3510:
45:
508:, which states that the first published name takes precedence. The principle of the first reviser deals with situations that cannot be resolved by priority. These items may be two or more different names for the same taxon, two or more names with the same spelling used for different taxa, two or more different spellings of a particular name, etc. In such cases, the first subsequent author who deals with the matter and chooses and publishes the decision in the required manner is the first reviser, and is to be followed.
3838:
2446:
3848:
815:
longer be in the same genus, and the junior name can potentially be used again (Art. 59.1), as long as it was not replaced before 1961, in which case it is permanently invalid (Art. 59.3). This is one of the rare cases where a single zoological species can have two entirely different names at the same time, depending upon whose classification is followed.
2432:
The code is published in an
English and a French version; both versions are official and equivalent in force, meaning, and authority. This means that if something in the English code is unclear or its interpretation ambiguous, the French version is decisive, and if there is something unclear in the French code, the English version is decisive.
140:(and thus the definition of species) are arbitrary to some degree, the rules for names are not. The code applies only to names. A new animal name published without adherence to the code may be deemed simply "unavailable" if it fails to meet certain criteria, or fall entirely out of the province of science (e.g., the "scientific name" for the
186:, which means that previous editions of the code, or previous other rules and conventions have no force any more today, and the nomenclatural acts published earlier must be evaluated only under the present edition of the code. In cases of disputes a case can be brought to the commission who has the right to publish a final decision.
2428:). The editorial committee for the fourth edition was composed of seven persons. Such new editions of the ICZN Code are not democratically approved by those taxonomists who are forced to follow the code's provisions, neither do taxonomists have the right to vote for the members of the commission or the editorial committee.
1369:, which allows the objective application of that name. Any family-group name must have a type genus, any genus-group name must have a type species, and any species-group name can (not must) have one or more type specimens (holotype, lectotype, neotype, syntypes, or others), usually deposited in a museum collection. The
1403:
is more complicated and follows exactly defined provisions in articles 67–69. Type species are very important, and no general zoological database has recorded the type species for all genera. Except in fishes and some minor groups, type species are rarely reliably recorded in online animal databases.
2419:
The second edition of the code (only weakly modified) came in 1963. The last zoological congress to deal with nomenclatural problems took place in Monte Carlo 1972, since by then the official zoological organs no longer derived power from zoological congresses. The third edition of the code came out
1146:
Homonyms occur relatively rarely in families (only if generic names are identical or very similar and adding an ending "-idae" produces identical results). Discovering such a homonymy usually produces the same problems as if there were no rules: conflicts between entirely independent and unconnected
731:
are those with the same genus and same species in their original combination. The difference between a junior primary homonym and a subsequent use of a name is undefined, but it is commonly accepted that if the name referred to another species or form, gave a description, and if there is in addition
434:
is that within the family group, genus group and species group, a name established for a taxon at any rank in the group is simultaneously established with the same author and date for taxa based on the same name-bearing type at other ranks in the corresponding group. In other words, publishing a new
2411:
The 1905 rules became increasingly outdated. They soon sold out, and it became increasingly difficult to obtain to a complete set of the Rules with all amendments. In
Copenhagen 1953 the French and English texts of the rules were declared of equivalent official force, and a declaration was approved
2170:
can have a name-bearing type specimen, but this is not a requirement. In many cases species-group names have no type specimens, or they are lost. In those cases the application of the species-group name is usually based on common acceptance. If there is no common acceptance, there are provisions in
2506:
The rules in the code apply to all users of zoological names. However, its provisions can be interpreted, waived, or modified in their application to a particular case when strict adherence would cause confusion. Such exceptions are not made by an individual scientist, no matter how well-respected
2431:
As the commission may alter the code (by declarations and amendments) without issuing a new edition of the book, the current edition does not necessarily contain the actual provision that applies in a particular case. The Code consists of the original text of the fourth edition and
Declaration 44.
814:
occur when taxa with the same specific name but different original genera are later classified in the same genus (Art. 57.3, 59). A secondary homonym may only be a temporary state, as it only applies so long as two species are congeneric. Under a different classification, the two species may no
493:
Author citations for such names (for example a subgenus) are the same as for the name actually published (for example a genus). It is immaterial if there is an actual taxon to which the automatically established name applies; if ever such a taxon is recognised, there is a name available for it.
1435:
A designation can also be invalid and ineffective—for example—if the genus had already a previously fixed type species, or if a type species was proposed that was not originally included, or contradicted the description or figure for a genus for which no species had originally been included.
1431:
Designation and fixation have different meanings. A designation is the proposal of the type species. It is not necessary to have spelled the name of the genus or species correctly with correct authors (articles 67.2.1, 67.6, 67.7), type species are always the correctly spelled name. If the
2403:
Compiling "International Rules on
Zoological Nomenclature" was first proposed in 1895 in Leiden (3rd International Congress for Zoology) and officially published in three languages in 1905 (French, English, German; only French was official). From then on, amendments and modifications were
3087:
Blanchard, R., Maehrenthal, F. von & Stiles, C. W. 1905. Règles internationales de la nomenclature zoologique adoptées par les Congrès
Internationaux de Zoologie. International Rules of Zoological Nomenclature. Internationale Regeln der Zoologischen Nomenklatur. – Paris
953:(genus and species) may or may not be homonymy in the strict sense: if the genera are homonyms but not the same genus, the same specific names can be used in both groups, because the species are subsequently placed in different genera when the generic homonymy is removed.
489:
In the family-group, publication of the name of a family, subfamily, superfamily (or any other such rank) also establishes the names in all the other ranks in the family group (family
Giraffidae, superfamily Giraffoidea, subfamily Giraffinae).
1357:
This is the principle that each nominal taxon in the family group, genus group, or species group has—actually or potentially—a name-bearing type fixed that provides the objective standard of reference that determines what the name applies to.
3268:
Scott L. Wing Causes and
Consequences of Globally Warm Climates in the Early ... - 2003 No 369 - Page 288 "Following the general practice of naming species after localities by ending with "-ensis," Schnack (2000) proposed to change the name
2408:(Boston 1907, Graz 1910, Monaco 1913, Budapest 1927, Padua 1930, Paris 1948, Copenhagen 1953, and London 1958). These were only published in English, and can only be found in the reports of these congresses or other official publications.
2400:(Paris 1889, Moscow 1892) zoologists saw the need to establish commonly accepted international rules for all disciplines and countries to replace conventions and unwritten rules that varied across disciplines, countries, and languages.
1169:, and both families were used since the 1880s. When the homonymy was discovered 110 years later in the 1990s, the younger (gastropod) taxon had to receive a new family name, and the Commission was asked for a solution (Opinion 2018).
1187:, but only the actinopterygian fish name had been used since 1845. Shortly after Clariidae had been proposed in Rotifera in 1990, the homonymy was discovered and the Commission ruled that the rotiferan family had to be emended to
3032:"Series of propositions for rendering the nomenclature of zoology uniform and permanent, being a report of a Committee for the consideration of the subject appointed by the British Association for the Advancement of Science"
3097:
pp. V-VI in Kraus, O. 1962. Internationale Regeln fĂĽr die
Zoologische Nomenklatur. Beschlossen vom XV. Internationalen Kongress fĂĽr Zoologie. - pp. I-VIII , 1-90. Frankfurt am Main. (Senckenbergische Naturforschende
2243:
The names in the family, genus, and species groups are fully regulated by the provisions in the code. There is no limitation to the number of ranks allowed in the family group. The genus group has only two ranks:
767:
for a 7th species from
Britain. All these names had descriptions that clarified that different species were meant, and that their authors did not know that the name had been established by a previous author.
2412:
to prepare a new compilation of the rules. In 1958, an
Editorial Committee in London elaborated a completely new version of the nomenclatural rules, which were finally published as the first edition of the
2587:
Règles internationales de la nomenclature zoologique adoptées par les Congrès Internationaux de Zoologie. International Rules of Zoological Nomenclature. Internationale Regeln der Zoologischen Nomenklatur
2171:
the Code to fix a name-bearing type specimen that is binding for users of that name. Fixing such a name-bearing type should only be done if this is taxonomically necessary (articles 74.7.3, 75.2, 75.3).
866:, and the younger name (from 1851) could not be used for the Ukrainian species. This made it necessary to look for the next younger available name that could be used for the Ukrainian species. This was
312:
that applies to it. It is the most important principle—the fundamental guiding precept that preserves zoological nomenclature stability. It was first formulated in 1842 by a committee appointed by the
1256:) is that the same generic name can be used simultaneously for animals and plants. For this kind of homonym the expression "hemihomonym" is sometimes used. Far more than 1000 such names are known.
572:
Bohadsch, 1761 (Gastropoda) (was made available for homonymy by ICZN in Opinion 429, despite that Bohadsch 1761 was non-binominal - this had the effect that none of the various following names
2380:. Confusion over Latin grammar has led to many incorrectly formed names appearing in print. An automated search may fail to find all the variant spellings of a given name (e.g., the spellings
2885:"Opinion 2027 (Case 3010): Usage of 17 specific names based on wild species that are pre-dated by, or contemporary with, those based on domestic animals (Lepidoptera, Osteichthyes, Mammalia)"
2240:
The names above the family group are regulated only as to the requirements for publication; there is no restriction to the number of ranks and the use of names is not restricted by priority.
771:
Typically, junior primary homonyms are permanently invalid, but some are treated as valid if the junior and senior homonyms have been in separate genera after 1899 (Art. 57.2.1, Art. 23.9).
547:
It means that any one animal name, in one particular spelling, may be used only once (within its group). This is usually the first-published name; any later name with the same spelling (a
3030:
Strickland, H.E.; Henslow, J.S.; Phillips, J.; Shuckard, W.E.; Richardson, J.B.; Waterhouse, G. R.; Owen, R.; Yarrell, W.; Jenyns, L.; Darwin, C.; Broderip, W.J.; Westwood, J.O. (1843).
1054:
In some cases, the same genus-group or species-group name was published in the same year by the same author. In these cases it is useful to cite the page where the name was established.
2396:
Written nomenclatural rules in zoology were compiled in various countries since the late 1830s, such as Merton's Rules and Strickland's Code going back to 1843. At the first and second
1404:
In 60% of the cases the type species can be determined in the original publication. The type species is always the original name of the taxon (and not the currently used combination).
2713:
The publication by (1801) has not been unambiguously recognized as published work in the sense of the Code Art. 8, which might be another reason to ignore Art. 59.3 in this case.
3062:
2563:
Strickland, H.E. 1843. Report of a committee appointed "to consider of the rules by which the Nomenclature of Zoology may be established on a Uniform and Permanent Basis." In:
502:
This is the principle that in cases of conflicts between simultaneously published divergent acts, the first subsequent author can decide which has precedence. It supplements the
2693:
2467:
3165:
1590:
916:
Article 59.3 states that junior secondary homonyms replaced before 1961 by substitute names are permanently invalid unless the substitute name is itself not in use.
2179:
1930:
was cited the one-word name Castor with references to six pre-Linnean works (Gesner 1598, Rondelet 1554, Jonston 1650, Dodart 1676, Ray 1693 and Aldrovandi 1649).
1885:
1852:
1602:
1529:
2731:
Subsequent absolute tautonymy" is not used as a term in the Code's fourth edition, but it is a logical consequence of the usage of the term "subsequent monotypy".
544:
This is the principle that the name of each taxon must be unique. Consequently, a name that is a junior homonym of another name must not be used as a valid name.
1891:
1541:
1535:
1439:
There are various possible modes of type species designation. This is their order of legal importance, with approximate proportions of occurrence and examples:
396:) that "conserved the usage of 17 specific names based on wild species, which are pre-dated, by or contemporary with those based on domestic forms", confirming
1802:
1796:
1596:
1575:
1509:
1503:
1469:
2148:
2142:
1712:
1706:
1623:
1523:
1417:
674:
1772:
988:(Aves) by Quoy & Gaimard, 1830, thus creating a double homonym, until the latter species was placed in a different genus. Both species names are valid.
2896:
2519:
The latest amendments (specifically A-2012) enacted by the commission concern electronic publishing, which is now permitted for works published under an
2508:
2421:
1784:
1745:
1733:
1497:
194:
In regulating the names of animals it holds by six central principles, which were first set out (as principles) in the third edition of the code (1985):
85:
31:
2420:
in 1985. The present edition is the 4th edition, effective since 2000. These code editions were elaborated on by editorial committees appointed by the
2003:
1997:
1920:
1085:
128:
The rules and recommendations have one fundamental aim: to provide the maximum universality and continuity in the naming of all animals, except where
2756:
2687:
2316:
in nature, its ending must agree in gender with the name of the genus. If it is a noun, or an arbitrary combination of letters, this does not apply.
2079:
2073:
2061:
1790:
1778:
1645:
1042:
1030:
3270:
2554:
ICZN 1999. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Fourth Edition. The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, UK. 306 pp.
2122:
2110:
1834:
1757:
1751:
1617:
522:(Aves), for which he gave different descriptions and referred to different types, but both taxa later turned out to refer to the same species, the
3509:
2116:
2035:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1463:
1252:
Animal, plant, and fungi nomenclature are entirely independent from each other. The most evident shortcoming of this situation (for their use in
2722:
These proportions apply to 366 verified European non-marine mollusc genera (), presumed to represent a more-or-less representative animal group.
2041:
2029:
202:
This is the principle that the scientific name of a species, and not of a taxon at any other rank, is a combination of two names; the use of a
132:
judgment dictates otherwise. The code is meant to guide only the nomenclature of animals, while leaving zoologists freedom in classifying new
649:
3216:"Amendment of Articles 8, 9, 10, 21 and 78 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature to expand and refine methods of publication"
2884:
2067:
465:
In the genus-group, similarly, publishing the name of a genus also establishes the corresponding name of a subgenus (or vice versa): genus
3321:
3273:
to Discorbis duwiensis. However, the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (Chapter 7 Article 32) does not allow such a change"
3071:
2425:
712:
706:
700:
680:
435:
zoological name automatically and simultaneously establishes all corresponding names in the relevant other ranks with the same type.
1467:
Schrank, 1803. This would be the type species by monotypy. In Opinion 1896 (published in 1998) this type fixation was set aside and
3291:
3193:
3137:
3112:
2924:
2863:
2838:
2806:
2781:
2539:
The ICZN is used by the scientific community worldwide. Changes are governed by guidelines in the code. Local changes, such as the
3348:
3158:
996:
one genus-group name from its homonym, it is important to cite author and year. Citing the author alone is often not sufficient.
2941:
2214:
designated by Stearn 1959, correctly but unnecessarily because the usage of the name was unambiguous at that time, and still is.
44:
2059:
Garsault, 1764 (Mammalia) was established without included species. As first author, Blainville, 1816 included three species
3555:
370:
1969:
MĂĽller, 1773 (Gastropoda) was established with a short description and without species. MĂĽller 1774 included one species
3851:
206:
for the name of a subspecies and of uninominal names for taxa above the species group is in accord with this principle.
3808:
254:
1147:
groups of taxonomists working in different animal groups. Very often the Commission must be asked to take a decision.
2493:
2405:
2397:
2475:
3874:
3322:
Proposed amendment of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature to expand and refine methods of publication
209:
This means that in the system of nomenclature for animals, the name of a species is composed of a combination of a
3674:
2511:, acting on behalf of all zoologists. The commission takes such action in response to proposals submitted to it.
2638:
3720:
2471:
2184:
556:
280:
In botanical nomenclature, the equivalent for "binominal nomenclature" is "binary nomenclature" (or sometimes "
2027:(Actinopterygii) was established without included species. As first author, Cuvier, 1829 included two species
2661:
2540:
526:. The two names are subjective synonyms. Lönnberg 1931 acted as first reviser, cited both names and selected
2900:
400:
for the wild cat. Taxonomists who consider the domesticated cat the same species as the wild cat should use
3680:
2551:
The current (fourth edition) code is cited in scientific papers as ICZN (1999) and in reference lists as:-
1501:
Krynicki, 1833 proposed by original designation. But Forcart 1940 misidentified the type species and meant
2752:
1377:
is simply the genus that provided the stem to which was added the ending "-idae" (for families). Example:
1123:
There are cases where two homonyms were established by the same author in the same year on the same page:
3879:
3341:
879:
For Wiktor (2001) and those authors who follow Wiktor's system the name of the Ukrainian species must be
862:
Kaleniczenko, 1851 were classified in the same genus, so both names were secondary homonyms in the genus
789:
in 1795, both of them junior primary homonyms. However, by 1835 both species were no longer in the genus
3014:
2579:
2187:
London or somewhere else, or its type is lost. This is now irrelevant because the usage of the name (as
1995:
Rafinesque, 1819 (Gastropoda) was established without species included. Beck 1837 included one species
3813:
3371:
236:
210:
562:
Genera are homonyms only if exactly the same — a one-letter difference is enough to distinguish them.
3798:
3668:
3489:
2651:
1352:
732:
no evidence the author knew that the name was previously used, it is considered as a junior homonym.
425:
17:
559:
apply here. For family-group names the termination (which is rank-bound) is not taken into account.
3803:
2568:
2456:
2154:
1253:
121:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3061:
Dayrat, B (2010). "Celebrating 250 Dynamic Years of Nomenclatural Debates". In Polaszek, A (ed.).
2634:
2623:
2612:
2601:
2598:
International Code of Zoological Nomenclature: adopted by the XV International Congress of Zoology
2460:
2352:
2305:
2189:
1683:
462:. The same applies to the name of a subspecies; this establishes the corresponding species name.
240:
214:
175:. Any dispute is decided first by applying the code directly, and not by reference to precedent.
3841:
3778:
3540:
3334:
1267:
was established in animals (Gastropoda), in plants (Euphorbiaceae), and in Fungi (Ascomycetes).
970:
Linné, 1766 for a group of birds, ignoring that he had already used this name a few years ago.
836:
444:
227:
116:
2967:
416:
There are over 2 million junior synonyms recorded in zoology, primarily at the species level.
3550:
1718:
1581:
1521:
Swainson, 1840 (Gastropoda) was established with one species included, cited by Swainson as "
1231:
Family-rank names and genus-rank names cannot be homonyms of one another, even if identical.
803:
552:
539:
504:
381:
317:
293:
281:
119:. This implies that animals can have the same generic names as plants (e.g. there is a genus
93:
3585:
3497:
3465:
3433:
3401:
3393:
3223:
2979:
2656:
1879:
304:
152:
105:
38:
8:
3773:
3710:
3648:
3481:
3385:
2085:
1867:
797:
313:
3728:
3227:
3189:
3133:
3108:
2983:
2921:
2859:
2834:
2802:
2777:
900:
So the Ukrainian species can have two names, depending from its generic classification.
404:; taxonomists who consider the domesticated cat a subspecies of the wild cat should use
3768:
3565:
3529:
3524:
3246:
3215:
2376:
2286:
1873:
1643:
Lamarck, 1799 (Bivalvia) was originally established with one included nominal species,
1423:
942:
129:
1545:
has been regarded as type, it would be convenient to fix this as type under Art. 70.3.
3823:
3575:
3570:
3534:
3473:
3441:
3251:
2995:
2945:
2296:
2009:
1814:
Lindholm, 1924 (Gastropoda: Lauriidae) was established as a new replacement name for
1366:
928:
908:
893:
548:
141:
115:
Zoological nomenclature is independent of other systems of nomenclature, for example
61:
3783:
3608:
2633:. Fourth edition. The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, UK.
2207:
3700:
3603:
3425:
3409:
3241:
3231:
3213:
3043:
3031:
2987:
2611:. Second edition. The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, UK.
2364:
If a species is moved, therefore, the spelling of an ending may need to change. If
2309:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1861:
1739:
1663:
Vest 1866 (Bivalvia) was originally established with two included nominal species,
1475:
1244:
1173:
1097:
902:
881:
868:
262:
Taxa at a rank above species have a name composed of one name, a "uninominal name".
244:
156:
48:
Front Cover of the 4th edition of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
3633:
2622:. Third edition. The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, UK.
1527:
Sow. Gen. f. 4". This suggested that the type species was misidentified, and that
380:
in 1775. For taxonomists who consider these two kinds of cat a single species the
3738:
3705:
3643:
3638:
3628:
3560:
3417:
3377:
2928:
2590:
2327:
2128:
1763:
1651:
1195:
For names above the superfamily level, the principle of homonymy does not apply.
824:
329:
179:
137:
69:
3664:
3618:
2565:
Report of 12th Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science
2424:. The ICZN Commission takes its power from a general biological congress (IUBS,
3818:
3685:
3598:
1908:
1659:
309:
168:
148:
99:
3047:
1832:
Caziot & Margier, 1909 contained originally four species, among which was
408:; taxonomists who consider the domesticated cat a separate species should use
3868:
3793:
3763:
3690:
3593:
3457:
3449:
3357:
3236:
2681:
2322:
2136:
1224:
962:
830:
359:
335:
183:
2991:
1675:
Rafinesque, 1820. Doubtfully included species do not count, type species is
966:
Linnaeus, 1758 was established for a group of moths. In 1766 he established
298:
This is the principle that the correct formal scientific name for an animal
3695:
3255:
2999:
2667:
2202:
2194:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1914:
1846:
1810:
1611:
1396:
1382:
1220:
393:
363:
2183:
Miller, 1778 is either based on a type specimen, perhaps deposited in the
167:
group. It has additional (but more limited) provisions on names in higher
3758:
3623:
2674:
2339:
2304:
phrase, and must be grammatically correct Latin. If the second part, the
2047:
1491:
1018:
2264:
2094:
Subsequent Linnean tautonymy (only theoretical, there might be no case)
1991:
1473:
MĂĽller, 1774 was fixed as type species under the plenary power(s) (now
1387:
1370:
1206:
1188:
346:
was established first, so if Wiktor's 2001 classification is accepted,
274:
2334:
is an adjective and its ending follows the gender of the generic name.
1461:
Schrank, 1803 (Gastropoda) was established with one species included,
3753:
3748:
3613:
2313:
2211:
2146:
Rossmässler 1835, and six others. Westerlund 1902 validly designated
2055:
1844:
Caziot & Margier, 1909 fixed by absolute tautonymy, and also for
1840:
1828:
1822:
1816:
1700:
1569:
1210:
1161:
1004:
724:
as being homonyms. Otherwise the one-letter difference rule applies.
694:
523:
73:
3788:
2445:
1484:
Designation under Art. 70.3 (misidentified type species) (1 %)
1059:
2600:. The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, UK.
2291:
2252:
1727:
1639:
1517:
1239:
1155:
840:
for a different species from Ukraine. Wiktor, 2001 classified both
834:
Linnaeus, 1758 from S and W Europe. Kaleniczenko, 1851 established
791:
743:(Coleoptera) for a species from Slovenia. Strøm (1768) established
688:
643:
452:
203:
172:
88:(which shares the acronym "ICZN"). The rules principally regulate:
221:". No other rank can have a name composed of two names. Examples:
3733:
3029:
2528:
2370:
2281:
2258:
1965:
1495:
Forcart, 1940 (Gastropoda) was established with its type species
1179:
1073:
1065:
1010:
887:
828:(Gastropoda), Wiktor (2001) classified it as a junior synonym of
661:
467:
439:
374:
269:
218:
164:
65:
3326:
2140:
Bourguignat 1877 (Bivalvia) was established with seven species,
1649:
Linnaeus, 1758. This is the type species fixed by monotypy (now
37:"Animal naming" redirects here. For all other animal names, see
2694:
International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants
2104:
940:, which has very rarely been used. The species is now known as
891:
as a separate genus, the name of the Ukrainian species must be
637:
333:(Gastropoda), Wiktor 2001 classified it as a junior synonym of
104:
Which available name must be used in case of name conflicts (=
77:
1936:
Linnaeus 1758 is type species fixed by Linnean tautonymy (now
235:
Subspecies have a name composed of three names, a "trinomen":
2585:
Blanchard, R., Maehrenthal, F. von & Stiles, C. W. 1905.
2301:
2246:
2108:
Fleming, 1820 (Gastropoda) was established with two species,
1457:
1362:
863:
850:
655:
631:
299:
160:
133:
3214:
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (2012).
1859:
The following examples do not represent absolute tautonymy:
755:
for a 4th species from Denmark. Fourcroy (1785) established
747:
for another species from Norway. De Geer (1775) established
2524:
2520:
926:
Studer, 1820 (Gastropoda) was once classified in the genus
795:, so both species names are presently treated as valid, as
1539:
Say, 1819 was meant. But since the incorrect type species
763:
for a 6th species from France. Marsham (1802) established
759:
for a 5th species from France. Olivier (1790) established
978:
Linnaeus, 1758 (Lepidoptera), and is permanently invalid.
751:
for a 3rd species from Sweden. MĂĽller (1776) established
3286:
1450:
Designation by ICZN under the plenary powers (3 %)
2347:
is a noun, it may not be "corrected" to "Equus zebrus".
1698:
Kobelt 1871 established the gastropod genus-group name
1507:
Rossmässler, 1858. It would be convenient to designate
1119:
Boettger, 1889 (p. 52) (both Gastropoda: Clausiliidae).
1105:
Fabricius, 1775 (p. 610) (both Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).
1063:
Walker, 1855 (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae) (p. 1110), not
3316:
1077:
Walker, 1865 (Lepidoptera: Thyrididae) (p. 1111), not
582:
Scopoli, 1763 (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Polyommatinae)
197:
2206:
Linnaeus, 1758 is deposited in Uppsala (the bones of
936:, 1801. Locard (1880) established a replacement name
720:
Some spelling variants are explicitly defined by the
438:
In the species-group, publishing a species name (the
2527:
after 2011 in a way that requires registration with
2045:
Linnaeus 1758 by subsequent absolute tautonymy (now
2018:
Subsequent absolute tautonymy (only very few cases)
1209:, but the name is also (rarely) used for a group in
669:
The following names are not homonyms of each other:
92:
How names are correctly established in the frame of
2897:
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
2509:
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
2422:
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
1069:
Walker, 1855 (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) (p. 1413)
588:
Scopoli, 1777 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)
86:
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
32:
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
946:(Studer, 1820), and Art. 59.3 is commonly ignored.
618:Gerhard, 1850 (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Theclinae)
388:, but in practice almost all biologists have used
316:to consider the rules of zoological nomenclature.
2688:List of authors of names published under the ICZN
1794:is type species by absolute tautonymy (currently
1716:is type species fixed by absolute tautonymy (now
1432:designation is valid, the type species is fixed.
497:
3866:
2280:applies. The name of a species, in two parts, a
2223:The code divides names in the following manner:
1725:Draparnaud 1801 established the gastropod genus
1093:Fabricius, 1775 (p. 686) (both Auchenorrhyncha).
1081:Walker, 1865 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (p. 1208).
2942:"Moscow State University hemihomonyms database"
2534:
2360:is a noun in the genitive case ("of Burchell").
1770:Kobelt 1904 established the gastropod subgenus
551:) is barred from being used. The principles of
3012:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2823:
1205:is usually used for a very prominent group in
3342:
2631:International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
2620:International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
2609:International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
1838:Pfeiffer, 1857. This is the type species for
54:International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
2007:is type species by subsequent monotypy (now
1981:is type species by subsequent monotypy (now
1826:Boettger, 1877 (Gastropoda: Clausiliidae)).
1346:
984:(Lepidoptera) was coined by Jung, 1792, and
885:Boettger, 1881. For the others who classify
419:
3317:ZooBank: The World Register of Animal Names
2820:
2474:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1761:is type species by absolute tautonymy (now
932:, and became a junior secondary homonym of
392:. In 2003, the commission issued a ruling (
27:Code of scientific nomenclature for animals
3349:
3335:
2541:changes proposed by the Turkish government
2514:
2426:International Union of Biological Sciences
974:Linné, 1766 (Aves) is a junior homonym of
451:also establishes the subspecies name (the
3245:
3235:
3060:
2494:Learn how and when to remove this message
2290:, and of a subspecies, in three parts, a
1776:and included 10 species. Among these was
1704:and included 23 species. Among these was
678:Cutler & Cutler, 1985 (Sipunculida),
384:means that the species ought to be named
111:How scientific literature must cite names
98:How to determine whether a given name is
2531:as well as archival of multiple copies.
2256:. The species group has only two ranks:
1782:Rossmässler 1838, which Kobelt cited as
1755:MĂĽller 1774. Synonyms do count here, so
606:Lamarck, 1817 (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae)
533:
287:
43:
2126:as type by subsequent designation (now
1743:Draparnaud 1801. Among the synonyms of
1134:Kobelt, 1876 (Gastropoda) (p. 48), not
14:
3867:
3847:
3064:Systema Naturae 250 – The Linnaean Ark
3036:Annals and Magazine of Natural History
2083:by subsequent absolute tautonymy (now
1223:, and as an undefined higher group in
147:The rules in the code determine which
3330:
2965:
2120:Turton, 1807. Herrmannsen 1846 fixed
1912:(Mammalia) and included two species,
1788:. The ending -us is irrelevant here,
692:Mulsant & Verreaux, 1866 (Aves),
457:Giraffa camelopardalis camelopardalis
80:. It is also informally known as the
3070:. Taylor and Francis. Archived from
2472:adding citations to reliable sources
2439:
1951:Subsequent methods of type fixation:
1600:Pfeiffer, 1842 as type species (now
1567:Montfort 1810 established the genus
1411:The correctly cited type species of
1008:Forster, 1777 (Actinopterygii), not
872:Boettger, 1881, a junior synonym of
371:Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber
2889:Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature
2398:International Zoological Congresses
2271:
2097:Subsequent designation (32 %)
1883:(Linnaeus, 1758) (Actinopterygii),
1588:Vest 1867 established the subgenus
1579:Montfort 1810 as type species (now
1554:Type fixation in the original work:
198:Principle of binominal nomenclature
24:
3809:Linnean Society of New South Wales
2507:within the field, but only by the
1621:Riedel, 1982 as type species (now
1609:Riedel 1987 established the genus
1310:(Orchidaceae and Actinopterygii),
1294:(Asteraceae and Platyhelminthes),
622:The following are not homonyms of
255:Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi
25:
3891:
3356:
3280:
3016:Rules for Zoological Nomenclature
2576:Rules for Zoological Nomenclature
1865:Linnaeus, 1758 (Actinopterygii),
1561:Original designation (31 %)
1270:Prominent plant/animal pairings:
354:and must be used for the species.
3846:
3837:
3836:
3508:
2444:
2388:may refer to the same species).
1820:Caziot & Margier, 1909 (not
1513:as type species under Art. 70.3.
1385:has as its type genus the genus
1022:Walker, 1858 (Lepidoptera), not
848:Kaleniczenko, 1851 in the genus
308:, correct to use, is the oldest
3262:
3207:
3196:from the original on 2018-08-20
3182:
3171:from the original on 2011-07-18
3151:
3140:from the original on 2018-08-20
3126:
3115:from the original on 2018-08-20
3101:
3091:
3081:
3054:
3023:
3006:
2959:
2899:. 31 March 2003. Archived from
2866:from the original on 2018-08-20
2860:"ICZN Code Glossary, "binomen""
2841:from the original on 2018-08-20
2809:from the original on 2018-08-20
2784:from the original on 2018-08-20
2759:from the original on 2016-12-20
2725:
2716:
2404:subsequently passed by various
2320:For instance, the generic name
1958:Subsequent monotypy (2 %)
1900:Linnean tautonymy (0.3 %)
1889:(Pfeiffer, 1842) (Gastropoda),
1669:FĂ©russac, 1827 and with doubts
1338:(Ulvophyceae and Lepidoptera),
1050:Sowerby, 1875 (both Gastropoda)
2934:
2915:
2877:
2852:
2795:
2770:
2745:
2707:
2567:, June 1842, p. 105-121.
2543:, are not recognised by ICZN.
1895:(Philippi, 1836) (Gastropoda).
1692:Absolute tautonymy (2 %)
1415:Linnaeus, 1758 (Caelifera) is
1326:(Euphorbiaceae and Psocodea),
1282:(Betulaceae and Hymenoptera),
1109:Clausilia (Albinaria) oertzeni
1101:Fabricius, 1775 (p. 597), not
1089:Fabricius, 1775 (p. 684), not
1038:Kobelt, 1903 (both Gastropoda)
498:Principle of the first reviser
320:wrote the committee's report.
13:
1:
3743:including the Linnaeus Museum
3675:Elisabeth Christina von Linné
3134:"ICZN Constitution Art. 16.2"
2738:
2662:Incorrect subsequent spelling
2435:
1877:(Schreber, 1776) (Mammalia),
1871:(Linnaeus, 1758) (Mammalia),
1785:Iberus (Balearica) balearicus
1113:Clausilia (Albinaria) schuchi
189:
125:in both animals and plants).
2535:Local usage and name changes
2227:Names above the family group
2218:
1615:(Gastropoda) and designated
1594:(Gastropoda) and designated
1573:(Gastropoda) and designated
1342:(Violaceae and Lepidoptera).
1306:(Iridaceae and Orthoptera),
1290:(Rosaceae and Lepidoptera),
1278:(Caryophyllaceae and Aves),
1111:Boettger, 1889 (p. 42), not
822:Nunneley (1837) established
778:Olivier published the names
710:Shevyreva, 1989 (Mammalia),
647:Hebard, 1927 (Dermaptera), â€
635:Walker, 1863 (Lepidoptera),
7:
2645:
2557:
2546:
2326:is masculine; in the name "
1749:, Draparnaud listed a name
1274:(Poaceae and Hymenoptera),
1183:(Actinopterygii) both give
739:Scopoli (1763) established
704:Gervais, 1853 (Mammalia), â€
659:Latreille, 1795 (Araneae),
10:
3896:
3814:Linnean Tercentenary Medal
2391:
2200:The name-bearing type for
2197:is unambiguously accepted.
1906:Linnaeus 1758 established
1731:and included two species,
1361:This means that any named
1350:
1334:(Typhaceae and Porifera),
612:Walckenaer, 1836 (Araneae)
537:
514:Linnaeus 1758 established
423:
327:Nunneley 1837 established
291:
36:
29:
3832:
3799:Linnean Society of London
3719:
3669:Carl Linnaeus the Younger
3657:
3584:
3537:(Linnaean classification)
3517:
3506:
3490:Mantissa Plantarum Altera
3364:
3302:Code-2, Stoll et al. 1964
3297:Code-1, Stoll et al. 1961
3048:10.1080/03745484309445300
2652:Author citation (zoology)
1353:Principle of typification
1347:Principle of typification
1330:(Taxaceae and Mammalia),
1318:(Pinaceae and Mollusca),
1298:(Ericaceae and Araneae),
698:Bonaparte, 1854 (Aves), â€
665:MĂĽller, 1785 (Crustacea).
432:principle of coordination
426:Principle of coordination
420:Principle of coordination
171:. The code recognizes no
84:, for its publisher, the
3804:Swedish Linnaeus Society
3312:Code-4, Ride et al. 2000
3307:Code-3, Ride et al. 1985
3292:Current text of the code
3237:10.3897/zookeys.219.3944
2700:
2308:(or the third part, the
2155:Pseudanodonta complanata
1924:. Among the synonyms of
1314:(Orchidaceae and Aves),
1302:(Poaceae and Mammalia),
1254:biodiversity informatics
1026:Walker, 1868 (Hemiptera)
716:Kuroda, 1931 (Bivalvia).
576:can be used for a taxon)
217:; together they make a "
136:. In other words, while
30:Not to be confused with
3875:Zoological nomenclature
3546:Zoological nomenclature
3013:Strickland, HE (1878).
2992:10.1126/science.6.131.9
2578:. John Murray, London.
2574:Strickland, H.E. 1878.
2515:Electronic publications
2353:Equus quagga burchellii
2190:Aptenodytes patagonicus
1684:Microcondylaea bonellii
1681:fixed by monotypy (now
1591:Clausilia (Isabellaria)
1443:Superior type fixation:
1219:is used as an order in
1165:(Gastropoda) both give
1014:Cuvier, 1797 (Mammalia)
684:Walker, 1859 (Diptera).
60:) is a widely accepted
3556:Taxa named by Linnaeus
3541:Botanical nomenclature
3019:. John Murray, London.
2639:The Code Online (ICZN)
2368:is moved to the genus
2300:, is in the form of a
2185:Natural History Museum
2180:Aptenodytes patagonica
1886:Isabellaria isabellina
1853:Euxinolauria caucasica
1603:Isabellaria isabellina
1530:Planorbis campanulatus
1322:(Lamiaceae and Aves),
1286:(Cactaceae and Aves),
846:Krynickillus maculatus
837:Krynickillus maculatus
653:Hong, 1983 (Diptera),
445:Giraffa camelopardalis
350:takes precedence over
228:Giraffa camelopardalis
117:botanical nomenclature
94:binominal nomenclature
68:that rules the formal
49:
3551:Binomial nomenclature
3372:Linnaeus bibliography
3190:"ICZN Code Art. 86.2"
3109:"ICZN Code Art. 77.2"
2778:"ICZN Code Art. 86.3"
2406:zoological congresses
2356:the subspecific name
2330:", the specific name
2276:In the species group
1892:Rupestrella rupestris
1719:Candidula unifasciata
1632:Monotypy (28 %)
1582:Theodoxus fluviatilis
1542:Planorbis bicarinatus
1536:Planorbis bicarinatus
1238:The frog superfamily
1142:Kobelt, 1876 (p. 48).
897:(Kaleniczenko, 1851).
831:Limax (Limax) maximus
804:Stellognatha maculata
641:Kelham, 1888 (Aves),
600:Temminck, 1807 (Aves)
594:Poli, 1791 (Bivalvia)
540:Principle of homonymy
534:Principle of homonymy
505:principle of priority
382:principle of priority
342:from S and W Europe.
318:Hugh Edwin Strickland
294:Principle of priority
288:Principle of priority
282:binomial nomenclature
155:for any taxon in the
47:
3681:Students of Linnaeus
3586:Apostles of Linnaeus
3498:Systema Vegetabilium
3466:Philosophia Botanica
3434:Hortus Cliffortianus
3394:Bibliotheca Botanica
3159:"French Code online"
2835:"ICZN Code Glossary"
2657:Emendation (zoology)
2468:improve this section
2416:on 9 November 1961.
2152:as type species (now
2025:Alosa Garsault, 1764
1880:Merlangius merlangus
1803:Iberellus hispanicus
1797:Iberellus balearicus
1737:Draparnaud 1801 and
1597:Clausilia isabellina
1576:Theodoxus lutetianus
1510:Bulimus lamelliferus
1504:Bulimus lamelliferus
1470:Buccinum truncatulum
1421:Linnaeus, 1758, not
530:to have precedence.
39:List of animal names
3779:Linnaeus's Hammarby
3774:Linnaeus University
3711:George Clifford III
3649:Carl Peter Thunberg
3482:Centuria Insectorum
3386:Fundamenta Botanica
3228:2012ZooK..219....1.
2984:1897Sci.....6....9C
2922:ICZN Code Art. 24.2
2803:"ICZN Code Art. 89"
2366:Gryllus migratorius
2236:Species-group names
2149:Anodonta complanata
2143:Anodonta complanata
2114:Linnaeus, 1758 and
2086:Rupicapra rupicapra
1868:Babyrousa babyrussa
1713:Glischrus candidula
1707:Glischrus candidula
1624:Turcozonites wandae
1418:Gryllus migratorius
1242:and the frog genus
1159:(Foraminifera) and
1128:Zonites verticillus
1046:Sowerby, 1850, not
912:, the same species.
876:Kaleniczenko, 1851.
858:Nunneley, 1837 and
844:Linnaeus, 1758 and
798:Mionochroma elegans
406:F. silvestris catus
314:British Association
3880:Nomenclature codes
3769:Linnaeus Arboretum
3566:History of biology
3530:Linnaean Herbarium
3525:Taxonomy (biology)
2968:"The Merton Rules"
2966:Allen, JA (1897).
2927:2018-08-20 at the
2753:"ICZN Code Art. 5"
2589:. Rudeval, Paris.
2377:Locusta migratoria
2343:the specific name
2287:Loxodonta africana
2230:Family-group names
2168:species-group name
2077:. Type species is
2039:. Type species is
1874:Suricata suricatta
1773:Iberus (Balearica)
1533:Say, 1821 and not
1424:Locusta migratoria
1034:Kobelt, 1876, not
943:Trochulus caelatus
924:Glischrus caelatus
854:. This meant that
812:Secondary homonyms
765:Curculio fasciatus
761:Curculio fasciatus
757:Curculio fasciatus
753:Curculio fasciatus
749:Curculio fasciatus
745:Curculio fasciatus
741:Curculio fasciatus
50:
3862:
3861:
3824:Linneus, Missouri
3576:Scientific racism
3571:History of botany
3535:Linnaean taxonomy
3474:Species Plantarum
3442:Classes Plantarum
3402:Musa Cliffortiana
2903:on 21 August 2007
2504:
2503:
2496:
2297:Canis lupus albus
2233:Genus-group names
2010:Omphiscola glabra
1734:Succinea amphibia
1498:Chondrus pupoides
1427:(Linnaeus, 1758).
1375:family-group name
1367:name-bearing type
1248:are not homonyms.
1136:Zonites albanicus
909:Limacus maculatus
894:Limacus maculatus
485:
473:
461:
450:
341:
178:The code is also
142:Loch Ness Monster
70:scientific naming
16:(Redirected from
3887:
3850:
3849:
3840:
3839:
3729:Expedition Linné
3701:Herman Boerhaave
3604:Johan Peter Falk
3512:
3426:Genera Plantarum
3410:Critica Botanica
3351:
3344:
3337:
3328:
3327:
3274:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3249:
3239:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3170:
3163:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3105:
3099:
3095:
3089:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3069:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3010:
3004:
3003:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2944:. Archived from
2938:
2932:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2831:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2749:
2732:
2729:
2723:
2720:
2714:
2711:
2580:Internet Archive
2499:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2479:
2448:
2440:
2310:subspecific name
2278:gender agreement
2272:Gender agreement
2065:Linnaeus, 1758,
2004:Buccinum glabrum
1998:Buccinum glabrum
1984:Valvata cristata
1978:Valvata cristata
1972:Valvata cristata
1921:Castor moschatus
1862:Scomber scombrus
1740:Succinea oblonga
1476:Galba truncatula
1401:genus-group name
1381:The family name
1103:Noctua marginata
1098:Noctua marginata
1091:Cicada variegata
1086:Cicada variegata
986:Noctua variegata
982:Noctua variegata
903:Limax ecarinatus
882:Limax ecarinatus
869:Limax ecarinatus
780:Cerambyx elegans
729:primary homonyms
483:
471:
459:
448:
378:Felis silvestris
339:
245:subspecific name
138:species concepts
21:
3895:
3894:
3890:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3884:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3858:
3828:
3739:Linnaean Garden
3715:
3706:Johannes Burman
3653:
3644:Anders Sparrman
3639:Daniel Solander
3629:Daniel Rolander
3580:
3561:Natural history
3513:
3504:
3418:Flora Lapponica
3378:Systema Naturae
3365:Published works
3360:
3355:
3283:
3278:
3277:
3267:
3263:
3212:
3208:
3199:
3197:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3161:
3157:
3156:
3152:
3143:
3141:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3118:
3116:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3096:
3092:
3086:
3082:
3074:
3067:
3059:
3055:
3042:(70): 259–275.
3028:
3024:
3011:
3007:
2964:
2960:
2951:
2949:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2929:Wayback Machine
2920:
2916:
2906:
2904:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2869:
2867:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2844:
2842:
2833:
2832:
2821:
2812:
2810:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2787:
2785:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2762:
2760:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2726:
2721:
2717:
2712:
2708:
2703:
2648:
2560:
2549:
2537:
2517:
2500:
2489:
2483:
2480:
2465:
2449:
2438:
2394:
2328:Equus africanus
2274:
2221:
2129:Aplexa hypnorum
2080:Capra rupicapra
2074:Capra americana
2062:Capra rupicapra
1791:Helix balearica
1779:Helix balearica
1764:Succinea putris
1652:Anodonta cygnea
1646:Mytilus cygneus
1355:
1349:
1191:(Opinion 2032).
1177:(Rotifera) and
1048:Conus catenatus
1043:Conus catenatus
1036:Helix balcanica
1031:Helix balcanica
951:Double homonymy
825:Limax maculatus
807:, respectively.
542:
536:
528:Strix scandiaca
516:Strix scandiaca
500:
428:
422:
352:Limax maculatus
330:Limax maculatus
296:
290:
200:
192:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3893:
3883:
3882:
3877:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3844:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3821:
3819:Linneus, Maine
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3784:Linné (crater)
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3736:
3731:
3725:
3723:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3686:Gaspard Bauhin
3683:
3678:
3672:
3661:
3659:
3658:Related people
3655:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3609:Peter ForsskĂĄl
3606:
3601:
3599:Andreas Berlin
3596:
3590:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3532:
3527:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3514:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3494:
3486:
3478:
3470:
3462:
3454:
3446:
3438:
3430:
3422:
3414:
3406:
3398:
3390:
3382:
3374:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3361:
3354:
3353:
3346:
3339:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3282:
3281:External links
3279:
3276:
3275:
3271:Discorbis duwi
3261:
3206:
3181:
3150:
3125:
3100:
3098:Gesellschaft).
3090:
3080:
3077:on 2011-08-13.
3053:
3022:
3005:
2958:
2933:
2914:
2876:
2851:
2819:
2794:
2769:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2724:
2715:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2690:
2685:
2678:
2671:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2627:
2616:
2605:
2594:
2583:
2572:
2559:
2556:
2548:
2545:
2536:
2533:
2516:
2513:
2502:
2501:
2484:September 2024
2452:
2450:
2443:
2437:
2434:
2393:
2390:
2362:
2361:
2348:
2335:
2273:
2270:
2238:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2208:Carl von Linné
2198:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2133:
2123:Bulla hypnorum
2111:Bulla hypnorum
2101:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2052:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2001:MĂĽller, 1774.
1988:
1962:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1857:
1835:Pupa caucasica
1807:
1768:
1758:Helix succinea
1752:Helix succinea
1723:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1660:Microcondylaea
1656:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1618:Zonites wandae
1607:
1586:
1565:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1514:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1454:
1445:
1444:
1429:
1428:
1393:
1392:
1391:Brisson, 1760.
1351:Main article:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1268:
1250:
1249:
1229:
1228:
1214:
1193:
1192:
1170:
1144:
1143:
1121:
1120:
1106:
1094:
1082:
1070:
1052:
1051:
1039:
1027:
1015:
994:disambiguating
990:
989:
979:
948:
947:
914:
913:
898:
877:
809:
808:
769:
768:
718:
717:
685:
667:
666:
620:
619:
613:
607:
601:
595:
589:
583:
577:
538:Main article:
535:
532:
499:
496:
484:Linnaeus, 1758
472:Linnaeus, 1758
460:Linnaeus, 1758
449:Linnaeus, 1758
424:Main article:
421:
418:
414:
413:
356:
355:
340:Linnaeus, 1758
310:available name
292:Main article:
289:
286:
278:
277:
264:
263:
259:
258:
249:
248:
232:
231:
199:
196:
191:
188:
113:
112:
109:
102:
96:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3892:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3855:
3854:
3845:
3843:
3835:
3834:
3831:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3794:Linnean Medal
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3764:7412 Linnaeus
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3744:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3718:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3691:Johann Bauhin
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3634:Göran Rothman
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3594:Adam Afzelius
3592:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3511:
3500:
3499:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3458:Fauna Svecica
3455:
3452:
3451:
3450:Flora Svecica
3447:
3444:
3443:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3358:Carl Linnaeus
3352:
3347:
3345:
3340:
3338:
3333:
3332:
3329:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3272:
3265:
3257:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3222:(219): 1–10.
3221:
3217:
3210:
3195:
3191:
3185:
3167:
3160:
3154:
3139:
3135:
3129:
3114:
3110:
3104:
3094:
3084:
3073:
3066:
3065:
3057:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3026:
3018:
3017:
3009:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2978:(131): 9–19.
2977:
2973:
2969:
2962:
2948:on 2015-05-12
2947:
2943:
2937:
2930:
2926:
2923:
2918:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2880:
2865:
2861:
2855:
2840:
2836:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2808:
2804:
2798:
2783:
2779:
2773:
2758:
2754:
2748:
2744:
2728:
2719:
2710:
2706:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2682:Nomen oblitum
2679:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2561:
2555:
2552:
2544:
2542:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2512:
2510:
2498:
2495:
2487:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2453:This section
2451:
2447:
2442:
2441:
2433:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2417:
2415:
2409:
2407:
2401:
2399:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2374:, it becomes
2373:
2372:
2367:
2359:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2306:specific name
2303:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2279:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2248:
2241:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2213:
2210:). This is a
2209:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2138:
2137:Pseudanodonta
2134:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2118:
2117:Bulla rivalis
2113:
2112:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2037:
2036:Clupea fincta
2032:
2031:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2012:
2011:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1979:
1975:MĂĽller 1774.
1974:
1973:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1949:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1714:
1710:Studer 1820.
1709:
1708:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1679:
1678:Unio bonellii
1674:
1673:
1672:Anodonta lata
1668:
1667:
1666:Unio bonellii
1662:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1577:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1525:
1524:H. bicarinata
1520:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1465:
1464:Galba pusilla
1460:
1459:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1426:
1425:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1226:
1225:Ephemeroptera
1222:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1007:
1006:
1002:
1001:
1000:
997:
995:
987:
983:
980:
977:
973:
969:
965:
964:
959:
958:
957:
954:
952:
945:
944:
939:
935:
934:Helix caelata
931:
930:
925:
922:
921:
920:
917:
911:
910:
905:
904:
899:
896:
895:
890:
889:
884:
883:
878:
875:
871:
870:
865:
861:
857:
853:
852:
847:
843:
842:Limax maximus
839:
838:
833:
832:
827:
826:
821:
820:
819:
816:
813:
806:
805:
800:
799:
794:
793:
788:
785:
782:in 1790, and
781:
777:
776:
775:
772:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
737:
736:
733:
730:
725:
723:
715:
714:
709:
708:
703:
702:
697:
696:
691:
690:
686:
683:
682:
677:
676:
672:
671:
670:
664:
663:
658:
657:
652:
651:
646:
645:
640:
639:
634:
633:
629:
628:
627:
625:
617:
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
599:
596:
593:
590:
587:
584:
581:
578:
575:
571:
568:
567:
566:
563:
560:
558:
557:first reviser
554:
550:
545:
541:
531:
529:
525:
521:
517:
512:
509:
507:
506:
495:
491:
487:
481:
477:
474:and subgenus
470:
469:
463:
458:
454:
447:
446:
441:
436:
433:
427:
417:
411:
407:
403:
402:F. silvestris
399:
398:F. silvestris
395:
391:
390:F. silvestris
387:
383:
379:
376:
372:
368:
365:
361:
360:Carl Linnaeus
358:
357:
353:
349:
348:Limax maximus
345:
344:Limax maximus
338:
337:
336:Limax maximus
332:
331:
326:
325:
324:
321:
319:
315:
311:
307:
306:
301:
295:
285:
283:
276:
272:
271:
266:
265:
261:
260:
257:
256:
251:
250:
246:
242:
241:specific name
238:
234:
233:
230:
229:
224:
223:
222:
220:
216:
215:specific name
212:
207:
205:
195:
187:
185:
184:retrospective
181:
176:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
145:
143:
139:
135:
131:
126:
124:
123:
118:
110:
107:
103:
101:
97:
95:
91:
90:
89:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
46:
40:
33:
19:
3852:
3742:
3721:Recognitions
3696:Peter Artedi
3619:Pehr Löfling
3545:
3496:
3488:
3480:
3472:
3464:
3456:
3448:
3440:
3432:
3424:
3416:
3408:
3400:
3392:
3384:
3376:
3287:ICZN website
3264:
3219:
3209:
3198:. Retrieved
3184:
3173:. Retrieved
3153:
3142:. Retrieved
3128:
3117:. Retrieved
3103:
3093:
3083:
3072:the original
3063:
3056:
3039:
3035:
3025:
3015:
3008:
2975:
2971:
2961:
2950:. Retrieved
2946:the original
2936:
2917:
2905:. Retrieved
2901:the original
2892:
2888:
2879:
2868:. Retrieved
2854:
2843:. Retrieved
2811:. Retrieved
2797:
2786:. Retrieved
2772:
2761:. Retrieved
2747:
2727:
2718:
2709:
2692:
2680:
2673:
2668:Nomen dubium
2666:
2630:
2629:ICZN. 1999.
2619:
2618:ICZN. 1985.
2608:
2607:ICZN. 1964.
2597:
2596:ICZN. 1961.
2591:Google Books
2586:
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2518:
2505:
2490:
2481:
2466:Please help
2454:
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2201:
2195:king penguin
2188:
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2042:Clupea alosa
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2030:Clupea alosa
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2008:
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1996:
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1939:Castor fiber
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1915:Castor fiber
1913:
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1847:Euxinolauria
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1397:type species
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1383:Spheniscidae
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938:Helix glypta
937:
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874:K. maculatus
873:
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860:K. maculatus
859:
856:L. maculatus
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394:Opinion 2027
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366:
364:domestic cat
351:
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237:generic name
226:
211:generic name
208:
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146:
127:
120:
114:
81:
57:
53:
51:
3759:Linnaemyini
3677:(daughter))
3624:Pehr Osbeck
2675:Nomen nudum
2340:Equus zebra
2048:Alosa alosa
1746:S. amphibia
1492:Bollingeria
1167:Buliminidae
367:Felis catus
252:Subspecies
180:retroactive
163:group, and
76:treated as
3869:Categories
3200:2010-07-16
3175:2010-12-02
3144:2010-07-16
3119:2010-07-16
2952:2011-01-03
2870:2010-07-16
2845:2010-07-16
2813:2010-07-16
2788:2010-07-16
2763:2016-12-09
2739:References
2436:Commission
2358:burchellii
2314:adjectival
2265:subspecies
2193:) for the
2174:Examples:
2068:Capra pudu
1992:Omphiscola
1388:Spheniscus
1371:type genus
1263:The genus
1259:Examples:
1217:Reticulata
1207:Gastropoda
1198:Examples:
1189:Clariaidae
1150:Examples:
999:Examples:
774:Examples:
565:Examples:
373:named the
362:named the
323:Examples:
305:valid name
275:Giraffidae
190:Principles
151:names are
106:valid name
62:convention
3853:Wikiquote
3754:Linnaemya
3749:Linnaeite
3614:Pehr Kalm
3088:(Rudeval)
2907:8 October
2455:does not
2414:ICZN Code
2332:africanus
2219:Structure
2212:lectotype
2100:Examples:
2056:Rupicapra
2021:Examples:
1961:Examples:
1841:Caucasica
1829:Caucasica
1823:Caucasica
1817:Caucasica
1701:Candidula
1695:Examples:
1635:Examples:
1570:Theodoxus
1564:Examples:
1487:Examples:
1407:Example:
1272:Ammophila
1234:Example:
1211:Arachnida
1203:Pulmonata
1185:Clariidae
1162:Buliminus
960:The name
956:Example:
919:Example:
818:Example:
787:maculatus
735:Example:
695:Adelomyia
524:snowy owl
511:Example:
369:in 1758;
273:, family
149:available
130:taxonomic
100:available
82:ICZN Code
74:organisms
18:ICZN Code
3842:Category
3256:22977348
3194:Archived
3166:Archived
3138:Archived
3113:Archived
3000:17819182
2925:Archived
2864:Archived
2839:Archived
2807:Archived
2782:Archived
2757:Archived
2646:See also
2558:Versions
2547:Citation
2292:trinomen
2253:subgenus
1903:Example:
1728:Succinea
1640:Anodonta
1518:Helisoma
1453:Example:
1320:Prunella
1276:Arenaria
1265:Tandonia
1245:Ranoidea
1240:Ranoidea
1156:Bulimina
1117:oertzeni
792:Cerambyx
784:Cerambix
713:Adulomya
707:Adolomys
701:Adelomys
689:Adelomya
644:Argusina
553:priority
453:trinomen
410:F. catus
386:F. catus
225:Species
204:trinomen
173:case law
3734:Linnaea
3518:General
3247:3433695
3224:Bibcode
3220:ZooKeys
2980:Bibcode
2972:Science
2529:ZooBank
2476:removed
2461:sources
2392:History
2371:Locusta
2284:, say,
2282:binomen
2259:species
1966:Valvata
1413:Locusta
1324:Ricinus
1308:Liparis
1300:Hystrix
1292:Dugesia
1284:Chloris
1180:Clarias
1079:Betousa
1074:Betousa
1066:Amydona
1060:Amydona
1011:Echidna
1005:Echidna
888:Limacus
681:Isomyia
662:Argulus
549:homonym
480:Giraffa
476:Giraffa
468:Giraffa
440:binomen
375:wildcat
270:Giraffa
219:binomen
165:species
159:group,
122:Abronia
78:animals
66:zoology
3789:Linnéa
3665:Family
3501:(1774)
3493:(1771)
3485:(1763)
3477:(1753)
3469:(1751)
3461:(1746)
3453:(1745)
3445:(1738)
3437:(1737)
3429:(1737)
3421:(1737)
3413:(1737)
3405:(1736)
3397:(1736)
3389:(1736)
3381:(1735)
3254:
3244:
2998:
2294:, say
2105:Aplexa
2071:, and
1909:Castor
1399:for a
1373:for a
1365:has a
1280:Betula
1174:Claria
1140:graeca
1132:graeca
976:Noctua
972:Noctua
968:Noctua
963:Noctua
675:Isomya
638:Argusa
302:, the
267:Genus
213:and a
157:family
3671:(son)
3169:(PDF)
3162:(PDF)
3075:(PDF)
3068:(PDF)
2895:(1).
2701:Notes
2345:zebra
2323:Equus
2312:) is
2302:Latin
2247:genus
1850:(now
1458:Galba
1363:taxon
1340:Viola
1332:Typha
1328:Taxus
1316:Pinus
1296:Erica
1288:Dryas
1138:var.
1130:var.
1115:var.
929:Helix
864:Limax
851:Limax
656:Argas
650:Arcus
632:Argua
624:Argus
616:Argus
610:Argus
604:Argus
598:Argus
592:Argus
586:Argus
580:Argus
574:Argus
570:Argus
300:taxon
169:ranks
161:genus
153:valid
3252:PMID
2996:PMID
2909:2008
2525:ISSN
2521:ISBN
2459:any
2457:cite
2386:ater
2384:and
2382:atra
2262:and
2250:and
2033:and
1918:and
1395:The
1336:Ulva
1304:Iris
1024:Ansa
1019:Ansa
992:For
801:and
722:Code
555:and
518:and
430:The
284:").
134:taxa
58:ICZN
52:The
3242:PMC
3232:doi
3044:doi
2988:doi
2635:BHL
2624:BHL
2613:BHL
2602:BHL
2569:BHL
2523:or
2470:by
2350:In
2337:In
1800:or
182:or
144:).
72:of
64:in
3871::
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3040:11
3038:.
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2970:.
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2837:.
2822:^
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