739:, and these environments are also supported as virtual servers on HP's Integrity VM platform. The HP-UX operating system hosts the Integrity VM hypervisor layer that allows for many important features of HP-UX to be taken advantage of and provides major differentiation between this platform and other commodity platforms - such as processor hotswap, memory hotswap, and dynamic kernel updates without system reboot. While it heavily leverages HP-UX, the Integrity VM hypervisor is really a hybrid that runs on bare-metal while guests are executing. Running normal HP-UX applications on an Integrity VM host is heavily discouraged, because Integrity VM implements its own memory management, scheduling and I/O policies that are tuned for virtual machines and are not as effective for normal applications. HPE also provides more rigid partitioning of their Integrity and HP9000 systems by way of VPAR and
826:
513:
220:
1072:, can make them more difficult to detect because the malware could intercept any operations of the operating system (such as someone entering a password) without the anti-malware software necessarily detecting it (since the malware runs below the entire operating system). Implementation of the concept has allegedly occurred in the
793:
onwards) have designed virtualization capabilities where a hardware address-offset is evaluated with the OS address-offset to arrive at the physical memory address. Input/Output (I/O) adapters can be exclusively "owned" by LPARs or shared by LPARs through an appliance partition known as the
Virtual
1043:
Other differences between virtualization in server/desktop and embedded environments include requirements for efficient sharing of resources across virtual machines, high-bandwidth, low-latency inter-VM communication, a global view of scheduling and power management, and fine-grained control of
991:
capabilities. The resource-constrained nature of many embedded systems, especially battery-powered mobile systems, imposes a further requirement for small memory-size and low overhead. Finally, in contrast to the ubiquity of the x86 architecture in the PC world, the embedded world uses a wider
476:
handler that intercepts DIAG ("Diagnose", opcode x'83') instructions used within a virtual machine. This provides fast-path non-virtualized execution of file-system access and other operations (DIAG is a model-dependent privileged instruction, not used in normal programming, and thus is not
767:
systems. For IBM's Power
Systems, the POWER Hypervisor (PHYP) is a native (bare-metal) hypervisor in firmware and provides isolation between LPARs. Processor capacity is provided to LPARs in either a dedicated fashion or on an entitlement basis where unused capacity is harvested and can be
794:
I/O Server (VIOS). The Power
Hypervisor provides for high levels of reliability, availability and serviceability (RAS) by facilitating hot add/replace of many parts (model dependent: processors, memory, I/O adapters, blowers, power units, disks, system controllers, etc.)
679:, have been selling virtualized hardware since before 2000. These have generally been large, expensive systems (in the multimillion-dollar range at the high end), although virtualization has also been available on some low- and mid-range systems, such as IBM
1035:
make this usually the virtualization technology of choice. Nevertheless, ARM and MIPS have recently added full virtualization support as an IP option and has included it in their latest high-end processors and architecture versions, such as
401:
computers. By running multiple operating systems concurrently, the hypervisor increased system robustness and stability: Even if one operating system crashed, the others would continue working without interruption. Indeed, this even allowed
772:
processor. LPAR and MSPP capacity allocations can be dynamically changed. Memory is allocated to each LPAR (at LPAR initiation or dynamically) and is address-controlled by the POWER Hypervisor. For real-mode addressing by operating systems
743:
technology, the former offering shared resource partitioning and the latter offering complete I/O and processing isolation. The flexibility of virtual server environment (VSE) has given way to its use more frequently in newer deployments.
714:
have been ported to run on top of the hypervisor (and can all run simultaneously on the same processor, as fully virtualized independent guest OSes). Wind River "Carrier Grade Linux" also runs on Sun's
Hypervisor. Full virtualization on
406:
or experimental versions of operating systemsâ—âor even of new hardwareâ—âto be deployed and debugged, without jeopardizing the stable main production system, and without requiring costly additional development systems.
768:
re-allocated to busy workloads. Groups of LPARs can have their processor capacity managed as if they were in a "pool" - IBM refers to this capability as
Multiple Shared-Processor Pools (MSPPs) and implements it in servers with the
719:
processors proved straightforward: since its inception in the mid-1980s Sun deliberately kept the SPARC architecture clean of artifacts that would have impeded virtualization. (Compare with virtualization on x86 processors below.)
805:
have led virtualization efforts. These include hypervisors built on Linux and
Solaris kernels as well as custom kernels. Since these technologies span from large systems down to desktops, they are described in the next section.
418:
feature needed for virtualization, but added it in the August 1972 Advanced
Function announcement. Virtualization has been featured in all successor systems, such that all modern-day IBM mainframes, including the
287:. Type-2 hypervisors abstract guest operating systems from the host operating system, effectively creating an isolated system that can be interacted with by the host. Examples of Type-2 hypervisor include
378:
hardware for virtual memory and other techniques that allowed a full virtualization of all kernel tasks, including I/O and interrupt handling. (Note that the "official" operating system, the ill-fated
1527:
1031:
As manufacturers of embedded systems usually have the source code to their operating systems, they have less need for full virtualization in this space. Instead, the performance advantages of
445:, emphasizing that all, not just some, of the hardware interfaces are virtualized. Both VM and CP/CMS enjoyed early acceptance and rapid development by universities, corporate users, and
347:, a feature that enabled virtualization. Prior to this time, computer hardware had only been virtualized to the extent to allow multiple user applications to run concurrently, such as in
69:, the guest executes most instructions on the native hardware. Multiple instances of a variety of operating systems may share the virtualized hardware resources: for example,
2494:
1528:
Complementary and
Alternative Technologies to Trusted Computing (TC-Erg./-A.), Part 1, A study on behalf of the German Federal Office for Information Security (BSI)
238:
These hypervisors run directly on the host's hardware to control the hardware and to manage guest operating systems. For this reason, they are sometimes called
1534:
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package. However, such assertions have been disputed by others who claim that it would be possible to detect the presence of a hypervisor-based rootkit.
208:
1861:
1813:
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987:(RTOS) environments, are designed with different requirements when compared to desktop and enterprise systems, including robustness, security and
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1622:
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496:
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These hypervisors run on a conventional operating system (OS) just as other computer programs do. A virtual machine monitor runs as a
1711:
Wang, Zhi; Jiang, Xuxian; Cui, Weidong; Ning, Peng (August 11, 2009). "Countering kernel rootkits with lightweight hook protection".
1073:
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hypervisors. The first hypervisors, which IBM developed in the 1960s, were native hypervisors. These included the test software
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1806:
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to the underlying hypervisor, rather than executing machine I/O instructions that the hypervisor simulates. This is called
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183:
is a microkernel implementing virtualization infrastructure that must run in kernel-space for technical reasons, such as
862:
549:
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vendors, as well as within IBM. Users played an active role in ongoing development, anticipating trends seen in modern
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virtualized. It is therefore available for use as a signal to the "host" operating system). When first implemented in
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2449:
909:
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374:, the first production computer system capable of full virtualization. IBM shipped this machine in 1966; it included
435:, IBM provided support for this version (though it was still distributed in source code form for several releases).
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through IBM political infighting, and VM remained IBM's "other" mainframe operating system for decades, losing to
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line, retain backward compatibility with the 1960s-era IBM S/360 line. The 1972 announcement also included
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research system, which began production use in
January 1967 and became the first version of the IBM
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The improved security, reliability, and device independence possible from hypervisor architectures
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variety of architectures and less standardized environments. Support for virtualization requires
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610:
523:
137:
62:
1497:"Wind River To Support Sun's Breakthrough UltraSPARC T1 Multithreaded Next-Generation Processor"
2509:
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release 3.1, this use of DIAG provided an operating system interface that was analogous to the
375:
929:. Intel and AMD released their first x86 processors with hardware virtualisation in 2005 with
656:
The ability to run complex, OS-dependent applications in different hardware or OS environments
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was available to IBM customers from 1968 to early 1970s, in source code form without support.
2084:
1946:
1211:
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was virtualized as well, allowing multiple operating systems to run concurrently in separate
251:
1135:
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Expanding hardware capabilities, allowing each single machine to do more simultaneous work
488:(SVC), but that did not require altering or extending the system's virtualization of SVC.
403:
383:, did not employ full virtualization.) Both CP-40 and CP-67 began production use in 1967.
8:
2424:
2386:
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projects. However, in a series of disputed and bitter battles, time-sharing lost out to
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2006:
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has always been the only guest domain OS officially supported by Sun/Oracle on their
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258:
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1415:
A performance analysis of Xen and KVM hypervisors for hosting the Xen Worlds
Project
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Efforts to control costs and to simplify management through consolidation of servers
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Proceedings of the 2010 ACM European Conference on Computer Systems (EuroSys 2010)
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Hypervisors and Virtual Machines: Implementation Insights on the x86 Architecture
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53:. A computer on which a hypervisor runs one or more virtual machines is called a
50:
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An alternative approach requires modifying the guest operating system to make a
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2401:
1934:
1822:
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93:) must share a single kernel, though the guest operating systems can differ in
1714:
Proceedings of the 16th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
1433:
968:, are flexible enough to allow paravirtualization of guest operating systems.
187:. Microkernels implementing virtualization mechanisms are also referred to as
2561:
2215:
2134:
2129:
1627:
Proc. 1st Workshop on Isolation and Integration in Embedded Systems (IIES'08)
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1424:
1131:
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The ability to overprovision resources, fitting more applications onto a host
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227:
In his 1973 thesis, "Architectural Principles for Virtual Computer Systems,"
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2119:
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installing themselves as a hypervisor below the operating system, known as
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446:
394:
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that effectively convert the host operating system to a type-1 hypervisor.
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The distinction between these two types is not always clear. For instance,
239:
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as widely deployed architectures on medium- to high-end embedded systems.
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1996:
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352:
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128:
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2124:
2114:
1939:
1904:
1458:
930:
850: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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752:
537: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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411:
336:
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284:
94:
1503:(Press release). Alameda, California. November 1, 2006. Archived from
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1956:
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1001:
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Similar trends have occurred with x86/x86-64 server platforms, where
622:
461:. It enjoyed a resurgence of popularity and support from 2000 as the
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825:
512:
132:. The term dates to circa 1970; IBM coined it for software that ran
65:
and manages the execution of the guest operating systems. Unlike an
16:
Piece of software or hardware that creates and runs virtual machines
1387:
1096:
680:
66:
42:
38:
1280:"NOVA: A Microhypervisor-Based Secure Virtualization Architecture"
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was introduced in the 1990s, with its emulation being included in
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1968:
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or at least a memory protection unit) and a distinction between
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and later used it for the DIAG handler of CP-67. In the earlier
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1472:"Xen virtualization quickly becoming open source 'killer app'"
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Several factors led to a resurgence around 2005 in the use of
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2001:
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61:. The hypervisor presents the guest operating systems with a
1362:"IBM Systems Virtualization: Servers, Storage, and Software"
120:: the hypervisor is the supervisor of the supervisors, with
2333:
2109:
2041:
2021:
1973:
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727:(Integrity VM) to host multiple operating systems on their
614:
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204:
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for virtual-hardware simulation in the development of the
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IBM provides virtualization partition technology known as
2220:
1951:
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802:
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82:
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that can provide generic protection against kernel-mode
1688:. Virtualization.info. August 11, 2006. Archived from
1195:(Technical report). Harvard University. ESD-TR-73-105.
472:
As mentioned above, the VM control program includes a
1653:"SubVirt: Implementing malware with virtual machines"
1189:
Architectural Principles for Virtual Computer Systems
1095:
demonstrated a hypervisor-layer anti-rootkit called
1525:
1526:Fritsch, Lothar; Husseiki, Rani; Alkassar, Ammar.
179:functionality. Specifically in these contexts, a
2559:
1710:
1623:"The role of virtualization in embedded systems"
1242:System/370 integrated emulation under OS and DOS
163:(VMM). There, both components form the overall
1833:Comparison of platform virtualization software
1590:. Munich: GRIN Publishing GmbH. pp. 5â6.
1277:
1238:
1226:"How did the term "hypervisor" come into use?"
1205:
1181:
1179:
1165:Comparison of platform virtualization software
1807:
1617:
393:formed part of IBM's attempt to build robust
2516:Generic Network Virtualization Encapsulation
1587:Virtualization for Reliable Embedded Systems
1821:
1176:
731:powered Integrity systems. Itanium can run
502:
250:operating system, the predecessor of IBM's
81:instances can all run on a single physical
1814:
1800:
1252:. Vol. 38. AFIPS Press. p. 164.
136:and the 7090 emulator concurrently on the
1729:
1423:
1405:
1076:laboratory rootkit (developed jointly by
910:Learn how and when to remove this message
597:Learn how and when to remove this message
465:product, for example as the platform for
1411:
1278:Steinberg, Udo; Kauer, Bernhard (2010).
1185:
1091:In 2009, researchers from Microsoft and
1047:
261:. Examples of Type-1 hypervisor include
235:Type-1, native or bare-metal hypervisors
218:
1786:A Performance Comparison of Hypervisors
366:Programmers soon implemented CP-40 (as
211:are VMMs utilizing KVM as hypervisor.
57:, and each virtual machine is called a
2560:
1583:
1469:
1122:is from Latin, meaning "above", while
155:contexts, makes a distinction between
89:, where all instances (usually called
2170:System Center Virtual Machine Manager
1795:
1611:
1359:
87:operating-systemâlevel virtualization
2483:Distributed Overlay Virtual Ethernet
1418:(MS thesis). Iowa State University.
1058:The use of hypervisor technology by
848:adding citations to reliable sources
819:
535:adding citations to reliable sources
506:
314:
231:classified two types of hypervisor:
1720:. CCS '09. Chicago, Illinois, USA:
971:
13:
1894:LDoms / Oracle VM Server for SPARC
1470:Loftus, Jack (December 19, 2005).
1385:
14:
2584:
2549:List of computer system emulators
2450:Symantec Workspace Virtualization
1774:
335:operating system. CP-40 ran on a
214:
1629:. pp. 11â16. Archived from
1250:Spring Joint Computer Conference
824:
511:
319:The first hypervisors providing
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1678:
1645:
1577:
1552:
1519:
1489:
1463:
1447:
1379:
1093:North Carolina State University
1084:researchers) as well as in the
956:, and a "DIAGNOSE code" in IBM
835:needs additional citations for
522:needs additional citations for
191:. Applying this terminology to
151:Some literature, especially in
1353:
1327:
1301:
1271:
1232:
1218:
1199:
1113:
809:
695:T-series CoolThreads servers.
663:Major Unix vendors, including
643:installations, for example in
126:used as a stronger variant of
1:
1170:
960:. Some microkernels, such as
725:HP Integrity Virtual Machines
706:hypervisor, as of late 2006,
355:. With CP-40, the hardware's
223:Type-1 and type-2 hypervisors
112:, a traditional term for the
85:machine. This contrasts with
2281:Virtual kernel architectures
1186:Goldberg, Robert P. (1973).
933:(code-named Vanderpool) and
276:Type-2 or hosted hypervisors
7:
1239:Gary R. Allred (May 1971).
1153:
491:In 1985 IBM introduced the
486:Supervisor Call instruction
414:series in 1970 without the
345:dynamic address translation
341:Cambridge Scientific Center
10:
2589:
1686:"Debunking Blue Pill myth"
1412:Graziano, Charles (2011).
1341:. Cloud Hypervisor Project
1208:Virtualization For Dummies
1051:
985:real-time operating system
813:
635:The need to control large
63:virtual operating platform
2541:
2525:
2473:
2410:
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2280:
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2198:
2187:
2157:
2095:Parallels Desktop for Mac
2067:
1989:
1982:
1854:
1839:
1830:
710:(Ubuntu and Gentoo), and
175:functionality and VMM to
2100:Parallels Server for Mac
2080:Microsoft Virtual Server
1533:(Report). Archived from
1425:10.31274/etd-180810-2322
1106:
503:Operating system support
427:, a reimplementation of
144:(1967) system, the term
37:, is a type of computer
2573:Virtualization software
2505:Virtual security switch
2445:Remote Desktop Services
2397:Remote Desktop Services
2392:Citrix Virtual Desktops
2307:Related kernel features
1740:10.1145/1653662.1653728
1584:Strobl, Marius (2013).
1560:"Introduction to Bochs"
1360:Meier, Shannon (2008).
1206:Bernard Golden (2011).
1008:, which rules out most
937:(code-named Pacifica).
161:virtual machine monitor
27:virtual machine monitor
2510:Virtual Extensible LAN
2250:Application containers
2211:iCore Virtual Accounts
1660:University of Michigan
1082:University of Michigan
998:memory management unit
431:for the S/370. Unlike
376:page-translation-table
224:
167:of a certain system.
101:with the same kernel.
49:that creates and runs
2085:Parallels Workstation
1947:VMware Infrastructure
1258:10.1109/AFIPS.1971.58
1048:Security implications
1038:ARM Cortex-A15 MPCore
954:Parallels Workstation
735:, Linux, Windows and
687:series machines, and
495:hypervisor to manage
283:on the host, such as
222:
1724:. pp. 545â554.
1692:on February 14, 2010
1564:bochs.sourceforge.io
1507:on November 10, 2006
1367:. pp. 2, 15, 20
1315:. Cyberus Technology
1309:"Hedron Microkernel"
1012:. This still leaves
977:Embedded hypervisors
844:improve this article
749:logical partitioning
531:improve this article
165:virtualization stack
97:, such as different
2568:Servers (computing)
2425:Citrix Virtual Apps
2387:Citrix Virtual Apps
2241:Workload Partitions
2052:Virtual DOS machine
1501:Wind River Newsroom
1044:information flows.
952:, a "hypercall" in
625:operating systems:
323:were the test tool
321:full virtualization
99:Linux distributions
2231:Solaris Containers
2140:VMware Workstation
2047:Windows on Windows
1434:20.500.12876/26405
1392:CallForTesting.org
1335:"Cloud Hypervisor"
1033:paravirtualization
996:(in the form of a
946:paravirtualization
923:X86 virtualization
816:x86 virtualization
497:logical partitions
410:IBM announced its
293:VMware Workstation
229:Robert P. Goldberg
225:
148:was used instead.
25:, also known as a
2555:
2554:
2545:List of emulators
2373:
2372:
2183:
2182:
2153:
2152:
2007:Cooperative Linux
1899:Logical partition
1749:978-1-60558-894-0
1633:on March 21, 2012
1597:978-3-656-49071-5
1455:History of CP/CMS
1386:Dexter, Michael.
1086:Blue Pill malware
994:memory protection
920:
919:
912:
894:
801:projects such as
613:technology among
607:
606:
599:
581:
372:IBM System/360-67
339:modified at the
315:Mainframe origins
259:operating systems
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2221:Linux Containers
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1388:"Hands-on bhyve"
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1138:), also meaning
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1010:microcontrollers
981:embedded systems
972:Embedded systems
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455:batch processing
397:systems for its
357:supervisor state
327:and the one-off
209:Cloud Hypervisor
118:operating system
108:is a variant of
51:virtual machines
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2440:Microsoft App-V
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2293:User-mode Linux
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1731:10.1.1.147.9928
1717:
1709:
1705:
1695:
1693:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1669:
1667:
1666:. April 3, 2006
1655:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1636:
1634:
1616:
1612:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1582:
1578:
1568:
1566:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1543:
1541:
1540:on June 7, 2020
1537:
1530:
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1510:
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1354:
1344:
1342:
1333:
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1328:
1318:
1316:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1292:
1290:
1289:. Paris, France
1282:
1276:
1272:
1262:
1260:
1245:
1237:
1233:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1204:
1200:
1192:
1184:
1177:
1173:
1156:
1151:
1150:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1056:
1050:
1040:and ARMv8 EL2.
1006:privileged mode
974:
916:
905:
899:
896:
853:
851:
841:
829:
818:
812:
704:Logical Domains
603:
592:
586:
583:
540:
538:
528:
516:
505:
474:hypervisor-call
442:Virtual Machine
361:virtual machine
317:
256:virtual machine
217:
189:microhypervisor
146:Control Program
17:
12:
11:
5:
2586:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2553:
2552:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2536:
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2529:
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2520:
2519:
2513:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2486:
2479:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2460:VMware ThinApp
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2416:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2402:VMware Horizon
2399:
2394:
2389:
2383:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2368:
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2259:
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2251:
2247:
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2244:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2202:
2200:
2193:
2185:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2082:
2077:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1993:
1991:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1949:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1935:VMware vSphere
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1896:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1858:
1856:
1849:
1837:
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1831:
1828:
1827:
1823:Virtualization
1819:
1818:
1811:
1804:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1783:
1776:
1775:External links
1773:
1771:
1770:
1748:
1703:
1677:
1644:
1621:(April 2008).
1610:
1596:
1576:
1551:
1518:
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1404:
1378:
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1326:
1300:
1270:
1231:
1217:
1198:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1160:Virtual memory
1155:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1052:Main article:
1049:
1046:
973:
970:
918:
917:
832:
830:
823:
814:Main article:
811:
808:
661:
660:
657:
654:
651:
637:multiprocessor
633:
630:
611:virtualization
605:
604:
587:September 2021
519:
517:
510:
504:
501:
467:Linux on IBM Z
416:virtual memory
316:
313:
309:kernel modules
297:
296:
277:
274:
236:
216:
215:Classification
213:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2585:
2574:
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2563:
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2398:
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2384:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2348:Orchestration
2346:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
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2255:
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2252:
2248:
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2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2216:Linux-VServer
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2199:OS containers
2197:
2194:
2192:
2186:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2135:VMware Server
2133:
2131:
2130:VMware Fusion
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
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2090:
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2049:
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2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1859:
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1853:
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1847:
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1829:
1824:
1817:
1812:
1810:
1805:
1803:
1798:
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1784:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1716:
1715:
1707:
1691:
1687:
1681:
1670:September 15,
1665:
1661:
1654:
1648:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1619:Gernot Heiser
1614:
1599:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1580:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1536:
1529:
1522:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1492:
1477:
1473:
1466:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1408:
1397:September 24,
1393:
1389:
1382:
1363:
1356:
1340:
1336:
1330:
1314:
1310:
1304:
1288:
1281:
1274:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1243:
1235:
1227:
1221:
1213:
1209:
1202:
1191:
1190:
1182:
1180:
1175:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1132:Ancient Greek
1129:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1055:
1045:
1041:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
990:
986:
982:
978:
969:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
938:
936:
932:
928:
924:
914:
911:
903:
892:
889:
885:
882:
878:
875:
871:
868:
864:
861: â
860:
856:
855:Find sources:
849:
845:
839:
838:
833:This section
831:
827:
822:
821:
817:
807:
804:
800:
795:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
771:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
745:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
723:HPE provides
721:
718:
713:
709:
705:
701:
696:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
658:
655:
652:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
631:
628:
627:
626:
624:
620:
616:
612:
601:
598:
590:
579:
576:
572:
569:
565:
562:
558:
555:
551:
548: â
547:
543:
542:Find sources:
536:
532:
526:
525:
520:This section
518:
514:
509:
508:
500:
498:
494:
489:
487:
484:
480:
475:
470:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
443:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
417:
413:
408:
405:
400:
396:
392:
388:
386:
382:
377:
373:
369:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
312:
310:
306:
302:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
275:
272:
268:
264:
260:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
234:
233:
232:
230:
221:
212:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
149:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
130:
125:
124:
119:
115:
111:
107:
102:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
59:guest machine
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
28:
24:
19:
2500:Open vSwitch
2489:Ethernet VPN
2206:FreeBSD jail
2175:Virt-manager
2120:Virtual Iron
1845:
1763:November 11,
1761:. Retrieved
1713:
1706:
1696:December 10,
1694:. Retrieved
1690:the original
1680:
1668:. Retrieved
1647:
1635:. Retrieved
1631:the original
1626:
1613:
1601:. Retrieved
1586:
1579:
1567:. Retrieved
1563:
1554:
1544:February 28,
1542:. Retrieved
1535:the original
1521:
1509:. Retrieved
1505:the original
1500:
1491:
1479:. Retrieved
1475:
1465:
1449:
1437:. Retrieved
1414:
1407:
1395:. Retrieved
1391:
1381:
1371:December 22,
1369:. Retrieved
1355:
1343:. Retrieved
1338:
1329:
1317:. Retrieved
1312:
1303:
1291:. Retrieved
1286:
1273:
1261:. Retrieved
1241:
1234:
1220:
1207:
1201:
1188:
1143:
1139:
1126:is from the
1123:
1119:
1115:
1090:
1069:hyperjacking
1067:
1057:
1054:Hyperjacking
1042:
1030:
983:and certain
979:, targeting
975:
939:
921:
906:
897:
887:
880:
873:
866:
859:"Hypervisor"
854:
842:Please help
837:verification
834:
796:
789:processors (
746:
722:
697:
685:HP Superdome
662:
649:render farms
645:server farms
621:, and other
608:
593:
584:
574:
567:
560:
553:
546:"Hypervisor"
541:
529:Please help
524:verification
521:
490:
473:
471:
447:time-sharing
440:
436:
409:
395:time-sharing
389:
365:
356:
318:
298:
226:
200:
188:
180:
173:kernel-space
168:
164:
160:
156:
150:
145:
127:
121:
109:
105:
103:
90:
58:
55:host machine
54:
34:
30:
26:
22:
20:
18:
2435:InstallFree
2412:Application
2288:Rump kernel
2068:Independent
2037:SheepShaver
1997:Basilisk II
1990:Specialized
1930:VMware ESXi
1846:hypervisors
1511:October 26,
1481:October 26,
1439:October 16,
942:system call
810:x86 systems
799:open-source
451:open source
439:stands for
353:IBM M44/44X
343:to support
271:VMware ESXi
171:refers to
153:microkernel
35:virtualizer
2562:Categories
2543:See also:
2533:BlueStacks
2360:Kubernetes
2355:Amazon ECS
2329:namespaces
2125:Virtual PC
2115:VirtualBox
1915:Proxmox VE
1905:LynxSecure
1476:TechTarget
1459:System/370
1345:August 27,
1319:August 27,
1293:August 27,
1210:. p.
1171:References
931:Intel VT-x
900:April 2023
870:newspapers
765:IBM AS/400
753:System/390
751:(LPAR) on
557:newspapers
483:System/360
412:System/370
370:) for the
363:contexts.
289:VirtualBox
285:VirtualBox
240:bare-metal
201:hypervisor
181:hypervisor
177:user-space
169:Hypervisor
157:hypervisor
110:supervisor
106:hypervisor
95:user space
91:containers
23:hypervisor
2365:OpenShift
2236:Virtuozzo
2189:Operating
1957:XenServer
1726:CiteSeerX
1664:Microsoft
1569:April 17,
1078:Microsoft
1002:user mode
989:real-time
698:Although
683:servers,
623:Unix-like
399:mainframe
329:IBM CP-40
252:VM family
185:Intel VMX
104:The term
2526:See also
2518:(GENEVE)
1887:KubeVirt
1841:Hardware
1825:software
1788:, VMware
1637:April 8,
1603:March 7,
1263:June 12,
1154:See also
1130:term in
1101:rootkits
1097:Hooksafe
1064:rootkits
499:(LPAR).
337:S/360-40
246:and the
67:emulator
47:hardware
43:firmware
39:software
2512:(VXLAN)
2475:Network
2379:Desktop
2339:seccomp
2319:cgroups
2298:vkernel
2089:Extreme
2059:Win4Lin
1969:XtratuM
1872:Hyper-V
1758:3006492
1248:. 1971
1128:cognate
1074:SubVirt
1060:malware
1026:PowerPC
884:scholar
785:), the
761:pSeries
757:zSeries
737:OpenVMS
729:Itanium
712:FreeBSD
700:Solaris
681:pSeries
641:cluster
571:scholar
421:zSeries
381:TSS/360
281:process
263:Hyper-V
75:Windows
2491:(EVPN)
2485:(DOVE)
2465:ZeroVM
2430:Dalvik
2324:chroot
2314:BrandZ
2267:lmctfy
2262:Podman
2257:Docker
2226:OpenVZ
2191:system
2165:Ganeti
2144:Player
2105:PearPC
2032:PikeOS
2017:DOSEMU
2012:DOSBox
1983:Hosted
1962:XCP-ng
1940:vCloud
1925:SIMMON
1910:PikeOS
1901:(LPAR)
1867:CP/CMS
1855:Native
1756:
1746:
1728:
1594:
1339:GitHub
1313:GitHub
1124:hyper-
1120:super-
886:
879:
872:
865:
857:
791:POWER4
770:POWER6
693:Oracle
675:, and
573:
566:
559:
552:
544:
479:CP/CMS
433:CP/CMS
429:CP/CMS
425:VM/370
391:CP/CMS
385:CP/CMS
333:CP/CMS
325:SIMMON
248:CP/CMS
244:SIMMON
142:CP/CMS
138:360/65
134:OS/360
129:super-
123:hyper-
116:of an
114:kernel
77:, and
2495:NVGRE
2455:Turbo
2420:Ceedo
2158:Tools
2075:bhyve
2027:86Box
2002:Bochs
1882:oVirt
1862:Adeos
1754:S2CID
1718:(PDF)
1656:(PDF)
1538:(PDF)
1531:(PDF)
1365:(PDF)
1283:(PDF)
1246:(PDF)
1193:(PDF)
1140:above
1136:á˝ĎÎĎ-
1107:Notes
935:AMD-V
927:Bochs
891:JSTOR
877:books
787:Power
783:IBM i
779:Linux
733:HP-UX
717:SPARC
708:Linux
619:Linux
578:JSTOR
564:books
493:PR/SM
368:CP-67
305:bhyve
199:is a
193:Linux
79:macOS
71:Linux
33:) or
2334:eBPF
2110:QEMU
2042:SIMH
2022:PCem
1974:z/VM
1765:2009
1744:ISBN
1698:2010
1672:2008
1639:2009
1605:2015
1592:ISBN
1571:2023
1546:2011
1513:2015
1483:2015
1453:See
1441:2022
1399:2013
1373:2015
1347:2024
1321:2024
1295:2024
1265:2022
1144:over
1080:and
1062:and
1024:and
1018:MIPS
1004:and
964:and
962:Mach
863:news
763:and
741:nPar
647:and
639:and
615:Unix
550:news
463:z/VM
404:beta
351:and
349:CTSS
307:are
303:and
291:and
269:and
205:QEMU
203:and
159:and
2272:rkt
1952:Xen
1920:QNX
1877:KVM
1736:doi
1722:ACM
1430:hdl
1420:doi
1254:doi
1142:or
1022:ARM
1014:x86
950:Xen
948:in
846:by
803:Xen
775:AIX
689:Sun
673:SGI
669:IBM
533:by
459:MVS
301:KVM
267:Xen
254:of
207:or
197:KVM
83:x86
45:or
31:VMM
2564::
2547:,
1752:.
1742:.
1734:.
1662:,
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