: 1121:Additional capabilities of 1036: 657: 627: 108:. Soon after, in May 1961, 10: 7454: 3907:"Air Force: HCSW and ARRW" 3099:US Department of Defense 2185:(National Aerospace Plane) 1631:Advanced Hypersonic Weapon 914:, on Kodiak island. Three 861: 814:antiship missile over the 751:China's XingKong-2 (星空二号, 725:hypersonic cruise missiles 670: 664: 613:rotating detonation engine 157: 153: 75: 32:speeds greater than Mach 5 7392:Resources in your library 6706:Dan Goure (20 June 2019) 4739:US Department of Defense 1580: 1544:hypersonic airliner with 1080: 792:Dombarovskiy missile base 781: 729:hypersonic glide vehicles 116:over the Atlantic Ocean. 6004:. European Space Agency. 5397:Michael Griffin comments 5364:Ground-Based Interceptor 4152:Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. 3793: 3145:Alex Hollings, Sandboxx 3074:80 pages: Unclassified. 2474:earth-based interceptors 2395: 2208:Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-105 1783: 1144:Artist depiction of the 1112:Space Development Agency 876:were in development per 746: 683:non-parabolic trajectory 84:rocket, consisting of a 70:non-parabolic trajectory 7172:"Tsien Spaceplane 1949" 6875:خبرگزاری تسنیم | Tasnim 6817:Military Watch Magazine 4954:Sydney Freedberg, Jr. 3266:Sydney Freedberg, Jr. 2835:Jim Clark (12 Feb 2022) 1063:anti-ballistic missiles 958: 776:leaked secret documents 208:High temperature effect 7217:"Lockheed Martin X-33" 6987:www.globalsecurity.org 6746:"Tactical Boost Glide" 6244:Christopher McFadden 2466:Missile defense agency 2419:Nuclear Posture Review 1153: 1116:Missile Defense Agency 1088:Missile Defense Agency 850:. Ukraine estimated a 770:In February 2023, the 720: 562: 506: 437: 399: 379: 341: 313: 266: 65: 7433:Aerospace engineering 7182:on 15 September 2016. 4575:The National Interest 3165:22 March 2023 at the 2219:Tsien Spaceplane 1949 2196:Orbital Sciences X-34 2171:Boeing X-20 Dyna-Soar 2127:, follow-on to Tu-160 1941:Space Shuttle orbiter 1316:Lockheed Martin SR-72 1143: 680: 598:Controlled detonation 563: 507: 438: 400: 380: 342: 314: 267: 148:strategic competition 144:Boeing X-51 Waverider 52: 7285:on 28 December 2016. 7204:on 21 December 2016. 7159:on 28 December 2016. 7137:on 6 September 2016. 7068:on 27 December 2016. 5893:on 27 December 2016. 5871:on 28 December 2016. 5695:Aerospace Technology 4714:Mike Stone, Reuters 4331:Multi-domain Ft Sill 4046:. 24 September 2021. 3557:Hannah Ritchie, CNN 2791:. 15 September 2020. 2701:are not hypersonic. 2375:Supersonic transport 2349:Valier Raketenschiff 2254:Lockheed Martin X-33 1342:waverider spaceplane 1057:Rand 2017 assessment 864:Prompt Global Strike 516: 460: 409: 389: 351: 326: 276: 241: 98:atmospheric re-entry 7364:Scientific American 7301:www.astronautix.com 7279:www.astronautix.com 7263:. 16 December 2010. 7239:www.astronautix.com 7198:www.astronautix.com 7153:www.astronautix.com 7131:www.astronautix.com 7062:www.astronautix.com 6403:GlobalSecurity.org 6190:Joseph Trevithick 6067:. 15 November 2021. 5887:www.astronautix.com 5865:www.astronautix.com 5843:www.astronautix.com 5825:Airforce Technology 5200:. 30 November 2020. 5125:Wall Street Journal 4930:. 24 February 2023. 4559:, Army News Service 4464:. 10 December 2021. 4287:a range of concerns 3898:, Breaking Defense 3735:The Huffington Post 3660:Stephen Chen, SCMP 2911:MRO Business Today 2468:(MDA) provides the 1804:North American X-15 1432:Reaction Engines A2 1303:hypersonic airliner 1187:Avatar (spacecraft) 1150:Hermeus corporation 844:Kamchatka Peninsula 836:Plesetsk Cosmodrome 796:Kura shooting range 607:Rotating detonation 572:Viscous interaction 443:, can be near one. 58:aerodynamic heating 7359:hypersonic weapons 7307:on 20 August 2016. 7245:on 20 August 2016. 7026:space.skyrocket.de 6819:. 5 December 2021. 6231:CHRISTOPHER PLAIN 5276:, Breaking Defense 5152:. 10 November 2022 4904:. 10 November 2022 4727:Naval News Staff 4504:JOSEPH TREVITHICK 3737:, 27 December 2018 3675:Geoff Ziezulewicz 3620:The New York Times 3472:The Times of India 3417:. 7 September 2020 2956:Peter Ray Allison 1154: 1071:ballistic missiles 1065:were developed as 965:Amir Ali Hajizadeh 721: 558: 502: 433: 395: 375: 337: 309: 262: 66: 7383:Hypersonic flight 7378:Library resources 6795:"X-51A Waverider" 6589:Oren Liebermann 6516:Miltech insights 6256:Theresa Hitchens 5849:on 1 August 2016. 5807:Popular Mechanics 5710:"X-43A (Hyper-X)" 5527:Theresa Hitchens 5515:Theresa Hitchens 5490:Kelley M. Sayler 5438:Theresa Hitchens 5406:Theresa Hitchens 4973:Theresa Hitchens 4675:Caitlin M Kenney 4404:Theresa Hitchens 4296:Naval News Staff 3103:2 page sketch NDS 2927:Joseph Trevithic 2872:Anthony Capaccio 2699:Zombie Pathfinder 2509:on 4 January 2017 2370:Hypersonic effect 2027:Martin X-23 PRIME 1096:the proliferation 939:, Kauai, Hawaii. 910:test occurred at 673:Hypersonic weapon 431: 398:{\displaystyle l} 373: 114:suborbital flight 20:Hypersonic flight 7445: 7345: 7344: 7333: 7327: 7326: 7315: 7309: 7308: 7303:. Archived from 7293: 7287: 7286: 7281:. Archived from 7271: 7265: 7264: 7253: 7247: 7246: 7241:. Archived from 7231: 7225: 7224: 7212: 7206: 7205: 7200:. Archived from 7190: 7184: 7183: 7178:. Archived from 7167: 7161: 7160: 7155:. Archived from 7145: 7139: 7138: 7133:. Archived from 7127:"Keldysh Bomber" 7123: 7117: 7116: 7108: 7102: 7101: 7100:. 29 April 2019. 7094: 7088: 7087: 7076: 7070: 7069: 7064:. Archived from 7054: 7048: 7047: 7036: 7030: 7029: 7018: 7012: 7011: 7009: 7007: 6997: 6991: 6990: 6979: 6973: 6972: 6970: 6968: 6956: 6950: 6949: 6947: 6945: 6940:on 17 April 2021 6936:. Archived from 6926: 6920: 6919: 6913: 6905: 6893: 6887: 6886: 6884: 6882: 6867: 6861: 6860: 6858: 6856: 6846: 6840: 6839: 6827: 6821: 6820: 6809: 6803: 6802: 6791: 6785: 6784: 6773: 6767: 6766: 6754: 6748: 6742: 6736: 6717: 6711: 6704: 6698: 6692: 6686: 6679: 6673: 6666: 6660: 6654: 6648: 6642: 6636: 6629: 6623: 6614:Valerie Insinna 6612: 6606: 6602:Oren Liebermann 6600: 6594: 6587: 6581: 6575: 6569: 6565:Valerie Insinna 6563: 6557: 6556: 6554: 6552: 6541: 6535: 6534: 6533:. 4 August 2021. 6528:STEFANO D'URSO 6526: 6520: 6514: 6508: 6501: 6495: 6494: 6492: 6490: 6475: 6469: 6463: 6457: 6450: 6444: 6437: 6431: 6425: 6419: 6413: 6407: 6401: 6392: 6386: 6380: 6374: 6365: 6359: 6353: 6352: 6344: 6338: 6331: 6325: 6318: 6312: 6311: 6300: 6291: 6286:BreakingDefense 6284: 6278: 6277: 6266: 6260: 6254: 6248: 6242: 6236: 6229: 6223: 6217: 6208: 6201: 6195: 6188: 6182: 6181: 6179: 6177: 6172:. 19 August 2020 6166: 6160: 6159: 6156:aviationweek.com 6148: 6142: 6141: 6138:aviationweek.com 6130: 6124: 6118: 6112: 6106: 6100: 6093: 6087: 6086: 6075: 6069: 6068: 6057: 6051: 6050: 6048: 6046: 6041:. 23 August 2019 6031: 6025: 6024: 6012: 6006: 6005: 5998: 5992: 5991: 5985: 5976: 5970: 5969: 5962: 5956: 5955: 5948: 5942: 5941: 5934: 5928: 5927: 5921: 5913: 5901: 5895: 5894: 5889:. Archived from 5879: 5873: 5872: 5867:. Archived from 5857: 5851: 5850: 5845:. Archived from 5835: 5829: 5828: 5817: 5811: 5810: 5798: 5792: 5791: 5785: 5778: 5772: 5771: 5760: 5754: 5753: 5742: 5736: 5735: 5724: 5718: 5717: 5705: 5699: 5698: 5687: 5681: 5680: 5669: 5663: 5662: 5649: 5643: 5642: 5635: 5629: 5628: 5622: 5614: 5602: 5596: 5595: 5584: 5578: 5577: 5566: 5560: 5550: 5544: 5538: 5532: 5525: 5519: 5513: 5507: 5501: 5495: 5488: 5482: 5476: 5467: 5461: 5455: 5448: 5442: 5436: 5427: 5419: 5410: 5404: 5398: 5392: 5386: 5373: 5367: 5357: 5351: 5350: 5338: 5332: 5326: 5320: 5310: 5304: 5298: 5292: 5283: 5277: 5270: 5264: 5263: 5261: 5259: 5244: 5238: 5232: 5226: 5220: 5214: 5208: 5202: 5201: 5194: 5188: 5187: 5185: 5183: 5168: 5162: 5161: 5159: 5157: 5142: 5136: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5116: 5105: 5104: 5101:aviationweek.com 5093: 5084: 5077: 5071: 5064: 5058: 5053:Courtney Albon 5051: 5045: 5039: 5033: 5032: 5019: 5013: 5006: 5000: 4987: 4981: 4980: 4971: 4962: 4961: 4952: 4946: 4945: 4938: 4932: 4931: 4920: 4914: 4913: 4911: 4909: 4894: 4888: 4882: 4876: 4870: 4864: 4856: 4847: 4840: 4831: 4824: 4815: 4810:Oren Liebermann 4808: 4799: 4798: 4790: 4781: 4775: 4766: 4754: 4743: 4737: 4731: 4725: 4719: 4712: 4706: 4700: 4694: 4690:Oren Liebermann 4688: 4679: 4673: 4667: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4653: 4644: 4627: 4620: 4614: 4608: 4602: 4595: 4586: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4566: 4560: 4553: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4525: 4516: 4515: 4502: 4496: 4490: 4484: 4483: 4472: 4466: 4465: 4453: 4447: 4446: 4437: 4431: 4424: 4418: 4412: 4411: 4402: 4396: 4389: 4383: 4374: 4368: 4341: 4332: 4326: 4320: 4319: 4307: 4301: 4300:summary overview 4294: 4288: 4281: 4275: 4268: 4262: 4255: 4249: 4242: 4229: 4222: 4216: 4202: 4193: 4187: 4181: 4172: 4166: 4160: 4159: 4150: 4144: 4138: 4132: 4131: 4120: 4111: 4110: 4099: 4093: 4087: 4081: 4075: 4069: 4063: 4059:Valerie Insinna 4057: 4048: 4047: 4039: 4033: 4032: 4026: 4018: 4016: 4014: 3999: 3993: 3987: 3981: 3975: 3969: 3962: 3956: 3950: 3944: 3934: 3928: 3922: 3913: 3892: 3883: 3877: 3871: 3862: 3856: 3850: 3844: 3838: 3832: 3827:Roger McDermott 3825: 3819: 3813: 3807: 3798: 3779: 3773: 3763: 3754: 3747: 3738: 3728: 3717: 3711: 3705: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3688: 3682: 3673: 3664: 3658: 3649: 3642: 3636: 3629: 3623: 3616: 3610: 3604: 3598: 3597: 3585: 3579: 3578: 3570: 3561: 3555: 3549: 3548: 3537: 3531: 3525: 3516: 3509: 3503: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3482: 3476: 3475: 3474:. 6 August 2018. 3464: 3458: 3452: 3446: 3445: 3433: 3427: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3405: 3399: 3393: 3380: 3369: 3363: 3354: 3353: 3341: 3332: 3326: 3320: 3319: 3311: 3305: 3304: 3292: 3286: 3280: 3274: 3273: 3264: 3258: 3246: 3240: 3239: 3233: 3225: 3213: 3207: 3203:Valerie Insinna 3201: 3195: 3189: 3183: 3176: 3170: 3156: 3150: 3143: 3137: 3136: 3134: 3126: 3120: 3110: 3104: 3097: 3091: 3085: 3079: 3068:Lloyd Austin III 3065: 3056: 3055: 3044: 3038: 3034:Valerie Insinna 3032: 3026: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3007: 3001: 2995: 2989: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2969: 2960: 2954: 2948: 2941: 2935: 2925: 2919: 2909: 2903: 2897: 2891: 2890: 2883: 2877: 2870: 2864: 2857: 2851: 2845: 2839: 2833: 2827: 2820: 2809: 2806: 2793: 2792: 2784: 2778: 2771: 2758: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2748: 2740: 2734: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2724: 2716: 2710: 2631:In, for example 2629: 2620: 2613: 2602: 2601: 2589: 2583: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2567: 2561: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2551:. HistoryNet LLC 2540: 2534: 2525: 2519: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2494: 2477: 2462: 2456: 2452: 2446: 2435: 2426: 2415: 2409: 2406: 2385:List of X-planes 2358: 2357: 2348: 2347: 2336: 2335: 2324: 2323: 2312: 2311: 2300: 2299: 2288: 2287: 2276: 2275: 2264: 2263: 2252: 2251: 2240: 2239: 2228: 2227: 2218: 2217: 2206: 2205: 2194: 2193: 2181: 2180: 2169: 2168: 2148: 2147: 2136: 2135: 2123: 2122: 2111: 2110: 2098: 2097: 2074: 2073: 2061: 2060: 2049: 2048: 2037: 2036: 2025: 2024: 2013: 2012: 2001: 1991: 1990: 1979: 1978: 1967: 1966: 1952: 1951: 1939: 1938: 1920: 1919: 1908: 1907: 1896: 1895: 1884: 1883: 1863: 1862: 1851: 1850: 1839: 1838: 1827: 1826: 1815: 1814: 1802: 1801: 1776: 1775: 1766: 1765: 1752: 1751: 1733: 1732: 1721: 1720: 1713: 1712: 1701: 1700: 1689: 1688: 1676: 1675: 1665: 1664: 1642: 1641: 1629: 1628: 1578: 1577: 1556: 1555: 1540:Venus Aerospace 1539: 1538: 1526: 1525: 1513: 1512: 1501: 1500: 1489: 1488: 1477: 1476: 1465: 1464: 1455: 1454: 1442: 1441: 1430: 1429: 1418: 1417: 1406: 1405: 1396: 1395: 1386: 1385: 1374: 1373: 1362: 1361: 1349: 1338: 1337: 1326: 1325: 1314: 1313: 1298: 1297: 1286: 1285: 1271: 1270: 1259: 1258: 1247: 1246: 1235: 1234: 1224:hydrogen-powered 1221: 1220: 1209: 1208: 1197: 1196: 1185: 1184: 1173: 1172: 1163: 1162: 828:power projection 637:Stratolaunch Roc 603:MHD generators. 567: 565: 564: 559: 551: 537: 536: 511: 509: 508: 503: 495: 481: 480: 451:Thin shock layer 442: 440: 439: 434: 432: 424: 419: 404: 402: 401: 396: 384: 382: 381: 376: 374: 366: 361: 346: 344: 343: 338: 336: 318: 316: 315: 310: 308: 296: 271: 269: 268: 263: 261: 233:Low density flow 171:stagnation point 165:Stagnation point 160:Hypersonic speed 34:, a speed where 7453: 7452: 7448: 7447: 7446: 7444: 7443: 7442: 7418: 7417: 7403: 7402: 7401: 7386: 7385: 7381: 7374: 7354: 7352:Further reading 7349: 7348: 7335: 7334: 7330: 7317: 7316: 7312: 7295: 7294: 7290: 7273: 7272: 7268: 7261:Popular Science 7255: 7254: 7250: 7233: 7232: 7228: 7213: 7209: 7192: 7191: 7187: 7176:astronautix.com 7168: 7164: 7147: 7146: 7142: 7125: 7124: 7120: 7109: 7105: 7096: 7095: 7091: 7078: 7077: 7073: 7056: 7055: 7051: 7038: 7037: 7033: 7020: 7019: 7015: 7005: 7003: 6999: 6998: 6994: 6981: 6980: 6976: 6966: 6964: 6957: 6953: 6943: 6941: 6934:www.isro.gov.in 6930:"RLV-TD – ISRO" 6928: 6927: 6923: 6907: 6906: 6894: 6890: 6880: 6878: 6869: 6868: 6864: 6854: 6852: 6848: 6847: 6843: 6828: 6824: 6811: 6810: 6806: 6793: 6792: 6788: 6777:"Lockheed X-17" 6775: 6774: 6770: 6755: 6751: 6743: 6739: 6718: 6714: 6705: 6701: 6693: 6689: 6685:End-to-end test 6680: 6676: 6668:Michael Marrow 6667: 6663: 6656:Michael Marrow 6655: 6651: 6643: 6639: 6630: 6626: 6613: 6609: 6601: 6597: 6588: 6584: 6576: 6572: 6564: 6560: 6550: 6548: 6542: 6538: 6529: 6527: 6523: 6515: 6511: 6502: 6498: 6488: 6486: 6476: 6472: 6464: 6460: 6451: 6447: 6438: 6434: 6426: 6422: 6415:John A. Tirpak 6414: 6410: 6402: 6395: 6388:Courtney Albon 6387: 6383: 6375: 6368: 6360: 6356: 6345: 6341: 6332: 6328: 6319: 6315: 6302: 6301: 6294: 6285: 6281: 6274:Army Technology 6268: 6267: 6263: 6255: 6251: 6243: 6239: 6230: 6226: 6218: 6211: 6202: 6198: 6189: 6185: 6175: 6173: 6168: 6167: 6163: 6150: 6149: 6145: 6132: 6131: 6127: 6119: 6115: 6107: 6103: 6094: 6090: 6077: 6076: 6072: 6059: 6058: 6054: 6044: 6042: 6033: 6032: 6028: 6013: 6009: 6000: 5999: 5995: 5983: 5977: 5973: 5964: 5963: 5959: 5950: 5949: 5945: 5936: 5935: 5931: 5915: 5914: 5902: 5898: 5881: 5880: 5876: 5859: 5858: 5854: 5837: 5836: 5832: 5819: 5818: 5814: 5799: 5795: 5790:. 26 June 2018. 5780: 5779: 5775: 5762: 5761: 5757: 5752:. 21 June 2011. 5744: 5743: 5739: 5726: 5725: 5721: 5706: 5702: 5689: 5688: 5684: 5671: 5670: 5666: 5651: 5650: 5646: 5637: 5636: 5632: 5616: 5615: 5603: 5599: 5592:www.isro.gov.in 5586: 5585: 5581: 5568: 5567: 5563: 5551: 5547: 5540:Masao Dahlgren 5539: 5535: 5526: 5522: 5514: 5510: 5502: 5498: 5489: 5485: 5478:Courtney Albon 5477: 5470: 5462: 5458: 5449: 5445: 5437: 5430: 5420: 5413: 5405: 5401: 5393: 5389: 5374: 5370: 5358: 5354: 5339: 5335: 5327: 5323: 5311: 5307: 5299: 5295: 5284: 5280: 5271: 5267: 5257: 5255: 5247: 5245: 5241: 5233: 5229: 5222:Patrick Tucker 5221: 5217: 5209: 5205: 5196: 5195: 5191: 5181: 5179: 5169: 5165: 5155: 5153: 5144: 5143: 5139: 5129: 5127: 5117: 5108: 5095: 5094: 5087: 5078: 5074: 5066:Courtney Albon 5065: 5061: 5052: 5048: 5040: 5036: 5020: 5016: 5008:Courtney Albon 5007: 5003: 4988: 4984: 4972: 4965: 4953: 4949: 4940: 4939: 4935: 4922: 4921: 4917: 4907: 4905: 4896: 4895: 4891: 4883: 4879: 4871: 4867: 4857: 4850: 4841: 4834: 4825: 4818: 4809: 4802: 4793: 4791: 4784: 4776: 4769: 4755: 4746: 4738: 4734: 4726: 4722: 4713: 4709: 4701: 4697: 4689: 4682: 4674: 4670: 4660: 4658: 4651: 4645: 4630: 4621: 4617: 4609: 4605: 4596: 4589: 4579: 4577: 4567: 4563: 4554: 4550: 4539: 4537: 4527: 4526: 4519: 4503: 4499: 4491: 4487: 4474: 4473: 4469: 4456: 4455:Ashish Dangwal 4454: 4450: 4439:Shannon Bugos 4438: 4434: 4425: 4421: 4415: 4403: 4399: 4390: 4386: 4375: 4371: 4342: 4335: 4327: 4323: 4310: 4308: 4304: 4295: 4291: 4282: 4278: 4270:Brandi Vincent 4269: 4265: 4261:14 technologies 4256: 4252: 4243: 4232: 4223: 4219: 4203: 4196: 4190: 4182: 4175: 4167: 4163: 4151: 4147: 4139: 4135: 4122: 4121: 4114: 4101: 4100: 4096: 4090: 4082: 4078: 4070: 4066: 4058: 4051: 4042: 4040: 4036: 4020: 4019: 4012: 4010: 4000: 3996: 3988: 3984: 3976: 3972: 3963: 3959: 3951: 3947: 3935: 3931: 3923: 3916: 3893: 3886: 3878: 3874: 3864:Prakash Nanda, 3863: 3859: 3851: 3847: 3839: 3835: 3826: 3822: 3814: 3810: 3795: 3790: 3787:Orenburg Oblast 3780: 3776: 3764: 3757: 3748: 3741: 3729: 3720: 3712: 3708: 3698: 3696: 3689: 3685: 3674: 3667: 3659: 3652: 3643: 3639: 3630: 3626: 3617: 3613: 3605: 3601: 3586: 3582: 3571: 3564: 3556: 3552: 3539: 3538: 3534: 3526: 3519: 3510: 3506: 3496: 3494: 3484: 3483: 3479: 3466: 3465: 3461: 3457:, 3 August 2018 3453: 3449: 3434: 3430: 3420: 3418: 3407: 3406: 3402: 3396: 3381: 3372: 3364: 3357: 3344: 3342: 3335: 3327: 3323: 3314: 3312: 3308: 3295: 3293: 3289: 3281: 3277: 3265: 3261: 3247: 3243: 3227: 3226: 3214: 3210: 3202: 3198: 3190: 3186: 3177: 3173: 3167:Wayback Machine 3157: 3153: 3144: 3140: 3132: 3128: 3127: 3123: 3111: 3107: 3098: 3094: 3087:Loren Thompson 3086: 3082: 3066: 3059: 3046: 3045: 3041: 3033: 3029: 3019: 3017: 3009: 3008: 3004: 2996: 2992: 2982: 2980: 2970: 2963: 2955: 2951: 2942: 2938: 2931:; GE Aerospace 2926: 2922: 2910: 2906: 2898: 2894: 2885: 2884: 2880: 2871: 2867: 2858: 2854: 2846: 2842: 2834: 2830: 2821: 2812: 2807: 2796: 2787: 2785: 2781: 2772: 2761: 2751: 2749: 2746: 2742: 2741: 2737: 2727: 2725: 2722: 2718: 2717: 2713: 2630: 2623: 2614: 2605: 2590: 2586: 2576: 2574: 2569: 2568: 2564: 2554: 2552: 2543:White, Robert. 2541: 2537: 2526: 2522: 2512: 2510: 2495: 2491: 2486: 2481: 2480: 2463: 2459: 2453: 2449: 2436: 2429: 2416: 2412: 2407: 2403: 2398: 2366: 2359:Rockwell C-1057 2352: 2342: 2330: 2318: 2306: 2294: 2282: 2270: 2258: 2246: 2234: 2222: 2212: 2200: 2188: 2175: 2163: 2142: 2138:Tupolev Tu-2000 2130: 2117: 2105: 2102:(Sänger bomber) 2092: 2082: 2068: 2055: 2043: 2031: 2019: 2007: 1985: 1973: 1961: 1946: 1933: 1914: 1902: 1890: 1878: 1857: 1845: 1833: 1821: 1809: 1796: 1786: 1770: 1760: 1746: 1727: 1715: 1707: 1695: 1683: 1670: 1659: 1636: 1623: 1616:Cruise missiles 1572: 1550: 1533: 1520: 1507: 1495: 1483: 1471: 1459: 1449: 1436: 1424: 1412: 1400: 1390: 1380: 1368: 1356: 1332: 1320: 1308: 1292: 1280: 1265: 1253: 1241: 1229: 1215: 1203: 1191: 1179: 1167: 1157: 1131: 1108: 1067:countermeasures 1049:. IBCS, or the 1039: 961: 866: 860: 840:Northern Russia 808:Orenburg Oblast 784: 749: 719: 675: 667: 630: 625: 609: 600: 595: 586: 574: 547: 529: 525: 517: 514: 513: 491: 473: 469: 461: 458: 457: 453: 423: 412: 410: 407: 406: 390: 387: 386: 365: 354: 352: 349: 348: 329: 327: 324: 323: 304: 289: 277: 274: 273: 254: 242: 239: 238: 235: 228: 224: 220: 216: 210: 167: 162: 156: 132:reentry problem 78: 54:Reentry vehicle 17: 12: 11: 5: 7451: 7441: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7416: 7415: 7409: 7400: 7399: 7394: 7388: 7387: 7376: 7375: 7373: 7372:External links 7370: 7369: 7368: 7353: 7350: 7347: 7346: 7328: 7310: 7288: 7266: 7248: 7226: 7207: 7185: 7162: 7140: 7118: 7103: 7089: 7071: 7049: 7044:www.456fis.org 7031: 7013: 6992: 6974: 6951: 6921: 6888: 6862: 6841: 6822: 6804: 6799:U.S. Air Force 6786: 6768: 6749: 6737: 6735: 6734: 6712: 6699: 6687: 6681:Stephen Losey 6674: 6661: 6649: 6637: 6631:John A Tirpak 6624: 6607: 6595: 6582: 6577:Stephen Losey 6570: 6558: 6536: 6521: 6509: 6496: 6470: 6458: 6445: 6432: 6420: 6408: 6393: 6381: 6376:Audrey Decker 6366: 6354: 6339: 6326: 6313: 6292: 6279: 6261: 6249: 6237: 6224: 6209: 6196: 6183: 6161: 6143: 6125: 6113: 6101: 6088: 6070: 6052: 6026: 6007: 5993: 5971: 5957: 5943: 5929: 5896: 5874: 5852: 5830: 5812: 5793: 5773: 5764:"Falcon HTV-2" 5755: 5737: 5719: 5700: 5682: 5677:www.sncorp.com 5664: 5644: 5630: 5597: 5579: 5574:www.spsmai.com 5561: 5545: 5533: 5520: 5508: 5496: 5483: 5468: 5456: 5443: 5428: 5411: 5399: 5387: 5385: 5384: 5368: 5352: 5333: 5321: 5305: 5293: 5278: 5265: 5239: 5227: 5215: 5203: 5189: 5163: 5137: 5106: 5085: 5079:World Affairs 5072: 5059: 5046: 5034: 5014: 5001: 4982: 4963: 4947: 4933: 4915: 4889: 4877: 4872:Passant Rabie 4865: 4858:Audrey Decker 4848: 4842:Stephen Losey 4832: 4826:Alex Hollings 4816: 4800: 4782: 4777:Aviation Week 4767: 4765: 4764: 4744: 4732: 4720: 4707: 4695: 4680: 4668: 4628: 4615: 4603: 4587: 4561: 4548: 4517: 4497: 4485: 4467: 4448: 4432: 4419: 4413: 4397: 4384: 4369: 4367: 4366: 4360: 4354: 4333: 4321: 4309:Gary Sheftick 4302: 4289: 4276: 4263: 4250: 4230: 4217: 4215: 4214: 4194: 4188: 4173: 4161: 4145: 4133: 4112: 4094: 4088: 4076: 4064: 4049: 4034: 3994: 3982: 3970: 3957: 3945: 3929: 3914: 3912: 3911: 3908: 3905: 3902: 3884: 3872: 3866:Eurasian Times 3857: 3845: 3842:(19 Feb 2022) 3833: 3820: 3808: 3806: 3805: 3774: 3755: 3739: 3718: 3706: 3683: 3665: 3650: 3637: 3624: 3611: 3599: 3580: 3562: 3550: 3532: 3527:Tyler Rogoway 3517: 3504: 3477: 3459: 3447: 3428: 3400: 3394: 3392: 3391: 3370: 3355: 3333: 3321: 3318:. 24 May 2019. 3306: 3287: 3275: 3259: 3257: 3256: 3241: 3208: 3196: 3184: 3171: 3158:Alex Hollings 3151: 3138: 3121: 3105: 3092: 3080: 3057: 3039: 3027: 3002: 2990: 2961: 2949: 2936: 2920: 2904: 2892: 2878: 2865: 2852: 2840: 2828: 2810: 2794: 2779: 2759: 2735: 2711: 2696: 2695: 2689: 2683: 2678: 2673: 2672: 2671: 2660: 2651: 2643: 2621: 2603: 2584: 2562: 2535: 2520: 2488: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2478: 2457: 2447: 2427: 2410: 2400: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2393: 2392: 2387: 2382: 2377: 2372: 2365: 2362: 2361: 2360: 2350: 2340: 2328: 2316: 2304: 2292: 2280: 2268: 2256: 2244: 2232: 2220: 2210: 2198: 2186: 2173: 2160: 2159: 2157: 2153: 2152: 2150:Lockheed L-301 2140: 2128: 2125:Tupolev Tu-360 2115: 2113:Keldysh bomber 2103: 2089: 2088: 2086: 2081: 2078: 2077: 2076: 2066: 2053: 2041: 2029: 2017: 2005: 1995: 1983: 1971: 1959: 1944: 1930: 1929: 1927: 1923: 1922: 1912: 1900: 1888: 1875: 1874: 1872: 1871:Glide vehicles 1868: 1867: 1855: 1843: 1831: 1819: 1807: 1793: 1792: 1790: 1785: 1782: 1781: 1780: 1768: 1758: 1743: 1742: 1740: 1739:Glide vehicles 1736: 1735: 1725: 1705: 1693: 1681: 1668: 1657: 1656: 1655: 1634: 1620: 1619: 1617: 1613: 1612: 1569: 1568: 1566: 1562: 1561: 1548: 1531: 1518: 1505: 1493: 1481: 1469: 1457: 1447: 1434: 1422: 1410: 1398: 1388: 1378: 1366: 1354: 1343: 1330: 1318: 1306: 1290: 1278: 1263: 1251: 1239: 1227: 1213: 1201: 1189: 1177: 1165: 1138: 1137: 1135: 1130: 1127: 1107: 1104: 1059: 1058: 1038: 1035: 992: 991: 990:Other programs 960: 957: 929:Wallops Island 920:Wallops Island 895:Greg Zacharias 859: 856: 848:Eastern Russia 783: 780: 748: 745: 718: 717: 703: 694: 671:Main article: 666: 663: 662: 661: 629: 626: 624: 621: 608: 605: 599: 596: 594: 591: 585: 582: 573: 570: 557: 554: 550: 546: 543: 540: 535: 532: 528: 524: 521: 501: 498: 494: 490: 487: 484: 479: 476: 472: 468: 465: 452: 449: 430: 427: 422: 418: 415: 394: 372: 369: 364: 360: 357: 335: 332: 321:Knudsen number 307: 302: 299: 295: 292: 287: 284: 281: 260: 257: 252: 249: 246: 234: 231: 226: 222: 218: 214: 209: 206: 196:vehicles) use 166: 163: 158:Main article: 155: 152: 106:orbital flight 77: 74: 62:iron meteorite 46:as of 2020. 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7450: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7425: 7423: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7404: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7366: 7365: 7360: 7356: 7355: 7342: 7338: 7332: 7324: 7320: 7314: 7306: 7302: 7298: 7292: 7284: 7280: 7276: 7270: 7262: 7258: 7252: 7244: 7240: 7236: 7230: 7222: 7218: 7211: 7203: 7199: 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370: 367: 362: 347:, defined as 322: 300: 297: 285: 282: 279: 250: 247: 244: 230: 205: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 182: 180: 176: 172: 161: 151: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 128: 126: 122: 117: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 73: 71: 64:on the right. 63: 59: 55: 51: 47: 45: 41: 37: 33: 29: 25: 21: 7428:Aerodynamics 7382: 7362: 7340: 7331: 7322: 7313: 7305:the original 7300: 7291: 7283:the original 7278: 7269: 7260: 7251: 7243:the original 7238: 7229: 7220: 7210: 7202:the original 7197: 7188: 7180:the original 7175: 7170:Wade, Mark. 7165: 7157:the original 7152: 7143: 7135:the original 7130: 7121: 7106: 7092: 7083: 7074: 7066:the original 7061: 7052: 7043: 7034: 7025: 7016: 7004:. 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Retrieved 4532: 4511: 4500: 4488: 4479: 4470: 4461: 4451: 4435: 4422: 4416: 4400: 4387: 4372: 4324: 4316:www.army.mil 4315: 4305: 4292: 4279: 4266: 4257:Justin Katz 4253: 4220: 4191: 4164: 4148: 4136: 4128:www.army.mil 4127: 4107:www.army.mil 4106: 4097: 4091: 4079: 4067: 4037: 4011:. Retrieved 4007: 3997: 3985: 3973: 3960: 3952:Colin Clark 3948: 3941: 3932: 3875: 3865: 3860: 3848: 3836: 3823: 3811: 3777: 3769: 3734: 3709: 3697:. Retrieved 3686: 3640: 3627: 3619: 3614: 3602: 3593: 3583: 3553: 3544: 3535: 3507: 3495:. Retrieved 3489: 3480: 3471: 3462: 3450: 3442:Defense News 3441: 3431: 3419:. Retrieved 3412: 3403: 3397: 3350:www.army.mil 3349: 3324: 3309: 3301:www.army.mil 3300: 3290: 3278: 3262: 3244: 3221: 3211: 3199: 3187: 3174: 3154: 3141: 3124: 3108: 3095: 3083: 3051: 3042: 3030: 3018:. Retrieved 3014: 3005: 2993: 2981:. Retrieved 2977: 2952: 2943:Eric Berger 2939: 2923: 2907: 2899:Tim Newcomb 2895: 2887:"Mach Angle" 2881: 2868: 2855: 2843: 2831: 2782: 2750:. 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