52:
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If hypoxia results in coma, the length of unconsciousness is often indicative of long-term damage. In some cases coma can give the brain an opportunity to heal and regenerate, but, in general, the longer a coma, the greater the likelihood that the person will remain in a vegetative state until death.
699:
applied within 6 hours of cerebral hypoxia effectively improves survival and neurological outcome. In adults, however, the evidence is less convincing and the first goal of treatment is to restore oxygen to the brain. The method of restoration depends on the cause of the hypoxia. For mild-to-moderate
220:
Cerebral hypoxia refers to oxygen levels in brain tissue, not blood. Blood oxygenation will usually appear normal in cases of hypemic, ischemic, and hystoxic cerebral hypoxia. Even in hypoxic hypoxia blood measures are only an approximate guide; the oxygen level in the brain tissue will depend on
181:
per minute. Initially the body responds to lowered blood oxygen by redirecting blood to the brain and increasing cerebral blood flow. Blood flow may increase up to twice the normal flow but no more. If the increased blood flow is sufficient to supply the brain's oxygen needs then no symptoms will
369:
and places the patient at increased risk for a major stroke in the future. In a broad study in 1998, more than 11 million people were estimated to have experienced a stroke in the United States. Approximately 770,000 of these strokes were symptomatic and 11 million were first-ever silent MRI
622:– Limited oxygen in the environment causes reduced brain function. Divers, aviators, mountain climbers, and fire fighters are all at risk for this kind of cerebral hypoxia. The term also includes oxygen deprivation due to obstructions in the lungs. Choking, strangulation, the crushing of the
229:
Cerebral hypoxia can be caused by any event that severely interferes with the brain's ability to receive or process oxygen. This event may be internal or external to the body. Mild and moderate forms of cerebral hypoxia may be caused by various diseases that interfere with breathing and
820:
of the brain (left side) typically causes problems with speech and language. Damage to the right side of the brain may interfere with the ability to express emotions or interpret what one sees. Damage on either side can cause paralysis of the opposite side of the body.
136:
are termed "anoxia", which can be hypoxic in origin (reduced oxygen availability) or ischemic in origin (oxygen deprivation due to a disruption in blood flow). Brain injury as a result of oxygen deprivation either due to hypoxic or anoxic mechanisms are generally termed
804:
Mild and moderate cerebral hypoxia may result in seizures and impaired memory going forward. The outcome of severe cerebral hypoxia will depend on the success of damage control, amount of brain tissue deprived of oxygen, and the speed with which oxygen was restored.
417:. Sometimes, even an infant that is still in the womb may exhibit signs of HIE or other hypoxic ischemic injury. Fetal distress being one of the most common signs of HIE or other oxygen-depriving event. Other problems during pregnancy may include
847:
Long-term comas can have a significant impact on a patient's family. Families of coma patients often have idealized images of the outcome based on
Hollywood movie depictions of coma. Adjusting to the realities of ventilators, feeding tubes,
353:, slurred speech, and mental confusion. The symptoms of a TIA typically resolve within 24 hours, unlike a stroke. Brain injury may still occur in a TIA lasting only a few minutes. Having a TIA is a risk factor for eventually having a stroke.
456:
in the mother. Problems after delivery can include severe prematurity, severe lung or heart disease, serious infections, trauma to the brain or skull, congenital malformations of the brain or very low blood pressure in the baby and due to
185:
However, if blood flow cannot be increased or if doubled blood flow does not correct the problem, symptoms of cerebral hypoxia will begin to appear. Mild symptoms include difficulties with complex learning tasks and reductions in
738:
There has long been a debate over whether newborn infants with cerebral hypoxia should be resuscitated with 100% oxygen or normal air. It has been demonstrated that high concentrations of oxygen lead to generation of oxygen
2191:
153:) is a condition that occurs when the entire brain is deprived of an adequate oxygen supply, but the deprivation is not total. While HIE is associated in most cases with oxygen deprivation in the neonate due to
217:, but is generally meaningless in other forms of hypoxia. In hypoxic hypoxia 95–100% saturation is considered normal; 91–94% is considered mild and 86–90% moderate. Anything below 86% is considered severe.
700:
cases of hypoxia, removal of the cause of hypoxia may be sufficient. Inhaled oxygen may also be provided. In severe cases treatment may also involve life support and damage control measures.
1285:"Definition and evaluation of transient ischemic attack: a scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council"
796:
In severe cases it is extremely important to act quickly. Brain cells are very sensitive to reduced oxygen levels. Once deprived of oxygen they will begin to die off within five minutes.
2738:
365:
which does not have any outward symptoms, and the patient is typically unaware they have had a stroke. Despite its lack of identifiable symptoms, a silent stroke still causes
2111:
Konig P, et al. (1992). "Psychological counseling of the family of patients with craniocerebral injuries (psychological family counseling of severely ill patients)"".
3124:
3119:
3136:
3114:
2287:
1924:
1220:
1725:
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587:(embolic stroke). Focal cerebral ischemia constitutes a large majority of the clinical cases in stroke pathology with the infarct usually occurring in the
1801:
Davis, PG; Tan, A; O'Donnell, CPF; Schulze, A (2004). "Resuscitation of newborn infants with 100% oxygen or air: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
1901:
754:
Brain damage can occur both during and after oxygen deprivation. During oxygen deprivation, cells die due to an increasing acidity in the brain tissue (
785:
levels, and hemodilution (thinning of the blood) coupled with drug-induced hypertension are some treatment techniques currently under investigation.
349:
paralysis (opposite side of body from affected brain hemisphere), or sudden weakness or numbness. A TIA may cause sudden dimming or loss of vision,
2483:
429:, congenital fetal infections, substance/alcohol use, severe fetal anemia, cardiac disease, lung malformations, or problems with blood flow to the
910:
778:
696:
17:
994:
Robinson, LR; Micklesen, PJ; Tirschwell, DL; Lew, HL (Mar 2003). "Predictive value of somatosensory evoked potentials for awakening from coma".
386:. The risk of silent stroke increases with age but may also affect younger adults. Women appear to be at increased risk for silent stroke, with
2478:
808:
If cerebral hypoxia was localized to a specific part of the brain, brain damage will be localized to that region. A general consequence may be
571:– A stroke occurring in a localized area that can either be acute or transient. This may be due to a variety of medical conditions such as an
1144:
329:(AHA/ASA) refined the definition of transient ischemic attack. TIA is now defined as a transient episode of neurologic dysfunction caused by
1612:
Pressman B. D.; Tourje E. J.; Thompson J. R. (Sep 1987). "An early CT sign of ischemic infarction: increased density in a cerebral artery".
751:
and others led to new international guidelines on newborn resuscitation in 2010, recommending the use of normal air instead of 100% oxygen.
2280:
113:. There are four categories of cerebral hypoxia; they are, in order of increasing severity: diffuse cerebral hypoxia (DCH), focal cerebral
1667:
3217:
3790:
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824:
The effects of certain kinds of severe generalized hypoxias may take time to develop. For example, the long-term effects of serious
548:
Cerebral hypoxia is typically grouped into four categories depending on the severity and location of the brain's oxygen deprivation:
190:. If oxygen deprivation continues, cognitive disturbances, and decreased motor control will result. The skin may also appear bluish (
1140:
3096:
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1852:"Hydrogen peroxide production in leukocytes during cerebral hypoxia and reoxygenation with 100% or 21% oxygen in newborn piglets"
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A deep coma will interfere with the body's breathing reflexes even after the initial cause of hypoxia has been dealt with;
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Even if the patient wakes up, brain damage is likely to be significant enough to prevent a return to normal functioning.
1365:
Leary M. C.; Saver J. L. (2003). "Annual incidence of first silent stroke in the United States: a preliminary estimate".
1248:
Ferro J. M.; et al. (Dec 1996). "Diagnosis of transient ischemic attack by the nonneurologist: A validation study".
636:– Reduced brain function is caused by inadequate oxygen in the blood despite adequate environmental oxygen. Anemia and
213:
Objective measurements of the severity of cerebral hypoxia depend on the cause. Blood oxygen saturation may be used for
3158:
3091:
2646:
1579:
Gardiner M, Eisen S, Murphy C. Training in paediatrics: the essential curriculum. Oxford
University Press, Oxford 2009.
533:
527:
255:
1921:
1451:""Silent stroke in patients with transient ischemic attack or minor ischemic stroke". The Dutch TIA Trial Study Group"
1224:
2861:
2664:
1136:
1037:
Geraghty M. C.; Torbey M. T. (2006). "Neuroimaging and serologic markers of neurologic injury after cardiac arrest".
1703:
1326:"Silent stroke in patients with transient ischemic attack or minor ischemic stroke. The Dutch TIA Trial Study Group"
3717:
3334:
1942:
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1744:
Jacobs, Susan E; Berg, Marie; Hunt, Rod; Tarnow-Mordi, William O; Inder, Terrie E; Davis, Peter G (2013-01-31).
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build up. When oxygen enters the tissue these materials interact with oxygen to create high levels of oxidants.
462:
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Details of the mechanism of damage from cerebral hypoxia, along with anoxic depolarization, can be found here:
330:
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1979:
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may be difficult. Treatment decisions often involve complex ethical choices and can strain family dynamics.
231:
133:
906:"Hypoxia induces apoptosis via two independent pathways in Jurkat cells: differential regulation by glucose"
3785:
3705:
3410:
3143:
2517:
1715:
This website provides hypoxia related safety tips for aviators working for the United States Navy aviators.
1167:
341:. The symptoms of a TIA can resolve within a few minutes, unlike a stroke. TIAs share the same underlying
3800:
3795:
3522:
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may all be tried in an effort to get the heart to resume pumping. Severe cerebral hypoxia can also cause
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as strokes; a disruption of cerebral blood flow. TIAs and strokes present with the same symptoms such as
326:
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2336:
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2068:
Wijdicks E. F. M.; Wijdicks C. A. (2006). "The portrayal of coma in contemporary motion pictures".
1410:"Prevalence and risk factors of silent brain infarcts in the population-based Rotterdam Scan Study"
828:
poisoning usually may take several weeks to appear. Recent research suggests this may be due to an
266:
31:
646:( or "stagnant hypoxia") – Reduced brain oxygen is caused by inadequate blood flow to the brain.
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1997:
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Montgomery V, et al. (2002). "The effect of severe traumatic brain injury on the family".
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812:. The long-term effects will depend on the purpose of that portion of the brain. Damage to the
790:
704:
588:
73:
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2451:
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1973:
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1207:. Maryland Institute for Emergency Medical Services Systems (2004). Retrieved on 2007-04-13.
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may cause stagnant hypoxia. Ischemic hypoxia can also be created by pressure on the brain.
3857:
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3448:
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758:). Additionally, during the period of oxygen deprivation, materials that can easily create
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2341:
2195:
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565:– A mild to moderate impairment of brain function due to low oxygen levels in the blood.
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1007:
955:"Increased neurogenesis after hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in humans is age related"
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391:
187:
98:
68:
51:
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2019:
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682:– Oxygen is present in brain tissue but cannot be metabolized by the brain tissue.
3643:
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59:
1916:
Richmond, T. S. (May 1997). "Cerebral
Resuscitation after Global Brain Ischemia",
1191:
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levels showing a possible reduction in the overall systemic inflammatory process.
613:
Cerebral hypoxia can also be classified by the cause of the reduced brain oxygen:
4001:
3835:
3830:
3742:
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3420:
3300:
2877:
2568:
2211:
1928:
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1301:
1284:
875:
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813:
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Techniques for preventing damage to brain cells are an area of ongoing research.
767:
732:
618:
272:
Severe cerebral hypoxia and anoxia is usually caused by traumatic events such as
214:
203:
468:
The severity of a neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury may be assessed using
3884:
3734:
3597:
3557:
3492:
3453:
3364:
2934:
2883:
2711:
2420:
2297:
1074:"Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury: pathophysiology, neuropathology and mechanisms"
880:
853:
849:
659:
651:
605:– A "stroke", caused by complete oxygen deprivation due to an interference in
469:
437:
289:
262:
158:
2260:
1941:
Orozco-Gutierrez A, Rojas-Cerda L, Estrada RM, Gil-Rosales C (December 2010).
1541:"Child abuse by suffocation: A cause of apparent life-threatening events Info"
1261:
1050:
971:
954:
695:
For newborn infants starved of oxygen during birth there is now evidence that
3985:
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3415:
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2912:
2782:
2551:
2507:
2358:
2023:
1940:
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1342:
1325:
782:
759:
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357:
346:
305:
281:
3579:
448:, excessive bleeding from the placenta, abnormal fetal position such as the
3893:
3805:
3620:
3310:
3253:
2456:
2326:
2309:
2159:
2089:
1998:"Long-Term Effects of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Are an Autoimmune Reaction"
1958:
1879:
1824:
1787:
1566:
1435:
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1099:
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1476:
1426:
1409:
1351:
1269:
1090:
1073:
781:
is the only evidence-supported therapy, but antioxidant drugs, control of
707:
may be required. Additionally, severe cerebral hypoxia causes an elevated
487:
Floppiness, or unreactive to sights or sounds, or more tense and agitated.
3958:
3354:
2415:
2376:
2318:
2241:
2048:
1992:
1599:
1192:"The Maryland Medical Protocols for Emergency Medical Services Providers"
1162:
720:
458:
453:
334:
207:
177:
The brain requires approximately 3.3 ml of oxygen per 100 g of
106:
2183:
1611:
242:
can cause some degree of diffuse cerebral hypoxia. Other causes include
3874:
3864:
3825:
3769:
3762:
3592:
2526:
2396:
1943:"Hyperbaric oxygen in the treatment of asphyxia in two newborn infants"
1803:
1589:
829:
708:
371:
1378:
3628:
3369:
3305:
3261:
3244:
3239:
2636:
2587:
2575:
2558:
2490:
2217:
414:
126:
194:) and heart rate increases. Continued oxygen deprivation results in
3842:
3444:
3381:
3315:
3266:
3111:
Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance (SMALED)
2816:
2808:
2774:
2628:
2531:
1670:. Gray Laboratory Cancer Research Trust. 1999-08-01. Archived from
1494:"What You Need To Know About Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE)"
1202:
885:
809:
763:
755:
728:
724:
580:
572:
430:
342:
277:
269:, and intense exercise at high altitudes prior to acclimatization.
247:
195:
191:
114:
86:
2222:
1517:
2295:
584:
350:
273:
221:
how the body deals with the reduced oxygen content of the blood.
169:
157:, it can occur in all age groups, and is often a complication of
409:
Hypoxic-anoxic events may affect the fetus at various stages of
109:; when the brain is completely deprived of oxygen, it is called
3235:
2855:
2596:
2563:
2067:
837:
833:
647:
627:
445:
375:
362:
239:
235:
122:
102:
993:
789:
is being evaluated with the reduction in total and myocardial
1125:
1931:
at the
American Association of Critical-Care Nurses website.
1845:
1800:
1746:"Cooling for newborns with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy"
731:, which put the patient at risk of self-injury, and various
711:, and in extreme cases the heart may tire and stop pumping.
551:
3611:
630:
exacerbations may also lead to symptoms of hypoxic hypoxia.
383:
199:
1743:
1036:
832:
response caused by carbon monoxide-induced changes in the
121:, and global cerebral ischemia. Prolonged hypoxia induces
712:
477:
473:
1902:
Norwegian paediatrician honoured by
University of Athens
499:
Weak breathing, no breathing at all, or rapid breathing.
1221:
National
Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
1364:
1111:
1109:
1071:
3225:
2173:
735:
drugs may need to be administered before treatment.
484:
Low Apgar scores, <5 at 5 minutes and 10 minutes.
321:(TIA), is often referred to as a "mini-stroke". The
1106:
2042:
1961:. Archived from the original on September 6, 2013
597:– A complete stoppage of blood flow to the brain.
579:occurring in the affected blood vessels due to a
3983:
2020:"'Rewired brain' revives patient after 19 years"
304:. It is also recreationally self-induced in the
1594:The Gale Encyclopedia of Neurological Disorders
952:
911:American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology
779:Hypothermia therapy for neonatal encephalopathy
697:hypothermia therapy for neonatal encephalopathy
436:Problems during labor and delivery can include
472:, which is based on clinical presentation and
3211:
2281:
1407:
1934:
1892:ILCOR Neonatal Resuscitation Guidelines 2010
1648:Animal Models of Acute Neurological Injuries
770:and cause further damage (this is known as "
3000:
1912:
1910:
1726:"Cooling 'cure' averts infant brain damage"
1538:
1448:
1323:
1247:
3791:Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency
3218:
3204:
2288:
2274:
2137:
1150:
609:which affects multiple areas of the brain.
452:, prolonged late stages of labor, or very
50:
1869:
1777:
1556:
1466:
1425:
1341:
1300:
1089:
970:
953:Mattiesen W. R.; et al. (May 2009).
557:one cause of hypoxic anoxic injury (HAI).
480:. Signs and symptoms of HIE may include:
173:CT in a person after generalized hypoxia.
2017:
1907:
1573:
1186:
1184:
903:
575:that causes a hemorrhagic stroke, or an
550:
168:
1750:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1449:HerderscheĂŞ D, et al. (Sep 1992).
1408:Vermeer S. E.; et al. (Jan 2002).
1324:HerderscheĂŞ D, et al. (Sep 1992).
1215:
1213:
626:all cause this sort of hypoxia. Severe
413:, during labor and delivery and in the
129:, resulting in a hypoxic brain injury.
14:
3984:
3077:Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies
2750:Template:Demyelinating diseases of CNS
1689:
1282:
674:and impede their absorption of oxygen.
502:Need for resuscitation after delivery.
3563:Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
3199:
2269:
2110:
1520:. Florida Neonatal Neurologic Network
1488:
1486:
1181:
640:are common causes of hypemic hypoxia.
496:Poor muscle tone and absent reflexes.
398:
337:, or retinal ischemia, without acute
164:
3568:Generalized essential telangiectasia
2928:Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
2317:
1846:Kutzsche, S; Ilves, P; Kirkeby, OJ;
1724:Laurance, Jeremy (October 1, 2009).
1210:
1072:Busl K. M.; Greer D. M. (Jan 2010).
904:Malhotra R, et al. (Nov 2001).
1702:Naval Safety Center. Archived from
1646:Jun Chen, Zao C. Xu, Xiao-Ming Xu,
1283:Easton JD, et al. (Jun 2009).
1225:"Cerebral Hypoxia Information Page"
250:-rich environments, ascent from a
198:, long-term loss of consciousness,
24:
3159:Infantile progressive bulbar palsy
2082:10.1212/01.wnl.0000210497.62202.e9
1690:Brooks, Kevin E. (May–June 2005).
1483:
1008:10.1097/01.ccm.0000053643.21751.3b
534:anoxic depolarization in the brain
528:Anoxic depolarization in the brain
378:which are detected via the use of
25:
4013:
2862:Template:Cerebrovascular diseases
2665:Frontotemporal lobar degeneration
2169:
1129:Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
543:
374:. Silent strokes typically cause
3718:Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
2882:For more detailed coverage, see
2860:For more detailed coverage, see
2831:For more detailed coverage, see
2797:For more detailed coverage, see
2748:For more detailed coverage, see
2152:10.1097/00005373-200206000-00016
2043:Mayo Clinic staff (2006-05-17).
1920:8 (2). Retrieved on 2007-04-13.
1871:10.1203/00006450-200106000-00020
1163:MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
924:10.1152/ajpcell.2001.281.5.c1596
204:cessation of brain stem reflexes
85:Confusion, difficulty speaking,
2131:
2104:
2061:
2036:
2011:
1986:
1895:
1886:
1839:
1794:
1737:
1718:
1683:
1660:
1640:
1605:
1582:
1532:
1510:
1442:
1401:
1358:
1317:
1276:
1241:
1115:Butterworth, Roger F. (1999). "
514:Seizures or abnormal movements.
147:Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy
18:Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy
3669:Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
2018:Phillips, Helen (2006-07-03).
1947:Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine
1762:10.1002/14651858.cd003311.pub3
1065:
1030:
987:
946:
897:
555:Aneurysm in a cerebral artery,
105:), specifically involving the
13:
1:
3481:Aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva
3335:Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis
3175:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
3060:Hereditary spastic paraplegia
2918:Normal pressure hydrocephalus
1996:Medical Center (2004-09-06).
1817:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17189-4
1676:Retrieved on 2007-04-13 from
1598:Retrieved on 2007-04-13 from
1229:National Institutes of Health
1127:, 6th edition, Philadelphia:
891:
444:, rupture of the placenta or
3786:Chronic venous insufficiency
3411:Aortoiliac occlusive disease
3144:Progressive muscular atrophy
1596:. The Gale Group, Inc. 2005.
1302:10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.192218
1168:National Library of Medicine
799:
747:after asphyxia. Research by
690:
538:
521:
511:Excessive acid in the blood.
463:MĂĽnchausen syndrome by proxy
27:Oxygen shortage of the brain
7:
3801:Inferior vena cava syndrome
3796:Superior vena cava syndrome
3523:Vertebral artery dissection
3513:Intracranial berry aneurysm
2654:Primary progressive aphasia
1927:September 27, 2007, at the
1692:"Are you a hypoxia expert?"
1650:, Humana Press; 1 edition,
859:
394:being predisposing factors.
327:American Stroke Association
10:
4018:
3902:Hypertensive heart disease
3553:Arteriovenous malformation
3528:Familial aortic dissection
2976:Hashimoto's encephalopathy
2682:Posterior cortical atrophy
2503:Striatonigral degeneration
2354:Cavernous sinus thrombosis
1994:University of Pennsylvania
1147:. Retrieved on 2007-04-13.
766:interfere with the normal
525:
508:Bluish or pale skin color.
402:
323:American Heart Association
29:
3957:
3927:Renovascular hypertension
3892:
3883:
3870:Hepatic artery thrombosis
3818:
3778:
3733:
3637:
3619:
3610:
3578:
3538:
3518:Carotid artery dissection
3471:Abdominal aortic aneurysm
3443:
3403:
3380:
3321:Intermittent claudication
3291:
3284:Peripheral artery disease
3282:
3252:
3234:
3082:Spinal muscular atrophies
3050:Primary lateral sclerosis
3032:
3009:
2993:
2948:
2908:Intracranial hypertension
2898:
2870:
2841:
2807:
2769:
2758:
2724:
2702:
2688:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
2627:
2437:
2428:
2414:
2374:
2308:
2232:
2177:
1978:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1262:10.1161/01.STR.27.12.2225
1119:". In: Siegel, George J.
1051:10.1016/j.ncl.2005.10.006
972:10.1007/s00401-009-0509-0
787:Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
638:carbon monoxide poisoning
476:findings, and also using
318:Transient ischemic attack
224:
79:
67:
58:
49:
44:
3912:Hypertensive nephropathy
3725:Post-thrombotic syndrome
3706:Paget–Schroetter disease
3498:Coronary artery aneurysm
3476:Thoracic aortic aneurysm
3149:Progressive bulbar palsy
2940:Intracranial hypotension
2923:Choroid plexus papilloma
2337:Herpesviral encephalitis
1468:10.1161/01.str.23.9.1220
1343:10.1161/01.str.23.9.1220
686:is a well-known example.
595:Global cerebral ischemia
563:Diffuse cerebral hypoxia
3967:Orthostatic hypotension
3949:White coat hypertension
3426:Fibromuscular dysplasia
3390:Carotid artery stenosis
2661:Frontotemporal dementia
2347:Encephalitis lethargica
743:, which have a role in
583:(thrombotic stroke) or
569:Focal cerebral ischemia
405:Neonatal encephalopathy
139:hypoxic/anoxic injuries
3939:Pulmonary hypertension
3922:Secondary hypertension
3917:Essential hypertension
3907:Hypertensive emergency
3748:Portacaval anastomosis
3684:Portal vein thrombosis
3326:Critical limb ischemia
3227:Cardiovascular disease
2966:Hepatic encephalopathy
1117:Hypoxic Encephalopathy
996:Critical Care Medicine
791:creatine phosphokinase
705:mechanical ventilation
589:middle cerebral artery
558:
440:occlusion, torsion or
174:
74:Critical care medicine
63:Arteries beneath brain
3944:Systolic hypertension
3689:Renal vein thrombosis
3548:Arteriovenous fistula
3540:Vascular malformation
3508:Intracranial aneurysm
3395:Renal artery stenosis
3024:Ataxia–telangiectasia
2981:Static encephalopathy
2704:Mitochondrial disease
2542:Spasmodic torticollis
2452:Basal ganglia disease
2045:"Coma: Coping skills"
1626:10.2214/ajr.149.3.583
1545:Paediatr Child Health
1427:10.1161/hs0102.101629
1091:10.3233/NRE-2010-0531
554:
403:Further information:
238:and various sorts of
172:
3858:Paradoxical embolism
3853:Cholesterol embolism
3679:May–Thurner syndrome
3674:Budd–Chiari syndrome
3657:Deep vein thrombosis
3652:primarily lower limb
3431:Raynaud's phenomenon
2971:Toxic encephalopathy
2677:Lewy bodies dementia
1918:AACN Clinical Issues
1539:Bellemare S (2006).
30:For other uses, see
3934:Benign hypertension
3019:Friedreich's ataxia
2402:Meningoencephalitis
2342:Limbic encephalitis
2113:Zentralbl Neurochir
1811:(9442): 1329–1333.
1614:AJR Am J Roentgenol
1078:NeuroRehabilitation
836:sheath surrounding
749:Ola Didrik Saugstad
607:cerebral blood flow
602:Cerebral infarction
493:Low blood pressure.
310:erotic asphyxiation
267:supplemental oxygen
119:cerebral infarction
101:(reduced supply of
3848:Pulmonary embolism
3758:Esophageal varices
3696:upper limb / torso
3340:Arteriolosclerosis
3055:Pseudobulbar palsy
2793:Status epilepticus
2744:Multiple sclerosis
2581:Myoclonic epilepsy
2444:movement disorders
2390:Acute disseminated
2332:Viral encephalitis
2261:Hypoxia experiment
2233:External resources
1857:Pediatric Research
1700:United States Navy
1668:"What is Hypoxia?"
1498:Birth Injury Guide
1158:"Cerebral hypoxia"
918:(5): C1596–C1603.
772:reperfusion injury
745:reperfusion injury
679:Histotoxic hypoxia
670:exert pressure on
559:
454:low blood pressure
399:Pre- and postnatal
298:status asthmaticus
292:, crushing of the
244:status epilepticus
175:
165:Signs and symptoms
134:oxygen deprivation
3979:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3819:Arteries or veins
3814:
3813:
3639:Venous thrombosis
3606:
3605:
3588:Cherry hemangioma
3488:Aortic dissection
3439:
3438:
3274:Buerger's disease
3193:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3184:
2989:
2988:
2894:
2893:
2833:Template:Headache
2799:Template:Epilepsy
2720:
2719:
2694:Vascular dementia
2537:Status dystonicus
2410:
2409:
2385:Encephalomyelitis
2256:
2255:
2140:Journal of Trauma
1656:978-1-60327-184-4
1379:10.1159/000071128
1256:(12): 2225–2229.
866:Altitude sickness
684:Cyanide poisoning
664:brain hemorrhages
423:maternal diabetes
411:fetal development
392:cigarette smoking
232:blood oxygenation
188:short-term memory
92:
91:
39:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
4009:
3890:
3889:
3701:Mondor's disease
3644:Thrombophlebitis
3617:
3616:
3293:Arteriosclerosis
3289:
3288:
3250:
3249:
3220:
3213:
3206:
3197:
3196:
3007:
3006:
2998:
2997:
2956:Brain herniation
2767:
2766:
2607:Intention tremor
2602:Essential tremor
2467:Postencephalitic
2435:
2434:
2426:
2425:
2315:
2314:
2296:Diseases of the
2290:
2283:
2276:
2267:
2266:
2175:
2174:
2164:
2163:
2146:(6): 1121–1124.
2135:
2129:
2128:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2076:(9): 1300–1303.
2065:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2005:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1977:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1938:
1932:
1914:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1873:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1781:
1741:
1735:
1722:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1687:
1681:
1675:
1664:
1658:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1609:
1603:
1597:
1586:
1580:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1560:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1504:
1490:
1481:
1480:
1470:
1461:(9): 1220–1224.
1446:
1440:
1439:
1429:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1345:
1336:(9): 1220–1224.
1321:
1315:
1314:
1304:
1295:(6): 2276–2293.
1280:
1274:
1273:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1217:
1208:
1206:
1198:
1196:
1188:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1175:
1154:
1148:
1141:Freely available
1113:
1104:
1103:
1093:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1034:
1028:
1027:
991:
985:
984:
974:
959:Acta Neuropathol
950:
944:
943:
901:
644:Ischemic hypoxia
517:Problems feeding
427:vascular disease
415:postnatal period
286:smoke inhalation
95:Cerebral hypoxia
60:Circle of Willis
54:
45:Cerebral hypoxia
42:
41:
21:
4017:
4016:
4012:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4007:
4006:
3992:Brain disorders
3982:
3981:
3980:
3971:
3953:
3879:
3836:Microangiopathy
3831:Macroangiopathy
3810:
3774:
3743:Gastric varices
3729:
3642:
3633:
3602:
3574:
3534:
3466:Aortic aneurysm
3452:
3435:
3421:Erythromelalgia
3399:
3376:
3301:Atherosclerosis
3278:
3242:
3230:
3224:
3194:
3181:
3107:Congenital DSMA
3028:
2985:
2944:
2890:
2878:Sleep disorders
2866:
2843:Cerebrovascular
2837:
2803:
2760:
2754:
2716:
2698:
2623:
2569:Choreoathetosis
2442:
2419:
2406:
2370:
2304:
2294:
2257:
2252:
2251:
2228:
2227:
2186:
2172:
2167:
2136:
2132:
2109:
2105:
2066:
2062:
2053:
2051:
2041:
2037:
2028:
2026:
2016:
2012:
2003:
2001:
1991:
1987:
1971:
1970:
1964:
1962:
1939:
1935:
1929:Wayback Machine
1915:
1908:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1844:
1840:
1799:
1795:
1756:(1): CD003311.
1742:
1738:
1731:The Independent
1723:
1719:
1709:
1707:
1688:
1684:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1645:
1641:
1610:
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1588:
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1578:
1574:
1537:
1533:
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1521:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1502:
1500:
1492:
1491:
1484:
1447:
1443:
1406:
1402:
1367:Cerebrovasc Dis
1363:
1359:
1322:
1318:
1281:
1277:
1246:
1242:
1233:
1231:
1218:
1211:
1200:
1194:
1190:
1189:
1182:
1173:
1171:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1114:
1107:
1070:
1066:
1035:
1031:
992:
988:
951:
947:
902:
898:
894:
876:Hypothermia cap
862:
826:carbon monoxide
818:Wernicke's area
802:
768:brain chemistry
733:anti-convulsant
693:
634:Hypemic hypoxia
619:Hypoxic hypoxia
556:
546:
541:
530:
524:
490:Low heart rate.
450:breech position
407:
401:
252:deep-water dive
227:
215:hypoxic hypoxia
167:
132:Cases of total
125:cell death via
111:cerebral anoxia
62:
40:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4015:
4005:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3977:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3963:
3961:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3898:
3896:
3887:
3885:Blood pressure
3881:
3880:
3878:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3833:
3822:
3820:
3816:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3745:
3739:
3737:
3735:Varicose veins
3731:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3722:
3721:
3720:
3710:
3709:
3708:
3703:
3693:
3692:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3648:
3646:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3625:
3623:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3598:Spider angioma
3595:
3590:
3584:
3582:
3580:Vascular nevus
3576:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3558:Telangiectasia
3555:
3550:
3544:
3542:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3500:
3495:
3493:Aortic rupture
3490:
3485:
3484:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3458:
3456:
3454:pseudoaneurysm
3441:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3386:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3367:
3365:Oxycholesterol
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3297:
3295:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3258:
3256:
3247:
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3231:
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3215:
3208:
3200:
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3187:
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3179:
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3164:
3163:
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3146:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3079:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3038:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3015:
3013:
3004:
2995:
2991:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2935:Cerebral edema
2932:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2904:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2884:Template:Sleep
2874:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2858:
2853:
2847:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2813:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2779:
2777:
2764:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2730:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2712:Leigh syndrome
2708:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2633:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2561:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2448:
2446:
2439:Extrapyramidal
2432:
2423:
2421:encephalopathy
2412:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2381:
2379:
2372:
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2369:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2356:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2323:
2321:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2298:nervous system
2293:
2292:
2285:
2278:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2214:
2203:
2187:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2178:Classification
2171:
2170:External links
2168:
2166:
2165:
2130:
2103:
2060:
2035:
2010:
2000:. ScienceDaily
1985:
1953:(4): 218–220.
1933:
1922:Free full text
1906:
1894:
1885:
1864:(6): 834–842.
1838:
1793:
1736:
1717:
1682:
1674:on 2003-09-21.
1659:
1639:
1604:
1581:
1572:
1551:(8): 493–495.
1531:
1509:
1482:
1441:
1400:
1373:(3): 280–285.
1357:
1316:
1275:
1240:
1223:(2018-03-08).
1209:
1180:
1149:
1145:NCBI Bookshelf
1105:
1064:
1045:(1): 107–121.
1029:
1002:(3): 960–967.
986:
965:(5): 525–534.
945:
895:
893:
890:
889:
888:
883:
881:Space exposure
878:
873:
868:
861:
858:
854:muscle wasting
801:
798:
692:
689:
688:
687:
675:
660:Cerebral edema
652:cardiac arrest
641:
631:
611:
610:
598:
592:
566:
545:
544:Classification
542:
540:
537:
526:Main article:
523:
520:
519:
518:
515:
512:
509:
506:
503:
500:
497:
494:
491:
488:
485:
470:Sarnat staging
438:umbilical cord
400:
397:
396:
395:
354:
290:drug overdoses
256:high altitudes
226:
223:
166:
163:
159:cardiac arrest
155:birth asphyxia
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83:
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71:
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3753:Caput medusae
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3662:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3640:
3636:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3599:
3596:
3594:
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3585:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3569:
3566:
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3546:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3416:Degos disease
3414:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3402:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3275:
3272:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3228:
3221:
3216:
3214:
3209:
3207:
3202:
3201:
3198:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2992:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2961:Reye syndrome
2959:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2913:Hydrocephalus
2911:
2910:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2885:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2863:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2834:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2800:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2757:
2751:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2726:Demyelinating
2723:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2614:Restless legs
2612:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2586:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2552:Blepharospasm
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2508:Hemiballismus
2506:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2489:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2453:
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2431:
2427:
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2422:
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2387:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2373:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2359:Brain abscess
2357:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2324:
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2320:
2316:
2313:
2311:
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2279:
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2248:
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2239:
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2235:
2231:
2224:
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2204:
2202:
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2161:
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2153:
2149:
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2122:
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2114:
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2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2064:
2050:
2046:
2039:
2025:
2024:New Scientist
2021:
2014:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1981:
1975:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1937:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1911:
1903:
1898:
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1867:
1863:
1859:
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1853:
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1805:
1797:
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1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1740:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1721:
1706:on 2007-02-08
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1679:
1673:
1669:
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1653:
1649:
1643:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1620:(3): 583–56.
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1585:
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1542:
1535:
1519:
1518:"Parent Info"
1513:
1499:
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1469:
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1460:
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1216:
1214:
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1193:
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1153:
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1137:0-397-51820-X
1134:
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1126:
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1101:
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964:
960:
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857:
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831:
827:
822:
819:
815:
811:
806:
797:
794:
792:
788:
784:
783:blood glucose
780:
775:
773:
769:
765:
761:
760:free radicals
757:
752:
750:
746:
742:
741:free radicals
736:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
717:defibrilation
714:
710:
706:
701:
698:
685:
681:
680:
676:
673:
669:
668:hydrocephalus
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
642:
639:
635:
632:
629:
625:
621:
620:
616:
615:
614:
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593:
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586:
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498:
495:
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475:
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466:
464:
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455:
451:
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443:
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434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
406:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
368:
364:
360:
359:
358:Silent stroke
355:
352:
348:
347:contralateral
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
319:
315:
314:
313:
311:
307:
306:fainting game
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
282:strangulation
279:
275:
270:
268:
264:
261:
260:unpressurized
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
222:
218:
216:
211:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
183:
180:
171:
162:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
135:
130:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
97:is a form of
96:
88:
84:
82:
78:
75:
72:
70:
66:
61:
57:
53:
48:
43:
37:
33:
19:
3894:Hypertension
3806:Venous ulcer
3712:
3695:
3663:
3651:
3621:Inflammation
3502:
3461:
3350:Hyperplastic
3311:Fatty streak
3254:Inflammation
3169:
3068:
3041:
3002:Degenerative
2739:Inflammatory
2686:
2619:Stiff-person
2457:Parkinsonism
2430:Degenerative
2327:Encephalitis
2310:Inflammation
2300:, primarily
2240:
2216:
2205:
2190:
2143:
2139:
2133:
2119:(2): 78–84.
2116:
2112:
2106:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2052:. Retrieved
2038:
2027:. Retrieved
2013:
2002:. Retrieved
1988:
1974:cite journal
1963:. Retrieved
1950:
1946:
1936:
1917:
1897:
1888:
1861:
1855:
1848:Saugstad, OD
1841:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1753:
1749:
1739:
1729:
1720:
1708:. Retrieved
1704:the original
1695:
1685:
1672:the original
1662:
1647:
1642:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1593:
1584:
1575:
1548:
1544:
1534:
1522:. Retrieved
1512:
1501:. Retrieved
1497:
1458:
1454:
1444:
1420:(1): 21–25.
1417:
1413:
1403:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1333:
1329:
1319:
1292:
1288:
1278:
1253:
1249:
1243:
1232:. Retrieved
1172:. Retrieved
1170:. 2007-04-05
1161:
1152:
1124:
1120:
1081:
1077:
1067:
1042:
1038:
1032:
999:
995:
989:
962:
958:
948:
915:
909:
899:
871:Choking game
846:
842:
823:
814:Broca's area
807:
803:
795:
776:
753:
737:
702:
694:
677:
672:brain tissue
656:heart attack
643:
633:
617:
612:
600:
594:
568:
562:
547:
531:
467:
461:in cases of
435:
419:preeclampsia
408:
390:and current
388:hypertension
380:neuroimaging
370:infarcts or
367:brain damage
356:
316:
271:
254:, flying at
228:
219:
212:
202:, seizures,
184:
179:brain tissue
176:
150:
146:
142:
138:
131:
110:
94:
93:
36:
3959:Hypotension
3503:head / neck
3355:Cholesterol
3245:capillaries
3154:Fazio–Londe
2994:Both/either
2788:Generalised
2647:Early-onset
2642:Alzheimer's
2377:spinal cord
2242:MedlinePlus
2049:Mayo Clinic
1904:, Norway.gr
1678:Archive.org
1600:Answers.com
1201:(1.00
1084:(1): 5–13.
1039:Neurol Clin
721:epinephrine
459:suffocation
372:hemorrhages
335:spinal cord
331:focal brain
208:brain death
3986:Categories
3875:Vasculitis
3865:Thrombosis
3826:Angiopathy
3770:Varicocele
3763:Hemorrhoid
3593:Halo nevus
3449:dissection
3240:arterioles
2762:paroxysmal
2734:Autoimmune
2527:Dyskinesia
2397:Meningitis
2375:Brain and
2054:2007-04-13
2029:2007-04-13
2004:2007-04-13
1965:2013-06-06
1804:The Lancet
1710:2007-04-13
1524:28 January
1503:2021-10-05
1234:2007-04-13
1174:2007-04-13
892:References
830:autoimmune
709:heart rate
339:infarction
246:, work in
3629:Phlebitis
3370:Trans fat
3306:Foam cell
3262:Arteritis
3229:(vessels)
2759:Episodic/
2637:Tauopathy
2588:Akathisia
2576:Myoclonus
2559:Athetosis
2491:Tauopathy
2223:389088001
2218:SNOMED CT
2070:Neurology
1770:1465-1858
1590:"Hypoxia"
800:Prognosis
691:Treatment
650:, shock,
577:occlusion
539:Diagnosis
522:Mechanism
505:Weak cry.
234:. Severe
127:apoptosis
69:Specialty
3997:Ischemia
3843:Embolism
3445:Aneurysm
3382:Stenosis
3316:Atheroma
3267:Aortitis
3236:Arteries
3125:SMALED2B
3120:SMALED2A
2817:Migraine
2809:Headache
2775:epilepsy
2771:Seizures
2629:Dementia
2532:Dystonia
2160:12045640
2098:43411074
2090:16682658
1959:23111939
1925:Archived
1880:11385146
1850:(2001).
1833:24825982
1825:15474135
1788:23440789
1696:Approach
1567:19030315
1436:11779883
1395:33095581
1387:12865617
1311:19423857
1100:20130351
1059:16443133
1024:18080596
1016:12627012
981:19277687
940:10558756
932:11600423
886:Ulegyria
860:See also
850:bedsores
816:and the
810:epilepsy
764:Oxidants
756:acidosis
729:seizures
725:atropine
624:windpipe
581:thrombus
573:aneurysm
442:prolapse
431:placenta
382:such as
343:etiology
278:drowning
265:without
248:nitrogen
196:fainting
192:cyanosis
182:result.
123:neuronal
115:ischemia
87:seizures
81:Symptoms
3664:abdomen
3345:Hyaline
3137:SMA-PME
3132:SMA-PCH
3115:SMALED1
2827:Tension
2822:Cluster
2547:Meige's
2364:Amoebic
2212:D002534
2125:1636327
1779:7003568
1634:3497548
1558:2528639
1477:1519274
1352:1519274
1270:8969785
1227:. U.S.
1166:. U.S.
1123:(eds.)
838:neurons
585:embolus
376:lesions
351:aphasia
308:and in
294:trachea
274:choking
99:hypoxia
32:Hypoxia
4002:Oxygen
2856:Stroke
2670:Pick's
2597:Tremor
2564:Chorea
2247:001435
2158:
2123:
2096:
2088:
1957:
1878:
1831:
1823:
1786:
1776:
1768:
1654:
1632:
1565:
1555:
1475:
1455:Stroke
1434:
1414:Stroke
1393:
1385:
1350:
1330:Stroke
1309:
1289:Stroke
1268:
1250:Stroke
1199:
1135:
1121:et al.
1098:
1057:
1022:
1014:
979:
938:
930:
852:, and
834:myelin
723:, and
648:Stroke
628:asthma
591:(MCA).
446:uterus
363:stroke
300:, and
258:in an
240:anemia
236:asthma
225:Causes
206:, and
103:oxygen
3779:Other
3612:Veins
3462:torso
3404:Other
3170:both:
3102:DSMA1
3097:SMAX2
3092:SMAX1
3072:only:
3045:only:
2949:Other
2871:Other
2783:Focal
2416:Brain
2319:Brain
2201:437.9
2094:S2CID
1829:S2CID
1391:S2CID
1195:(PDF)
1020:S2CID
936:S2CID
425:with
361:is a
302:shock
263:cabin
107:brain
3713:head
3243:and
2773:and
2484:PKAN
2479:NBIA
2207:MeSH
2196:9-CM
2156:PMID
2121:PMID
2086:PMID
1980:link
1955:PMID
1876:PMID
1821:PMID
1784:PMID
1766:ISSN
1754:2013
1652:ISBN
1630:PMID
1563:PMID
1526:2012
1473:PMID
1432:PMID
1383:PMID
1348:PMID
1307:PMID
1266:PMID
1133:ISBN
1096:PMID
1055:PMID
1012:PMID
977:PMID
928:PMID
774:").
666:and
654:and
384:fMRI
325:and
200:coma
3360:LDL
3087:SMA
3070:LMN
3043:UMN
3034:MND
2900:CSF
2851:TIA
2496:PSP
2472:NMS
2441:and
2302:CNS
2192:ICD
2148:doi
2078:doi
1866:doi
1813:doi
1809:364
1774:PMC
1758:doi
1622:doi
1618:149
1553:PMC
1463:doi
1422:doi
1375:doi
1338:doi
1297:doi
1258:doi
1203:MiB
1143:at
1086:doi
1047:doi
1004:doi
967:doi
963:117
920:doi
916:281
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