Isidor Isaac Rabi - Knowledge

1098: 8635: 1295: 4275: 4255: 1467: 8611: 1570: 8599: 355: 8575: 44: 1538:, the director of the Manhattan Project, who was willing to go along with a new national laboratory, but only one. Moreover, while the Manhattan Project still had funds, the wartime organization was expected to be phased out when a new authority came into existence. After some bargaining and lobbying by Rabi and others, the two groups came together in January 1946. Eventually nine universities (Columbia, Cornell, Harvard, 8623: 822:, a simple procedure often done by elementary school students. The crystals then had to be prepared by skillfully cutting them into sections with facets that had an orientation different from the internal structure of the crystal, and the response to a magnetic field had to be painstakingly measured. While his crystals were growing, Rabi read 1661:

So it didn't seem to me the sort of thing that called for this kind of proceeding... against a man who has accomplished what Dr. Oppenheimer has accomplished. There is a real positive record... We have an A-bomb and a whole series of it, and we have a whole series of super bombs, and what more do you

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Rabi's first daughter, Helen Elizabeth, was born in September 1929. A second girl, Margaret Joella, followed in 1934. Between his teaching duties and his family, he had little time for research, and published no papers in his first year at Columbia, but was nonetheless promoted to assistant professor

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by March. This was done; the technological obstacles were gradually overcome, and a working US microwave radar set was produced. The magnetron was further developed on both sides of the Atlantic to permit a reduction in wavelength from 150 cm to 10 cm, and then to 3 cm. The laboratory

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in 1943. Their research involved non-uniform magnetic fields, which were difficult to manipulate and hard to measure accurately. Rabi devised a method of using a uniform field instead, with the molecular beam at a glancing angle, so the atoms would be deflected like light through a prism. This would

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into a solution whose magnetic susceptibility could be varied between two magnetic poles. When it matched that of the crystal, the magnet could be turned on and off without disturbing the crystal. The new method not only required much less work, it also produced a more accurate result. Rabi sent his

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Loomis and DuBridge recruited physicists for the new laboratory at an Applied Nuclear Physics conference at MIT in October 1940. Among those who volunteered was Rabi. His assignment was to study the magnetron, which was so secret that it had to be kept in a safe. The Radiation Laboratory scientists

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and gaseous deuterium for their experiments. Despite its simplicity, Stern's group in Hamburg had observed that hydrogen did not behave as predicted. Urey also helped in another way; he gave Rabi half his prize money to fund the Molecular Beam Laboratory. Other scientists whose careers began at the

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in 1952. When Columbia created the rank of university professor in 1964, Rabi was the first to receive that position. A special chair was named after him in 1985. He retired from teaching in 1967, but remained active in the department and held the title of University Professor Emeritus and Special

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at Columbia but when Columbia created the rank of university professor in 1964, Rabi was the first to receive such a chair. This meant that he was free to research or teach whatever he chose. He retired from teaching in 1967 but remained active in the department and held the title of University

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that created the Atomic Energy Commission provided for a nine-man General Advisory Committee (GAC) to advise the commission on scientific and technical matters. Rabi was one of those appointed in December 1946. The GAC was enormously influential throughout the late 1940s, but in 1950 the GAC

1682:. Rabi, who knew Eisenhower from the latter's time as president of Columbia, was the first to speak, and put forward a series of proposals, one of which was to strengthen the committee so it could provide the President with timely advice. This was done, and the SAC became the 1259:, and not 1 as predicted by the then-current theory, while that of a deuteron was 0.855±0.006 nuclear magnetons. This provided more accurate measurements of what Stern's team had found, and Rabi's team had confirmed, in 1934. Since a deuteron is composed of a proton and a 1267:

could be inferred by subtracting the proton's magnetic moment from the deuteron's. The resulting value was not zero, and had a sign opposite to that of the proton. Based on curious artifacts of these more accurate measurements, Rabi suggested that the deuteron had an

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of atoms earned him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1944. Nuclear magnetic resonance became an important tool for nuclear physics and chemistry, and the subsequent development of magnetic resonance imaging from it has also made it important to the field of medicine.

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on a new secret project. They convinced Oppenheimer that his plan for a military laboratory would not work, since a scientific effort would need to be a civilian affair. The plan was modified, and the new laboratory would be a civilian one, run by the

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of $ 1,500 ($ 26,000 in 2023 dollars) for the period from September 1927 to June 1928. He immediately applied for a year's leave of absence from the City College of New York so he could study in Europe. When this was refused, he resigned. On reaching

706:, he started writing his name as Isidor Isaac Rabi, and was known professionally as I.I. Rabi. To most of his friends and family, including his sister Gertrude, who was born in 1903, he was known simply by his last name. In 1907, the family moved to 1120:

and an advanced course in the new subject of quantum mechanics, and Heisenberg had recommended Rabi. Helen was now pregnant, so Rabi needed a regular job, and this job was in New York. He accepted, and returned to the United States in August on the

1836:, a technology that had been developed from his ground-breaking research on magnetic resonance. The machine happened to have a reflective inner surface, and he remarked: "I saw myself in that machine... I never thought my work would come to this." 1705:" was coined. While serving in that capacity, he bemoaned the fact that many large software projects were delayed. This prompted discussions that led to the formation of a study group that organized the first conference on software engineering. 1527:, but none was located on the East Coast. Rabi and Ramsey assembled a group of universities in the New York area to lobby for their own national laboratory. When Zacharias, who was now at MIT, heard about it, he set up a rival group at MIT and 1597:

that Brookhaven might be a model that Europeans could emulate. Rabi saw science as a way of inspiring and uniting a Europe that was still recovering from the war. An opportunity came in 1950 when he was named the United States Delegate to the

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in 1949. He said so. So for him to have alerted the world that we were going to make a hydrogen bomb at a time when we didn't even know how to make one was one of the worst things he could have done. It shows the dangers of this sort of

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but is now Poland. Soon after he was born, his father, David Rabi, emigrated to the United States. The younger Rabi and his mother, Sheindel, joined David there a few months later, and the family moved into a two-room apartment on the

763:. He was awarded his Bachelor of Science degree in June 1919, but since at the time Jews were largely excluded from employment in the chemical industry and academia, he did not receive any job offers. He worked briefly at the 1170:. The next step was to do so. With the help of Victor W. Cohen, Rabi built a molecular beam apparatus at Columbia. Their idea was to employ a weak magnetic field instead of a strong one, with which they hoped to detect the 1831:

in Manhattan from cancer on January 11, 1988. His wife, Helen, survived him and died at the age of 102 on June 18, 2005. In his last days, he was reminded of his greatest achievement when his physicians examined him using

702:. When Rabi was enrolled in school, Sheindel said his name was Izzy, and a school official, thinking it was short for Isidor, put that down as his name. Henceforth, that became his official name. Later, in response to 1652:

Oppenheimer was not reappointed to the GAC when his term expired in 1952, and Rabi succeeded him as chairman, serving until 1956. Rabi later testified on Oppenheimer's behalf at the Atomic Energy Commission's

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Rabi chaired Columbia's physics department from 1945 to 1949, during which time it was home to two Nobel laureates (Rabi and Enrico Fermi) and eleven future laureates, including seven faculty (Polykarp Kusch,

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be easier to use, and produce more accurate results. Encouraged by Stern, and greatly assisted by Taylor, Rabi managed to get his idea to work. On Stern's advice, Rabi wrote a letter about his results to

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felt that he was "simply an awful lecturer". Despite his shortcomings as a lecturer, his influence was great. He inspired many of his students to pursue careers in physics, and some became famous.

1224:. All were men; Rabi did not believe that women could be physicists. He never had a woman as a doctoral or postdoctoral student, and generally opposed women as candidates for faculty positions. 1643:

I never forgave Truman for buckling under the pressure. He simply did not understand what it was about. As a matter of fact, after he stopped being President he still didn't believe that the

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in Israel. The most valuable of Columbia University's undergraduate research scholarships, designed to motivate and support promising young scientists, is named after him, so is the street,

7143: 1516: 8450: 1618:). Rabi received a letter from Bohr, Heisenberg, Amaldi and others congratulating him on the success of his efforts. He had the letter framed and hung it on the wall of his home office. 6000: 5995: 5990: 713:

As a boy, Rabi was interested in science. He read science books borrowed from the public library and built his own radio set. His first scientific paper—written on the design of a

1599: 1053:, a fellow New Yorker. It would be the start of a long friendship. Heisenberg departed for a tour of the United States in March 1929, so Rabi and Oppenheimer decided to go to the 779:

In 1922 Rabi returned to Cornell as a graduate chemistry student, and began studying physics. In 1923 he met, and began courting, Helen Newmark, a summer-semester student at

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in June 1950, he called for the establishment of regional laboratories. These efforts bore fruit; in 1952, representatives of eleven countries came together to create the

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working there with two English-speaking postdoctoral fellows, Ronald Fraser and John Bradshaw Taylor. Rabi soon made friends with them, and became interested in their

7136: 1524: 8765: 8750: 1463:. Rabi actively pursued his research into magnetic resonance until about 1960, but he continued to make appearances at conferences and seminars until his death. 1429:(kt). Rabi arrived late and found the only entry left was for 18 kilotons, which he purchased. Wearing welding goggles, he waited for the result with Ramsey and 1635:. Rabi went further than most of the other members, and joined Fermi in opposing the hydrogen bomb on moral as well as technical grounds. However, President 8845: 7129: 4175:

Toennies, J.P. in; Schmidt-Böcking, H.; Friedrich, B.; Lower, J.C.A. (2011). "Otto Stern (1888–1969): The Founding Father of Experimental Atomic Physics".

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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda

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On March 26, 1929, Rabi received an offer of a lectureship from Columbia, with an annual salary of $ 3,000. The dean of Columbia's physics department,

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in 1954 that led to Oppenheimer being stripped of his security clearance. Many witnesses supported Oppenheimer, but none more forcefully than Rabi:

4339: 2863: 1734: 1217: 1188: 315: 1389:, a long-range radio navigation system. At Rabi's instigation, a branch of the Radiation Laboratory was located at Columbia, with Rabi in charge. 1057:, where Pauli was now the professor of physics. Rabi's education in physics was enriched by the leaders in the field he met there, which included 1819:'s I. I. Rabi Scholars program assists "some of Columbia College's most promising science students at the point of admission into the College." 1041:

By this time the Barnard Fellowship had expired, and Rabi and Helen were living on a $ 182 ($ 3,200 in 2023 dollars) per month stipend from the

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and find the energy states of such a mechanical system. The problem was that none of them could solve the resulting equation, a second-order

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who, believing that the sodium nucleus would be too difficult to understand, proposed studying the simplest of the elements, hydrogen. Its

2142: 1272:. This discovery meant that the physical shape of the deuteron was not symmetric, which provided valuable insight into the nature of the 8815: 8745: 8030: 7892: 727:, he became an atheist. "It's all very simple", he told his parents, adding, "Who needs God?" As a compromise with his parents, for his 8785: 2927: 1097: 851:, who used the method in his own investigations of crystals. Rabi concluded that he needed to promote his work as well as publish it. 8700: 8670: 8357: 4299: 2650: 1683: 642: 59: 3669:(October 1939). "The Magnetic Moment of the Proton and the Deuteron. The Radiofrequency Spectrum of 2H in Various Magnetic Fields". 8830: 8795: 8790: 5920: 4003:(1939). "The Molecular Beam Resonance Method for Measuring Nuclear Magnetic Moments. The Magnetic Moments of 3Li6, 3Li7 and 9F19". 3093: 1754: 1442: 2127:

How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States

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on July 16, 1926. He married Helen the next day. The paper attracted little fanfare in academic circles, although it was read by

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of certain crystals. In 1927, he headed for Europe, where he met and worked with many of the finest physicists of the time.

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recalled that after a lecture, students would head to the library to try to work out what Rabi had been talking about.

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binding nucleons. For the creation of the molecular-beam magnetic-resonance detection method, Rabi was awarded the

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of sodium. When the experiment was conducted, four beamlets were found, from which they deduced a nuclear spin of

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In 1929, Rabi returned to the United States, where Columbia offered him a faculty position. In collaboration with

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Like many other young physicists, Rabi was closely following momentous events in Europe. He was astounded by the

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set their sights on producing a microwave radar set by January 6, 1941, and having a prototype installed in a

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Millman, S. (1977). "Recollections of a Rabi Student of the Early Years in the Molecular Beam Laboratory".

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Tuxedo Park: A Wall Street Tycoon and the Secret Palace of Science That Changed the Course of World War II

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In the course of his life, Rabi received many honors in addition to the Nobel Prize. These included the

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Berger, Marilyn (January 12, 1988). "Isidor Isaac Rabi, a Pioneer in Atomic Physics, Dies at 89".

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Kronig, R. de L.; Rabi, I.I. (February 1928). "The Symmetrical Top in the Undulatory Mechanics".

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In September 1940, Rabi became a member of the Scientific Advisory Committee of the U.S. Army's

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were also working with Sommerfeld at the time, but the three Americans became especially close.

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isotope had only recently been discovered at Columbia in 1931 by Urey, who received the 1934

1117: 999: 928: 795:. Wills, whose specialty was magnetism, suggested that Rabi write his doctoral thesis on the 707: 321: 297: 270: 2931: 714: 8660: 8655: 8603: 8367: 8362: 8221: 8095: 7667: 7655: 7524: 7434: 7232: 6924: 6597: 6473: 6404: 6384: 6380: 6366: 6235: 5620: 5207: 4968: 4840: 4704: 4602: 4448: 4194: 4041: 4012: 4000: 3977: 3961: 3940: 3928: 3907: 3895: 3866: 3827: 3796: 3707: 3678: 3666: 3490: 3203: 2393: 1937: 1758: 1702: 1679: 1535: 1488: 1357: 944: 902:

to which Jacobi had found a solution. Kronig and Rabi wrote up their result and sent it to

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a few weeks later. He also became Eisenhower's Science Advisor. In 1956 Rabi attended the

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Oppenheimer: The Story of One of the Most Remarkable Personalities of the 20th Century

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Rabi, I.I. (January 1927). "On the Principal Magnetic Susceptibilities of Crystals".

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met with the SAC on October 15, 1957, to seek advice on possible US responses to the

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on the yield of the test, with predictions ranging from total dud to 45 kilotons of

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block of an original cavity magnetron, showing the resonant cavities, developed by

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Professor Emeritus until his death. A special chair was named after him in 1985.

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overrode the GAC's advice, and ordered development to proceed. Rabi later said:

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Rabi (seated, right) with fellow Nobel Prize laureates (standing left to right)

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Rabi, I.I. (March 1929b). "Zur Methode der Ablenkung von Molekularstrahlen".

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in 1952, serving as its chairman from 1956 to 1957. This coincided with the

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Rabi was appointed a member of the Science Advisory Committee (SAC) of the

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method. In 1937, Rabi, Kusch, Millman and Zacharias used it to measure the

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In 1931 Rabi returned to particle beam experiments. In collaboration with

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in Brooklyn, from which he graduated in 1916. Later that year, he entered

629:. After the war, he served on the General Advisory Committee (GAC) of the 8377: 8331: 8296: 8271: 8216: 8120: 8110: 7994: 7834: 7810: 7744: 7577: 7494: 7452: 7327: 7053: 7045: 6645: 6609: 6593: 6555: 5860: 5744: 5660: 5572: 5528: 5488: 5267: 5263: 5183: 5096: 5068: 4868: 4836: 4638: 4396: 4269: 2532: 1944: 1558:) came together, and on January 31, 1947, a contract was signed with the 1508: 1484: 1208: 1140: 728: 450: 3423:"Oppenheimer cast: Who plays who in Christopher Nolan's real-life drama" 2607: 2583: 2571: 8480: 8424: 8161: 8151: 8080: 7816: 7428: 7196: 7184: 7100: 6920: 6844: 6761: 6589: 6510: 6283: 5720: 5636: 5616: 5459: 5407: 5020: 4956: 4912: 4749: 4665: 4555: 4523: 3878: 1324:

brought a number of new technologies to the United States, including a

1306: 1269: 1058: 1054: 1010: 983: 979: 960: 768: 260: 3215: 2405: 1797:, and in 1959 was appointed a member of the board of governors of the 1562:(AEC), which had replaced the Manhattan Project, that established the 1128:. Rabi became the only Jewish faculty member at Columbia at the time. 678: 547: 136: 8522: 8388: 8156: 7959: 7088: 7076: 6836: 5877: 5108: 5080: 4916: 4174: 3839: 3326:"I.I. Rabi Scholars Program | Undergraduate Research and Fellowships" 3301:"I.I. Rabi Scholars Program | Undergraduate Research and Fellowships" 2766:, delivered at Columbia University in New York, on January 20, 1945). 2201: 1574: 1543: 1504: 1329: 1248: 1200: 783:. To be near her when she returned home, he continued his studies at 760: 744: 695: 601:. His techniques for using nuclear magnetic resonance to discern the 567: 7870: 1441:

In 1945, Rabi delivered the Richtmyer Memorial Lecture, held by the

1187:

Rabi's Molecular Beam Laboratory began to attract others, including

1028:, which published it in February 1929, followed by a paper entitled 920: 8562: 8395: 7929: 6898: 6816: 6498: 4856: 3816:

Rabi, I.I. (February 2, 1929). "Refraction of Beams of Molecules".

1607: 1333: 1251:. Applying the method to hydrogen, they found that the moment of a 987: 914:

In May 1927, Rabi was appointed a Barnard Fellow. This came with a

8811:

Recipients of the King's Medal for Service in the Cause of Freedom

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went on to develop air-to-surface radar to detect submarines, the

8552: 8419: 7049: 6973: 3449:"Oppenheimer cast: Full list of actors in Christopher Nolan film" 1528: 1260: 1192: 1046: 1006: 915: 699: 571: 376: 3012: 3000: 1600:

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

978:

present a paper on quantum mechanics. Afterwards, Rabi moved to

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from the American Association of Physics Teachers in 1982, the

1433:. The blast was rated at 18.6 kilotons, and Rabi won the pool. 1252: 1049:, where he hoped to work with Heisenberg. In Leipzig, he found 800: 654: 404: 150: 3238:"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement" 2988: 1697:

to nuclear weapons. He served as the US Representative to the

2078: 1386: 1341: 1298: 1239:

of several lithium compounds with molecular beams, including

967: 791:. In June 1924 Rabi landed a job as a part-time tutor at the 614: 493: 3036: 2559: 818:

Measuring the magnetic resonance of crystals first involved

8500: 7969: 6916: 4347: 3124: 3096:. Array of Contemporary American Physicists. Archived from 2930:. Array of Contemporary American Physicists. Archived from 1806: 1789:. He was internationally recognized with membership in the 1698: 1615: 1555: 990:. After Bohr returned in October, he arranged for Rabi and 658: 499: 3660: 3575:

A Different Sort of Time: The Life of Jerrold R. Zacharias

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in Berlin. Rabi therefore decided to seek a position with

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in July 1945. The scientists working on Trinity set up a

578:, where he was awarded his doctorate for a thesis on the 524: 238: 3608:. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. 3175: 3173: 2834: 2832: 2734: 2732: 2219: 3547:

US Submarines Since 1945: An Illustrated Design History

3136: 2631: 2484: 2448: 2424: 2311: 2309: 2294: 2272: 2270: 2243: 2231: 2207: 2180: 2168: 2156: 2066: 755:

at Cornell. For his senior thesis, he investigated the

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from Great Britain in 1948, the officer in the French

1207:

for this work. Urey was able to supply them with both

1032:("On the method of deflection of molecular beams") to 839:

On the Principal Magnetic Susceptibilities of Crystals

723:

when he was in elementary school. After reading about

411:

On the principal magnetic susceptibilities of crystals

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A legacy of the Manhattan Project was the network of

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was chosen as both unremarkable and a tribute to the

892:

Einführung in die Theorie der Differentialgleichungen

2908: 2844: 2472: 2360: 2321: 2306: 2282: 2267: 1982: 1147:

considered Rabi's lectures "pretty dreadful", while

670:

Israel Isaac Rabi was born on July 29, 1898, into a

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Emigrants from Austria-Hungary to the United States

3966:"A New Method of Measuring Nuclear Magnetic Moment" 1994: 1970: 1116:, was looking for a theoretical physicist to teach 894:, which describes a method originally developed by 803:vapor. The topic did not appeal to Rabi, but after 597:could be modified to confirm the properties of the 487: 4152:. Sloan Foundation Series. New York: Basic Books. 3736: 1212:Molecular Beam Laboratory included Norman Ramsey, 1155:at its conclusion. He became a professor in 1937. 972:British Association for the Advancement of Science 8776:Office of Science and Technology Policy officials 1356:(MIT) to develop this radar technology. The name 947:instead. In Munich, he found two more Americans, 653:in 1946, and later, as United States delegate to 8647: 3768:Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences 3549:. Annapolis, MD: United States Naval Institute. 1735:Barnard Medal for Meritorious Service to Science 1727:King's Medal for Service in the Cause of Freedom 649:. He was involved with the establishment of the 3600: 2994: 2775:"Meeting at New York, January 19 and 20, 1945" 2762:Isidor I. Rabi, "Radiofrequency spectroscopy" ( 2723: 2653:. U.S. Army Research Laboratory. Archived from 2095: 2093: 1777:in 1986. He was a Fellow (elected 1931) of the 1030:Zur Methode der Ablenkung von Molekularstrahlen 1017:experiments, for which Stern would receive the 8766:Niels Bohr International Gold Medal recipients 8751:Institute for Advanced Study visiting scholars 5858: 3931:(1934b). "The magnetic moment of the deuton". 3898:(1934a). "The magnetic moment of the proton". 1101:Rabi (right) with fellow Nobel Prize winners 7886: 7137: 6062: 5844: 4333: 3739:Mechanizing Proof: Computing, Risk, and Trust 3630: 3252: 3042: 3018: 3006: 1701:Science Committee at the time that the term " 1352:decided to establish a new laboratory at the 177:Riverside Cemetery (Saddle Brook, New Jersey) 6076: 3447:Moss, Molly; Knight, Lewis (July 22, 2023). 2090: 1612:Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire 1092: 8846:Presidents of the American Physical Society 7153:Presidents of the American Physical Society 3074:. Restricted Data: the Nuclear Secrecy Blog 3066: 2651:"BRL's Scientific Advisory Committee, 1940" 1631:unanimously opposed the development of the 7893: 7879: 7144: 7130: 6069: 6055: 5851: 5837: 4340: 4326: 4273: 4253: 3697: 3446: 3158:. The Franklin Institute. January 15, 2014 2084: 42: 4188: 3989: 3734: 3571: 3477: 3142: 2637: 2565: 2514: 2490: 2466: 1693:conference, where discussion ranged from 858:, which convinced him of the validity of 8736:Fellows of the American Physical Society 8696:American people of Polish-Jewish descent 7005:/ Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / 5921:International Committee of the Red Cross 4234:. War and Peace in the Nuclear Age. 1986 3541: 3130: 2788: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2120: 2100: 1755:Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute 1568: 1465: 1443:American Association of Physics Teachers 1340:. This device promised to revolutionize 1293: 1096: 3765: 2951: 2949: 2442: 2143:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–" 1765:in 1985, the Golden Plate Award of the 1470:Rabi with fellow Nobel Prize laureates 1328:, a high-powered device that generates 829:A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism 14: 8648: 4300:President's Science Advisory Committee 4142: 4110: 4080: 3509: 3420: 3382: 3179: 3118: 3054: 3030: 2982: 2970: 2955: 2914: 2850: 2838: 2823: 2750: 2738: 2711: 2699: 2687: 2675: 2601: 2553: 2502: 2478: 2454: 2430: 2366: 2327: 2315: 2300: 2288: 2276: 2261: 2249: 2237: 2189: 2174: 2162: 2072: 2048: 2036: 2024: 2012: 2000: 1988: 1976: 1964: 1684:President's Science Advisory Committee 566:student in 1916, but soon switched to 60:President's Science Advisory Committee 7900: 7874: 7125: 6050: 5832: 4321: 4046:Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 3854: 2866:. Columbia University. Archived from 2794:"'Cosmic pendulum' for clock planned" 2333: 2225: 2141:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. 1839: 1787:American Academy of Arts and Sciences 1602:(UNESCO). At a UNESCO meeting at the 1354:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1332:using the interaction of a stream of 874:and others, he set out to extend the 807:gave a seminar at Columbia about the 619:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 395:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 8716:Nobel laureates from Austria-Hungary 6482:The Generation Twenty-Five and Under 3999:Rabi, I.I.; Millman, S.; Kusch, P.; 3815: 3786: 2946: 2920: 2213: 2060: 1143:as "the worst teachers I ever had". 2590:Rabi, Kellogg & Zacharias 1934b 2578:Rabi, Kellogg & Zacharias 1934a 1739:Niels Bohr International Gold Medal 1621: 1517:Eugene Higgins professor of physics 1350:National Defense Research Committee 1038:, where it was published in April. 982:, where he volunteered to work for 970:for the 97th annual meeting of the 966:On Wills' advice, Rabi traveled to 24: 8816:Recipients of the Legion of Honour 8746:Jews from Galicia (Eastern Europe) 8358:Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 4232:"Interview with Isidor Isaac Rabi" 4120:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 3780:10.1111/j.2164-0947.1977.tb02951.x 3519:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 3072:"Oppenheimer, Unredacted: Part II" 2346:"Isidor Isaac Rabi – Biographical" 1848:in the 1980 television miniseries 710:, where they ran a grocery store. 25: 8862: 8786:People from Brownsville, Brooklyn 4224: 3964:; Millman, S.; Kusch, P. (1938). 1191:, a graduate student who studied 898:. The equation had the form of a 613:During World War II he worked on 570:. Later, he became interested in 8701:Atoms for Peace Award recipients 8671:20th-century American physicists 8633: 8621: 8609: 8597: 8574: 8573: 2380:"Obituary: Victor William Cohen" 1876:My Life and Times as a Physicist 849:Kariamanickam Srinivasa Krishnan 483: 353: 8831:American theoretical physicists 8796:People from the Upper West Side 8791:People from the Lower East Side 3440: 3421:Collis, Clark (July 21, 2023). 3414: 3388: 3343: 3318: 3293: 3274: 3246:American Academy of Achievement 3230: 3185: 3148: 3086: 3060: 2890:"Martin L. Perl – Biographical" 2882: 2856: 2782: 2769: 2756: 2643: 2372: 1767:American Academy of Achievement 1733:in 1956, Columbia University's 1289: 1195:for his doctorate. Another was 1009:to work with Pauli, Rabi found 927:, he met two fellow Americans, 749:American entry into World War I 195: 8836:Vannevar Bush Award recipients 3262:. National Academy of Sciences 3192:"Rabi Awarded Barnard Medal". 3094:"White House Science Advisers" 2779:, vol. 67, pp. 199–204 (1945). 1934:Science: The Center of Culture 1783:American Philosophical Society 1668:Office of Defense Mobilization 1655:controversial security hearing 1564:Brookhaven National Laboratory 1396:attempted to recruit Rabi and 1285:List of Jewish Nobel laureates 906:, which published it in 1927. 743:student, but soon switched to 665: 651:Brookhaven National Laboratory 635:Office of Defense Mobilization 574:. He continued his studies at 27:American physicist (1898–1988) 13: 1: 8821:Scientists from New York City 4265:Mathematics Genealogy Project 4117:The Making of the Atomic Bomb 3661:Kellogg, J.M.B.; Rabi, I.I.; 3604:; Anderson, Oscar E. (1962). 3469: 1799:Weizmann Institute of Science 1795:Brazilian Academy of Sciences 1436: 1362:Berkeley Radiation Laboratory 1318:Ballistic Research Laboratory 923:, where he hoped to work for 884:partial differential equation 639:Ballistic Research Laboratory 515:in 1944 for his discovery of 8518:Oppenheimer security hearing 3743:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 3578:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 2392:(1): 111–112. January 1975. 2135:American Antiquarian Society 2115:American Antiquarian Society 1763:National Academy of Sciences 1531:. Rabi had discussions with 1131:Rabi was a poor instructor. 994:to continue their work with 937:Friedrich Wilhelm University 774: 7: 8781:People associated with CERN 8721:Columbia University faculty 8691:American nuclear physicists 7411:Charles Christian Lauritsen 4149:Rabi, Scientist and Citizen 3927:Rabi, I.I.; Kellogg, J.M.; 3894:Rabi, I.I.; Kellogg, J.M.; 3572:Goldstein, Jack S. (1992). 2995:Hewlett & Anderson 1962 2928:"Isidor Isaac "I. I." Rabi" 2724:Hewlett & Anderson 1962 1932:Rabi, Isidor Isaac (1970). 1874:Rabi, Isidor Isaac (1960). 1775:National Science Foundation 886:. Rabi found the answer in 811:of certain crystals called 787:, where his supervisor was 753:Student Army Training Corps 733:Manual Training High School 698:. At home the family spoke 685:, in what was then part of 10: 8867: 8771:Nobel laureates in Physics 8761:Medal for Merit recipients 8741:Jewish American physicists 8726:Columbia University alumni 7280:William Francis Gray Swann 6343:Hungarian Freedom Fighters 3735:MacKenzie, Donald (2001). 3634:; Duncan, Francis (1969). 2764:Richtmyer Memorial Lecture 1834:magnetic resonance imaging 1320:. That month, the British 1282: 1270:electric quadrupole moment 1233:nuclear magnetic resonance 662:Lecturer until his death. 521:magnetic resonance imaging 517:nuclear magnetic resonance 256:Nuclear magnetic resonance 8731:Cornell University alumni 8711:Jews from Austria-Hungary 8571: 8461:Bismuth phosphate process 8456:Atomic Energy Act of 1946 8443: 8412: 8345: 8134: 8003: 7917: 7908: 7847:Sylvester James Gates Jr. 7719: 7564: 7403: 7260: 7191:Edward Leamington Nichols 7159: 6863: 6629: 6294: 6284:The American Fighting-Man 6087: 5974: 5949: 5930: 5911: 5887: 5868: 5469: 5126: 4815: 4593: 4359: 4306: 4296: 4288: 4283: 3286:American Physical Society 3043:Hewlett & Duncan 1969 3019:Hewlett & Duncan 1969 3007:Hewlett & Duncan 1969 1878:. Claremont, California: 1827:Rabi died at his home on 1779:American Physical Society 1708: 1628:Atomic Energy Act of 1946 1503:), a research scientist ( 1265:neutron's magnetic moment 1093:Molecular Beam Laboratory 909: 472: 468: 464: 433: 421: 403: 382: 372: 365: 361: 349: 284: 248: 213: 205: 182: 172: 158: 119: 114: 110: 98: 86: 76: 65: 57: 53: 41: 34: 8756:Manhattan Project people 8686:American Nobel laureates 8676:Jewish American atheists 7584:Norman Foster Ramsey Jr. 7417:John Hasbrouck Van Vleck 7245:Thomas Corwin Mendenhall 7001:: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. 3636:Atomic Shield, 1947–1952 3606:The New World, 1939–1946 1952: 1867: 1822: 1680:Soviet satellite success 1560:Atomic Energy Commission 1409:under contract from the 1407:University of California 1263:with aligned spins, the 1205:Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1045:. They left Hamburg for 896:Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi 856:Stern–Gerlach experiment 793:City College of New York 725:Copernican heliocentrism 657:, with the creation of 631:Atomic Energy Commission 595:Stern–Gerlach experiment 542:Born into a traditional 8841:Yiddish-speaking people 8538:S-1 Executive Committee 8486:Einstein–Szilard letter 7602:Arthur Leonard Schawlow 7358:Arthur Jeffrey Dempster 7346:Percy Williams Bridgman 7221:Robert Andrews Millikan 6499:The Apollo 8 Astronauts 5902:Johannes Vilhelm Jensen 4058:10.1002/jmri.1880020203 900:hypergeometric equation 880:symmetric top molecules 809:electric susceptibility 797:magnetic susceptibility 751:in 1917, he joined the 593:and predicted that the 580:magnetic susceptibility 292:Newcomb Cleveland Prize 7980:Salt Wells Pilot Plant 7501:John Archibald Wheeler 7388:Francis Wheeler Loomis 7322:John Torrence Tate Sr. 7209:Benjamin Osgood Peirce 7167:Henry Augustus Rowland 6458:Martin Luther King Jr. 5980:Nobel Prize recipients 5965:Herbert Spencer Gasser 5951:Physiology or Medicine 5942:(United States/Poland) 4353:Nobel Prize in Physics 4207:10.1002/andp.201100228 4025:10.1103/PhysRev.55.526 3991:10.1103/PhysRev.53.318 3953:10.1103/PhysRev.46.163 3920:10.1103/PhysRev.46.157 3858:Zeitschrift für Physik 3809:10.1103/PhysRev.29.174 3720:10.1103/PhysRev.29.262 3691:10.1103/PhysRev.56.728 3503:10.1103/PhysRev.46.230 3260:"Public Welfare Award" 3202:(8): 52. August 1960. 2420:on September 27, 2013. 2085:Kronig & Rabi 1928 1844:Rabi was portrayed by 1691:anti-submarine warfare 1664: 1650: 1590: 1583:Samuel Chao Chung Ting 1479: 1313: 1278:Nobel Prize in Physics 1109: 1071:Francis Wheeler Loomis 1043:Rockefeller Foundation 1035:Zeitschrift für Physik 1019:Nobel Prize in Physics 949:Howard Percy Robertson 805:William Lawrence Bragg 741:electrical engineering 564:electrical engineering 513:Nobel Prize in Physics 304:Nobel Prize in Physics 8851:J. Robert Oppenheimer 8666:20th-century atheists 8558:X-10 Graphite Reactor 8513:Nobel Prize laureates 8383:509th Composite Group 7704:Jerome Isaac Friedman 7382:J. Robert Oppenheimer 7203:William Francis Magie 7179:Arthur Gordon Webster 6915:The Good Samaritans: 6212:Franklin D. Roosevelt 6152:Franklin D. Roosevelt 6136:Franklin D. Roosevelt 3398:. BFI. Archived from 3351:"Rabi, Helen Newmark" 2566:Breit & Rabi 1934 1743:Atoms for Peace Award 1715:Elliott Cresson Medal 1659: 1641: 1572: 1525:national laboratories 1469: 1402:Los Alamos Laboratory 1311:Birmingham University 1297: 1227:At the suggestion of 1118:statistical mechanics 1100: 1000:University of Hamburg 929:Julius Adams Stratton 708:Brownsville, Brooklyn 322:Atoms for Peace Award 298:Elliott Cresson Medal 271:Rabi resonance method 8466:British contribution 8368:Operation Peppermint 8363:Operation Crossroads 8222:Maria Goeppert Mayer 7668:Donald N. Langenberg 7656:Nicolaas Bloembergen 7525:Edward Mills Purcell 7435:Raymond Thayer Birge 7233:Joseph Sweetman Ames 7032:The Silence Breakers 6899:The American Soldier 6880:The Whistleblowers: 6738:The Endangered Earth 6520:The Middle Americans 6474:William Westmoreland 6367:Dwight D. Eisenhower 6236:Dwight D. Eisenhower 4086:I. I. Rabi 1898–1988 3427:Entertainment Weekly 3385:, pp. xxi–xxii. 3282:"APS Fellow Archive" 3070:(January 16, 2015). 2792:(January 21, 1945). 2202:Toennies et al. 2011 1938:World Publishing Co. 1901:Weisskopf, Victor F. 1895:Rabi, Isidor Isaac; 1759:Public Welfare Medal 1703:software engineering 1536:Leslie R. Groves Jr. 1489:Maria Goeppert-Mayer 1417:. Rabi attended the 1358:Radiation Laboratory 1005:Although he came to 945:University of Munich 876:Schrödinger equation 820:growing the crystals 765:Lederle Laboratories 647:Dwight D. Eisenhower 625:(RadLab) and on the 623:Radiation Laboratory 334:Public Welfare Medal 81:Dwight D. Eisenhower 8801:People from Rymanów 8227:George Kistiakowsky 8182:Charles Critchfield 7841:Philip H. Bucksbaum 7733:William F. Brinkman 7620:Mildred Dresselhaus 7543:Joseph Edward Mayer 7519:Luis Walter Alvarez 7483:John Harry Williams 7310:Harrison M. Randall 7268:Karl Taylor Compton 7173:Albert A. Michelson 7097:Volodymyr Zelenskyy 6081:Persons of the Year 4284:Government offices 4199:2011AnP...523.1045T 4017:1939PhRv...55..526R 3982:1938PhRv...53..318R 3945:1934PhRv...46..163R 3912:1934PhRv...46..157R 3871:1929ZPhy...54..190R 3832:1929Natur.123..163R 3801:1927PhRv...29..174R 3712:1927PhRv...29..262K 3683:1939PhRv...56..728K 3632:Hewlett, Richard G. 3602:Hewlett, Richard G. 3495:1934PhRv...46..230B 3242:www.achievement.org 3208:1960PhT....13h..52. 3156:"Isidor Isaac Rabi" 3133:, pp. 109–114. 3121:, pp. 248–251. 3021:, pp. 403–408. 3009:, pp. 380–385. 2985:, pp. 235–237. 2973:, pp. 182–185. 2960:. pp. A1, A24. 2934:on October 17, 2012 2870:on October 29, 2012 2826:, pp. 170–171. 2753:, pp. 155–156. 2726:, pp. 230–232. 2702:, pp. 135–135. 2690:, pp. 131–134. 2678:, pp. 209–213. 2657:on December 1, 2016 2628:, pp. 131–133. 2604:, pp. 112–113. 2592:, pp. 163–165. 2580:, pp. 157–163. 2568:, pp. 230–231. 2542:Kellogg et al. 1939 2529:, pp. 526–535. 2398:1975PhT....28a.111. 2228:, pp. 190–197. 2216:, pp. 163–164. 2087:, pp. 262–269. 2063:, pp. 174–185. 1817:Columbia University 1771:Vannevar Bush Award 1751:Four Freedoms Award 1645:Russians had a bomb 1451:William L. Laurence 1364:. Loomis recruited 1164:Breit-Rabi equation 1162:, he developed the 1125:President Roosevelt 824:James Clerk Maxwell 785:Columbia University 591:Breit–Rabi equation 589:, he developed the 576:Columbia University 531:, which is used in 519:, which is used in 428:Albert Potter Wills 390:Columbia University 340:Vannevar Bush Award 231:Columbia University 168:New York City, U.S. 8628:Nuclear technology 8616:History of science 8292:Henry DeWolf Smyth 8071:Robert Oppenheimer 8026:Priscilla Duffield 7805:Malcolm R. Beasley 7769:Arthur Bienenstock 7644:James A. Krumhansl 7590:Lewis M. Branscomb 7477:William V. Houston 7447:Henry DeWolf Smyth 7376:Lee Alvin DuBridge 7316:Lyman James Briggs 7304:Floyd K. Richtmyer 6662:Ayatollah Khomeini 6327:John Foster Dulles 4272:on Nobelprize.org 4177:Annalen der Physik 3879:10.1007/BF01339837 3402:on October 1, 2017 3355:The New York Times 2958:The New York Times 2802:The New York Times 1840:In popular culture 1719:Franklin Institute 1593:Rabi suggested to 1591: 1480: 1456:The New York Times 1447:Floyd K. Richtmyer 1394:Robert Oppenheimer 1374:Douglas A-20 Havoc 1314: 1149:William Nierenberg 1110: 1103:Ernest O. Lawrence 1051:Robert Oppenheimer 888:Ludwig Schlesinger 737:Cornell University 717:—was published in 560:Cornell University 276:Breit-Rabi formula 221:Cornell University 8681:American atheists 8585: 8584: 8507:Los Alamos Primer 8496:Interim Committee 8451:African Americans 8403:The Great Artiste 8262:Isidor Isaac Rabi 8257:Norman Ramsey Jr. 8056:Franklin Matthias 7995:Heavy water sites 7902:Manhattan Project 7868: 7867: 7799:Michael S. Turner 7638:Val Logsdon Fitch 7608:Maurice Goldhaber 7572:William A. Fowler 7507:Charles H. Townes 7394:Isidor Isaac Rabi 7227:Henry A. Bumstead 7119: 7118: 7101:Spirit of Ukraine 6801:Pope John Paul II 6778:The Peacemakers: 6754:George H. W. Bush 6746:Mikhail Gorbachev 6730:Mikhail Gorbachev 6574:Susan Brownmiller 6490:Lyndon B. Johnson 6466:Lyndon B. Johnson 6375:U.S. Scientists: 6359:Charles de Gaulle 6351:Nikita Khrushchev 6303:Mohammed Mosaddeq 6276:Winston Churchill 6204:Winston Churchill 6096:Charles Lindbergh 6044: 6043: 5940:Isidor Isaac Rabi 5826: 5825: 4316: 4315: 4307:Succeeded by 4270:Isidor Isaac Rabi 4261:Isidor Isaac Rabi 4247:Isidor Isaac Rabi 4183:(12): 1045–1070. 3826:(3092): 163–164. 3357:. June 21, 2005. 3216:10.1063/1.3057088 3068:Wellerstein, Alex 2864:"Columbia Nobels" 2790:Laurence, William 2517:, pp. 33–34. 2469:, pp. 21–22. 2457:, pp. 88–89. 2433:, pp. 84–88. 2406:10.1063/1.3068792 2303:, pp. 71–72. 2252:, pp. 66–69. 2240:, pp. 65–67. 2192:, pp. 60–62. 2177:, pp. 57–59. 2165:, pp. 55–57. 2075:, pp. 50–53. 2051:, pp. 41–45. 2039:, pp. 35–40. 2027:, pp. 33–34. 2015:, pp. 27–28. 1967:, pp. 17–21. 1909:Seaborg, Glenn T. 1880:Claremont College 1858:in the 2023 film 1676:Dwight Eisenhower 1495:, Norman Ramsey, 1476:Werner Heisenberg 1415:Manhattan Project 1346:Alfred Lee Loomis 1257:nuclear magnetons 1197:Jerrold Zacharias 976:Werner Heisenberg 974:, where he heard 941:Arnold Sommerfeld 925:Erwin Schrödinger 860:quantum mechanics 837:thesis, entitled 627:Manhattan Project 509:Israel Isaac Rabi 479:Isidor Isaac Rabi 476: 475: 434:Doctoral students 367:Scientific career 154: 124:Israel Isaac Rabi 36:Isidor Isaac Rabi 16:(Redirected from 8858: 8638: 8637: 8626: 8625: 8624: 8614: 8613: 8612: 8602: 8601: 8600: 8593: 8577: 8576: 8528:Quebec Agreement 8312:John von Neumann 8252:George B. Pegram 8061:Dorothy McKibbin 7895: 7888: 7881: 7872: 7871: 7775:Cherry A. Murray 7692:D. Allan Bromley 7662:Ernest M. Henley 7650:Eugen Merzbacher 7626:Robert R. Wilson 7465:Victor Weisskopf 7459:George Uhlenbeck 7334:George B. Pegram 7146: 7139: 7132: 7123: 7122: 7112: 7104: 7092: 7084: 7072: 7064: 7062: 7035: 7027: 7019: 7011: 7009: 6993: 6985: 6977: 6969: 6961: 6953: 6945: 6937: 6929: 6927: 6910: 6902: 6894: 6892: 6875: 6872:Rudolph Giuliani 6856: 6848: 6840: 6828: 6820: 6812: 6804: 6796: 6794: 6773: 6765: 6757: 6749: 6741: 6733: 6725: 6717: 6709: 6701: 6689: 6681: 6673: 6665: 6657: 6649: 6641: 6622: 6620: 6606:Billie Jean King 6572:American Women: 6567: 6559: 6551: 6539: 6531: 6523: 6515: 6513: 6493: 6485: 6477: 6469: 6461: 6453: 6445: 6437: 6435: 6417:William Shockley 6393:Joshua Lederberg 6389:Donald A. Glaser 6370: 6362: 6354: 6346: 6338: 6330: 6322: 6314: 6306: 6287: 6279: 6271: 6263: 6255: 6247: 6239: 6231: 6223: 6215: 6207: 6199: 6191: 6183: 6171: 6163: 6155: 6147: 6139: 6131: 6123: 6115: 6107: 6099: 6071: 6064: 6057: 6048: 6047: 5982: 5853: 5846: 5839: 5830: 5829: 5819: 5803: 5787: 5771: 5755: 5739: 5723: 5707: 5691: 5679: 5663: 5651: 5639: 5623: 5611: 5595: 5579: 5567: 5555: 5539: 5523: 5507: 5491: 5462: 5446: 5434: 5418: 5402: 5386: 5374: 5362: 5350: 5342: 5334: 5318: 5302: 5286: 5274: 5258: 5250: 5238: 5226: 5218: 5202: 5190: 5174: 5158: 5142: 5119: 5103: 5091: 5075: 5059: 5051: 5039: 5031: 5023: 5015: 5007: 4991: 4975: 4959: 4951: 4939: 4931: 4919: 4903: 4891: 4875: 4863: 4851: 4843: 4831: 4808: 4800: 4792: 4784: 4776: 4768: 4760: 4752: 4744: 4743: 4737: 4736: 4730: 4729: 4723: 4715: 4707: 4695: 4683: 4675: 4674: 4668: 4656: 4648: 4647: 4641: 4633: 4625: 4617: 4605: 4586: 4574: 4566: 4558: 4550: 4542: 4534: 4526: 4518: 4510: 4509: 4503: 4491: 4483: 4481:Kamerlingh Onnes 4475: 4467: 4459: 4451: 4439: 4431: 4423: 4415: 4407: 4399: 4383: 4371: 4342: 4335: 4328: 4319: 4318: 4298:Chairman of the 4289:Preceded by 4281: 4280: 4277: 4257: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4218: 4192: 4171: 4139: 4107: 4077: 4036: 3995: 3993: 3956: 3923: 3890: 3865:(3–4): 190–197. 3851: 3840:10.1038/123163b0 3812: 3783: 3762: 3742: 3731: 3694: 3663:Ramsey, N.F. Jr. 3657: 3627: 3597: 3568: 3543:Friedman, Norman 3538: 3506: 3464: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3444: 3438: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3418: 3412: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3392: 3386: 3380: 3374: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3347: 3341: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3330:urf.columbia.edu 3322: 3316: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3305:urf.columbia.edu 3297: 3291: 3289: 3278: 3272: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3256: 3250: 3249: 3234: 3228: 3227: 3189: 3183: 3177: 3168: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3152: 3146: 3140: 3134: 3128: 3122: 3116: 3110: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3100:on July 22, 2013 3090: 3084: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3064: 3058: 3052: 3046: 3040: 3034: 3028: 3022: 3016: 3010: 3004: 2998: 2992: 2986: 2980: 2974: 2968: 2962: 2961: 2953: 2944: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2924: 2918: 2912: 2906: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2886: 2880: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2860: 2854: 2848: 2842: 2836: 2827: 2821: 2815: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2798: 2786: 2780: 2773: 2767: 2760: 2754: 2748: 2742: 2736: 2727: 2721: 2715: 2709: 2703: 2697: 2691: 2685: 2679: 2673: 2667: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2647: 2641: 2635: 2629: 2626:Rabi et al. 1992 2623: 2617: 2614:Rabi et al. 1938 2611: 2605: 2599: 2593: 2587: 2581: 2575: 2569: 2563: 2557: 2551: 2545: 2539: 2530: 2527:Rabi et al. 1939 2524: 2518: 2512: 2506: 2500: 2494: 2488: 2482: 2476: 2470: 2464: 2458: 2452: 2446: 2440: 2434: 2428: 2422: 2421: 2416:. Archived from 2376: 2370: 2364: 2358: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2342: 2331: 2325: 2319: 2313: 2304: 2298: 2292: 2286: 2280: 2274: 2265: 2259: 2253: 2247: 2241: 2235: 2229: 2223: 2217: 2211: 2205: 2199: 2193: 2187: 2178: 2172: 2166: 2160: 2154: 2153: 2151: 2149: 2138: 2132: 2118: 2112: 2097: 2088: 2082: 2076: 2070: 2064: 2058: 2052: 2046: 2040: 2034: 2028: 2022: 2016: 2010: 2004: 1998: 1992: 1986: 1980: 1974: 1968: 1962: 1948: 1928: 1891: 1813:site in France. 1731:Legion of Honour 1622:Military matters 1453:wrote it up for 1326:cavity magnetron 1245:lithium fluoride 1241:lithium chloride 1214:Julian Schwinger 1183: 1182: 1178: 1114:George B. Pegram 1075:John von Neumann 767:, and then as a 757:oxidation states 720:Modern Electrics 529:cavity magnetron 506: 505: 502: 501: 498: 495: 492: 489: 441:Julian Schwinger 423:Doctoral advisor 417: 357: 199: 197: 165: 162:January 11, 1988 148: 133: 131: 115:Personal details 101: 89: 70: 58:Chairman of the 46: 32: 31: 21: 8866: 8865: 8861: 8860: 8859: 8857: 8856: 8855: 8826:Spectroscopists 8806:Polish atheists 8646: 8645: 8644: 8632: 8622: 8620: 8610: 8608: 8598: 8596: 8588: 8586: 8581: 8567: 8533:RaLa Experiment 8439: 8408: 8373:Project Alberta 8341: 8337:Chien-Shiung Wu 8267:James Rainwater 8202:Richard Feynman 8192:John R. Dunning 8167:Norris Bradbury 8130: 8116:Stafford Warren 8086:William Purnell 8066:Kenneth Nichols 8046:Ernest Lawrence 8021:James B. Conant 7999: 7913: 7904: 7899: 7869: 7864: 7853:Frances Hellman 7751:Marvin L. Cohen 7739:Myriam Sarachik 7727:George Trilling 7715: 7710:James S. Langer 7686:J.R. Schrieffer 7596:Herman Feshbach 7560: 7555:Chien-Shiung Wu 7537:Philip M. Morse 7471:Frederick Seitz 7399: 7364:Harvey Fletcher 7256: 7155: 7150: 7120: 7115: 7107: 7095: 7087: 7075: 7067: 7042:Jamal Khashoggi 7040:The Guardians: 7039: 7038: 7030: 7022: 7014: 6997: 6996: 6988: 6980: 6972: 6966:Mark Zuckerberg 6964: 6956: 6948: 6940: 6932: 6914: 6913: 6905: 6897: 6890:Sherron Watkins 6879: 6878: 6870: 6859: 6851: 6843: 6831: 6823: 6815: 6807: 6799: 6777: 6776: 6768: 6760: 6752: 6744: 6736: 6728: 6720: 6712: 6706:Peter Ueberroth 6704: 6692: 6684: 6676: 6668: 6660: 6652: 6644: 6636: 6625: 6578:Kathleen Byerly 6571: 6570: 6562: 6554: 6544:Henry Kissinger 6542: 6534: 6526: 6518: 6497: 6496: 6488: 6480: 6472: 6464: 6456: 6450:Pope John XXIII 6448: 6442:John F. Kennedy 6440: 6433:Robert Woodward 6429:James Van Allen 6374: 6373: 6365: 6357: 6349: 6341: 6333: 6325: 6319:Konrad Adenauer 6317: 6309: 6301: 6290: 6282: 6274: 6268:Harry S. Truman 6266: 6260:George Marshall 6258: 6252:James F. Byrnes 6250: 6244:Harry S. Truman 6242: 6234: 6228:George Marshall 6226: 6218: 6210: 6202: 6194: 6186: 6176:Chiang Kai-shek 6174: 6166: 6158: 6150: 6144:Hugh S. Johnson 6142: 6134: 6126: 6120:Mohandas Gandhi 6118: 6110: 6104:Walter Chrysler 6102: 6094: 6083: 6075: 6045: 6040: 5978: 5970: 5967:(United States) 5961:(United States) 5959:Joseph Erlanger 5945: 5926: 5907: 5883: 5864: 5857: 5827: 5822: 5806: 5790: 5774: 5758: 5742: 5726: 5710: 5694: 5682: 5666: 5654: 5642: 5626: 5614: 5598: 5582: 5570: 5558: 5542: 5526: 5510: 5494: 5478: 5471: 5465: 5449: 5437: 5421: 5412:Cohen-Tannoudji 5405: 5389: 5377: 5365: 5353: 5345: 5337: 5321: 5305: 5289: 5277: 5261: 5253: 5241: 5229: 5221: 5205: 5193: 5177: 5161: 5145: 5133: 5122: 5106: 5094: 5078: 5062: 5054: 5042: 5034: 5026: 5018: 5010: 4994: 4978: 4962: 4954: 4942: 4934: 4922: 4906: 4894: 4878: 4866: 4854: 4846: 4834: 4822: 4811: 4803: 4795: 4787: 4779: 4771: 4763: 4755: 4747: 4741: 4740: 4734: 4733: 4727: 4726: 4718: 4710: 4698: 4686: 4678: 4672: 4671: 4659: 4651: 4645: 4644: 4636: 4628: 4620: 4608: 4600: 4589: 4577: 4569: 4561: 4553: 4545: 4537: 4529: 4521: 4513: 4507: 4506: 4494: 4486: 4478: 4470: 4462: 4454: 4442: 4434: 4426: 4418: 4410: 4402: 4386: 4374: 4366: 4355: 4346: 4312: 4303: 4294: 4237: 4235: 4230: 4227: 4222: 4221: 4160: 4144:Rigden, John S. 4128: 4112:Rhodes, Richard 4096: 4042:Zacharias, J.R. 4005:Physical Review 4001:Zacharias, J.R. 3970:Physical Review 3962:Zacharias, J.R. 3933:Physical Review 3929:Zacharias, J.R. 3900:Physical Review 3896:Zacharias, J.R. 3789:Physical Review 3751: 3700:Physical Review 3671:Physical Review 3667:Zacharias, J.R. 3646: 3616: 3586: 3557: 3527: 3483:Physical Review 3472: 3467: 3457: 3455: 3445: 3441: 3431: 3429: 3419: 3415: 3405: 3403: 3394: 3393: 3389: 3381: 3377: 3367: 3365: 3349: 3348: 3344: 3334: 3332: 3324: 3323: 3319: 3309: 3307: 3299: 3298: 3294: 3280: 3279: 3275: 3265: 3263: 3258: 3257: 3253: 3236: 3235: 3231: 3191: 3190: 3186: 3178: 3171: 3161: 3159: 3154: 3153: 3149: 3141: 3137: 3129: 3125: 3117: 3113: 3103: 3101: 3092: 3091: 3087: 3077: 3075: 3065: 3061: 3053: 3049: 3041: 3037: 3029: 3025: 3017: 3013: 3005: 3001: 2993: 2989: 2981: 2977: 2969: 2965: 2954: 2947: 2937: 2935: 2926: 2925: 2921: 2913: 2909: 2899: 2897: 2888: 2887: 2883: 2873: 2871: 2862: 2861: 2857: 2849: 2845: 2837: 2830: 2822: 2818: 2808: 2806: 2796: 2787: 2783: 2777:Physical Review 2774: 2770: 2761: 2757: 2749: 2745: 2737: 2730: 2722: 2718: 2710: 2706: 2698: 2694: 2686: 2682: 2674: 2670: 2660: 2658: 2649: 2648: 2644: 2636: 2632: 2624: 2620: 2612: 2608: 2600: 2596: 2588: 2584: 2576: 2572: 2564: 2560: 2552: 2548: 2540: 2533: 2525: 2521: 2513: 2509: 2501: 2497: 2489: 2485: 2477: 2473: 2465: 2461: 2453: 2449: 2441: 2437: 2429: 2425: 2378: 2377: 2373: 2365: 2361: 2351: 2349: 2344: 2343: 2334: 2326: 2322: 2314: 2307: 2299: 2295: 2287: 2283: 2275: 2268: 2260: 2256: 2248: 2244: 2236: 2232: 2224: 2220: 2212: 2208: 2204:, p. 1066. 2200: 2196: 2188: 2181: 2173: 2169: 2161: 2157: 2147: 2145: 2130: 2122:McCusker, J. J. 2110: 2102:McCusker, J. J. 2098: 2091: 2083: 2079: 2071: 2067: 2059: 2055: 2047: 2043: 2035: 2031: 2023: 2019: 2011: 2007: 1999: 1995: 1987: 1983: 1975: 1971: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1931: 1894: 1873: 1870: 1856:David Krumholtz 1842: 1829:Riverside Drive 1825: 1723:Medal for Merit 1711: 1662:want, mermaids? 1637:Harry S. Truman 1624: 1604:Palazzo Vecchio 1493:James Rainwater 1478:(right) in 1962 1439: 1400:to work at the 1292: 1287: 1255:was 2.785±0.02 1237:magnetic moment 1180: 1176: 1175: 1139:rated Rabi and 1095: 912: 904:Physical Review 844:Physical Review 834:torsion balance 777: 715:radio condenser 692:Lower East Side 687:Austria-Hungary 668: 643:Science Advisor 637:and the Army's 603:magnetic moment 556:Lower East Side 537:microwave ovens 533:microwave radar 486: 482: 460: 415: 399: 345: 310:Medal for Merit 280: 244: 201: 198: 1926) 193: 189: 167: 163: 147: 145:Austria-Hungary 135: 129: 127: 126: 125: 99: 87: 71: 66: 49: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8864: 8854: 8853: 8848: 8843: 8838: 8833: 8828: 8823: 8818: 8813: 8808: 8803: 8798: 8793: 8788: 8783: 8778: 8773: 8768: 8763: 8758: 8753: 8748: 8743: 8738: 8733: 8728: 8723: 8718: 8713: 8708: 8703: 8698: 8693: 8688: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8668: 8663: 8658: 8643: 8642: 8630: 8618: 8606: 8583: 8582: 8572: 8569: 8568: 8566: 8565: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8530: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8503: 8498: 8493: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8476:Chicago Pile-1 8473: 8471:Calutron Girls 8468: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8447: 8445: 8444:Related topics 8441: 8440: 8438: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8416: 8414: 8410: 8409: 8407: 8406: 8399: 8392: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8349: 8347: 8343: 8342: 8340: 8339: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8309: 8307:Stanisław Ulam 8304: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8242:Edwin McMillan 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8187:Harry Daghlian 8184: 8179: 8177:John Cockcroft 8174: 8172:James Chadwick 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8138: 8136: 8132: 8131: 8129: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8096:Charles Thomas 8093: 8091:Frank Spedding 8088: 8083: 8078: 8073: 8068: 8063: 8058: 8053: 8051:James Marshall 8048: 8043: 8038: 8033: 8031:Thomas Farrell 8028: 8023: 8018: 8016:Arthur Compton 8013: 8007: 8005: 8004:Administrators 8001: 8000: 7998: 7997: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7977: 7972: 7967: 7962: 7957: 7952: 7947: 7942: 7932: 7927: 7921: 7919: 7915: 7914: 7909: 7906: 7905: 7898: 7897: 7890: 7883: 7875: 7866: 7865: 7863: 7862: 7856: 7850: 7844: 7838: 7832: 7826: 7820: 7814: 7808: 7802: 7796: 7793:Robert L. Byer 7790: 7784: 7778: 7772: 7766: 7760: 7754: 7748: 7742: 7736: 7730: 7723: 7721: 7717: 7716: 7714: 7713: 7707: 7701: 7698:Andrew Sessler 7695: 7689: 7683: 7680:C. Kumar Patel 7677: 7674:Burton Richter 7671: 7665: 7659: 7653: 7647: 7641: 7635: 7629: 7623: 7617: 7614:Robert Marshak 7611: 7605: 7599: 7593: 7587: 7581: 7575: 7568: 7566: 7562: 7561: 7559: 7558: 7552: 7546: 7540: 7534: 7528: 7522: 7516: 7510: 7504: 7498: 7492: 7486: 7480: 7474: 7468: 7462: 7456: 7450: 7444: 7438: 7432: 7426: 7420: 7414: 7407: 7405: 7401: 7400: 7398: 7397: 7391: 7385: 7379: 7373: 7367: 7361: 7355: 7352:Albert W. Hull 7349: 7343: 7340:George Stewart 7337: 7331: 7325: 7319: 7313: 7307: 7301: 7298:Robert W. Wood 7295: 7292:Arthur Compton 7289: 7283: 7277: 7271: 7264: 7262: 7258: 7257: 7255: 7254: 7248: 7242: 7239:Theodore Lyman 7236: 7230: 7224: 7218: 7215:Ernest Merritt 7212: 7206: 7200: 7194: 7188: 7182: 7176: 7170: 7163: 7161: 7157: 7156: 7149: 7148: 7141: 7134: 7126: 7117: 7116: 7114: 7113: 7105: 7093: 7085: 7073: 7069:Greta Thunberg 7065: 7036: 7028: 7020: 7012: 6999:Ebola Fighters 6994: 6986: 6978: 6970: 6962: 6954: 6946: 6942:Vladimir Putin 6938: 6930: 6911: 6907:George W. Bush 6903: 6895: 6882:Cynthia Cooper 6876: 6867: 6865: 6861: 6860: 6858: 6857: 6853:George W. Bush 6849: 6841: 6829: 6821: 6813: 6805: 6797: 6788:Nelson Mandela 6784:F. W. de Klerk 6774: 6766: 6758: 6750: 6742: 6734: 6726: 6722:Corazon Aquino 6718: 6710: 6702: 6690: 6682: 6674: 6666: 6658: 6650: 6642: 6633: 6631: 6627: 6626: 6624: 6623: 6602:Barbara Jordan 6568: 6560: 6552: 6540: 6532: 6524: 6516: 6503:William Anders 6494: 6486: 6478: 6470: 6462: 6454: 6446: 6438: 6425:Charles Townes 6405:Edward Purcell 6381:Charles Draper 6371: 6363: 6355: 6347: 6339: 6335:Harlow Curtice 6331: 6323: 6315: 6307: 6298: 6296: 6292: 6291: 6289: 6288: 6280: 6272: 6264: 6256: 6248: 6240: 6232: 6224: 6216: 6208: 6200: 6192: 6184: 6180:Soong Mei-ling 6172: 6168:Wallis Simpson 6164: 6160:Haile Selassie 6156: 6148: 6140: 6132: 6124: 6116: 6108: 6100: 6091: 6089: 6085: 6084: 6074: 6073: 6066: 6059: 6051: 6042: 6041: 6039: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5975: 5972: 5971: 5969: 5968: 5962: 5955: 5953: 5947: 5946: 5944: 5943: 5936: 5934: 5928: 5927: 5925: 5924: 5917: 5915: 5909: 5908: 5906: 5905: 5898: 5896: 5885: 5884: 5882: 5881: 5874: 5872: 5866: 5865: 5856: 5855: 5848: 5841: 5833: 5824: 5823: 5821: 5820: 5804: 5788: 5772: 5756: 5740: 5724: 5708: 5692: 5680: 5664: 5652: 5640: 5624: 5612: 5596: 5580: 5568: 5556: 5540: 5524: 5508: 5492: 5475: 5473: 5467: 5466: 5464: 5463: 5447: 5435: 5419: 5403: 5387: 5375: 5363: 5351: 5343: 5335: 5319: 5303: 5287: 5275: 5259: 5251: 5239: 5227: 5219: 5203: 5191: 5175: 5159: 5148:P. W. Anderson 5143: 5130: 5128: 5124: 5123: 5121: 5120: 5104: 5092: 5076: 5060: 5052: 5040: 5032: 5024: 5016: 5008: 4992: 4976: 4969:Goeppert Mayer 4960: 4952: 4940: 4932: 4920: 4904: 4892: 4876: 4864: 4852: 4844: 4832: 4819: 4817: 4813: 4812: 4810: 4809: 4801: 4793: 4785: 4777: 4769: 4761: 4753: 4745: 4738: 4731: 4724: 4716: 4708: 4696: 4693:C. D. Anderson 4684: 4676: 4669: 4657: 4649: 4642: 4634: 4626: 4618: 4606: 4597: 4595: 4591: 4590: 4588: 4587: 4575: 4567: 4559: 4551: 4543: 4535: 4527: 4519: 4511: 4504: 4492: 4484: 4476: 4468: 4460: 4452: 4440: 4432: 4424: 4416: 4408: 4400: 4384: 4372: 4363: 4361: 4357: 4356: 4345: 4344: 4337: 4330: 4322: 4314: 4313: 4308: 4305: 4295: 4290: 4286: 4285: 4279: 4278: 4267: 4258: 4244: 4226: 4225:External links 4223: 4220: 4219: 4172: 4158: 4140: 4126: 4108: 4094: 4082:Ramsey, Norman 4078: 4052:(2): 131–133. 4037: 4011:(6): 526–535. 3996: 3957: 3939:(3): 163–165. 3924: 3906:(3): 157–163. 3891: 3852: 3813: 3795:(1): 174–185. 3784: 3763: 3749: 3732: 3706:(2): 262–269. 3695: 3677:(8): 728–743. 3658: 3644: 3628: 3614: 3598: 3584: 3569: 3555: 3539: 3525: 3511:Conant, Jennet 3507: 3489:(3): 230–231. 3474: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3465: 3439: 3413: 3396:"Barry Dennen" 3387: 3375: 3342: 3317: 3292: 3273: 3251: 3229: 3184: 3182:, p. 320. 3169: 3147: 3143:MacKenzie 2001 3135: 3123: 3111: 3085: 3059: 3057:, p. 227. 3047: 3045:, p. 665. 3035: 3033:, p. 246. 3023: 3011: 2999: 2997:, p. 648. 2987: 2975: 2963: 2945: 2919: 2907: 2881: 2855: 2843: 2841:, p. 319. 2828: 2816: 2781: 2768: 2755: 2743: 2741:, p. 656. 2728: 2716: 2714:, p. 143. 2704: 2692: 2680: 2668: 2642: 2638:Goldstein 1992 2630: 2618: 2616:, p. 318. 2606: 2594: 2582: 2570: 2558: 2556:, p. 115. 2546: 2544:, p. 728. 2531: 2519: 2515:Goldstein 1992 2507: 2505:, p. 116. 2495: 2491:Goldstein 1992 2483: 2471: 2467:Goldstein 1992 2459: 2447: 2435: 2423: 2371: 2359: 2332: 2320: 2305: 2293: 2281: 2266: 2264:, p. 104. 2254: 2242: 2230: 2218: 2206: 2194: 2179: 2167: 2155: 2139:1800–present: 2089: 2077: 2065: 2053: 2041: 2029: 2017: 2005: 1993: 1991:, p. 312. 1981: 1969: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1950: 1949: 1929: 1897:Serber, Robert 1892: 1869: 1866: 1841: 1838: 1824: 1821: 1710: 1707: 1688:Project Nobska 1672:Sputnik crisis 1623: 1620: 1595:Edoardo Amaldi 1589:(seated, left) 1587:Chen-Ning Yang 1513:Martin L. Perl 1497:Charles Townes 1438: 1435: 1427:TNT equivalent 1411:War Department 1338:magnetic field 1322:Tizard Mission 1291: 1288: 1222:Polykarp Kusch 1218:Jerome Kellogg 1189:Sidney Millman 1168:atomic nucleus 1094: 1091: 1063:Walter Heitler 1015:molecular beam 996:Wolfgang Pauli 992:Yoshio Nishina 957:Rudolf Peierls 911: 908: 868:Francis Bitter 813:Tutton's salts 781:Hunter College 776: 773: 667: 664: 599:atomic nucleus 474: 473: 470: 469: 466: 465: 462: 461: 459: 458: 453: 448: 443: 437: 435: 431: 430: 425: 419: 418: 407: 401: 400: 398: 397: 392: 386: 384: 380: 379: 374: 370: 369: 363: 362: 359: 358: 351: 347: 346: 344: 343: 337: 331: 325: 319: 313: 307: 301: 295: 288: 286: 282: 281: 279: 278: 273: 268: 263: 258: 252: 250: 246: 245: 243: 242: 228: 217: 215: 211: 210: 207: 203: 202: 191: 188:Helen Newmark 187: 186: 184: 180: 179: 174: 170: 169: 166:(aged 89) 160: 156: 155: 123: 121: 117: 116: 112: 111: 108: 107: 102: 96: 95: 90: 84: 83: 78: 74: 73: 63: 62: 55: 54: 51: 50: 47: 39: 38: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8863: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8749: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8653: 8651: 8641: 8636: 8631: 8629: 8619: 8617: 8607: 8605: 8604:New York City 8595: 8594: 8591: 8580: 8570: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8508: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8491:Franck Report 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8448: 8446: 8442: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8417: 8415: 8411: 8405: 8404: 8400: 8398: 8397: 8393: 8391: 8390: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8353:Alsos Mission 8351: 8350: 8348: 8344: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8327:Robert Wilson 8325: 8323: 8322:Eugene Wigner 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8302:Edward Teller 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8277:Glenn Seaborg 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8247:Mark Oliphant 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8237:Willard Libby 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8147:Robert Bacher 8145: 8143: 8140: 8139: 8137: 8133: 8127: 8126:Roscoe Wilson 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8041:John Lansdale 8039: 8037: 8036:Leslie Groves 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8011:Vannevar Bush 8009: 8008: 8006: 8002: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7940: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7922: 7920: 7916: 7912: 7907: 7903: 7896: 7891: 7889: 7884: 7882: 7877: 7876: 7873: 7860: 7859:Robert Rosner 7857: 7854: 7851: 7848: 7845: 7842: 7839: 7836: 7833: 7830: 7829:Roger Falcone 7827: 7824: 7821: 7818: 7815: 7812: 7809: 7806: 7803: 7800: 7797: 7794: 7791: 7788: 7785: 7782: 7781:Curtis Callan 7779: 7776: 7773: 7770: 7767: 7764: 7761: 7758: 7757:John Hopfield 7755: 7752: 7749: 7746: 7743: 7740: 7737: 7734: 7731: 7728: 7725: 7724: 7722: 7718: 7711: 7708: 7705: 7702: 7699: 7696: 7693: 7690: 7687: 7684: 7681: 7678: 7675: 7672: 7669: 7666: 7663: 7660: 7657: 7654: 7651: 7648: 7645: 7642: 7639: 7636: 7633: 7630: 7627: 7624: 7621: 7618: 7615: 7612: 7609: 7606: 7603: 7600: 7597: 7594: 7591: 7588: 7585: 7582: 7579: 7576: 7573: 7570: 7569: 7567: 7563: 7556: 7553: 7550: 7549:Pief Panofsky 7547: 7544: 7541: 7538: 7535: 7532: 7531:Robert Serber 7529: 7526: 7523: 7520: 7517: 7514: 7511: 7508: 7505: 7502: 7499: 7496: 7493: 7490: 7489:Robert Bacher 7487: 7484: 7481: 7478: 7475: 7472: 7469: 7466: 7463: 7460: 7457: 7454: 7451: 7448: 7445: 7442: 7439: 7436: 7433: 7430: 7427: 7424: 7421: 7418: 7415: 7412: 7409: 7408: 7406: 7402: 7395: 7392: 7389: 7386: 7383: 7380: 7377: 7374: 7371: 7370:Edward Condon 7368: 7365: 7362: 7359: 7356: 7353: 7350: 7347: 7344: 7341: 7338: 7335: 7332: 7329: 7326: 7323: 7320: 7317: 7314: 7311: 7308: 7305: 7302: 7299: 7296: 7293: 7290: 7287: 7286:Paul D. Foote 7284: 7281: 7278: 7275: 7272: 7269: 7266: 7265: 7263: 7259: 7252: 7251:Dayton Miller 7249: 7246: 7243: 7240: 7237: 7234: 7231: 7228: 7225: 7222: 7219: 7216: 7213: 7210: 7207: 7204: 7201: 7198: 7195: 7192: 7189: 7186: 7183: 7180: 7177: 7174: 7171: 7168: 7165: 7164: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7147: 7142: 7140: 7135: 7133: 7128: 7127: 7124: 7110: 7106: 7102: 7098: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7081:Kamala Harris 7078: 7074: 7070: 7066: 7061: 7060: 7055: 7051: 7047: 7043: 7037: 7033: 7029: 7025: 7021: 7017: 7016:Angela Merkel 7013: 7008: 7007:Salome Karwah 7004: 7000: 6995: 6991: 6987: 6983: 6979: 6975: 6974:The Protester 6971: 6967: 6963: 6959: 6955: 6951: 6947: 6943: 6939: 6935: 6931: 6926: 6925:Melinda Gates 6922: 6918: 6912: 6908: 6904: 6900: 6896: 6891: 6887: 6886:Coleen Rowley 6883: 6877: 6873: 6869: 6868: 6866: 6862: 6854: 6850: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6834: 6830: 6826: 6822: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6809:Newt Gingrich 6806: 6802: 6798: 6793: 6792:Yitzhak Rabin 6789: 6785: 6781: 6780:Yasser Arafat 6775: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6755: 6751: 6747: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6714:Deng Xiaoping 6711: 6707: 6703: 6699: 6698:Yuri Andropov 6695: 6694:Ronald Reagan 6691: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6675: 6671: 6670:Ronald Reagan 6667: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6654:Deng Xiaoping 6651: 6647: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6634: 6632: 6628: 6619: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6587: 6583: 6579: 6575: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6557: 6553: 6549: 6548:Richard Nixon 6545: 6541: 6537: 6536:Richard Nixon 6533: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6455: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6439: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6421:Edward Teller 6418: 6414: 6410: 6406: 6402: 6401:Linus Pauling 6398: 6397:Willard Libby 6394: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6377:George Beadle 6372: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6311:Elizabeth II 6308: 6304: 6300: 6299: 6297: 6293: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6220:Joseph Stalin 6217: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6196:Joseph Stalin 6193: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6112:Owen D. Young 6109: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6092: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6080: 6072: 6067: 6065: 6060: 6058: 6053: 6052: 6049: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5981: 5977: 5976: 5973: 5966: 5963: 5960: 5957: 5956: 5954: 5952: 5948: 5941: 5938: 5937: 5935: 5933: 5929: 5923:(Switzerland) 5922: 5919: 5918: 5916: 5914: 5910: 5903: 5900: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5879: 5876: 5875: 5873: 5871: 5867: 5862: 5854: 5849: 5847: 5842: 5840: 5835: 5834: 5831: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5805: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5789: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5773: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5757: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5741: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5725: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5709: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5693: 5690: 5686: 5681: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5665: 5662: 5658: 5653: 5650: 5646: 5641: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5625: 5622: 5618: 5613: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5597: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5581: 5578: 5574: 5569: 5566: 5562: 5557: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5541: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5525: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5509: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5493: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5468: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5448: 5445: 5441: 5436: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5420: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5404: 5401: 5400:R. Richardson 5397: 5393: 5388: 5385: 5381: 5376: 5373: 5369: 5364: 5361: 5357: 5352: 5349: 5344: 5341: 5336: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5320: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5304: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5288: 5285: 5281: 5276: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5260: 5257: 5252: 5249: 5245: 5240: 5237: 5233: 5232:Chandrasekhar 5228: 5225: 5220: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5204: 5201: 5197: 5192: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5176: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5160: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5144: 5141: 5137: 5132: 5131: 5129: 5125: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5105: 5102: 5098: 5093: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5077: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5061: 5058: 5053: 5050: 5046: 5041: 5038: 5033: 5030: 5025: 5022: 5017: 5014: 5009: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4993: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4977: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4961: 4958: 4953: 4950: 4946: 4941: 4938: 4933: 4930: 4926: 4921: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4905: 4902: 4898: 4893: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4877: 4874: 4870: 4865: 4862: 4858: 4853: 4850: 4845: 4842: 4838: 4833: 4830: 4826: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4814: 4807: 4802: 4799: 4794: 4791: 4786: 4783: 4778: 4775: 4770: 4767: 4762: 4759: 4754: 4751: 4746: 4739: 4732: 4725: 4722: 4717: 4714: 4709: 4706: 4705:G. P. Thomson 4702: 4697: 4694: 4690: 4685: 4682: 4677: 4670: 4667: 4663: 4658: 4655: 4650: 4643: 4640: 4635: 4632: 4627: 4624: 4623:O. Richardson 4619: 4616: 4612: 4607: 4604: 4599: 4598: 4596: 4592: 4585: 4581: 4576: 4573: 4568: 4565: 4560: 4557: 4552: 4549: 4544: 4541: 4536: 4533: 4528: 4525: 4520: 4517: 4512: 4505: 4502: 4498: 4493: 4490: 4485: 4482: 4477: 4474: 4469: 4466: 4461: 4458: 4457:Van der Waals 4453: 4450: 4446: 4441: 4438: 4433: 4430: 4425: 4422: 4421:J. J. Thomson 4417: 4414: 4409: 4406: 4401: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4385: 4382: 4378: 4373: 4370: 4365: 4364: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4343: 4338: 4336: 4331: 4329: 4324: 4323: 4320: 4311: 4310:James Killian 4302: 4301: 4293: 4287: 4282: 4276: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4262: 4259: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4245: 4233: 4229: 4228: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4159:0-465-06792-1 4155: 4151: 4150: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4127:0-671-44133-7 4123: 4119: 4118: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4095:0-585-14673-X 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3861:(in German). 3860: 3859: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3820: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3750:0-262-13393-8 3746: 3741: 3740: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3645:0-520-07187-5 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3615:0-520-07186-7 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3585:0-262-07138-X 3581: 3577: 3576: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3556:1-55750-260-9 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3526:0-684-87287-0 3522: 3518: 3517: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3475: 3454: 3450: 3443: 3428: 3424: 3417: 3401: 3397: 3391: 3384: 3379: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3346: 3331: 3327: 3321: 3310:September 21, 3306: 3302: 3296: 3287: 3283: 3277: 3261: 3255: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3233: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3196: 3195:Physics Today 3188: 3181: 3176: 3174: 3157: 3151: 3145:, p. 34. 3144: 3139: 3132: 3131:Friedman 1994 3127: 3120: 3115: 3099: 3095: 3089: 3073: 3069: 3063: 3056: 3051: 3044: 3039: 3032: 3027: 3020: 3015: 3008: 3003: 2996: 2991: 2984: 2979: 2972: 2967: 2959: 2952: 2950: 2933: 2929: 2923: 2917:, p. 68. 2916: 2911: 2896:. Nobel Media 2895: 2891: 2885: 2869: 2865: 2859: 2853:, p. 15. 2852: 2847: 2840: 2835: 2833: 2825: 2820: 2804: 2803: 2795: 2791: 2785: 2778: 2772: 2765: 2759: 2752: 2747: 2740: 2735: 2733: 2725: 2720: 2713: 2708: 2701: 2696: 2689: 2684: 2677: 2672: 2656: 2652: 2646: 2640:, p. 36. 2639: 2634: 2627: 2622: 2615: 2610: 2603: 2598: 2591: 2586: 2579: 2574: 2567: 2562: 2555: 2550: 2543: 2538: 2536: 2528: 2523: 2516: 2511: 2504: 2499: 2493:, p. 23. 2492: 2487: 2481:, p. 90. 2480: 2475: 2468: 2463: 2456: 2451: 2445:, p. 87. 2444: 2439: 2432: 2427: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2386: 2385:Physics Today 2381: 2375: 2369:, p. 80. 2368: 2363: 2348:. Nobel Media 2347: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2330:, p. 83. 2329: 2324: 2318:, p. 70. 2317: 2312: 2310: 2302: 2297: 2291:, p. 72. 2290: 2285: 2279:, p. 71. 2278: 2273: 2271: 2263: 2258: 2251: 2246: 2239: 2234: 2227: 2222: 2215: 2210: 2203: 2198: 2191: 2186: 2184: 2176: 2171: 2164: 2159: 2144: 2136: 2129: 2128: 2123: 2116: 2109: 2108: 2103: 2096: 2094: 2086: 2081: 2074: 2069: 2062: 2057: 2050: 2045: 2038: 2033: 2026: 2021: 2014: 2009: 2003:, p. 23. 2002: 1997: 1990: 1985: 1979:, p. 27. 1978: 1973: 1966: 1961: 1957: 1946: 1942: 1939: 1935: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1905:Pais, Abraham 1902: 1898: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1872: 1871: 1865: 1863: 1862: 1857: 1853: 1852: 1847: 1837: 1835: 1830: 1820: 1818: 1814: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1791:Japan Academy 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1747:Oersted Medal 1745:in 1967, the 1744: 1740: 1737:in 1960, the 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1721:in 1942, the 1720: 1716: 1706: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1663: 1658: 1656: 1649: 1646: 1640: 1638: 1634: 1633:hydrogen bomb 1629: 1619: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1596: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1571: 1567: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1540:Johns Hopkins 1537: 1534: 1533:Major General 1530: 1526: 1521: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1501:Hideki Yukawa 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1477: 1473: 1468: 1464: 1462: 1461:atomic clocks 1458: 1457: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1434: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1403: 1399: 1398:Robert Bacher 1395: 1390: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1379:SCR-584 radar 1375: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1286: 1281: 1279: 1275: 1274:nuclear force 1271: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1225: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1185: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1160:Gregory Breit 1156: 1152: 1150: 1146: 1145:Norman Ramsey 1142: 1138: 1137:Irving Kaplan 1134: 1133:Leon Lederman 1129: 1127: 1126: 1119: 1115: 1108: 1104: 1099: 1090: 1088: 1087:Eugene Wigner 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1039: 1037: 1036: 1031: 1027: 1026: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1003: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 964: 962: 958: 954: 953:Edward Condon 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 933:Linus Pauling 930: 926: 922: 917: 907: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 872:Mark Zemansky 869: 865: 861: 857: 852: 850: 846: 845: 840: 835: 831: 830: 825: 821: 816: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 772: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 721: 716: 711: 709: 705: 704:anti-Semitism 701: 697: 693: 688: 684: 680: 676: 673: 672:Polish-Jewish 663: 660: 656: 652: 648: 645:to President 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 611: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 587:Gregory Breit 583: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 558:. He entered 557: 553: 549: 545: 544:Polish-Jewish 540: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 504: 480: 471: 467: 463: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 446:Norman Ramsey 444: 442: 439: 438: 436: 432: 429: 426: 424: 420: 413: 412: 408: 406: 402: 396: 393: 391: 388: 387: 385: 381: 378: 375: 371: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 341: 338: 335: 332: 329: 328:Oersted Medal 326: 323: 320: 317: 316:Barnard Medal 314: 311: 308: 305: 302: 299: 296: 293: 290: 289: 287: 283: 277: 274: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 253: 251: 247: 240: 236: 232: 229: 226: 222: 219: 218: 216: 212: 208: 204: 185: 181: 178: 175: 173:Resting place 171: 161: 157: 152: 149:(present-day 146: 142: 138: 134:July 29, 1898 122: 118: 113: 109: 106: 105:James Killian 103: 97: 94: 91: 85: 82: 79: 75: 69: 64: 61: 56: 52: 45: 40: 33: 30: 19: 8563:Y-12 Project 8548:Smyth Report 8543:S-50 Project 8505: 8501:K-25 Project 8430:Pumpkin bomb 8401: 8394: 8387: 8317:John Wheeler 8287:Louis Slotin 8282:Emilio Segrè 8261: 8232:George Koval 8212:James Franck 8197:Enrico Fermi 8142:Luis Alvarez 8101:Paul Tibbets 8076:Deak Parsons 7823:Laura Greene 7787:Barry Barish 7763:Leo Kadanoff 7632:Sidney Drell 7513:John Bardeen 7423:Enrico Fermi 7393: 7109:Taylor Swift 7057: 7024:Donald Trump 7003:Kent Brantly 6990:Pope Francis 6982:Barack Obama 6958:Ben Bernanke 6950:Barack Obama 6864:2001–present 6833:Bill Clinton 6825:Andrew Grove 6770:Bill Clinton 6686:The Computer 6638:Jimmy Carter 6614:Carol Sutton 6582:Alison Cheek 6528:Willy Brandt 6507:Frank Borman 6413:Emilio Segrè 6408: 6188:Adolf Hitler 6128:Pierre Laval 6078: 6010: 5939: 5256:von Klitzing 5248:Van der Meer 4757: 4297: 4292:Lee DuBridge 4251:Find a Grave 4236:. Retrieved 4180: 4176: 4148: 4116: 4085: 4049: 4045: 4040:Rabi, I.I.; 4008: 4004: 3973: 3969: 3960:Rabi, I.I.; 3936: 3932: 3903: 3899: 3862: 3856: 3823: 3817: 3792: 3788: 3771: 3767: 3738: 3703: 3699: 3674: 3670: 3635: 3605: 3574: 3546: 3515: 3486: 3482: 3456:. Retrieved 3452: 3442: 3430:. Retrieved 3426: 3416: 3404:. Retrieved 3400:the original 3390: 3378: 3366:. Retrieved 3354: 3345: 3333:. Retrieved 3329: 3320: 3308:. Retrieved 3304: 3295: 3285: 3276: 3266:February 18, 3264:. Retrieved 3254: 3241: 3232: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3160:. Retrieved 3150: 3138: 3126: 3114: 3102:. Retrieved 3098:the original 3088: 3076:. Retrieved 3062: 3050: 3038: 3026: 3014: 3002: 2990: 2978: 2966: 2957: 2936:. Retrieved 2932:the original 2922: 2910: 2898:. Retrieved 2893: 2884: 2872:. Retrieved 2868:the original 2858: 2846: 2819: 2807:. Retrieved 2805:. p. 34 2800: 2784: 2776: 2771: 2758: 2746: 2719: 2707: 2695: 2683: 2671: 2659:. 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Gorter 1226: 1186: 1172:nuclear spin 1157: 1153: 1130: 1124: 1111: 1107:Enrico Fermi 1067:Fritz London 1040: 1033: 1029: 1023: 1004: 965: 913: 903: 891: 864:Ralph Kronig 853: 842: 838: 827: 817: 789:Albert Wills 778: 747:. After the 718: 712: 669: 612: 607:nuclear spin 584: 541: 508: 478: 477: 456:Harold Brown 409: 383:Institutions 366: 266:Rabi problem 164:(1988-01-11) 100:Succeeded by 93:Lee DuBridge 67: 48:Rabi in 1944 29: 8661:1988 deaths 8656:1898 births 8378:Silverplate 8332:Leona Woods 8297:Leo Szilard 8272:Bruno Rossi 8217:Klaus Fuchs 8121:Ed Westcott 8111:Harold Urey 7835:David Gross 7811:Sam Aronson 7745:Helen Quinn 7578:George Pake 7495:Felix Bloch 7453:Jesse Beams 7328:John Zeleny 7059:The Capital 7056:/ Staff of 7054:Kyaw Soe Oo 7046:Maria Ressa 6678:Lech Wałęsa 6646:Anwar Sadat 6618:Addie Wyatt 6610:Susie Sharp 6598:Carla Hills 6594:Ella Grasso 6586:Jill Conway 6564:King Faisal 6556:John Sirica 6409:Isidor Rabi 6385:John Enders 5861:Nobel Prize 5300:Steinberger 5216:K. Siegbahn 5208:Bloembergen 4929:Chamberlain 4662:Schrödinger 4572:M. Siegbahn 4501:W. H. Bragg 4497:W. L. Bragg 3453:Radio Times 3383:Rigden 1987 3368:January 23, 3180:Ramsey 1993 3119:Rigden 1987 3078:February 1, 3055:Rigden 1987 3031:Rigden 1987 2983:Rigden 1987 2971:Rigden 1987 2915:Rigden 1987 2894:Nobel prize 2851:Rigden 1987 2839:Ramsey 1993 2824:Rigden 1987 2751:Rigden 1987 2739:Rhodes 1986 2712:Rigden 1987 2700:Rigden 1987 2688:Rigden 1987 2676:Conant 2002 2602:Rigden 1987 2554:Rigden 1987 2503:Rigden 1987 2479:Rigden 1987 2455:Rigden 1987 2431:Rigden 1987 2367:Rigden 1987 2328:Rigden 1987 2316:Rigden 1987 2301:Rigden 1987 2289:Rigden 1987 2277:Rigden 1987 2262:Rigden 1987 2250:Rigden 1987 2238:Rigden 1987 2190:Rigden 1987 2175:Rigden 1987 2163:Rigden 1987 2119:1700–1799: 2099:1634–1699: 2073:Rigden 1987 2049:Rigden 1987 2037:Rigden 1987 2025:Rigden 1987 2013:Rigden 1987 2001:Rigden 1987 1989:Ramsey 1993 1977:Rigden 1987 1965:Rigden 1987 1861:Oppenheimer 1851:Oppenheimer 1509:Leon Cooper 1485:Willis Lamb 1474:(left) and 1368:to run it. 1209:heavy water 1141:Harold Urey 1105:(left) and 1083:Leó Szilárd 1079:John Slater 729:Bar Mitzvah 666:Early years 451:Martin Perl 88:Preceded by 8650:Categories 8481:Demon core 8425:Little Boy 8346:Operations 8162:Niels Bohr 8152:Hans Bethe 8135:Scientists 8081:Boris Pash 7960:Los Alamos 7817:Homer Neal 7274:Henry Gale 7197:Henry Crew 7185:Carl Barus 6921:Bill Gates 6845:Jeff Bezos 6762:Ted Turner 6590:Betty Ford 6511:Jim Lovell 5889:Literature 5817:L'Huillier 5781:Hasselmann 5737:Strickland 5705:Kosterlitz 5629:Perlmutter 5368:Brockhouse 5073:Schrieffer 4945:Hofstadter 4897:C. N. Yang 4654:Heisenberg 4631:De Broglie 4304:1956–1957 3976:(4): 318. 3774:: 87–105. 3470:References 3406:August 31, 2352:August 17, 2226:Rabi 1929b 1917:Scribner's 1803:Route Rabi 1785:, and the 1437:Later life 1330:microwaves 1307:Harry Boot 1283:See also: 1059:Paul Dirac 1055:ETH Zurich 1011:Otto Stern 984:Niels Bohr 980:Copenhagen 961:Hans Bethe 769:bookkeeper 677:family in 641:, and was 546:family in 261:Rabi cycle 130:1898-07-29 18:I. I. Rabi 8523:Plutonium 8389:Enola Gay 8207:Val Fitch 8157:Aage Bohr 8106:Bud Uanna 7975:Oak Ridge 7565:1976–2000 7441:E. Wigner 7404:1951–1975 7261:1926–1950 7160:1899–1925 7089:Elon Musk 7077:Joe Biden 6837:Ken Starr 6630:1976–2000 6295:1951–1975 6088:1927–1950 5904:(Denmark) 5880:(Germany) 5878:Otto Hahn 5870:Chemistry 5863:laureates 5801:Zeilinger 5621:Novoselov 5589:Kobayashi 5513:Abrikosov 5360:J. Taylor 5340:de Gennes 5332:R. Taylor 5224:K. Wilson 5172:R. Wilson 5156:Van Vleck 5127:1976–2000 5117:Rainwater 5113:Mottelson 5089:Josephson 5037:Gell-Mann 5001:Schwinger 4989:Prokhorov 4949:Mössbauer 4909:Cherenkov 4901:T. D. Lee 4825:Cockcroft 4816:1951–1975 4615:C. Wilson 4594:1926–1950 4540:Guillaume 4429:Michelson 4389:Becquerel 4360:1901–1925 4349:Laureates 4238:March 22, 4215:119204397 4190:1109.4864 3887:123202872 3624:637004643 3479:Breit, G. 3363:0362-4331 3224:0031-9228 3162:March 19, 2900:March 19, 2414:0031-9228 2214:Rabi 1929 2061:Rabi 1927 1925:223176672 1854:, and by 1811:Prévessin 1809:, on the 1773:from the 1761:from the 1753:from the 1717:from the 1575:Val Fitch 1552:Rochester 1544:Princeton 1505:Aage Bohr 1334:electrons 1280:in 1944. 1249:dilithium 1201:deuterium 775:Education 761:manganese 745:chemistry 696:Manhattan 568:chemistry 350:Signature 249:Known for 214:Education 77:President 72:1956–1957 68:In office 8579:Category 8435:Thin Man 8396:Bockscar 7990:Wendover 7970:New York 7965:Montreal 7955:Inyokern 7930:Berkeley 7911:Timeline 7429:H. Bethe 6817:David Ho 5809:Agostini 5697:Thouless 5689:McDonald 5677:Nakamura 5645:Wineland 5577:Grünberg 5533:Politzer 5517:Ginzburg 5505:Giacconi 5485:Ketterle 5440:'t Hooft 5424:Laughlin 5416:Phillips 5396:Osheroff 5324:Friedman 5296:Schwartz 5292:Lederman 5212:Schawlow 5188:Weinberg 4997:Tomonaga 4889:Brattain 4881:Shockley 4790:Blackett 4782:Appleton 4774:Bridgman 4721:Lawrence 4701:Davisson 4681:Chadwick 4564:Millikan 4548:Einstein 4437:Lippmann 4405:Rayleigh 4397:M. Curie 4393:P. Curie 4168:14931559 4146:(1987). 4136:13793436 4114:(1986). 4104:45729831 4084:(1993). 4074:73238886 4033:27209454 3759:45835532 3594:24628294 3565:29477981 3545:(1994). 3535:48966735 3513:(2002). 3458:July 24, 3432:July 24, 3335:July 24, 3104:June 16, 2938:June 16, 2874:June 16, 2809:June 15, 2661:July 26, 2124:(1992). 2104:(1997). 1911:(1969). 1793:and the 1769:and the 1757:and the 1741:and the 1725:and the 1608:Florence 1392:In 1942 1123:SS 988:hydrogen 826:'s 1873 675:Orthodox 206:Children 8640:Physics 8590:Portals 8553:Uranium 8420:Fat Man 8413:Weapons 7985:Trinity 7950:Hanford 7935:Chicago 7050:Wa Lone 5932:Physics 5797:Clauser 5761:Penrose 5745:Peebles 5701:Haldane 5669:Akasaki 5657:Englert 5649:Haroche 5633:Schmidt 5593:Maskawa 5545:Glauber 5537:Wilczek 5521:Leggett 5501:Koshiba 5481:Cornell 5472:present 5456:Kroemer 5452:Alferov 5444:Veltman 5428:Störmer 5348:Charpak 5328:Kendall 5312:Dehmelt 5280:Bednorz 5180:Glashow 5168:Penzias 5164:Kapitsa 5136:Richter 5109:A. Bohr 5085:Giaever 5065:Bardeen 5029:Alvarez 5013:Kastler 5005:Feynman 4885:Bardeen 4849:Zernike 4841:Purcell 4611:Compton 4556:N. Bohr 4445:Marconi 4377:Lorentz 4369:Röntgen 4351:of the 4263:at the 4195:Bibcode 4066:1562763 4013:Bibcode 3978:Bibcode 3941:Bibcode 3908:Bibcode 3867:Bibcode 3848:4113129 3828:Bibcode 3797:Bibcode 3728:4000903 3708:Bibcode 3679:Bibcode 3654:3717478 3491:Bibcode 3204:Bibcode 2394:Bibcode 1888:1071412 1542:, MIT, 1529:Harvard 1348:of the 1336:with a 1261:neutron 1193:lithium 1179:⁄ 1047:Leipzig 1007:Hamburg 998:at the 943:at the 916:stipend 862:. With 700:Yiddish 683:Galicia 679:Rymanów 617:at the 572:physics 552:Galicia 548:Rymanów 507:; born 377:Physics 200: 192: 141:Galicia 137:Rymanów 7945:Dayton 7939:Site A 7861:(2023) 7855:(2022) 7849:(2021) 7843:(2020) 7837:(2019) 7831:(2018) 7825:(2017) 7819:(2016) 7813:(2015) 7807:(2014) 7801:(2013) 7795:(2012) 7789:(2011) 7783:(2010) 7777:(2009) 7771:(2008) 7765:(2007) 7759:(2006) 7753:(2005) 7747:(2004) 7741:(2003) 7735:(2002) 7729:(2001) 7712:(2000) 7706:(1999) 7700:(1998) 7694:(1997) 7688:(1996) 7682:(1995) 7676:(1994) 7670:(1993) 7664:(1992) 7658:(1991) 7652:(1990) 7646:(1989) 7640:(1987) 7634:(1986) 7628:(1985) 7622:(1984) 7616:(1983) 7610:(1982) 7604:(1981) 7598:(1980) 7592:(1979) 7586:(1978) 7580:(1977) 7574:(1976) 7557:(1975) 7551:(1974) 7545:(1973) 7539:(1972) 7533:(1971) 7527:(1970) 7521:(1969) 7515:(1968) 7509:(1967) 7503:(1966) 7497:(1965) 7491:(1964) 7485:(1963) 7479:(1962) 7473:(1961) 7467:(1960) 7461:(1959) 7455:(1958) 7449:(1957) 7443:(1956) 7437:(1955) 7431:(1954) 7425:(1953) 7419:(1952) 7413:(1951) 7396:(1950) 7390:(1949) 7384:(1948) 7378:(1947) 7372:(1946) 7366:(1945) 7360:(1944) 7354:(1943) 7348:(1942) 7342:(1941) 7336:(1941) 7330:(1940) 7324:(1939) 7318:(1938) 7312:(1937) 7306:(1936) 7300:(1935) 7294:(1934) 7288:(1933) 7282:(1931) 7276:(1929) 7270:(1927) 7253:(1925) 7247:(1923) 7241:(1921) 7235:(1919) 7229:(1918) 7223:(1916) 7217:(1914) 7211:(1913) 7205:(1911) 7199:(1909) 7193:(1907) 7187:(1905) 7181:(1903) 7175:(1901) 7169:(1899) 7111:(2023) 7103:(2022) 7091:(2021) 7083:(2020) 7071:(2019) 7063:(2018) 7034:(2017) 7026:(2016) 7018:(2015) 7010:(2014) 6992:(2013) 6984:(2012) 6976:(2011) 6968:(2010) 6960:(2009) 6952:(2008) 6944:(2007) 6936:(2006) 6928:(2005) 6909:(2004) 6901:(2003) 6893:(2002) 6874:(2001) 6855:(2000) 6847:(1999) 6839:(1998) 6827:(1997) 6819:(1996) 6811:(1995) 6803:(1994) 6795:(1993) 6772:(1992) 6764:(1991) 6756:(1990) 6748:(1989) 6740:(1988) 6732:(1987) 6724:(1986) 6716:(1985) 6708:(1984) 6700:(1983) 6688:(1982) 6680:(1981) 6672:(1980) 6664:(1979) 6656:(1978) 6648:(1977) 6640:(1976) 6621:(1975) 6566:(1974) 6558:(1973) 6550:(1972) 6538:(1971) 6530:(1970) 6522:(1969) 6514:(1968) 6492:(1967) 6484:(1966) 6476:(1965) 6468:(1964) 6460:(1963) 6452:(1962) 6444:(1961) 6436:(1960) 6369:(1959) 6361:(1958) 6353:(1957) 6345:(1956) 6337:(1955) 6329:(1954) 6321:(1953) 6313:(1952) 6305:(1951) 6286:(1950) 6278:(1949) 6270:(1948) 6262:(1947) 6254:(1946) 6246:(1945) 6238:(1944) 6230:(1943) 6222:(1942) 6214:(1941) 6206:(1940) 6198:(1939) 6190:(1938) 6182:(1937) 6170:(1936) 6162:(1935) 6154:(1934) 6146:(1933) 6138:(1932) 6130:(1931) 6122:(1930) 6114:(1929) 6106:(1928) 6098:(1927) 5813:Krausz 5807:2023: 5793:Aspect 5791:2022: 5785:Manabe 5777:Parisi 5775:2021: 5765:Genzel 5759:2020: 5753:Queloz 5743:2019: 5733:Mourou 5729:Ashkin 5727:2018: 5721:Thorne 5717:Barish 5711:2017: 5695:2016: 5685:Kajita 5683:2015: 5667:2014: 5655:2013: 5643:2012: 5627:2011: 5615:2010: 5599:2009: 5583:2008: 5571:2007: 5561:Mather 5559:2006: 5553:Hänsch 5543:2005: 5527:2004: 5511:2003: 5495:2002: 5489:Wieman 5479:2001: 5450:2000: 5438:1999: 5422:1998: 5406:1997: 5392:D. Lee 5390:1996: 5384:Reines 5378:1995: 5366:1994: 5354:1993: 5346:1992: 5338:1991: 5322:1990: 5308:Ramsey 5306:1989: 5290:1988: 5284:Müller 5278:1987: 5272:Rohrer 5268:Binnig 5262:1986: 5254:1985: 5244:Rubbia 5242:1984: 5236:Fowler 5230:1983: 5222:1982: 5206:1981: 5196:Cronin 5194:1980: 5178:1979: 5162:1978: 5146:1977: 5134:1976: 5107:1975: 5101:Hewish 5095:1974: 5079:1973: 5069:Cooper 5063:1972: 5055:1971: 5045:Alfvén 5043:1970: 5035:1969: 5027:1968: 5019:1967: 5011:1966: 4995:1965: 4981:Townes 4979:1964: 4973:Jensen 4965:Wigner 4963:1963: 4957:Landau 4955:1962: 4943:1961: 4937:Glaser 4935:1960: 4923:1959: 4907:1958: 4895:1957: 4879:1956: 4867:1955: 4855:1954: 4847:1953: 4835:1952: 4829:Walton 4823:1951: 4806:Powell 4804:1950: 4798:Yukawa 4796:1949: 4788:1948: 4780:1947: 4772:1946: 4764:1945: 4756:1944: 4748:1943: 4719:1939: 4711:1938: 4699:1937: 4687:1936: 4679:1935: 4660:1933: 4652:1932: 4637:1930: 4629:1929: 4621:1928: 4609:1927: 4603:Perrin 4601:1926: 4580:Franck 4578:1925: 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5372:Shull 5356:Hulse 5264:Ruska 5200:Fitch 5184:Salam 5081:Esaki 5057:Gabor 5021:Bethe 4985:Basov 4925:Segrè 4913:Frank 4873:Kusch 4861:Bothe 4837:Bloch 4766:Pauli 4750:Stern 4713:Fermi 4666:Dirac 4639:Raman 4584:Hertz 4532:Stark 4473:Dalén 4449:Braun 4211:S2CID 4185:arXiv 4070:S2CID 4029:S2CID 3883:S2CID 3844:S2CID 3724:S2CID 2797:(PDF) 2131:(PDF) 2111:(PDF) 1953:Notes 1945:74630 1868:Books 1823:Death 1387:LORAN 1344:, so 1342:radar 1299:Anode 968:Leeds 841:, to 615:radar 194:( 190: 7925:Ames 6917:Bono 6079:Time 6036:1949 6031:1948 6026:1947 6021:1946 6016:1945 6006:1943 6001:1942 5996:1941 5991:1940 5986:1939 5893:1944 5769:Ghez 5617:Geim 5573:Fert 5549:Hall 5432:Tsui 5380:Perl 5316:Paul 5152:Mott 5140:Ting 5097:Ryle 5049:Néel 4917:Tamm 4869:Lamb 4857:Born 4758:Rabi 4742:1942 4735:1941 4728:1940 4689:Hess 4673:1934 4646:1931 4508:1916 4489:Laue 4465:Wien 4240:2016 4164:OCLC 4154:ISBN 4132:OCLC 4122:ISBN 4100:OCLC 4090:ISBN 4062:PMID 3755:OCLC 3745:ISBN 3650:OCLC 3640:ISBN 3620:OCLC 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