927:, a research article claims there are serious inconsistencies in the way species are classified by the IUCN. The researchers contend that the IUCN's process of categorization is "out-dated, and leaves room for improvement", and further emphasize the importance of readily available and easy-to-include geospatial data, such as satellite and aerial imaging. Their conclusion questioned not only the IUCN's method but also the validity of where certain species fall on the List. They believe that combining geographical data can significantly increase the number of species that need to be reclassified to a higher risk category.
2151:
2128:
459:; nearly 2,000 species were added, with 4 species to the extinct list, 2 to the rediscovered list. The IUCN assessed a total of 63,837 species which revealed 19,817 are threatened with extinction. 3,947 were described as "critically endangered" and 5,766 as "endangered", while more than 10,000 species are listed as "vulnerable". At threat are 41% of amphibian species, 33% of reef-building corals, 30% of conifers, 25% of mammals, and 13% of birds. The IUCN Red List has listed 132 species of plants and animals from India as "Critically Endangered".
152:
256:
967:
2720:
668:
897:
2392:
855:
686:
953:
2712:
939:
40:
846:, the Red List Authority for birds for the IUCN Red List. BirdLife International has recommended PE become an official tag for Critically Endangered species, and this has now been adopted, along with a "Possibly Extinct in the Wild" tag for species with populations surviving in captivity but likely to be extinct in the wild.
904:
In 1997, the IUCN Red List received criticism on the grounds of secrecy (or at least poor documentation) surrounding the sources of its data. These allegations have led to efforts by the IUCN to improve its documentation and data quality, and to include peer reviews of taxa on the Red List. The list
723:
Species are classified by the IUCN Red List into nine groups, specified through criteria such as rate of decline, population size, area of geographic distribution, and degree of population and distribution fragmentation. There is an emphasis on the acceptability of applying any criteria in the
195:
The goals of the Red List are to provide scientifically based information on the status of species and subspecies at a global level, to draw attention to the magnitude and importance of threatened biodiversity, to influence national and international policy and decision-making, and to provide
226:
manner through IUCN Species
Survival Commission Specialist Groups (SSC), which are Red List Authorities (RLA) responsible for a species, group of species or specific geographic area, or in the case of BirdLife International, an entire class
1048:
CITES (Convention on
International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora), Joint Meeting of the Animals and Plants Committees, Shepherdstown (United States of America), 7–9 December 2000, Retrieved 14 November
442:
and "confirmed an extinction crisis, with almost one in four at risk of disappearing forever". The study shows at least 1,141 of the 5,487 mammals on Earth are known to be threatened with extinction, and 836 are listed as
234:
The number of species which have been assessed for the Red List has been increasing over time. As of 2023, of 150,388 species surveyed, 42,108 are considered at risk of extinction because of human activity, in particular
1329:
2098:
914:, an article suggested that the IUCN Red List and similar works are prone to misuse by governments and other groups that draw possibly inappropriate conclusions on the state of the environment or to affect
2997:
414:-based IUCN's Primate Specialist Group, stated that 16,306 species are endangered with extinction, 188 more than in 2006 (total of 41,415 species on the Red List). The Red List includes the
1760:
231:). The red list unit works with staff from the IUCN Global Species Programme as well as current program partners to recommend new partners or networks to join as new Red List Authorities.
2051:
3012:
1602:
Mace, Georgina M.; Collar, Nigel J.; Gaston, Kevin J.; Hilton-Taylor, Craig; Akçakaya, H. Resit; Leader-Williams, Nigel; Milner-Gulland, E.J.; Stuart, Simon N. (December 2008).
1481:
2091:
2734:
2084:
1538:
287:
vulnerable on the 2023 IUCN Red List. The data for some groups are insufficient, so the plotted percentages can be much lower than the actual rates of vulnerability.
2775:
2620:
1720:
1417:
3098:
2969:
1666:
1386:
2664:
755:(VU) – meets one of the 5 Red List criteria and thus considered to be at high risk of unnatural (human-caused) extinction without further human intervention.
2413:
2355:
1355:
533:
456:
1822:
2954:
17:
2408:
1203:
2888:
1786:
1325:
3002:
2949:
2464:
1697:
2903:
2459:
2428:
2370:
2204:
1067:
639:
580:
222:
The IUCN aims to have the category of every species re-evaluated at least every ten years, and every five years if possible. This is done in a
161:
88:
3007:
2913:
2454:
2438:
2380:
2108:– Report on the lack of a European Red List and the creation of a consolidated list of the threatened plants of Europe. Retrieved 2011-03-23.
710:
616:
3088:
2433:
2375:
2178:
1059:
590:
323:
The final volume of Red Data List created in the older, loose leaf style was volume 4 on freshwater fishes. This was published in 1979 by
2992:
2987:
2657:
2542:
2537:
1000:
192:, which assess the risk of extinction to species within a political management unit, are also produced by countries and organizations.
111:
2944:
2840:
2423:
2418:
2365:
2360:
2350:
553:
543:
508:
1473:
2532:
1573:
350:
2077:
1909:
667:
2959:
1439:
303:
Initially the Red Data Lists were designed for specialists and were issued in a loose-leaf format that could be easily changed.
2908:
2744:
2403:
2008:
724:
absence of high quality data including suspicion and potential future threats, "so long as these can reasonably be supported".
3093:
3033:
2918:
2650:
2196:
2037:
306:
The first two volumes of Red Lists were published in 1966 by conservationist Noel Simon, one for mammals and one for birds.
3043:
2754:
2528:
1530:
212:
2898:
1409:
219:(SSC). Collectively, assessments by these organizations and groups account for nearly half the species on the Red List.
3108:
3048:
3038:
312:
In 1970, the IUCN published its fifth volume in this series. This was the first Red Data List which focused on plants (
2696:
2067:
1659:
1378:
915:
703:
3078:
2845:
2508:
2345:
2171:
1962:
910:
657:
539:
498:
216:
2860:
2749:
737:(EW) – survives only in captivity, cultivation and/or outside native range, as presumed after exhaustive surveys.
679:
652:
2835:
2296:
1234:
586:
3083:
3028:
2600:
2503:
2495:
1935:
1844:
1808:
1746:
1706:
1089:
1167:
309:
The third volume that appeared covered reptiles and amphibians. It was created by René E. Honegger in 1968.
2934:
2796:
2595:
1351:
1193:
696:
208:
127:
2719:
2513:
2939:
2893:
2830:
2164:
123:
900:
1994 IUCN Red List categories (version 2.3), used for species which have not been reassessed since 2001.
685:
2499:
317:
115:
103:
1960:; Master, Larry L.; Keith, David A. (November 2002). "Limits to the use of threatened species lists".
2812:
2524:
1984:
2964:
2855:
2560:
2105:
363:
2045:
1693:"Going or gone: defining 'Possibly Extinct' species to give a truer picture of recent extinctions"
1692:
905:
is also open to petitions against its classifications, on the basis of documentation or criteria.
3103:
2520:
2278:
1691:
Butchart, S. H. M.; Stattersfield, A. J.; Brooks, Thomas M. (5 June 2006). Kirwan, Guy M. (ed.).
795:
The older 1994 list has only a single "Lower Risk" category which contained three subcategories:
576:
371:
119:
3073:
2865:
2850:
2791:
2610:
1979:
1724:
843:
799:
200:
99:
1227:
The Road to
Extinction: Problems of Categorizing the Status of Taxa Threatened with Extinction
2491:
2283:
2252:
2137:
1005:
749:(EN) – very high risk of extinction in the wild, meets any of criteria A to E for Endangered.
740:
596:
529:
391:
1326:"Extinction crisis escalates: Red List shows apes, corals, vultures, dolphins all in danger"
438:
The 2008 Red List was released on 6 October 2008 at the IUCN World
Conservation Congress in
2570:
2552:
1971:
1873:
1615:
1121:
204:
2097:
Rodrigues, A. S. L., Pilgrim, J.D., Lamoreux, J.F., Hoffmann, M. & Brooks, T.M. 2006.
888:
All new IUCN assessments since 2001 have used version 3.1 of the categories and criteria.
8:
2770:
2605:
2590:
2234:
1447:
985:
734:
504:
470:
395:
379:
335:
The first attempt to create a Red Data Book for a nonspecialist public came in 1969 with
177:
1975:
1957:
1877:
1619:
1560:
1125:
2673:
2262:
2257:
2244:
2187:
2150:
1891:
1641:
1144:
1107:
1024:
784:
752:
549:
518:
415:
324:
185:
2127:
1993:
151:
2701:
2585:
2063:
1929:
1838:
1802:
1740:
1633:
1628:
1604:"Quantification of Extinction Risk: IUCN's System for Classifying Threatened Species"
1603:
1230:
1149:
1083:
995:
423:
189:
1645:
2565:
2055:
1989:
1895:
1881:
1864:
1665:. 2012 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. 2012.
1623:
1139:
1129:
923:
407:
244:
2711:
2395:
1949:
1198:
805:
758:
313:
966:
787:" embraces the categories of Critically Endangered, Endangered, and Vulnerable.
255:
2642:
2313:
1229:. Gland: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.
1103:
990:
958:
944:
854:
770:
612:
444:
1440:"IUCN 2012 update – 4 species extinct – 2 rediscovered – Food security waning"
3067:
2318:
811:
776:
622:
2059:
1134:
2615:
2133:
1953:
1637:
1153:
972:
2691:
411:
399:
292:
236:
223:
107:
2289:
2229:
764:
746:
564:
494:
483:
387:
181:
131:
2156:
439:
370:. In this release, they have raised their classification of both the
2052:
International Union for
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
731:(EX) – beyond reasonable doubt that the species is no longer extant.
259:
The percentage of species in several groups which are documented as
952:
862:
There have been a number of versions, dating from 1991, including:
767:(LR) – unlikely to become endangered or extinct in the near future.
403:
1948:
1886:
1859:
1660:"IUCN RED LIST CATEGORIES AND CRITERIA Version 3.1 Second edition"
2146:
1504:
1379:"Extinction threat 'a call to world leaders' at Rio Earth Summit"
1194:"Almost 30,000 Species Face Extinction Because of Human Activity"
896:
858:
Comparing the number of species in each category of IUCN Red List
728:
240:
27:
Inventory of the global conservation status of biological species
39:
3013:
List of threatened reptiles and amphibians of the United States
2677:
2580:
2121:
196:
information to guide actions to conserve biological diversity.
142:
1562:
Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List
Categories and Criteria
2739:
2735:
Environment
Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999
2575:
2483:
1601:
980:
2142:
1474:"The Red List Of Threatened Species, Annual Report Released"
1690:
1569:
1112:
228:
2776:
Committee on the Status of
Endangered Wildlife in Canada
1761:"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Summary Statistics"
1531:"Red list has 132 species of plants, animals from India"
2009:"New study claims that the IUCN Red List is inaccurate"
2092:
2001 IUCN Red List
Categories and Criteria version 3.1
2085:
1994 IUCN Red List
Categories and Criteria version 2.3
1765:
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Summary Statistics
743:(CE) – in a particularly and extremely critical state.
1314:. International Union for the Conservation of Nature.
1299:. International Union for the Conservation of Nature.
1284:. International Union for the Conservation of Nature.
1269:. International Union for the Conservation of Nature.
1254:. International Union for the Conservation of Nature.
790:
2044:
Walter, Kerry S.; Gillett, Harriet J., eds. (1998).
934:
761:(NT) – close to being endangered in the near future.
1297:
Red data book Volume 5: Angiospermae, a compilation
1789:. IUCN. Archived from the original on 27 June 2014
1410:"IUCN Red List update: Nearly 2,000 species added"
1312:Red data book. Volume 4. Pisces: freshwater fishes
455:The Red List of 2012 was released 19 July 2012 at
2998:Endangered mammals and birds of the United States
2889:List of endangered and protected species of China
1916:. Archived from the original on 17 September 2008
1597:
1595:
1593:
1352:"IUCN Red List reveals world's mammals in crisis"
176:, founded in 1964, is an inventory of the global
3065:
2672:
1467:
1465:
1282:Red Data Book, Volume 3, Amphibia & Reptilia
1252:Red data book. Volume 1. Mammalia, a compilation
422:) in the Critically Endangered category and the
3003:List of threatened mammals of the United States
2631:Pre-2001 categories and subcategories shown in
2101:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 21(2): 71–76.
2099:The value of the IUCN Red List for conservation
2029:
1727:. Archived from the original on 14 October 2013
3099:International Union for Conservation of Nature
2904:List of endemic and threatened plants of India
1823:"Historical IUCN Red Data Books and Red Lists"
1787:"2001 Categories & Criteria (version 3.1)"
1590:
1407:
1376:
1225:Fitter, Richard; Fitter, Maisie, eds. (1987).
1068:International Union for Conservation of Nature
842:The tag of "possibly extinct" (PE) is used by
291:The idea for a Red Data Book was suggested by
162:International Union for Conservation of Nature
89:International Union for Conservation of Nature
3008:List of threatened birds of the United States
2914:List of threatened species of the Philippines
2658:
2172:
2043:
1462:
704:
2038:A history of the IUCN DATA Book and Redlist
1825:. Archived from the original on 27 June 2014
1698:Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club
1522:
1224:
1070:. Archived from the original on 30 June 2014
2993:List of endangered animals of North America
2197:Template: Threatened species by region
2076:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2009.
2000:
1401:
298:
2988:List of endangered plants of North America
2665:
2651:
2179:
2165:
2149:
2126:
1860:"IUCN's credibility critically endangered"
1528:
1471:
1328:(Press release). IUCN. 12 September 2007.
711:
697:
150:
112:Botanic Gardens Conservation International
38:
2841:Endangered Species Act Amendments of 1978
1983:
1885:
1857:
1627:
1505:"The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"
1168:"Threatened species on the IUCN Red List"
1143:
1133:
830:was removed and its contents merged into
1432:
1294:
1279:
1191:
895:
853:
368:2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
254:
215:, and many Specialist Groups within the
2543:The world's 100 most threatened species
2538:The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates
2047:1997 IUCN red list of threatened plants
1354:(Press release). IUCN. 6 October 2008.
1102:
1029:The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
33:The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
14:
3066:
2909:List of endangered species in Pakistan
2745:Threatened Species Protection Act 1995
2186:
2006:
1370:
1309:
3034:List of threatened flora of Australia
2919:List of endangered species in Vietnam
2646:
2160:
2106:Conserving Europe's threatened plants
1484:from the original on 10 November 2013
1420:from the original on 16 November 2018
1264:
1249:
330:
3044:List of threatened mammals of Brazil
2755:Trade in Endangered Species Act 1989
1858:Mrosovsky, Nicholas (October 1997).
1332:from the original on 24 January 2011
394:, which is the last category before
213:World Conservation Monitoring Centre
3089:Biota by conservation status system
2899:List of endangered animals in India
1910:"Information Sources & Quality"
1509:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1358:from the original on 9 October 2008
1108:"Extinction tsunami can be avoided"
837:
826:became their own categories, while
340:
24:
18:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
3049:List of threatened birds of Brazil
3039:List of endangered flora of Brazil
1579:from the original on 23 April 2018
1192:Aguilera, Jasmine (18 July 2019).
791:1994 categories and 2001 framework
25:
3120:
2697:Environmental Vulnerability Index
2113:
2104:Sharrock, S. and Jones, M. 2009.
1963:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
1672:from the original on 1 March 2019
1541:from the original on 24 June 2012
1389:from the original on 22 June 2012
1206:from the original on 19 July 2019
1001:Species by IUCN Red List category
916:exploitation of natural resources
911:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
2846:Endangered species recovery plan
2718:
2710:
2621:Vulnerability and susceptibility
2509:Decline in amphibian populations
2391:
2390:
2007:Stocks, Sam (10 November 2016).
1629:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01044.x
965:
951:
937:
684:
666:
658:Lists of organisms by population
337:The Red Book: Wildlife in Danger
217:IUCN Species Survival Commission
199:Major species assessors include
2861:NatureServe conservation status
2750:Threatened ecological community
1942:
1902:
1851:
1815:
1779:
1753:
1713:
1684:
1652:
1553:
1496:
1408:Jessica Phelan (19 June 2012).
1377:Matthew Knight (19 June 2012).
1344:
1318:
1303:
1288:
1273:
673:
475:
450:
433:
357:
2836:Endangered Species Act of 1973
2297:Conservation Dependent (LR/cd)
1446:. 19 June 2012. Archived from
1258:
1243:
1218:
1185:
1160:
1096:
1052:
1042:
1017:
921:In the November 2016 issue of
908:In the November 2002 issue of
430:) in the Endangered category.
207:(the research division of the
166:Red List of Threatened Species
13:
1:
3029:Threatened fauna of Australia
2601:Ecoregion conservation status
2504:Decline in insect populations
2054:Species Survival Commission.
1994:10.1016/S0169-5347(02)02614-9
1707:Biodiversity Heritage Library
1267:Red data book. Volume 2. Aves
642:Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
462:
98:Species Survival Commission,
3094:Biota by conservation status
2935:Threatened mammals of Europe
2797:Funds for Endangered Parrots
2596:Conservation-reliant species
2030:General and cited references
1721:"Birds on the IUCN Red List"
1011:
891:
406:, along with other factors.
209:Zoological Society of London
128:Zoological Society of London
7:
2940:Endangered plants of Europe
2894:Endangered mammals of India
2831:Distinct population segment
1529:K.S. Sudhi (21 June 2012).
1472:James Ayre (20 June 2012).
930:
849:
587:Conservation Dependent (CD)
345:tag is missing the closing
124:Sapienza University of Rome
10:
3125:
2253:Critically Endangered (CR)
1502:The list is queryable at:
1025:"Background & History"
530:Critically Endangered (CR)
362:On 12 September 2007, the
250:
116:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
104:Conservation International
3109:Species described in 1963
3021:
2978:
2927:
2881:
2874:
2821:
2813:Endangered Wildlife Trust
2805:
2784:
2763:
2727:
2708:
2684:
2629:
2551:
2481:
2447:
2389:
2338:
2331:
2306:
2271:
2243:
2222:
2215:
2203:
2194:
1934:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1843:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1807:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1745:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1295:Melville, Ronald (1970).
1088:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
137:
94:
82:
72:
62:
58:Cambridge, United Kingdom
54:
46:
37:
2856:National Wildlife Refuge
2561:Biodiversity action plan
2235:Extinct in the Wild (EW)
505:Extinct in the Wild (EW)
364:World Conservation Union
299:1966–1977 Red Data Lists
120:Texas A&M University
3079:1964 in the environment
2094:. Retrieved 2009-12-19.
2087:. Retrieved 2009-12-19.
2080:. Retrieved 2009-12-19.
2060:10.5962/bhl.title.44833
1705:: 7–24 – via the
1310:Miller, Robert (1979).
1280:Honegger, René (1968).
1135:10.1073/pnas.1711074114
818:In the 2001 framework,
783:In the IUCN Red List, "
640:International Union for
376:Gorilla gorilla gorilla
372:western lowland gorilla
273:critically endangered,
2866:The Nature Conservancy
2851:Endangered Wolf Center
2792:EAZA Ex-situ Programme
2611:Latent extinction risk
2050:. Gland, Switzerland:
1952:; Andelman, Sandy J.;
1725:BirdLife International
901:
859:
844:Birdlife International
828:Conservation Dependent
800:Conservation Dependent
476:IUCN Red List category
384:Gorilla gorilla diehli
288:
201:BirdLife International
100:Birdlife International
2496:Endangered arthropods
2492:Threatened arthropods
2414:Critically Endangered
2356:Critically Endangered
2040:.Retrieved 2012–5–11.
1958:Medellı́n, Rodrigo A.
1006:Wildlife conservation
899:
857:
741:Critically endangered
392:critically endangered
258:
3084:Biological databases
2571:Conservation biology
2566:Biodiversity threats
2279:Near Threatened (NT)
1608:Conservation Biology
1265:Simon, Noel (1966).
1250:Simon, Noel (1966).
577:Near Threatened (NT)
366:(IUCN) released the
205:Institute of Zoology
168:, also known as the
2771:Species at Risk Act
2606:Habitat destruction
2591:Conservation status
2409:Extinct in the Wild
2351:Extinct in the Wild
2314:Data Deficient (DD)
1976:2002TEcoE..17..503P
1950:Possingham, Hugh P.
1878:1997Natur.389..436M
1620:2008ConBi..22.1424M
1126:2017PNAS..114.8440L
1060:"Red List Overview"
986:Conservation status
735:Extinct in the wild
613:Data Deficient (DD)
471:Conservation status
457:Rio+20 Earth Summit
396:extinct in the wild
380:Cross River gorilla
316:only), compiled by
178:conservation status
84:Parent organization
34:
2674:Threatened species
2319:Not Evaluated (NE)
2307:Not fully assessed
2284:Least Concern (LC)
2188:Threatened species
2078:Summary Statistics
2036:Hilton-Taylor, C.
1104:Lovejoy, Thomas E.
902:
884:Version 3.1 (2001)
881:Version 3.0 (1999)
878:Version 2.3 (1994)
875:Version 2.2 (1994)
872:Version 2.1 (1993)
869:Version 2.0 (1992)
866:Version 1.0 (1991)
860:
680:NatureServe status
653:NatureServe status
623:Not Evaluated (NE)
597:Least Concern (LC)
416:Sumatran orangutan
331:1969 Red Data Book
325:Robert Rush Miller
289:
190:Regional Red Lists
186:biological species
74:Official language
32:
3061:
3060:
3057:
3056:
2702:Regional Red List
2640:
2639:
2586:Bird conservation
2477:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2327:
2326:
2013:Discover Wildlife
1444:wildlifeextra.com
1120:(32): 8840–8841.
1106:(8 August 2017).
996:Regional Red List
721:
720:
424:Bornean orangutan
158:
157:
16:(Redirected from
3116:
2879:
2878:
2722:
2714:
2667:
2660:
2653:
2644:
2643:
2394:
2393:
2336:
2335:
2220:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2181:
2174:
2167:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2130:
2125:
2124:
2122:Official website
2073:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1987:
1954:Burgman, Mark A.
1946:
1940:
1939:
1933:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1889:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1842:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1806:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1744:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1671:
1664:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1631:
1614:(6): 1424–1442.
1599:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1578:
1567:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1469:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1147:
1137:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1087:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1056:
1050:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1021:
975:
970:
969:
961:
956:
955:
947:
942:
941:
940:
924:Science Advances
838:Possibly extinct
713:
706:
699:
688:
674:Red List classes
670:
605:Other categories
567:
521:
486:
467:
466:
408:Russ Mittermeier
354:
348:
344:
286:
283:
279:
276:
272:
269:
265:
262:
245:land development
154:
149:
146:
144:
42:
35:
31:
21:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3053:
3017:
2980:
2974:
2923:
2870:
2823:
2817:
2801:
2780:
2759:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2706:
2680:
2671:
2641:
2636:
2625:
2547:
2469:
2443:
2429:Near Threatened
2385:
2371:Near Threatened
2323:
2302:
2290:Lower Risk (LR)
2267:
2263:Vulnerable (VU)
2258:Endangered (EN)
2239:
2199:
2190:
2185:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2111:
2070:
2032:
2027:
2017:
2015:
2005:
2001:
1985:10.1.1.467.6031
1970:(11): 503–507.
1947:
1943:
1927:
1926:
1919:
1917:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1856:
1852:
1836:
1835:
1828:
1826:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1800:
1799:
1792:
1790:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1770:
1768:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1738:
1737:
1730:
1728:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1689:
1685:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1662:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1600:
1591:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1544:
1542:
1527:
1523:
1513:
1511:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1487:
1485:
1470:
1463:
1453:
1451:
1450:on 4 March 2016
1438:
1437:
1433:
1423:
1421:
1406:
1402:
1392:
1390:
1375:
1371:
1361:
1359:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1335:
1333:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1308:
1304:
1293:
1289:
1278:
1274:
1263:
1259:
1248:
1244:
1237:
1223:
1219:
1209:
1207:
1190:
1186:
1176:
1174:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1101:
1097:
1081:
1080:
1073:
1071:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1047:
1043:
1033:
1031:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1014:
971:
964:
957:
950:
943:
938:
936:
933:
894:
852:
840:
832:Near Threatened
820:Near Threatened
806:Near Threatened
793:
759:Near Threatened
717:
683:
677:
671:
644:
641:
565:
550:Vulnerable (VU)
540:Endangered (EN)
519:
484:
478:
465:
453:
436:
360:
346:
342:
333:
318:Ronald Melville
301:
284:
281:
280:endangered, or
277:
274:
270:
267:
263:
260:
253:
141:
85:
75:
65:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3122:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3104:Lists of biota
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3059:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2984:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2970:United Kingdom
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2885:
2883:
2876:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2827:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2681:
2670:
2669:
2662:
2655:
2647:
2638:
2637:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2557:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2511:
2506:
2488:
2486:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2439:Data Deficient
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2400:
2398:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2381:Data Deficient
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2342:
2340:
2333:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2293:
2286:
2281:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2249:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2226:
2224:
2217:
2210:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2184:
2183:
2176:
2169:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2140:
2131:
2115:
2114:External links
2112:
2110:
2109:
2102:
2095:
2088:
2081:
2074:
2068:
2041:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2025:
1999:
1941:
1901:
1850:
1814:
1778:
1767:. 21 June 2024
1752:
1712:
1683:
1651:
1589:
1572:, March 2017,
1568:, Version 13,
1552:
1521:
1495:
1478:planetsave.com
1461:
1431:
1400:
1369:
1343:
1317:
1302:
1287:
1272:
1257:
1242:
1235:
1217:
1184:
1159:
1095:
1051:
1041:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
991:Red List Index
988:
983:
977:
976:
962:
959:Biology portal
948:
945:Ecology portal
932:
929:
893:
890:
886:
885:
882:
879:
876:
873:
870:
867:
851:
848:
839:
836:
816:
815:
809:
803:
792:
789:
781:
780:
774:
771:Data Deficient
768:
762:
756:
750:
744:
738:
732:
719:
718:
716:
715:
708:
701:
693:
690:
689:
672:Comparison of
663:
662:
661:
660:
655:
650:
645:
638:
633:
632:
631:Related topics
628:
627:
626:
625:
620:
607:
606:
602:
601:
600:
599:
594:
584:
571:
570:
560:
559:
558:
557:
547:
537:
524:
523:
515:
514:
513:
512:
502:
489:
488:
480:
479:
473:
464:
461:
452:
449:
445:Data Deficient
435:
432:
428:Pongo pygmaeus
359:
356:
341:Cite error: A
332:
329:
300:
297:
252:
249:
188:. A series of
156:
155:
139:
135:
134:
96:
92:
91:
86:
83:
80:
79:
76:
73:
70:
69:
66:
64:Region served
63:
60:
59:
56:
52:
51:
48:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3121:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3074:IUCN Red List
3072:
3071:
3069:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2977:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2873:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2820:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2721:
2713:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2668:
2663:
2661:
2656:
2654:
2649:
2648:
2645:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502: /
2501:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2480:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2434:Least Concern
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2396:WP categories
2388:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2376:Least Concern
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2182:
2177:
2175:
2170:
2168:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2143:IUCN Red List
2141:
2139:
2135:
2134:IUCN Red List
2132:
2129:
2123:
2118:
2117:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2069:9782831703282
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2014:
2010:
2003:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1945:
1937:
1931:
1915:
1914:IUCN Red List
1911:
1905:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1887:10.1038/38873
1883:
1879:
1875:
1872:(6650): 436.
1871:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1854:
1846:
1840:
1824:
1818:
1810:
1804:
1788:
1782:
1766:
1762:
1756:
1748:
1742:
1726:
1722:
1716:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1687:
1668:
1661:
1655:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1575:
1571:
1564:
1563:
1556:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1525:
1510:
1506:
1499:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1468:
1466:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1435:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1404:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1373:
1357:
1353:
1347:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1313:
1306:
1298:
1291:
1283:
1276:
1268:
1261:
1253:
1246:
1238:
1232:
1228:
1221:
1205:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1188:
1173:
1172:IUCN Red List
1169:
1163:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1099:
1091:
1085:
1069:
1065:
1064:IUCN Red List
1061:
1055:
1045:
1030:
1026:
1020:
1016:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
978:
974:
968:
963:
960:
954:
949:
946:
935:
928:
926:
925:
919:
917:
913:
912:
906:
898:
889:
883:
880:
877:
874:
871:
868:
865:
864:
863:
856:
847:
845:
835:
833:
829:
825:
824:Least Concern
821:
813:
812:Least Concern
810:
807:
804:
801:
798:
797:
796:
788:
786:
778:
777:Not Evaluated
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
733:
730:
727:
726:
725:
714:
709:
707:
702:
700:
695:
694:
692:
691:
687:
681:
675:
669:
665:
664:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
648:IUCN Red List
646:
643:
637:
636:
635:
634:
630:
629:
624:
621:
618:
614:
611:
610:
609:
608:
604:
603:
598:
595:
592:
588:
585:
582:
578:
575:
574:
573:
572:
569:
568:
562:
561:
555:
551:
548:
545:
541:
538:
535:
531:
528:
527:
526:
525:
522:
517:
516:
510:
506:
503:
500:
496:
493:
492:
491:
490:
487:
482:
481:
477:
472:
469:
468:
460:
458:
448:
446:
441:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
355:
352:
338:
328:
326:
321:
319:
315:
310:
307:
304:
296:
294:
257:
248:
246:
242:
238:
232:
230:
225:
224:peer reviewed
220:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
197:
193:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
174:Red Data Book
171:
170:IUCN Red List
167:
163:
153:
148:
140:
136:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
90:
87:
81:
77:
71:
68:International
67:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
36:
30:
19:
2806:South Africa
2632:
2616:Rare species
2553:Conservation
2531: /
2527: /
2523: /
2519: /
2515:
2498: /
2494: /
2465:Appendix III
2295:
2288:
2230:Extinct (EX)
2207:
2046:
2016:. Retrieved
2012:
2002:
1967:
1961:
1944:
1920:19 September
1918:. Retrieved
1913:
1904:
1869:
1863:
1853:
1827:. Retrieved
1817:
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1781:
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1764:
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1715:
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1674:. Retrieved
1654:
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1607:
1581:, retrieved
1561:
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1543:. Retrieved
1535:thehindu.com
1534:
1524:
1512:. Retrieved
1508:
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1477:
1452:. Retrieved
1448:the original
1443:
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1413:
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1171:
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1098:
1072:. Retrieved
1063:
1054:
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1032:. Retrieved
1028:
1019:
973:World portal
922:
920:
909:
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903:
887:
861:
841:
831:
827:
823:
819:
817:
794:
782:
722:
647:
563:
495:Extinct (EX)
454:
451:2012 release
437:
434:2008 release
427:
420:Pongo abelii
419:
383:
375:
367:
361:
358:2007 release
347:</ref>
336:
334:
322:
311:
308:
305:
302:
290:
233:
221:
198:
194:
173:
169:
165:
159:
145:.iucnredlist
95:Affiliations
55:Headquarters
29:
2728:Australasia
2692:Blue-listed
2514:Threatened
2460:Appendix II
1676:28 February
1545:13 November
1488:13 November
1454:14 November
1424:13 November
1414:www.pri.org
1393:13 November
1336:25 November
410:, chief of
400:Ebola virus
343:<ref>
314:angiosperms
293:Peter Scott
237:overfishing
108:NatureServe
3068:Categories
2455:Appendix I
2424:Vulnerable
2419:Endangered
2366:Vulnerable
2361:Endangered
2272:Lower risk
2245:Threatened
2216:Categories
1793:27 January
1731:26 January
1236:2880329299
785:threatened
765:Lower Risk
753:Vulnerable
747:Endangered
566:Lower Risk
520:Threatened
463:Categories
388:endangered
378:) and the
266:extinct,
182:extinction
132:Wildscreen
3022:Elsewhere
2955:Lithuania
2685:By region
2533:Chromista
1980:CiteSeerX
1583:4 January
1362:9 October
1012:Citations
892:Criticism
440:Barcelona
398:, due to
351:help page
349:(see the
295:in 1963.
47:Formation
2945:Bulgaria
2208:Red List
2138:Facebook
2018:24 April
1930:cite web
1839:cite web
1803:cite web
1741:cite web
1667:Archived
1646:37234648
1638:18847444
1574:archived
1539:Archived
1482:Archived
1418:Archived
1387:Archived
1356:Archived
1330:Archived
1204:Archived
1154:28747527
1084:cite web
931:See also
850:Versions
404:poaching
184:risk of
2981:America
2965:Ukraine
2633:italics
2516:Banksia
2500:spiders
2404:Extinct
2346:Extinct
2332:Species
2223:Extinct
2147:Twitter
1972:Bibcode
1896:4389685
1874:Bibcode
1771:21 June
1616:Bibcode
1514:6 March
1210:20 July
1177:21 July
1145:5559057
1122:Bibcode
1074:20 June
814:(LR/lc)
808:(LR/nt)
802:(LR/cd)
729:Extinct
485:Extinct
386:) from
251:History
241:hunting
211:), the
164:(IUCN)
138:Website
78:English
2979:North
2960:Russia
2928:Europe
2824:States
2822:United
2785:Europe
2764:Canada
2678:region
2581:ARKive
2525:sharks
2090:IUCN.
2083:IUCN.
2066:
1982:
1894:
1865:Nature
1829:9 June
1644:
1636:
1233:
1152:
1142:
1034:19 May
285:
282:
278:
275:
271:
268:
264:
261:
243:, and
203:, the
2950:Italy
2875:Lists
2740:ROTAP
2576:CITES
2529:Fungi
2448:CITES
2339:Lists
1892:S2CID
1670:(PDF)
1663:(PDF)
1642:S2CID
1577:(PDF)
1566:(PDF)
1049:2012.
981:CITES
682:below
676:above
412:Swiss
2882:Asia
2521:rays
2484:taxa
2205:IUCN
2064:ISBN
2020:2022
1936:link
1922:2008
1845:link
1831:2016
1809:link
1795:2013
1773:2024
1747:link
1733:2007
1703:126A
1678:2019
1634:PMID
1585:2018
1570:IUCN
1547:2018
1516:2020
1490:2018
1456:2018
1426:2018
1395:2018
1364:2008
1338:2019
1231:ISBN
1212:2019
1199:Time
1179:2023
1150:PMID
1113:PNAS
1090:link
1076:2012
1036:2021
822:and
779:(NE)
773:(DD)
678:and
617:list
591:list
581:list
554:list
544:list
534:list
509:list
499:list
402:and
229:Aves
180:and
160:The
147:.org
50:1964
2676:by
2482:By
2145:on
2136:on
2056:doi
1990:doi
1882:doi
1870:389
1624:doi
1383:CNN
1140:PMC
1130:doi
1118:114
474:by
390:to
172:or
143:www
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