Intrauterine device

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or metal frame and the specific action of the medication (copper or levonorgestrel) that is released. Exposure to a foreign body causes a sterile inflammatory reaction in the intrauterine environment that is toxic to sperm and ova and impairs implantation.28,29 The production of cytotoxic peptides and activation of enzymes lead to inhibition of sperm motility, reduced sperm capacitation and survival, and increased phagocytosis of sperm.30,31… The progestin in the LNg IUC enhances the contraceptive action of the device by thickening cervical mucus, suppressing the endometrium, and impairing sperm function. In addition, ovulation is often impaired as a result of systemic absorption of levonorgestrel

5592: 5226: 521: 764:, women and adolescents under the age of 20 and women who have not given birth are classified in category 2 for IUD use, mainly due to "the risk for expulsion from nulliparity and for STDs from sexual behavior in younger age groups." According to the CDC, benefits generally outweigh the risks, and IUDs are recommended for young and nulliparous women, although more careful attention may be required. Women over age 20 and those who have previously given birth are placed in category 1, meaning no special concerns are placed on use. 622: 513: 534:

copper acts as a spermicide within the uterus by increasing levels of copper ions, prostaglandins, and white blood cells within the uterine and tubal fluids. The increased copper ions in the cervical mucus inhibit the sperm's motility and viability, preventing sperm from traveling through the cervical mucus, or destroying it as it passes through. Copper can also alter the endometrial lining, and while studies show that while this alteration can prevent implantation of a fertilized egg ("

788: 5699: 5939: 864:. The uterus is larger than baseline following birth, which has important implications for insertion. After vaginal deliveries, insertions can be done using placental forceps, a longer inserter specialized for postpartum insertions, or manually, where the provider uses their hand to insert the IUD in the uterus. After cesarean deliveries, the IUD is placed in the uterus with forceps or manually during surgery prior to suturing the uterine incision. 5220: 288: 690: 644:. Each type varies in size, amount of levonorgestrel released, and duration. The primary mechanism of action is making the inside of the uterus uninhabitable for sperm. They can also thin the endometrial lining and potentially impair implantation but this is not their usual function. Because they thin the endometrial lining, they can also reduce or even prevent menstrual bleeding. As a result, they are used to treat 916:, which can bend for insertion and retain their original shape, became the material used for first-generation IUDs. Lippes also devised the addition of the monofilament nylon string, which facilitates IUD removal. His trapezoid shape Lippes Loop IUD became one of the most popular first-generation IUDs. In the following years, many different shaped plastic IUDs were invented and marketed. These included the infamous 5761: 909:, made of silver filaments. His work was suppressed during the Nazi regime, when contraception was considered a threat to Aryan women. He moved to the United States, where his colleagues H. Hall and M. Stone took up his work after his death and created the stainless steel Hall-Stone Ring. A Japanese doctor named Tenrei Ota also developed a silver or gold IUD called the Precea or Pressure Ring. 5465: 656:) have been ruled out. In a 10-year study, the levonorgestrel coil was found to be as effective as oral medicines (tranexamic acid, mefenamic acid, combined oestrogen–progestogen or progesterone alone); the same proportion of women had not had surgery for heavy bleeding and had similar improvements in their quality of life. 771:, or lack of menstruation while using an IUD. Menstruation occurs when a woman has not become pregnant and the uterus sheds its lining in preparation for the next cycle. IUDs tend to thin the lining of the uterus, leading to less menses by volume or a lack of menstruation altogether. There is a condition known as 939:

The hormonal IUD was also invented in the 1960s and 1970s; initially the goal was to mitigate the increased menstrual bleeding associated with copper and inert IUDs. The first model, Progestasert, was conceived of by Antonio Scommegna and created by Tapani J. V. Luukkainen, but the device only lasted

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Generally, the removal is uncomplicated and reported to be not as painful as the insertion because there is no instrument that needs to go through the cervix. This process requires the health care provider to find the cervix with a speculum and then use ring forceps, which only go into the vagina, to

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companies recommend that women with IUDs who are considering using menstrual cups should consult with their gynecologists before use. There have been rare cases in which women using IUDs dislodged them when removing their menstrual cups, however, this can also happen with tampon use. Despite reports,

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To make an informed choice, women must know that ECPs—like the birth control pill, patch, ring, shot, and implant,and even like breastfeeding—prevent pregnancy primarily by delaying or inhibiting ovulation and inhibiting fertilization, but may at times inhibit implantation of a fertilized egg in the

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When used as a regular or emergency method of contraception, copper-releasing IUCs act primarily to prevent fertilization. Emergency insertion of a copper IUC is significantly more effective than the use of ECPs, reducing the risk of pregnancy following unprotected intercourse by more than 99%. This

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The main mechanisms of action of IUDs occur prior to fertilization, by preventing sperm from ever reaching the egg. The copper-bearing IUD acts as a spermicide, killing or impairing sperm so they cannot reach the egg. IUDs that contain progestin cause the cervical mucus to thicken, which stops sperm

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Modern IUDs do not cause increased infection, though the earlier Dalkon Shield may have, because it contained multifilament strings, which provided bacteria a space to grow and move up the string. IUDs manufactured after 2008 use monofilament strings in order to prevent this from happening. However,

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up to five days after unprotected sex. It is the most effective form of emergency contraception available. It works by preventing fertilization or implantation but does not affect already implanted embryos. It contains no hormones, so it can be used while breastfeeding, and fertility returns quickly

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Although the precise mechanism of action is not known, currently available IUCs work primarily by preventing sperm from fertilizing ova.26 IUCs are not abortifacients: they do not interrupt an implanted pregnancy.27 Pregnancy is prevented by a combination of the "foreign body effect" of the plastic

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The invention of the copper IUD in the 1960s brought with it the capital T-shaped design used by most modern IUDs. U.S. physician Howard Tatum determined that the 'T' shape would work better with the shape of the uterus, which forms a 'T' when contracted. He predicted this would reduce rates of IUD

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Nonmedicated IUDs depend for contraception on the general reaction of the uterus to a foreign body. It is believed that this reaction, a sterile inflammatory response, produces tissue injury of a minor degree but sufficient to be spermicidal. Very few, if any, sperm reach the ovum in the fallopian

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Copper-bearing intrauterine device (Cu-IUD). Copper is toxic to the ovum and sperm and thus the copper-bearing intrauterine device (Cu-IUD) is effective immediately after insertion and works primarily by inhibiting fertilisation. A systematic review on mechanisms of action of IUDs showed that both

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TCu 380a measures 32 mm (1.26") horizontally (top of the T), and 36 mm (1.42") vertically (leg of the T). Copper IUDs have a first year failure rate ranging from 0.1 to 2.2%. They work by damaging sperm and disrupting their motility so that they are not able to join an egg. Specifically,

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Inert IUDs are not yet approved for use in the United States, UK, or Canada. In China, where IUDs are the most common form of contraception, copper IUD production replaced inert IUD production in 1993. However, as of 2008, the most common IUD used by immigrants presenting to Canadian clinics for

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In the United States, the price of an IUD may range from $ 0 to $ 1,300. The price includes medical exams, insertion, and follow-up visits. Under the Affordable Care Act, most insurance plans are required to cover all forms of birth control, including IUDs, although they may not cover all IUD

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Copper IUDs do not contain any hormones, but release copper ions, which are toxic to sperm. They also cause the uterus and fallopian tubes to produce a fluid that contains white blood cells, copper ions, enzymes, and prostaglandins, which is also toxic to sperm. The very high effectiveness of

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The progestin-releasing IUD adds the endometrial action of the progestin to the foreign body reaction. The endometrium becomes decidualized with atrophy of the glands. The progestin IUD probably has two mechanisms of action: inhibition of implantation and inhibition of sperm capacitation,

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are effective. Topical lidocaine has been found as an effective pain management drug when applied before the procedure. The use of intrauterine lidocaine (paracervical block) is underutilized in the United States as an effective method to reduce pain associated with insertion.

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In 2002, a judicial review ruled that pregnancy begins at implantation, not fertilisation. The possible mechanisms of action should be explained to the patient as some methods may not be acceptable, depending on individual beliefs about the onset of pregnancy and

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IUDs that contain gold or silver also exist. Other shapes of IUD include the so-called U-shaped IUDs, such as the Load and Multiload, and the frameless IUD that holds several hollow cylindrical minuscule copper beads. It is held in place by a suture (knot) to the

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The contraceptive action of all IUDs is mainly in the intrauterine cavity. Ovulation is not affected, and the IUD is not an abortifacient. It is currently believed that the mechanism of action for IUDs is the production of an intrauterine environment that is

895:) devices crossed both the vagina and the uterus, causing a high rate of pelvic inflammatory disease. The first IUD was developed in 1909 by the German physician Richard Richter, of Waldenburg. His device was made of silkworm gut and was not widely used. 1859:

ECPs do not cause abortion or harm an established pregnancy. Pregnancy begins with implantation according to medical authorities such as the US FDA, the National Institutes of Health and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists

299:. The progestogen released from hormonal IUDs mainly works by thickening the cervical mucus, preventing sperm from reaching the fallopian tubes. IUDs may also function by preventing ovulation from occurring but this only occurs partially. 2333:

Copper ions released from the IUD create an environment that is toxic to sperm, preventing fertilization.14 Copper can also alter the endometrial lining, but studies show that this alteration can prevent implantation, but not disrupt

775:(PCOS) which causes women to miss their periods and can lead to an increased risk of endometrial cancer. However, an IUD causes the endometrial lining of a uterus to thin, which is the opposite of what occurs with PCOS. 932:

expulsion. Together, Tatum and Chilean physician Jaime Zipper discovered that copper could be an effective spermicide and developed the first copper IUD, TCu200. Improvements by Tatum led to the creation of the TCu380A (

920:, whose poor design caused bacterial infection and led to thousands of lawsuits. Although the Dalkon shield was removed from the market, it had a lasting, negative impact on IUD use and reputation in the United States. 546:

after removal. Copper IUDs also last longer and are available in a wider range of sizes and shapes compared to hormonal IUDs. Disadvantages include the possibility of heavier menstrual periods and more painful cramps.

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for one year of use. Progestasert was manufactured until 2001. One commercial hormonal IUD which is currently available, Mirena, was also developed by Luukkainen and released in 1976. The manufacturer of the Mirena,

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and takes a trapezoidal shape within the uterus). They are less effective than copper or hormonal IUDs, with a side effect profile similar to copper IUDs. Their primary mechanism of action is inducing a local

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Most copper IUDs have a T-shaped frame that is wound around with pure electrolytic copper wire and/or has copper collars (sleeves). The arms of the frame hold the IUD in place near the top of the uterus. The

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Bahamondes L, Hidalgo M, Petta CA, Diaz J, Espejo-Arce X, Monteiro-Dantas C (August 2003). "Enlarged ovarian follicles in users of a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system and contraceptive implant".

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IUDs do not lead to infertility or make it harder for a woman to become pregnant, and fertility typically returns within days of removal. Some prior studies found an association between infertility and the

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The use of IUDs increased within the United States from 0.8% in 1995 to 7.2% from the period of 2006 to 2014. The use of IUDs as a form of birth control dates from the 1800s. A previous model known as the

956:, the use of IUDs by state health services was part of the government's efforts to limit birth rates. From 1980 to 2014, 324 million women were inserted with IUDs, in addition to the 107 million who had 607:

removal of IUDs placed in China was still the SSR. Because the SSR has no string for removal, it can present a challenge to healthcare providers unfamiliar with IUD types not available in their region.

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endometrium. However, women should also be informed that the best available evidence indicates that ECPs prevent pregnancy by mechanisms that do not involve interference with post-fertilization events.

853:, and then use an insertion device to place the IUD in the uterus. The insertion device goes through the cervix. The procedure itself, if uncomplicated, should take no more than five to ten minutes. 3351:

Marions L, Lövkvist L, Taube A, Johansson M, Dalvik H, Øverlie I (April 2011). "Use of the levonorgestrel releasing-intrauterine system in nulliparous women--a non-interventional study in Sweden".

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altogether. However, women can have daily spotting for several months and it can take up to three months for there to be a 90% decrease in bleeding with hormonal IUDs. Cramping can be treated with

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It is difficult to predict what a woman will experience during IUD insertion or removal. Some women describe the insertion as cramps, some as a pinch, and others do not feel anything. Only 9% of

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Belhadj H, Sivin I, Diaz S, Pavez M, Tejada AS, Brache V, et al. (September 1986). "Recovery of fertility after use of the levonorgestrel 20 mcg/d or Copper T 380 Ag intrauterine device".

716:(especially in the first 21 days after insertion), and rarely uterine perforation. A small probability of pregnancy remains after IUD insertion, and when it occurs, there is a greater risk of 828:

insertion occurs after a woman gives birth either immediately, while the woman is still in the hospital, or delayed, up to 6-weeks following delivery, following either vaginal delivery or

216:

IUDs are safe and effective in adolescents as well as those who have not previously had children. Once an IUD is removed, even after long-term use, fertility returns to normal rapidly.

5137: 944:, became the target of multiple lawsuits over allegations that Bayer failed to adequately warn users that the IUD could pierce the uterus and migrate to other parts of the body. 1422: 1865:

One study has demonstrated that UP can delay ovulation.... Another study found that UPA altered the endometrium, but whether this change would inhibit implantation is unknown.

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labels both copper and hormonal devices as IUDs. In the United Kingdom, there are more than 10 different types of copper IUDs available. In the United Kingdom, the term

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Black K, Lotke P, Buhling KJ, Zite NB, et al. (Intrauterine contraception for Nulliparous women: Translating Research into Action (INTRA), group) (October 2012).

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Regardless of IUD type, there are some potential side effects that are similar for all IUDs. Some of these side effects include bleeding pattern changes, expulsion,

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Levonorgestrel (LNG). The precise mode of action of levonorgestrel (LNG) is incompletely understood but it is thought to work primarily by inhibition of ovulation.

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women considered the procedure painless, 72% moderately painful, and substantial pain with insertion that needs active management occurs in approximately 17% of

1766: 1392: 1007:, the government announced that IUD-removals would be paid for by the government. IUD removals are free for women "who are allowed to have another child" (see 3843: 924:

developed the first plastic IUD using thermoplastics in the 1960s. His innovation allowed insertion of the IUD into the uterus without the need to dilate the

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of an embryo. They may have higher rates of preventing pregnancy after fertilization, instead of before fertilization, compared to copper or hormonal IUDs.

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pre- and postfertilisation effects contribute to efficacy.If fertilisation has already occurred, it is accepted that there is an anti-implantation effect,

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Ortiz ME, Croxatto HB (June 2007). "Copper-T intrauterine device and levonorgestrel intrauterine system: biological bases of their mechanism of action".

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Ortiz ME, Croxatto HB (June 2007). "Copper-T intrauterine device and levonorgestrel intrauterine system: biological bases of their mechanism of action".

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Kulier R, O'Brien PA, Helmerhorst FM, Usher-Patel M, D'Arcangues C (October 2007). "Copper containing, framed intra-uterine devices for contraception".

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The progestin released by hormonal IUDs primarily acts locally; use of Mirena results in much lower systemic progestin levels than other very-low-dose

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as of 2023, there is no scientific agreement on whether using a menstrual cup increases the risk of IUD expulsion; more rigorous studies are needed.

4096: 5209: 5123: 4292: 3034: 2031:"Hormonally impregnated intrauterine systems (IUSs) versus other forms of reversible contraceptives as effective methods of preventing pregnancy" 319:

The types of intrauterine devices available, and the names they go by, differ by location. In the United States, there are two types available:

4440: 1892: 964:. The IUDs inserted in this way were modified such that they could not be removed in a doctor's office (meant to be left indefinitely), and 4601: 1872:

Early treatment with ECPs containing only the progestin levonorgestrel has been shown to impair the ovulatory process and luteal function.

255:. More serious potential complications include expulsion (2–5%) and rarely perforation of the uterus (less than 0.7%). IUDs do not affect 2850:"Rates of medical or surgical treatment for women with heavy menstrual bleeding: the ECLIPSE trial 10-year observational follow-up study" 1812:

Trussell J, Schwarz EB (2011). "Emergency contraception". In Hatcher RA, Trussell J, Nelson AL, Cates W Jr, Kowal D, Policar MS (eds.).

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Several clinical studies have shown that combined ECPs containing ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel can inhibit or delay ovulation.

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very high level of effectiveness implies that emergency insertion of a copper IUC must prevent some pregnancies after fertilization.

3189: 4026: 4121: 4000: 3913: 3136: 582:(such as the stainless steel ring (SSR), a flexible ring of steel coils that can deform to be inserted through the cervix) or 4719: 4493: 4036: 3199: 3172: 2805:

Bahamondes L, Bahamondes MV, Monteiro I (July 2008). "Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system: uses and controversies".

2785: 2701: 1821: 1747: 1513: 1483: 1376: 1349: 1066: 1035:

A study found that female family planning providers choose LARC methods more often (41.7%) than the general public (12.1%).

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post-abortion or post-miscarriage insertion occurs following an abortion or miscarriage when the uterus is known to be empty;

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meaning "insert a loop". Nowadays, the IUDs include T and V shapes, the former being the most common and easiest to remove.

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shape memory alloy core. In addition to copper, noble metal, and progestogen IUDs, women in China can get copper IUDs with

203: 1770: 6077: 5494: 4316: 4285: 252: 3751: 3446:

Karasu Y, Cömert DK, Karadağ B, Ergün Y (June 2017). "Lidocaine for pain control during intrauterine device insertion".

3162: 1952: 1291:"A review of barriers and myths preventing the more widespread use of intrauterine contraception in nulliparous women" 4450: 1738:. In Gabbe SG, Niebyl JR, Simpson JL, Jauniaux ER, Driscoll DA, Berghella V, Landon MB, Galan HL, Grobman WA (eds.). 4633: 1400: 1242:"Committee opinion no. 539: adolescents and long-acting reversible contraception: implants and intrauterine devices" 4712: 4435: 1792: 2190: 4693: 4336: 4224: 2348:"The efficacy of intrauterine devices for emergency contraception: a systematic review of 35 years of experience" 276: 753:

as with any medical intervention, IUDs can lead to increased risk of infection immediately after the insertion.

684: 680: 6087: 5575: 4465: 4278: 3215: 2440: 660: 138: 2134: 2106: 1940:

Ulipristal acetate (UPA). UPA's primary mechanism of action is thought to be inhibition or delay of ovulation.

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The history of intrauterine devices dates back to the early 1900s. Unlike modern intrauterine devices, early

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Thiery M (June 2000). "Intrauterine contraception: from silver ring to intrauterine contraceptive implant".

6046: 6008: 5351: 5167: 2007: 693: 2974: 2314:"Facts are Important: Emergency Contraception (EC) and Intrauterine Devices (IUDs) are Not Abortifacients" 731:

lists among its side effects mental health changes including nervousness, depressed mood, or mood swings.

5960: 5049: 3325: 772: 713: 600: 304: 272: 4425: 1890: 1678: 5988: 5557: 4660: 4625: 4573: 2029:

French R, Van Vliet H, Cowan F, Mansour D, Morris S, Hughes D, et al. (2004). Sorhaindo AM (ed.).

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Jack Lippes helped begin the increase of IUD use in the United States in the late 1950s. In this time,

4052: 3027: 566:. This non-hormonal compound reduces the severity of menstrual bleeding, and these coils are popular. 6036: 5965: 5552: 5499: 5333: 4538: 4483: 3671:

Jatlaoui TC, Whiteman MK, Jeng G, Tepper NK, Berry-Bibee E, Jamieson DJ, et al. (October 2018).

5591: 4181: 1371:(4th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 232. 5955: 5329: 4910: 4881: 4764: 4391: 1911: 960:. Women who refused could lose their government employment and their children could lose access to 636:

Hormonal IUDs (referred to as intrauterine systems in the UK) work by releasing a small amount of

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refers only to these copper devices. Hormonal intrauterine contraception is labeled with the term

6026: 5993: 5947: 5792: 5624: 5356: 5277: 5204: 5146: 4553: 3673:"Intrauterine Device Expulsion After Postpartum Placement: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis" 3241:

Curtis KM, Tepper NK, Jatlaoui TC, Berry-Bibee E, Horton LG, Zapata LB, et al. (July 2016).

973: 542: 233: 1452:

Grimes DA, Nelson TJ, Guest F, Kowal D (2007). Hatcher RA (ed.). "Intrauterine Devices (IUDs)".

906: 6021: 5975: 5917: 5823: 5690: 5297: 5171: 5080: 4876: 4759: 4735: 4563: 4416: 4380: 4250:"New Study Finds Women's Health Providers Use IUDs More Than Any Other Method of Birth Control" 705: 210: 4704: 2249: 1735: 1473: 1366: 1339: 1056: 6082: 6031: 5912: 5325: 5039: 4515: 4478: 4372: 1891:

RCOG Faculty of Sexual, Reproductive Healthcare, Clinical Effectiveness Unit (January 2012).

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IUD placement and removal can be taught both by manufacturers and other training facilities.

592: 4199: 2250:"Mechanisms of the Contraceptive Action of Hormonal Methods and Intrauterine Devices (IUDs)" 1614:"Society of Family Planning clinical recommendations: contraception after surgical abortion" 5876: 5721: 5639: 5584: 5504: 5489: 5292: 4543: 1713: 672: 329: 303:

copper-containing IUDs as emergency contraceptives implies they may also act by preventing

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and can be inserted immediately after delivery. They may also be used immediately after an

33: 3063: 1393:"Contraception Editorial January 2008: Reducing Unintended Pregnancy in the United States" 232:

have a failure rate of about 0.15% and 15%, respectively. Copper IUDs can also be used as

8: 5929: 5547: 5542: 5262: 5158: 5115: 5005: 4995: 4861: 4807: 4802: 4668: 4643: 4445: 1705: 1191:"Contraceptive method type and satisfaction, confidence in use, and switching intentions" 575: 555: 17: 3794: 3778:"Society of Family Planning Guidelines: Postplacental insertion of intrauterine devices" 3777: 3645: 3618: 2874: 2849: 2649:

Cheung VY (June 2010). "A 10-year experience in removing Chinese intrauterine devices".

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Winner B, Peipert JF, Zhao Q, Buckel C, Madden T, Allsworth JE, et al. (May 2012).

898: 6003: 5797: 5752: 5449: 5194: 5075: 4812: 4797: 4787: 4648: 4568: 4321: 3697: 3672: 3569: 3544: 3471: 3423: 3398: 3376: 3307: 3113: 3086: 2951: 2924: 2830: 2674: 2488: 2463: 2374: 2347: 2055: 2030: 1315: 1290: 1271: 1215: 1190: 1171: 921: 842: 225: 4331: 3946: 2078: 5853: 5848: 5686: 5427: 5189: 5054: 4673: 4129: 4032: 3992: 3950: 3905: 3799: 3733: 3702: 3650: 3574: 3463: 3428: 3368: 3299: 3264: 3195: 3168: 3118: 3009: 2956: 2879: 2822: 2781: 2755: 2697: 2666: 2631: 2596: 2555: 2520: 2493: 2414: 2410: 2379: 2292: 2231: 2060: 1963: 1903: 1835: 1827: 1817: 1743: 1653: 1635: 1594: 1555: 1509: 1479: 1372: 1345: 1320: 1263: 1220: 1163: 1062: 856:

For immediate postpartum insertion, the IUD is inserted following the removal of the

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coils when deployed and forms a three-dimensional spherical shape. It is based on a

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The Birth Control Movement and American Society: From Private Vice to Public Virtue

3984: 3942: 3897: 3789: 3692: 3684: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3475: 3455: 3418: 3410: 3360: 3295: 3291: 3254: 3108: 3098: 2946: 2936: 2905: 2869: 2861: 2814: 2745: 2696:(5th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 239–280. 2678: 2658: 2623: 2586: 2547: 2483: 2475: 2406: 2369: 2359: 2284: 2227: 2223: 2050: 2046: 2042: 1625: 1586: 1545: 1310: 1302: 1253: 1210: 1202: 1153: 1008: 1004: 815:

IUD insertion can occur at multiple timepoints in a woman's reproductive lifespan:

224:) devices fail about 0.2% of the time within the first year of use. In comparison, 2898:"The coil and medicines are both effective long-term treatments for heavy periods" 2834: 2764:

Both copper IUDs and levonorgestrel releasing IUSs may interfere with implantation

2511:

Li Y, Zhang SM, Chen F, Zhang CY, Li YP, Zhou J, et al. (December 2011). "".

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Unlike condoms, the IUD does not protect against sexually transmitted infections.

5677: 5361: 5225: 4754: 4578: 3688: 3399:"Management of pain associated with the insertion of intrauterine contraceptives" 3364: 1550: 1533: 1306: 1258: 1241: 969: 676: 579: 559: 551: 323: 1085: 5738: 5371: 5085: 4928: 4923: 4915: 4871: 4399: 3818: 3103: 2909: 2662: 1706:"Popularity Disparity: Attitudes About the IUD in Europe and the United States" 957: 953: 653: 637: 221: 3988: 3901: 3721: 795:

woman. Image was taken immediately after insertion and injection of lidocaine.

6071: 5881: 5803: 5772: 5537: 5366: 4583: 4528: 4301: 2941: 2848:

Kai J, Dutton B, Vinogradova Y, Hilken N, Gupta J, Daniels J (October 2023).

2818: 1907: 1839: 1831: 917: 913: 746: 734: 724: 621: 616: 554:. It is mainly available in China and Europe. A framed copper IUD called the 512: 487: 296: 268: 256: 244: 191: 3414: 2750: 2733: 2591: 2574: 2364: 1971: 5922: 5858: 5843: 5818: 5656: 5376: 5100: 5095: 5070: 5044: 5023: 5015: 5010: 4968: 4958: 4891: 4886: 4827: 4533: 4501: 4361: 3954: 3803: 3737: 3706: 3654: 3578: 3467: 3432: 3397:

Gemzell-Danielsson K, Mansour D, Fiala C, Kaunitz AM, Bahamondes L (2013).

3372: 3303: 3268: 3259: 3242: 3122: 3013: 2960: 2883: 2826: 2759: 2670: 2635: 2600: 2559: 2524: 2497: 2383: 2296: 2235: 2064: 1639: 1598: 1559: 1365:

Hurt KJ, Guile MW, Bienstock JL, Fox HE, Wallach EE, eds. (28 March 2012).

1324: 1267: 1224: 1167: 990: 961: 700:(rendered as bright) line at right, 30 mm (1.2 in) away from the 625: 563: 453:-Levonorgestrel thickens cervical mucus to prevent sperm from reaching egg 248: 3996: 3909: 2418: 1967: 1158: 1141: 849:(the opening to the uterus), pinch the cervix to stabilize it open with a 6016: 5904: 5777: 5733: 5711: 5698: 5629: 5599: 5533: 5382: 5321: 5150: 5000: 4953: 4866: 4856: 4837: 4606: 4593: 3619:"Immediate postpartum insertion of intrauterine device for contraception" 3516:"Long-Acting Reversible Contraception: Implants and Intrauterine Devices" 2432: 1797: 804: 800: 792: 787: 697: 645: 507: 240: 229: 4270: 1575:"Intrauterine contraceptive insertion postabortion: a systematic review" 891: 885: 586:(such as the Lippes Loop, which can be inserted through the cervix in a 5938: 5900: 5871: 5431: 5405: 5267: 5090: 4933: 4769: 4366: 2217: 791:

Removal strings of an intrauterine device exiting the cervical os of a

768: 535: 473: 308: 275:(PID). However, current models do not affect PID risk in women without 55: 5219: 4182:"One Child Policy Leaves Millions of Chinese Women With Unwanted IUDs" 3617:

Lopez LM, Bernholc A, Hubacher D, Stuart G, Van Vliet HA (June 2015).

3459: 2614:

Bilian X (June 2007). "Chinese experience with intrauterine devices".

968:

is usually needed. Until the mid-1990s, the state-preferred IUD was a

5510: 5400: 5252: 5242: 4987: 4963: 4822: 4792: 4405: 4376: 3396: 2865: 850: 641: 199: 4090: 4088: 3977:

The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care

3935:

European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology

3890:

The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care

3353:

The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care

1574: 1295:

The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care

727:, and IUDs with copper confer an increased risk of heavier periods. 6052: 6041: 5833: 5813: 5808: 5782: 5726: 5619: 5609: 5604: 5307: 5272: 5257: 5199: 4779: 4743: 4326: 1816:(20th revised ed.). New York: Ardent Media. pp. 113–145. 941: 933: 857: 530: 287: 260: 59: 819:

interval insertion, the most common, occurs remote from pregnancy;

5838: 5767: 5706: 5651: 5646: 5614: 5454: 5410: 5287: 4097:"After One-Child Policy, Outrage at China's Offer to Remove IUDs" 4085: 965: 689: 587: 583: 89: 50: 5760: 3491:"Why haven't we figured out how to make IUDs less excruciating?" 2346:

Cleland K, Zhu H, Goldstuck N, Cheng L, Trussell J (July 2012).

749:, an early form of an IUD which is no longer available for use. 5828: 5748: 5661: 5481: 5392: 5282: 5247: 5234: 4734: 4523: 3243:"U.S. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use, 2016" 3240: 3164:

The Handbook of Contraception: A Guide for Practical Management

3087:"Menstrual cup and risk of IUD expulsion - a systematic review" 1011:) or "who cannot continue to have the IUD for health reasons." 925: 902: 861: 846: 728: 701: 649: 629: 217: 195: 1742:(6th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier/Saunders. p. 528. 243:

may increase menstrual bleeding and result in painful cramps,

5716: 5441: 5343: 5302: 5181: 3350: 1902:. London: Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. 977: 808: 596: 27:

Form of birth control involving a device placed in the uterus

2804: 1573:

Steenland MW, Tepper NK, Curtis KM, Kapp N (November 2011).

1188: 841:

During the insertion procedure, health care providers use a

807:

women and approximately 11% of parous women. In such cases,

541:

Advantages of the copper IUD include its ability to provide

4200:"IUD Birth Control | Info About Mirena & ParaGard IUDs" 4079:"Legal Current Events | Westlaw Practitioner Insights" 3616: 3282:

Dumesic DA, Lobo RA (August 2013). "Cancer risk and PCOS".

3137:"What Are the Side Effects & Complications of the IUD?" 2692:

Speroff L, Darney PD (2011). "Intrauterine contraception".

2028: 1189:

Steinberg JR, Marthey D, Xie L, Boudreaux M (August 2021).

538:"), it cannot disrupt one that has already been implanted. 5464: 5145: 3670: 3052: 2998: 2847: 2731: 2572: 220:

devices have a failure rate of about 0.8% while hormonal (

5580: 5525: 3545:"Immediate postabortal insertion of intrauterine devices" 3392: 3390: 3326:"Myths and facts about... the Intra-Uterine Device (IUD)" 1572: 1128:

the intrauterine device, or IUD (sometimes called a coil)

761: 337: 3445: 2925:"Levonorgestrel-IUS system and endometrial manipulation" 2345: 3819:"This Is What to Expect After Getting Your IUD Removed" 2191:"Kyleena: Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system" 2163:"Liletta: levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system" 1142:"Effectiveness of long-acting reversible contraception" 1139: 758:

U.S. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use

472:-Lighter periods after 3 months; some users experience 4225:"Where Can I Buy the IUD & How Much Will It Cost?" 3387: 2461: 2107:"Mirena: Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system" 1761: 1759: 1451: 704:

at left. The IUD is surrounded by a hypoechoic (dark)

595:, which makes the uterine environment hostile both to 2396: 1654:"Products - Data Briefs - Number 188 - February 2015" 1368:

The Johns Hopkins manual of gynecology and obstetrics

1364: 1288: 832:. Insertion timing changes the risk of IUD expulsion. 2321:

American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists

2135:"Syla: levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system" 1028:

Among birth control methods, IUDs, along with other

976:

compared to other types of IUD. It gave rise to the

3542: 2780:(20th rev. ed.). : Ardent Media. p. 162. 2651:

International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics

1756: 1032:, result in the greatest satisfaction among users. 3448:The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2462:Baram I, Weinstein A, Trussell J (February 2014). 1960:Population Reports. Series B, Intrauterine Devices 1767:"Understanding the IUD | Center for Research" 1061:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 320. 723:IUDs with progestogen confer an increased risk of 652:), once pathologic causes of menorrhagia (such as 213:such as IUDs than any other birth control method. 868:grasp the IUD strings and then pull the IUD out. 578:component. They are made of inert materials like 6069: 3160: 2510: 1531: 936:), which is currently the preferred copper IUD. 3722:"Insertion and removal of intrauterine devices" 2734:"Intrauterine devices and intrauterine systems" 2575:"Intrauterine devices and intrauterine systems" 2464:"The IUB, a newly invented IUD: a brief report" 1811: 1054: 3084: 1697: 1527: 1525: 5131: 4720: 4286: 3928: 3926: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3543:Okusanya BO, Oduwole O, Effa EE (July 2014). 3161:Shoupe D, Mishell Jr DR (28 September 2015). 3020: 2691: 2537: 2437:"Nova T380 Patient information leaflet (PIL)" 2274: 1870:Progestin-only emergency contraceptive pills. 1805: 1447: 1445: 1443: 981: 3775: 2685: 2079:"ParaGard intrauterine copper contraceptive" 1893:"Clinical guidance: emergency contraception" 1884: 1532:Marnach ML, Long ME, Casey PM (March 2013). 1467: 1465: 1463: 685:Progestogen (medication) § Mood changes 681:Progestogen (medication) § Side effects 4736:Active molecules in hormonal contraceptives 4031:. Princeton University Press. p. 306. 3623:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3549:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3281: 2390: 2339: 2308: 2306: 2220:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2035:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1522: 1337: 901:, another German physician (after whom the 5138: 5124: 4727: 4713: 4327:Preventing sexually-transmitted infections 4293: 4279: 3923: 3861: 3216:"Classifications for Intrauterine Devices" 2211: 1740:Obstetrics: normal and problem pregnancies 1497: 1495: 1475:Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies 1440: 1358: 1341:Clinical reproductive medicine and surgery 1236: 1234: 1080: 1078: 516:A copper T-shaped IUD with removal strings 49: 32:"IUD" redirects here. For other uses, see 4300: 4045: 3793: 3696: 3644: 3634: 3568: 3422: 3258: 3112: 3102: 2950: 2940: 2873: 2749: 2590: 2573:ESHRE Capri Workshop Group (April 2008). 2487: 2455: 2373: 2363: 2268: 2054: 1629: 1549: 1478:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 527. 1460: 1314: 1257: 1214: 1157: 1050: 1048: 271:was associated with an increased risk of 2798: 2431: 2303: 1994: 1992: 1703: 1679:"Contraceptive Use in the United States" 1611: 786: 782: 688: 620: 519: 511: 286: 3719: 3091:Contraception and Reproductive Medicine 3028:"Mirena: Consumer Medicine Information" 2775: 1877:Combined emergency contraceptive pills. 1492: 1231: 1075: 905:is named), created the first Ring IUD, 14: 6070: 3967: 3932: 3880: 3666: 3664: 2648: 2613: 1501: 1045: 247:may reduce menstrual bleeding or stop 5119: 4708: 4274: 3970:"Pioneers of the intrauterine device" 3883:"Pioneers of the intrauterine device" 3776:Whitaker AK, Chen BA (January 2018). 3538: 3536: 3194:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 3187: 3085:Bowman N, Thwaites A (January 2023). 2922: 2531: 1989: 1793:"Mirena (DIU hormonal) - Mayo Clinic" 1508:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 96. 1471: 696:showing a perforated copper IUD as a 236:within five days of unprotected sex. 4332:Over-the-counter oral contraceptives 4024: 3191:Danforth's Obstetrics and Gynecology 3002:The Journal of Reproductive Medicine 1733: 1344:. Philadelphia: Mosby. p. 409. 1058:Blueprints Obstetrics and Gynecology 490:(although they can be asymptomatic) 204:long-acting reversible birth control 5495:Heated humidified high-flow therapy 4317:Comparison of birth control methods 4094: 3795:10.1016/j.contraception.2017.09.014 3661: 2732:ESHRE Capri Workshop Group (2008). 2628:10.1016/j.contraception.2006.12.007 2552:10.1016/j.contraception.2007.01.020 2480:10.1016/j.contraception.2013.10.017 2289:10.1016/j.contraception.2007.01.020 1631:10.1016/j.contraception.2018.08.016 1591:10.1016/j.contraception.2011.03.007 1207:10.1016/j.contraception.2021.02.010 1146:The New England Journal of Medicine 330:Hormonal: Progestogen-releasing IUD 291:Illustration of intrauterine device 24: 5759: 5697: 5590: 4694:Male contraceptives in development 4018: 3816: 3533: 3040:from the original on 27 April 2014 2694:A clinical guide for contraception 666: 484:Heavier menstrual flow and cramps 324:Nonhormonal: Copper-containing IUD 295:IUDs primarily work by preventing 25: 6099: 3844:"Clinical Education and Training" 3488: 3247:MMWR. Recommendations and Reports 1534:"Current issues in contraception" 1338:Hurd T, Falcone WW, eds. (2007). 972:ring, which had a higher rate of 194:device that is inserted into the 176:intrauterine contraceptive device 5937: 5463: 5224: 5218: 2807:Expert Review of Medical Devices 1612:Roe AH, Bartz D (January 2019). 1423:"Emergency Contraception - ACOG" 889:meaning "between" as opposed to 4337:Oral contraceptive formulations 4242: 4217: 4192: 4174: 4144: 4114: 4071: 3961: 3836: 3810: 3769: 3752:"What's an IUD insertion like?" 3744: 3713: 3610: 3585: 3508: 3482: 3439: 3344: 3318: 3275: 3234: 3208: 3181: 3154: 3129: 3078: 3062:. Feminine Wear. Archived from 2992: 2967: 2916: 2890: 2841: 2769: 2725: 2642: 2607: 2566: 2504: 2425: 2242: 2183: 2155: 2127: 2099: 2071: 2022: 1945: 1785: 1727: 1671: 1646: 1605: 1566: 1415: 1385: 1055:Callahan T, Caughey AB (2013). 661:progestogen only contraceptives 496: 470:-Various hormone level options 277:sexually transmitted infections 4872:Norethisterone (norethindrone) 4128:. 14 July 2011. Archived from 3636:10.1002/14651858.cd003036.pub3 3561:10.1002/14651858.cd001777.pub4 3296:10.1016/j.steroids.2013.04.004 2228:10.1002/14651858.CD005347.PUB3 2047:10.1002/14651858.CD001776.pub2 1399:. January 2008. Archived from 1331: 1282: 1182: 1133: 1104: 991: 980: 524:An IUD as seen on pelvic X ray 455:-Prevents ovulation at times 279:during the time of insertion. 209:Users are more satisfied with 13: 1: 5263:Effervescent powder or tablet 4152:"Intrauterine Devices (IUDs)" 3947:10.1016/s0301-2115(00)00262-1 1854:Emergency contraceptive pills 1038: 1023: 190:, is a small, often T-shaped 6047:Patient-controlled analgesia 5352:Orally disintegrating tablet 3689:10.1097/aog.0000000000002822 3365:10.3109/13625187.2011.558222 3060:"Menstrual Cup use and IUDs" 2854:Health Technology Assessment 2411:10.1016/0010-7824(86)90007-7 2000:"Contraceptive coils (IUDs)" 1551:10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.01.007 1307:10.3109/13625187.2012.700744 1259:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182723b7d 1252:(4): 983–988. October 2012. 836: 694:Transvaginal ultrasonography 402:19.5 mg levonorgestrel 282: 133:Advantages and disadvantages 7: 5050:Medroxyprogesterone acetate 5021:Spironolactone derivatives: 4644:Fertility awareness methods 3720:Johnson BA (January 2005). 2254:Family Health International 1112:"IUD (intrauterine device)" 773:polycystic ovarian syndrome 714:pelvic inflammatory disease 610: 273:pelvic inflammatory disease 10: 6104: 6078:Intrauterine contraception 5558:Relative analgesia machine 3104:10.1186/s40834-022-00203-x 2929:Journal of Mid-Life Health 2910:10.3310/nihrevidence_62335 2720:penetration, and survival. 2663:10.1016/j.ijgo.2009.12.018 1962:(6): 1–35. December 1995. 1734:Katz VL (1 January 2012). 874: 779:from entering the uterus. 670: 614: 505: 378:Hormone (total in device) 99:Failure rates (first year) 31: 6002: 5974: 5946: 5935: 5899: 5866: 5747: 5685: 5638: 5574: 5524: 5480: 5461: 5440: 5426: 5391: 5342: 5320: 5233: 5216: 5180: 5166: 5157: 5063: 5032: 4977: 4942: 4900: 4845: 4836: 4778: 4742: 4686: 4657: 4639:Calendar (rhythm) methods 4622: 4615: 4592: 4552: 4514: 4492: 4464: 4424: 4415: 4390: 4345: 4309: 4254:www.plannedparenthood.org 4229:www.plannedparenthood.org 4204:www.plannedparenthood.org 4095:Wee SL (7 January 2017). 3989:10.1080/13625189709049930 3902:10.1080/13625189709049930 3756:www.plannedparenthood.org 3726:American Family Physician 3677:Obstetrics and Gynecology 3403:Human Reproduction Update 3141:www.plannedparenthood.org 2738:Human Reproduction Update 2579:Human Reproduction Update 1863:Ulipristal acetate (UPA). 1246:Obstetrics and Gynecology 982: 574:Inert IUDs do not have a 501: 486: 481:Disadvantages among IUDs 469: 466:-Emergency contraception 452: 156: 148: 137: 132: 124: 119: 111: 103: 98: 88: 80: 72: 67: 48: 43: 5147:Routes of administration 4911:Norethisterone enanthate 4882:Norethisterone enanthate 4765:Testosterone undecanoate 4053:"Contraceptive Concerns" 2942:10.4103/0976-7800.109625 2923:Malik S (January 2013). 2819:10.1586/17434440.5.4.437 2778:Contraceptive technology 1814:Contraceptive technology 1710:Guttmacher Policy Review 1704:Sonfield A (Fall 2007). 1454:Contraceptive Technology 947: 569: 407:Initial amount released 314: 5673:Extra-amniotic infusion 5278:Molecular encapsulation 5210:Osmotic delivery system 5205:Time release technology 4554:Emergency Contraception 3968:Thiery M (March 1997). 3881:Thiery M (March 1997). 2975:"ParaGard (copper IUD)" 1538:Mayo Clinic Proceedings 1086:"ParaGard (copper IUD)" 1014: 543:emergency contraception 427:Approved effectiveness 234:emergency contraception 5976:Central nervous system 5764: 5702: 5630:Mucoadhesive microdisc 5595: 5081:Algestone acetophenide 4877:Norethisterone acetate 4760:Testosterone buciclate 4474:Multi-month injections 4417:Hormonal contraception 4381:Levonorgestrel implant 4347:Long-acting reversible 3593:"Early Pregnancy Loss" 3260:10.15585/mmwr.rr6503a1 2722: 2513:Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2198:www.accessdata.fda.gov 2142:www.accessdata.fda.gov 2114:www.accessdata.fda.gov 2006:. 2006. Archived from 1942: 1881: 1030:contraceptive implants 796: 767:Some women experience 709: 706:foreign-body granuloma 633: 525: 517: 461:Advantages among IUDs 450:Copper toxic to sperm 292: 211:contraceptive implants 6088:Drug delivery devices 5819:Transfersome vesicles 5763: 5701: 5678:Intravesical infusion 5594: 5040:Chlormadinone acetate 4602:Vaginal pH modulation 4579:Low-dose mifepristone 4479:Progestogen-only pill 4373:Contraceptive implant 3415:10.1093/humupd/dmt022 3033:. Bayer. March 2014. 2751:10.1093/humupd/dmn003 2709: 2592:10.1093/humupd/dmn003 2443:on September 28, 2007 2365:10.1093/humrep/des140 1928: 1849:Copper-releasing IUCs 1845: 1159:10.1056/NEJMoa1110855 790: 783:Insertion and removal 692: 671:Further information: 624: 593:foreign body reaction 523: 515: 326:(ParaGard and others) 290: 202:. IUDs are a form of 5505:Metered-dose inhaler 5490:Anesthetic vaporizer 4634:Breastfeeding method 4544:Contraceptive sponge 4428:estrogen–progestogen 4377:Etonogestrel implant 2622:(6 Suppl): S31–S34. 2546:(6 Suppl): S16–S30. 2283:(6 Suppl): S16–S30. 1714:Guttmacher Institute 1683:Guttmacher Institute 883:uterine (from Latin 673:IUD with progestogen 552:fundus of the uterus 447:Mechanism of action 430:10 years (12 years) 34:IUD (disambiguation) 5930:Transdermal implant 5890:(into tissue/blood) 5667:Intrauterine device 5548:Anaesthetic machine 5543:Oxygen concentrator 5006:Nomegestrol acetate 4996:Segesterone acetate 4862:Etynodiol diacetate 4808:Estradiol enanthate 4803:Estradiol cypionate 4669:Non-penetrative sex 4661:vaginal intercourse 4626:vaginal intercourse 4446:Contraceptive patch 4441:Extended cycle Pill 4358:Intrauterine device 4322:Male contraceptives 4162:on 22 February 2015 2776:Hatcher RA (2011). 2711:Mechanism of action 1977:on 20 February 2006 1847:Mechanism of action 1116:Contraception guide 760:, published by the 433:5 years (10 years) 355: 349:intrauterine system 332:(Mirena and others) 168:intrauterine device 152:Depends on the type 94:Intrauterine system 44:Intrauterine device 6042:Nanocell injection 5765: 5703: 5596: 5450:Dry-powder inhaler 5076:Ulipristal acetate 4943:Third generation ( 4846:First generation ( 4813:Estradiol valerate 4798:Estradiol benzoate 4788:Diethylstilbestrol 4569:Ulipristal acetate 4557:(Post-intercourse) 4451:Monthly injections 4188:. 13 January 2017. 4132:on 1 December 2017 4101:The New York Times 3919:on 20 August 2006. 3332:. 17 February 2012 2352:Human Reproduction 1092:. 7 September 2019 922:Lazar C. Margulies 797: 710: 634: 526: 518: 439:3 years (5 years) 354: 293: 226:male sterilization 6065: 6064: 6061: 6060: 5892: 5854:Transdermal spray 5849:Transdermal patch 5839:Medicated shampoo 5570: 5569: 5566: 5565: 5553:Medical inhalants 5500:Medical inhalants 5428:Respiratory tract 5422: 5421: 5316: 5315: 5113: 5112: 5109: 5108: 5055:Megestrol acetate 4978:Fourth generation 4901:Second generation 4702: 4701: 4682: 4681: 4510: 4509: 4038:978-1-4008-5659-6 4006:on 20 August 2006 3460:10.1111/jog.13308 3201:978-0-7817-6937-2 3188:Gibbs RS (2008). 3174:978-3-319-20185-6 2787:978-1-59708-004-0 2703:978-1-60831-610-6 2519:(45): 3172–3175. 1953:"IUDs--an update" 1930:How does EC work? 1900:Clinical Guidance 1823:978-1-59708-004-0 1749:978-1-4377-1935-2 1736:"Postpartum Care" 1515:978-1-4443-4263-5 1502:Shoupe D (2011). 1485:978-1-4557-3395-8 1378:978-1-60547-433-5 1351:978-0-323-03309-1 1152:(21): 1998–2007. 1068:978-1-4511-1702-8 1003:To implement the 907:Gräfenberg's ring 830:cesarean delivery 756:According to the 718:ectopic pregnancy 494: 493: 174:), also known as 164: 163: 16:(Redirected from 6095: 5941: 5897: 5896: 5888: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5438: 5437: 5367:Sublingual drops 5340: 5339: 5228: 5222: 5178: 5177: 5164: 5163: 5140: 5133: 5126: 5117: 5116: 4843: 4842: 4818:Ethinylestradiol 4729: 4722: 4715: 4706: 4705: 4620: 4619: 4466:Progestogen-only 4422: 4421: 4295: 4288: 4281: 4272: 4271: 4265: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4246: 4240: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4221: 4215: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4196: 4190: 4189: 4178: 4172: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4158:. Archived from 4148: 4142: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4118: 4112: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4092: 4083: 4082: 4075: 4069: 4068: 4066: 4064: 4049: 4043: 4042: 4022: 4016: 4015: 4013: 4011: 4005: 3999:. Archived from 3974: 3965: 3959: 3958: 3930: 3921: 3920: 3918: 3912:. Archived from 3887: 3878: 3859: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3840: 3834: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3814: 3808: 3807: 3797: 3773: 3767: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3748: 3742: 3741: 3717: 3711: 3710: 3700: 3668: 3659: 3658: 3648: 3638: 3614: 3608: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3589: 3583: 3582: 3572: 3540: 3531: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3512: 3506: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3486: 3480: 3479: 3454:(6): 1061–1066. 3443: 3437: 3436: 3426: 3394: 3385: 3384: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3322: 3316: 3315: 3279: 3273: 3272: 3262: 3238: 3232: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3212: 3206: 3205: 3185: 3179: 3178: 3167:. Humana Press. 3158: 3152: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3133: 3127: 3126: 3116: 3106: 3082: 3076: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3056: 3050: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3039: 3032: 3024: 3018: 3017: 2996: 2990: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2971: 2965: 2964: 2954: 2944: 2920: 2914: 2913: 2904:. 8 March 2024. 2894: 2888: 2887: 2877: 2866:10.3310/JHSW0174 2845: 2839: 2838: 2802: 2796: 2795: 2773: 2767: 2766: 2753: 2729: 2723: 2707: 2689: 2683: 2682: 2646: 2640: 2639: 2611: 2605: 2604: 2594: 2570: 2564: 2563: 2535: 2529: 2528: 2508: 2502: 2501: 2491: 2459: 2453: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2439:. Archived from 2435:(May 13, 2003). 2429: 2423: 2422: 2394: 2388: 2387: 2377: 2367: 2358:(7): 1994–2000. 2343: 2337: 2336: 2330: 2328: 2318: 2310: 2301: 2300: 2272: 2266: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2246: 2240: 2239: 2215: 2209: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2195: 2187: 2181: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2167: 2159: 2153: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2139: 2131: 2125: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2111: 2103: 2097: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2086:www.paragard.com 2083: 2075: 2069: 2068: 2058: 2026: 2020: 2019: 2017: 2015: 1996: 1987: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1976: 1970:. Archived from 1957: 1949: 1943: 1926: 1924: 1922: 1916: 1910:. Archived from 1897: 1888: 1882: 1843: 1809: 1803: 1802: 1789: 1783: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1773:on 8 August 2013 1769:. Archived from 1763: 1754: 1753: 1731: 1725: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1701: 1695: 1694: 1692: 1690: 1675: 1669: 1668: 1666: 1664: 1650: 1644: 1643: 1633: 1609: 1603: 1602: 1570: 1564: 1563: 1553: 1529: 1520: 1519: 1499: 1490: 1489: 1472:Gabbe S (2012). 1469: 1458: 1457: 1456:(19th ed.). 1449: 1438: 1437: 1435: 1433: 1419: 1413: 1412: 1410: 1408: 1403:on 14 March 2018 1389: 1383: 1382: 1362: 1356: 1355: 1335: 1329: 1328: 1318: 1286: 1280: 1279: 1261: 1238: 1229: 1228: 1218: 1186: 1180: 1179: 1161: 1137: 1131: 1130: 1125: 1123: 1108: 1102: 1101: 1099: 1097: 1082: 1073: 1072: 1052: 1009:one-child policy 1005:two-child policy 999: 994: 993: 985: 984: 966:surgical removal 899:Ernst Gräfenberg 356: 353: 53: 41: 40: 21: 6103: 6102: 6098: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6093: 6092: 6068: 6067: 6066: 6057: 6037:Intraperitoneal 6009:musculoskeletal 6007: 5998: 5970: 5966:Intra-articular 5942: 5933: 5893: 5887: 5886: 5862: 5743: 5681: 5634: 5579: 5562: 5520: 5476: 5473: 5472: 5469: 5468: 5459: 5418: 5387: 5312: 5229: 5223: 5214: 5168:Digestive tract 5153: 5144: 5114: 5105: 5059: 5028: 4973: 4938: 4896: 4832: 4774: 4755:Dimethandrolone 4738: 4733: 4703: 4698: 4678: 4659: 4653: 4624: 4611: 4588: 4556: 4548: 4529:Internal condom 4524:External condom 4516:Barrier Methods 4506: 4488: 4460: 4427: 4411: 4386: 4348: 4341: 4305: 4299: 4269: 4268: 4258: 4256: 4248: 4247: 4243: 4233: 4231: 4223: 4222: 4218: 4208: 4206: 4198: 4197: 4193: 4186:Radio Free Asia 4180: 4179: 4175: 4165: 4163: 4150: 4149: 4145: 4135: 4133: 4120: 4119: 4115: 4105: 4103: 4093: 4086: 4077: 4076: 4072: 4062: 4060: 4051: 4050: 4046: 4039: 4025:Reed J (1984). 4023: 4019: 4009: 4007: 4003: 3972: 3966: 3962: 3931: 3924: 3916: 3885: 3879: 3862: 3852: 3850: 3842: 3841: 3837: 3827: 3825: 3815: 3811: 3774: 3770: 3760: 3758: 3750: 3749: 3745: 3718: 3714: 3669: 3662: 3629:(6): CD003036. 3615: 3611: 3601: 3599: 3591: 3590: 3586: 3555:(7): CD001777. 3541: 3534: 3524: 3522: 3514: 3513: 3509: 3499: 3497: 3487: 3483: 3444: 3440: 3395: 3388: 3349: 3345: 3335: 3333: 3324: 3323: 3319: 3280: 3276: 3239: 3235: 3225: 3223: 3214: 3213: 3209: 3202: 3186: 3182: 3175: 3159: 3155: 3145: 3143: 3135: 3134: 3130: 3083: 3079: 3069: 3067: 3066:on 13 July 2017 3058: 3057: 3053: 3043: 3041: 3037: 3030: 3026: 3025: 3021: 2997: 2993: 2983: 2981: 2973: 2972: 2968: 2921: 2917: 2896: 2895: 2891: 2846: 2842: 2803: 2799: 2788: 2774: 2770: 2730: 2726: 2718: 2715: 2712: 2704: 2690: 2686: 2647: 2643: 2612: 2608: 2571: 2567: 2536: 2532: 2509: 2505: 2460: 2456: 2446: 2444: 2430: 2426: 2395: 2391: 2344: 2340: 2326: 2324: 2316: 2312: 2311: 2304: 2273: 2269: 2259: 2257: 2248: 2247: 2243: 2222:(4): CD005347. 2216: 2212: 2202: 2200: 2193: 2189: 2188: 2184: 2174: 2172: 2165: 2161: 2160: 2156: 2146: 2144: 2137: 2133: 2132: 2128: 2118: 2116: 2109: 2105: 2104: 2100: 2090: 2088: 2081: 2077: 2076: 2072: 2041:(3): CD001776. 2027: 2023: 2013: 2011: 2010:on 17 July 2006 2004:NetDoctor.co.uk 1998: 1997: 1990: 1980: 1978: 1974: 1955: 1951: 1950: 1946: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1920: 1918: 1914: 1895: 1889: 1885: 1875: 1873: 1868: 1866: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1824: 1810: 1806: 1791: 1790: 1786: 1776: 1774: 1765: 1764: 1757: 1750: 1732: 1728: 1718: 1716: 1702: 1698: 1688: 1686: 1685:. 4 August 2004 1677: 1676: 1672: 1662: 1660: 1652: 1651: 1647: 1610: 1606: 1571: 1567: 1530: 1523: 1516: 1500: 1493: 1486: 1470: 1461: 1450: 1441: 1431: 1429: 1421: 1420: 1416: 1406: 1404: 1391: 1390: 1386: 1379: 1363: 1359: 1352: 1336: 1332: 1287: 1283: 1240: 1239: 1232: 1187: 1183: 1138: 1134: 1121: 1119: 1110: 1109: 1105: 1095: 1093: 1084: 1083: 1076: 1069: 1053: 1046: 1041: 1026: 1017: 970:stainless steel 950: 877: 839: 785: 687: 677:IUD with copper 669: 667:Adverse effects 619: 613: 580:stainless steel 572: 560:nickel titanium 510: 504: 499: 398:levonorgestrel 392:levonorgestrel 386:levonorgestrel 317: 285: 63: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6101: 6091: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6063: 6062: 6059: 6058: 6056: 6055: 6050: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6013: 6011: 6000: 5999: 5997: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5980: 5978: 5972: 5971: 5969: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5956:Intracavernous 5952: 5950: 5944: 5943: 5936: 5934: 5932: 5927: 5926: 5925: 5915: 5910: 5908: 5894: 5885: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5868: 5867: 5864: 5863: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5758: 5756: 5745: 5744: 5742: 5741: 5739:Nutrient enema 5736: 5731: 5730: 5729: 5724: 5714: 5709: 5696: 5694: 5683: 5682: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5642: 5636: 5635: 5633: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5589: 5587: 5572: 5571: 5568: 5567: 5564: 5563: 5561: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5530: 5528: 5522: 5521: 5519: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5486: 5484: 5478: 5477: 5462: 5460: 5458: 5457: 5452: 5446: 5444: 5435: 5424: 5423: 5420: 5419: 5417: 5416: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5397: 5395: 5389: 5388: 5386: 5385: 5380: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5348: 5346: 5337: 5318: 5317: 5314: 5313: 5311: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5239: 5237: 5231: 5230: 5217: 5215: 5213: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5186: 5184: 5175: 5161: 5155: 5154: 5143: 5142: 5135: 5128: 5120: 5111: 5110: 5107: 5106: 5104: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5086:Dydrogesterone 5083: 5078: 5073: 5067: 5065: 5061: 5060: 5058: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5036: 5034: 5030: 5029: 5027: 5026: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4990: 4981: 4979: 4975: 4974: 4972: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4950: 4948: 4940: 4939: 4937: 4936: 4931: 4929:Norelgestromin 4926: 4924:Levonorgestrel 4918: 4916:Norgestrienone 4913: 4904: 4902: 4898: 4897: 4895: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4853: 4851: 4840: 4834: 4833: 4831: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4784: 4782: 4776: 4775: 4773: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4748: 4746: 4740: 4739: 4732: 4731: 4724: 4717: 4709: 4700: 4699: 4697: 4696: 4690: 4688: 4684: 4683: 4680: 4679: 4677: 4676: 4671: 4665: 4663: 4655: 4654: 4652: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4630: 4628: 4617: 4613: 4612: 4610: 4609: 4604: 4598: 4596: 4590: 4589: 4587: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4574:Levonorgestrel 4571: 4566: 4560: 4558: 4550: 4549: 4547: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4520: 4518: 4512: 4511: 4508: 4507: 4505: 4504: 4498: 4496: 4490: 4489: 4487: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4470: 4468: 4462: 4461: 4459: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4432: 4430: 4419: 4413: 4412: 4410: 4409: 4403: 4400:Tubal ligation 4396: 4394: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4384: 4370: 4364: 4354: 4352: 4343: 4342: 4340: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4313: 4311: 4310:Related topics 4307: 4306: 4298: 4297: 4290: 4283: 4275: 4267: 4266: 4241: 4216: 4191: 4173: 4156:www.fhi360.org 4143: 4122:"Chinese ring" 4113: 4084: 4070: 4059:. 8 March 2003 4044: 4037: 4017: 3960: 3941:(2): 145–152. 3922: 3860: 3835: 3809: 3768: 3743: 3712: 3683:(4): 895–905. 3660: 3609: 3584: 3532: 3507: 3481: 3438: 3409:(4): 419–427. 3386: 3359:(2): 126–134. 3343: 3317: 3290:(8): 782–785. 3274: 3233: 3222:. 9 April 2020 3207: 3200: 3180: 3173: 3153: 3128: 3077: 3051: 3019: 3008:(8): 637–640. 2991: 2966: 2915: 2889: 2840: 2813:(4): 437–445. 2797: 2786: 2768: 2744:(3): 197–208. 2724: 2702: 2684: 2657:(3): 219–222. 2641: 2606: 2585:(3): 197–208. 2565: 2530: 2515:(in Chinese). 2503: 2474:(2): 139–141. 2454: 2424: 2405:(3): 261–267. 2389: 2338: 2323:. 12 June 2014 2302: 2267: 2241: 2210: 2182: 2154: 2126: 2098: 2070: 2021: 1988: 1944: 1917:on 26 May 2012 1883: 1822: 1804: 1784: 1755: 1748: 1726: 1696: 1670: 1645: 1604: 1585:(5): 447–464. 1565: 1544:(3): 295–299. 1521: 1514: 1491: 1484: 1459: 1439: 1414: 1384: 1377: 1357: 1350: 1330: 1301:(5): 340–350. 1281: 1230: 1201:(2): 176–182. 1181: 1132: 1103: 1074: 1067: 1043: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1025: 1022: 1016: 1013: 998: 995: 988: 962:public schools 958:tubal ligation 949: 946: 914:thermoplastics 882: 876: 873: 838: 835: 834: 833: 823: 820: 784: 781: 668: 665: 654:uterine polyps 638:levonorgestrel 615:Main article: 612: 609: 571: 568: 506:Main article: 503: 500: 498: 495: 492: 491: 485: 482: 478: 477: 468: 462: 458: 457: 451: 448: 444: 443: 440: 437: 434: 431: 428: 424: 423: 420: 417: 414: 411: 408: 404: 403: 400: 394: 388: 382: 379: 375: 374: 371: 368: 365: 362: 359: 334: 333: 327: 316: 313: 284: 281: 222:levonorgestrel 162: 161: 158: 154: 153: 150: 146: 145: 142: 135: 134: 130: 129: 126: 125:User reminders 122: 121: 117: 116: 113: 109: 108: 105: 101: 100: 96: 95: 92: 86: 85: 82: 78: 77: 74: 70: 69: 65: 64: 54: 46: 45: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6100: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6075: 6073: 6054: 6051: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6027:Intramuscular 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6014: 6012: 6010: 6005: 6001: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5984:Intracerebral 5982: 5981: 5979: 5977: 5973: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5953: 5951: 5949: 5945: 5940: 5931: 5928: 5924: 5921: 5920: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5895: 5891: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5869: 5865: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5804:Iontophoresis 5802: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5773:Topical cream 5771: 5769: 5766: 5762: 5757: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5719: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5704: 5700: 5695: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5641: 5637: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5597: 5593: 5588: 5586: 5582: 5577: 5573: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5538:Nasal cannula 5535: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5523: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5487: 5485: 5483: 5479: 5466: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5443: 5439: 5436: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5394: 5390: 5384: 5381: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5349: 5347: 5345: 5341: 5338: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5232: 5227: 5221: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5187: 5185: 5183: 5179: 5176: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5141: 5136: 5134: 5129: 5127: 5122: 5121: 5118: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5068: 5066: 5064:Miscellaneous 5062: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5037: 5035: 5031: 5025: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4993:Norpregnanes: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4976: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4941: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4906: 4905: 4903: 4899: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4835: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4777: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4750: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4730: 4725: 4723: 4718: 4716: 4711: 4710: 4707: 4695: 4692: 4691: 4689: 4685: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4656: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4621: 4618: 4614: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4591: 4585: 4584:Yuzpe regimen 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4561: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4513: 4503: 4500: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4491: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4463: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4414: 4407: 4404: 4401: 4398: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4392:Sterilization 4389: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4371: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4359: 4356: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4349:contraception 4344: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4314: 4312: 4308: 4303: 4302:Birth control 4296: 4291: 4289: 4284: 4282: 4277: 4276: 4273: 4255: 4251: 4245: 4230: 4226: 4220: 4205: 4201: 4195: 4187: 4183: 4177: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4147: 4131: 4127: 4126:www.obgyn.net 4123: 4117: 4102: 4098: 4091: 4089: 4080: 4074: 4058: 4054: 4048: 4040: 4034: 4030: 4029: 4021: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3971: 3964: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3929: 3927: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3884: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3849: 3845: 3839: 3824: 3820: 3813: 3805: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3782:Contraception 3779: 3772: 3757: 3753: 3747: 3739: 3735: 3732:(1): 95–102. 3731: 3727: 3723: 3716: 3708: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3667: 3665: 3656: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3613: 3598: 3594: 3588: 3580: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3539: 3537: 3521: 3517: 3511: 3496: 3492: 3485: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3442: 3434: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3393: 3391: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3347: 3331: 3327: 3321: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3278: 3270: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3237: 3221: 3217: 3211: 3203: 3197: 3193: 3192: 3184: 3176: 3170: 3166: 3165: 3157: 3142: 3138: 3132: 3124: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3081: 3065: 3061: 3055: 3036: 3029: 3023: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2995: 2980: 2976: 2970: 2962: 2958: 2953: 2948: 2943: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2919: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2902:NIHR Evidence 2899: 2893: 2885: 2881: 2876: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2844: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2801: 2794: 2789: 2783: 2779: 2772: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2752: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2728: 2721: 2705: 2699: 2695: 2688: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2645: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2616:Contraception 2610: 2602: 2598: 2593: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2569: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2540:Contraception 2534: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2507: 2499: 2495: 2490: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2468:Contraception 2465: 2458: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2428: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2399:Contraception 2393: 2385: 2381: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2342: 2335: 2322: 2315: 2309: 2307: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2277:Contraception 2271: 2255: 2251: 2245: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2214: 2199: 2192: 2186: 2171: 2164: 2158: 2143: 2136: 2130: 2115: 2108: 2102: 2087: 2080: 2074: 2066: 2062: 2057: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2025: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1995: 1993: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1954: 1948: 1941: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1894: 1887: 1880: 1878: 1871: 1864: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1819: 1815: 1808: 1800: 1799: 1794: 1788: 1772: 1768: 1762: 1760: 1751: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1730: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1700: 1684: 1680: 1674: 1659: 1655: 1649: 1641: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1618:Contraception 1615: 1608: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1579:Contraception 1576: 1569: 1561: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1528: 1526: 1517: 1511: 1507: 1506: 1505:Contraception 1498: 1496: 1487: 1481: 1477: 1476: 1468: 1466: 1464: 1455: 1448: 1446: 1444: 1428: 1424: 1418: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1388: 1380: 1374: 1370: 1369: 1361: 1353: 1347: 1343: 1342: 1334: 1326: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1285: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1237: 1235: 1226: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1195:Contraception 1192: 1185: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1136: 1129: 1118:. 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