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Ibn Ishaq

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687:'s 1955 English translation, but some have questioned the reliability of this translation. In it Guillaume combined ibn Hisham and those materials in al-Tabari cited as ibn Isḥaq's whenever they differed or added to ibn Hisham, believing that in so doing he was restoring a lost work. The extracts from al-Tabari are clearly marked, although sometimes it is difficult to distinguish them from the main text (only a capital "T" is used). 317:, who praised the young ibn Ishaq for his knowledge of "maghāzī" (stories of military expeditions). Around the age of 30, ibn Isḥaq arrived in Alexandria and studied under Yazīd ibn Abī Ḥabīb. After his return to Medina, based on one account, he was ordered out of Medina for attributing a hadith to a woman he had not met, Fāṭima bint al-Mundhir, the wife of 532:" text, i.e., by distinguishing or removing Ibn Hisham's additions, and by adding from al-Tabari passages attributed to Ibn Ishaq. Yet the result's degree of approximation to Ibn Ishaq's original text can only be conjectured. Such a reconstruction is available, e.g., in Guillaume's translation. Here, Ibn Ishaq's introductory chapters describe 1670:, with introduction and notes (Oxford University, 1955), xlvii + 815 pages. The Arabic text used by Guillaume was the Cairo edition of 1355/1937 by Mustafa al-Saqqa, Ibrahim al-Abyari and Abdul-Hafiz Shalabi, as well as another, that of F. Wustenfeld (Göttingen, 1858–1860). Ibn Hasham's "notes" are given at pages 691–798. 467:
Following the publication of previously unknown fragments of ibn Isḥaq's traditions, recent scholarship suggests that ibn Isḥaq did not commit to writing any of the traditions now extant, but they were narrated orally to his transmitters. These new texts, found in accounts by Salama al-Ḥarranī and
637:). "We have seen what half a century of story-telling could achieve between Ibn Ishaq and al-Waqidi, at a time when we know that much material had already been committed to writing. What the same processes may have brought about in the century before Ibn Ishaq is something we can only guess at." 622:
Guillaume notices that Ibn Isḥāq frequently uses a number of expressions to convey his skepticism or caution. Beside a frequent note that only God knows whether a particular statement is true or not (p. xix), Guillaume suggests that Ibn Isḥāq deliberately substitutes the ordinary term
459:
According to Donner, the material in ibn Hisham and al-Tabari is "virtually the same". However, there is some material to be found in al-Tabari that was not preserved by ibn Hisham. For example, al-Tabari includes the controversial episode of the
306:. His three sons, Mūsā, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, and Isḥāq, were transmitters of "akhbār", i.e. they collected and recounted written and oral testaments of the past. Isḥāq married the daughter of another mawlā and from this marriage Ibn Isḥāq was born. 1258:
Ibn Hisham's 'narrative' additions and his comments are removed from the text and isolated in a separate section (Guillaume at 3 note, pp. 691–798), while Ibn Hisham's philological additions are evidently omitted (cf., Guillaume at
430:
and only ibn Hisham's has survived, in copies. Ibn Hisham edited out of his work "things which it is disgraceful to discuss; matters which would distress certain people; and such reports as al-Bakka'i told me he could not accept as
992: 575:. Mālik rejected the stories of Muhammad and the Jews of Medina on the ground that they were taken solely based on accounts by sons of Jewish converts. These same stories have also been denounced as "odd tales" (gharāʾib) later by 376:
to the present day, known as "al-Mubtadaʾ wa al-Baʿth wa al-Maghāzī" (lit. "In the Beginning, the mission , and the expeditions"). It was kept in the court library of Baghdad. Part of this work contains the
651:
is full of "contradictions, confusions, inconsistencies and anomalies," written "not by a grandchild, but a great grandchild of the Prophet's generation", that it is written from the point of view of the
285:
circa A.H. 85 (A.D. 704), ibn Isḥaq's grandfather was Yasār ibn Khiyar (according to some ibn Khabbar, Kuman or Kutan), one of forty Christian or Jewish boys who had been held captive in a monastery at
1131:(SUNY 1988). Regarding al-Tabari's narratives of Muhammad, the translators state, "The earliest and most important of these sources was Ibn Ishaq, whose book on the Prophet is usually known as the 1745:(Hungary 1819 – Mumbai 1891), abridged and introduced by Michael Edwards. Rehatsek completed his translation; in 1898 it was given to the Royal Asiatic Society of London by F.F. Arbuthnot. 595:, censured ibn Isḥāq for knowingly including forged poems in his biography, and for attributing poems to persons not known to have written any poetry. The 14th-century historian 402:
Ibn Isḥaq collected oral traditions about the life of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. These traditions, which he orally dictated to his pupils, are now known collectively as
3516: 294:'s campaigns, Yasār was taken to Medina and enslaved to Qays ibn Makhrama ibn al-Muṭṭalib ibn ʿAbd Manāf ibn Quṣayy. On his conversion to Islam, he was manumitted as " 3556: 633:— who based his writing on Ibn Ishaq but added much colorful but made-up detail — reveals how oral history can be contaminated by the fiction of storytellers ( 623:"ḥaddathanī" (he narrated to me) by a word of suspicion "zaʿama" ("he alleged") to show his skepticism about certain traditions (p. xx). 1948: 309:
No facts of Ibn Isḥāq's early life are known, but it is likely that he followed in the family tradition of transmission of early akhbār and
3546: 1055: 511:" version of Ibn Ishaq's original text (otherwise lost). In addition, Guillaume (at p. xxxi) points out that Ibn Hisham's version 1770:
Sīrat ibn Isḥāq al-musammāh bi-kitāb al-Mubtadaʼ wa-al-Mabʻath wa-al-maghāzī (سيرة ابن اسحاق، المسماة بكتاب المبتدأ والمبعث والمغازي )
3016: 501:
Ibn Hisham also "abbreviated, annotated, and sometimes altered" the text of Ibn Ishaq, according to Guillaume (at p. xvii).
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Mustafa al-Saqqa, Ibrahim al-Ibyari and Abdu l-Hafidh Shalabi, Tahqiq Kitab Sirah an-Nabawiyyah, Dar Ihya al-Turath, p. 20.
3366: 1837: 1758: 1575: 1495: 1280: 1170: 1095: 641: 561: 477: 1699: 587:(Guillaume also found evidence of this, pp. xxii &xxiv), and relied too heavily on what were later called the 159: 3331: 2560: 1941: 1859: 1645: 1631: 1617: 1603: 882: 440: 368:
Ibn Isḥaq moved to the capital and found patrons in the new regime. He became a tutor employed by the Abbasid caliph
1790: 536:, before he then commences with the narratives surrounding the life of Muhammad (in Guillaume at pp. 109–690). 3541: 2161: 2996: 1916: 796: 993:"The Making of the Last Prophet: A Reconstruction of the Earliest Biography of Muhammad by Gordon Darnell Newby" 3526: 2398: 1405: 1380: 1249:
See here above: "The text and its survival", esp. re Salamah ibn Fadl al-Ansari. Cf, Guillaume at p. xvii.
1671: 1148:
Cf., Ibn Ishaq (Guillaume's reconstruction, at pp. 165–167) and al-Tabari (SUNY edition, at VI: 107–112).
455:
lists them on p. xxx of his preface, but regards most of them as so fragmentary as to be of little worth.
3239: 754:, meaning one who did not name his teacher, claiming instead to narrate directly from his teacher's teacher. 738:, ibn Isḥaq's hadith (considered separately from his prophetic biography) is generally thought to be "good" ( 346: 252: 1934: 516: 486:
by Ibn Ishaq did not survive. However, much of the original text was copied over into a work of his own by
445: 862: 630: 3551: 3345: 3118: 2171: 502: 1921: 1810: 968:. Ed. Jane Dammen McAuliffe. Vol. 5. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers, 2006. pp 29-51. 505:
made by Ibn Hisham are said to be recognizable and can be deleted, leaving as a remainder, a so-called "
468:
Yūnus ibn Bukayr, were hitherto unknown and contain versions different from those found in other works.
3171: 2933: 2146: 1851: 1637: 1623: 1609: 1595: 1185:
Dates and places, and discussions, re Ibn Ishaq and Ibn Hisham in Guillaume (pp. xiii & xli).
676:
published an annotated German translation in two volumes. Several decades later the Hungarian scholar
3536: 2991: 2908: 2805: 2687: 1978: 1957: 801: 2815: 2570: 1730: 3521: 3359: 3201: 3103: 2981: 2697: 2682: 2361: 2306: 1360: 1357: 626: 588: 3468: 3461: 3098: 2780: 2667: 2331: 2326: 1691: 746:, or chain of transmission) and himself having a reputation of being "sincere" or "trustworthy" ( 3401: 3394: 3274: 3211: 2918: 2540: 2483: 2473: 2336: 846: 750:). However, a general analysis of his isnads has given him the negative distinction of being a 565: 372:, who commissioned him to write an all-encompassing history book starting from the creation of 325:, stated that Ibn Ishaq told them that he did meet her. Also ibn Ishaq disputed with the young 230: 1736: 775: 616: 322: 3123: 3001: 2938: 2259: 2234: 1299:
Arafat, W. N. (1976-01-01). "New Light on the Story of Banū Qurayẓa and the Jews of Medina".
576: 318: 3139: 2131: 3387: 3352: 3031: 2943: 2652: 2264: 2151: 2085: 2055: 1865:'Arafat, W. (1958-01-01). "Early Critics of the Authenticity of the Poetry of the "Sīra"". 780: 773:, except in hadith where he is the sole transmitter which should probably be considered as 680:
prepared an English translation, but it was not published until over a half-century later.
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Volume 7: The foundation of the community: Muhammad at al-Madina (Albany, New York, 1987)
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An edited copy, or recension, prepared by his student Salamah ibn Fadl al-Ansari. This
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Das Leben Mohammed's nach Mohammed Ibn Ishak, bearbeitet von Abd el-Malik Ibn Hischam
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Ibn Isḥāq's Sīra, a critique of Guillaume's English translation: the life of Muhammad
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W. Montgomery Watt and M. V. McDonald, "Translator's Forward" xi–xlvi, at xi–xiv, in
1091: 878: 661: 657: 106: 82: 572: 3454: 3408: 3093: 2976: 2871: 2866: 2851: 2820: 2423: 2209: 1983: 1874: 1663: 1308: 1007: 870: 758: 684: 545: 521: 452: 27: 3489: 3373: 3294: 2637: 2595: 2393: 2311: 1742: 1270: 677: 407: 362: 358: 221: 2913: 1033: 608: 592: 3475: 3206: 3176: 2550: 2468: 2105: 2029: 735: 644: 461: 326: 2856: 2316: 1878: 1312: 874: 722:, which al-Umawwī related to him (Fihrist, 92; Udabāʾ, VI, 401) and a book of 3505: 3422: 3006: 2692: 2677: 2535: 2515: 2463: 2433: 2034: 2024: 1886: 1709: 1320: 571:
The most widely discussed criticism of his sīra was that of his contemporary
414:"Life of the Messenger of God") and survive mainly in the following sources: 20: 1867:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
1800: 1772:(in Arabic). Al-Rabāṭ al-Maghrib: Maʻhad al-Dirāsāt wa-al-Abḥāth lil-Taʻrīb. 1206:). A 39-volume translation was published by State University of New York as 596: 557: 3186: 2775: 2600: 2555: 2301: 2239: 2166: 2121: 2100: 2075: 1830:
Narratives of Islamic origins: the beginnings of Islamic historical writing
1681: 1088:
Narratives of Islamic origins: the beginnings of Islamic historical writing
385:, but substantial fragments of it survive. He died in Baghdad in A.H. 150. 580: 548:
appreciated his efforts in collecting sīra narratives and accepted him on
438:, and survives only in the copious extracts to be found in the voluminous 3051: 2948: 2565: 2530: 2443: 2418: 2156: 2080: 2019: 1741:(London: The Folio Society, 1964), 177 pages. From a translation by 1718: 1165:. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Brill Academic Publishers. pp. 660–3. 850:. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). Brill Academic Publishers. pp. 810–11. 673: 287: 256: 137: 2713: 1725:(Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler'schen Buchhandlung, 1864), 2 volumes. The 1328: 1139:, the various recensions of it, Guillaume's translation, and Ibn Hisham. 3415: 2738: 2642: 2632: 2545: 2525: 2520: 2408: 2341: 2244: 2204: 2199: 2126: 2065: 2060: 766: 487: 423: 1894: 1553:
Al-sīra al-nabawiyya fī dhawʾ al-maṣādir al-aṣliyya: dirāsa taḥlīlīyya
337:. Leaving Medina (or forced to leave), he traveled eastwards towards " 3011: 2728: 2672: 2647: 2403: 2141: 2136: 2090: 2070: 2014: 591:. Furthermore, early literary critics, like ibn Sallām al-Jumaḥī and 525:. In these passages al-Tabari expressly cites Ibn Ishaq as a source. 422:, of his work by his student al-Bakka'i, which was further edited by 419: 369: 350: 1926: 769:
concluded that the soundness of his narrations regarding ahadith is
2825: 2458: 2438: 2224: 2219: 1011: 270: 1668:
The Life of Muhammad. A Translation of Isḥaq's "Sirat Rasul Allah"
265:, collected oral traditions that formed the basis of an important 226:أَبُو عَبْدُ ٱلله مُحَمَّد ٱبْن إِسْحَاق ٱبْن يَسَار ٱلْمُطَّلِبيّ 3482: 2214: 1640:
Volume 9: The last years of the Prophet (Albany, New York, 1985)
1301:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
1219:
Omitted by Ibn Hisham and found in al-Tabari are, e.g., at 1192 (
863:"Muḥammad b. Isḥāq ṣāḥib al-maghāzī: Was His Grandfather Jewish?" 715:
otherwise in substantial fragments. He is also credited with the
354: 102: 2733: 2723: 2590: 507: 495: 330: 310: 295: 282: 78: 1751:
Al-Sīrah al-Nabawiyah li-ibn Isḥāq (السيرة النبوية لابن إسحاق)
1608:
Michael V McDonald (trans.), William Montgomery Watt (annot.)
3447: 3429: 1785:ʿUyūn al-athar fī funūn al-maghāzī wa al-shamāʾil wa al-siyar 964:
Raven, Wim, Sīra and the Qurʾān – Ibn Isḥāq and his editors,
743: 653: 612: 491: 117: 19:
This article is about the historian. For the grammarian, see
1490:(Revised ed.). Princeton University Press. p. 78. 629:
laments that comparing Ibn Ishaq with the later commentator
388: 381:
or biography of the Prophet, the rest was once considered a
1268: 762: 553: 552:, despite having reservations on his methods on matters of 373: 342: 338: 334: 1541:(University of South Carolina 1989) at 2–4, 5, 7–9, 15–16. 471: 584: 579:. Mālik and others also thought that ibn Isḥāq exhibited 237:
Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn ʾIsḥāq ibn Yasār al-Muṭṭalibī
1626:
Volume 8: The victory of Islam (Albany, New York, 1997)
1594:
Michael V McDonald and William Montgomery Watt (trans.)
909: 907: 218:
Abu Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Ishaq ibn Yasar al-Muttalibi
1238:
The History of al-Tabari, volume VI. Muhammad at Mecca
1129:
The History of al-Tabari. Volume VI. Muhammad at Mecca
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Volume 6: Muhammad at Mecca (Albany, New York, 1987)
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Approaching the Sunnah: comprehension and controversy
1056:"Ibn Ishaq, Muhammad ibn Ishaq ibn Yasar ibn Khiyar" 1031: 904: 779:. He added that some Imams mentioned him, including 761:, rejected his narrations on all matters related to 683:
The best-known translation in a Western language is
568:, made use of his chronological ordering of events. 556:. Ibn Ishaq also influenced later sīra writers like 260: 235: 157: 1210:; volumes six to nine concern the life of Muhammad. 515:various narratives in the text which were given by 981:(University of South Carolina 1989) at 7–9, 15–16. 353:, before returning west. Eventually he settled in 3517:8th-century historians from the Abbasid Caliphate 695:Ibn Isḥaq wrote several works. His major work is 3503: 1749:Ibn Isḥaq (2004). Al-Mazīdī, Aḥmad Farīd (ed.). 1104: 924:Taqdima al-maʿrifa li kitāb al-jarḥ wa al-taʿdīl 1753:(in Arabic). Bayrūt: Dār al-kutub al-ʻilmiyah. 1414: 939:(University of South Carolina 1989) at 6–7, 12. 783:, who cited five of Ibn Ishaq's ahadith in his 1768:Ibn Isḥaq (1976). Hamidullah, Muhammad (ed.). 1676: 1442: 1364: 867:Books and Written Culture of the Islamic World 397: 3557:8th-century people from the Umayyad Caliphate 1942: 1555:(1st ed.). Riyadh: King Saud University. 1389: 729: 298:" (client), thus acquiring the surname, or " 43: 1864: 1550: 1156: 1154: 660:, so that "we shall never know ... how the 16:Muslim hagiographer and historian (704–767) 1949: 1935: 1777: 1375:. Oxford University Press. pp. 62–3. 1275:. Darussalam publishers Ltd. p. 345. 1269:Muḥammad Ibn ʻAbd al-Wahhāb, Imam (2003). 1767: 1748: 1729:translated into German with annotations. 1485: 1294: 1292: 1081: 1079: 1077: 960: 958: 956: 954: 901:(University of South Carolina 1989) at 5. 607:) poetry, Ibn Isḥāq filled his sīra with 528:Thus can be reconstructed an 'improved' " 1565: 1488:Islamic History: A Framework for Inquiry 1430:. Cambridge University Press. p. 12 1348: 1346: 1223:(SUNY 1988), VI: 107–112), and at 1341 ( 1151: 1135:". Discussed here are Ibn Ishaq and his 742:) (assuming an accurate and trustworthy 603:, noted that in addition to the forged ( 1458:. Cambridge University Press. p. 4 1400:. Oxford University Press. p. 67. 839: 837: 835: 833: 831: 829: 827: 825: 472:Reconstruction of the text by Guillaume 451:Fragments of several other recensions. 3504: 1827: 1738:The Life of Muhammad. Apostle of Allah 1510: 1298: 1289: 1085: 1074: 990: 951: 860: 3367:The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries 1956: 1930: 1448: 1420: 1343: 1160: 844:Jones, J. M. B. (1968). "ibn Isḥāḳ". 843: 697:al-Mubtadaʾ wa al-Baʿth wa al-Maghāzī 259:. Ibn Ishaq, also known by the title 1821: 1395: 1370: 822: 3547:8th-century Arabic-language writers 813: 707:both survive in part, particularly 478:Al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah (Ibn Hisham) 411: 321:. But those who defended him, like 313:. He was influenced by the work of 225: 44: 13: 1657: 1528:E.g., Guillaume at pp. 11–12. 726:(Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ī Ḵh̲alīfa, II, 1008). 365:, was establishing a new capital. 14: 3568: 3332:History of the Prophets and Kings 1910: 1815:Irshād al-arīb fī mʿrefat al-adīb 1805:Mīzān al-iʿtidāl fī naqd al-rijāl 1354:Mīzān al-iʿtidāl fī naqd al-rijāl 1240:(SUNY 1988) at p. 56 (1134). 672:In 1864 the Heidelberg professor 583:tendencies, had a preference for 544:Notable scholars like the jurist 441:History of the Prophets and Kings 2997:Silahdar Findiklili Mehmed Agha 1917:List of biographies of Muhammad 1652: 1559: 1544: 1531: 1522: 1504: 1479: 1470: 1262: 1252: 1243: 1230: 1213: 1188: 1179: 1142: 1121: 1047: 1025: 984: 971: 797:List of biographies of Muhammad 667: 1922:Biodata at MuslimScholars.info 1539:The Making of the Last Prophet 1486:Humphreys, R. Stephen (1991). 1194:Al-Tabari (839–923) wrote his 979:The Making of the Last Prophet 942: 937:The Making of the Last Prophet 929: 916: 899:The Making of the Last Prophet 891: 861:Lecker, Michael (2015-01-01). 854: 690: 290:. After being found in one of 1: 1636:Ismail K Poonawalla (trans.) 1204:History of Prophets and Kings 1114:, translation of Ibn Ishaq's 1090:. Darwin Press. p. 132. 807: 464:, while ibn Hisham does not. 241: 93: 69: 1828:Donner, Fred McGraw (1998). 1227:(SUNY 1987), at VII: 69–73). 1086:Donner, Fred McGraw (1998). 1054:Oxford Dictionary of Islam. 619:(suspect narrator) reports. 539: 446:Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari 7: 3346:Concise History of Humanity 3119:Mirza Mehdi Khan Astarabadi 2399:'Abd al-Wahid al-Marrakushi 1356:, at "Muhammad ibn Ishaq". 1200:Ta'rikh al-rusul wa'l-muluk 991:Graham, William A. (1992). 966:Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an 790: 664:remembered their prophet". 398:Original versions, survival 261: 236: 158: 10: 3573: 3172:Ahmad ibn Khalid al-Nasiri 2934:Shaikh Inayat Allah Kamboh 1852:Cambridge University Press 1622:Michael Fishbein (trans.) 1161:Raven, W. (1997). "SĪRA". 1032:Encyclopaedia Britannica. 948:Robinson 2003, p. 27. 926:, at "Sufyān ibn ʿUyayna". 913:Robinson 2003, p. xv. 475: 349:, and into Iran as far as 25: 18: 3439: 3316: 3287: 3257: 3233: 3220: 3194: 3165: 3152: 3132: 3111: 3077: 3064: 3044: 3024: 2970: 2957: 2926: 2909:Ahmed Mohammed al-Maqqari 2902: 2889: 2844: 2798: 2764: 2751: 2706: 2688:Fazlallah Khunji Isfahani 2660: 2626: 2613: 2578: 2509: 2496: 2451: 2387: 2374: 2354: 2290: 2277: 2252: 2193: 2180: 2114: 2043: 1997: 1971: 1964: 1879:10.1017/s0041977x00060110 1313:10.1017/S0035869X00133349 1118:, (Oxford, 1955), p. 691. 875:10.1163/9789004283756_003 802:List of Muslim historians 730:Reliability of his hadith 482:The original text of the 190: 185: 168: 153: 143: 133: 123: 113: 89: 65: 60: 52: 41: 34: 3202:Jalal al-Din Mirza Qajar 2982:Solakzade Mehmed Hemdemi 2698:Yahya bin Ahmad Sirhindi 2362:Muhammad bin Ali Rawandi 2307:Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi 1638:The history of al-Tabari 1624:The history of al-Tabari 1610:The history of al-Tabari 1596:The history of al-Tabari 1566:Qaraḍāwī, Yūsuf (2007). 1449:Crone, Patricia (1980). 1421:Crone, Patricia (1980). 1208:The History of al-Tabari 498:, died 833 AD, 218 AH). 361:, having overthrown the 3542:8th-century Arab people 3469:Biographical dictionary 3462:Biographical evaluation 2781:Abd al-Aziz al-Fishtali 2668:Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi 2332:Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad 2327:Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani 2162:Abu Muhammad al-Hamdani 1778:Traditional biographies 1692:Oxford University Press 564:. Other scholars, like 389:Biography of Muhammad ( 276: 269:of the Islamic prophet 247:–767), known simply as 164:('Life of the Prophet') 26:For the physician, see 3402:Kitab al-Rawd al-Mitar 3395:History of the Caliphs 3275:Karim agha Shakikhanov 3212:Reza-Qoli Khan Hedayat 2919:Ibn al-Imad al-Hanbali 2816:ʽAbd al-Qadir Badayuni 2806:Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak 2541:Ibn Fadlallah al-Umari 2484:Rashid-al-Din Hamadani 1848:Islamic Historiography 1396:Cook, Michael (1983). 1371:Cook, Michael (1983). 1272:Mukhtaṣar zād al-maʻād 1163:Encyclopaedia of Islam 847:Encyclopaedia of Islam 566:Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya 3527:Writers of lost works 3360:Al-Bidaya wa'l-Nihaya 3124:Abol-Hasan Golestaneh 3002:Osman Aga of Temesvar 2939:Muhammad Saleh Kamboh 2683:Zahir al-Din Mar'ashi 2235:Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi 1791:Al-Khaṭīb al-Baghdādī 1570:. IIIT. p. 188. 577:ibn Hajar al-Asqalani 476:Further information: 251:, was an 8th-century 3388:Al-Milal wa al-Nihal 3353:The Complete History 3032:Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur 2944:Abd al-Fattah Fumani 2653:Ibn Ghazi al-Miknasi 2086:Al-Zubayr ibn Bakkar 2056:Khalifah ibn Khayyat 1687:The Life of Muhammad 1551:M. R. Ahmad (1992). 1225:History of al-Tabari 1221:History of al-Tabari 1112:The Life of Muhammad 1000:History of Religions 781:Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj 426:. Al-Bakka'i's work 160:al-Sira al-nabawiyya 3325:The Meadows of Gold 3270:Ahmad bey Javanshir 3182:Ahmad ibn Abi Diyaf 2831:Iskandar Beg Munshi 2811:Muhammad Khwandamir 2297:Mohammed al-Baydhaq 2096:Abu Hanifa Dinawari 2005:Hisham ibn al-Kalbi 1989:Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri 1783:Ibn Sayyid al-Nās, 1512:Tibawi, Abdul Latif 1062:on January 19, 2016 418:An edited copy, or 404:Sīratu Rasūli l-Lāh 323:Sufyan ibn ʽUyaynah 315:ibn Shihab al-Zuhri 292:Khalid ibn al-Walid 148:Prophetic biography 3552:People from Medina 3265:Mirza Adigozal bey 3245:Ahmed Cevdet Pasha 3140:Ahmed Resmî Efendi 3089:Mohammed al-Qadiri 3084:Mohammed al-Ifrani 3012:Al-Hasan al-Burini 2836:Sharafkhan Bidlisi 2586:Hamdallah Mustawfi 2260:Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi 1588:Books and journals 720:Kitāb al-kh̲ulafāʾ 613:chain of narration 601:hadith terminology 534:pre-Islamic Arabia 205:Salama ibn al-Fadl 178:Salama ibn al-Fadl 128:Islamic golden age 3499: 3498: 3312: 3311: 3308: 3307: 3300:Mastoureh Ardalan 3283: 3282: 3250:Ahmed Cevad Pasha 3148: 3147: 3060: 3059: 3040: 3039: 2885: 2884: 2747: 2746: 2609: 2608: 2492: 2491: 2479:Ata-Malik Juvayni 2429:Sibt ibn al-Jawzi 2370: 2369: 2322:Usama ibn Munqidh 2273: 2272: 2265:Abu Sa'id Gardezi 2152:Al-Qadi al-Nu'man 2051:Ibn ʽAbd al-Hakam 1958:Muslim historians 1846:Robinson, Chase, 1839:978-0-87850-127-4 1822:Secondary sources 1760:978-2-7451-3982-5 1727:Sirah Rasul Allah 1690:. United States: 1577:978-1-56564-418-2 1537:Gordon D. Newby, 1497:978-0-691-00856-1 1476:See bibliography. 1282:978-9960-897-18-9 1236:E.g., al-Tabari, 1172:978-90-04-10422-8 1097:978-0-87850-127-4 977:Gordon D. Newby, 935:Gordon D. Newby, 897:Gordon D. Newby, 562:Ibn Sayyid al-Nās 484:Sīrat Rasūl Allāh 436:also has perished 391:Sīrat Rasūl Allāh 357:. There, the new 329:, famous for the 234: 215: 214: 107:Abbasid Caliphate 83:Umayyad Caliphate 3564: 3537:Arab biographers 3455:Islamic calendar 3409:Tarikh al-Yaqubi 3381:Kitab al-I'tibar 3339:Mu'jam al-Buldan 3231: 3230: 3163: 3162: 3094:Khalil al-Muradi 3075: 3074: 2977:Ibrahim Petchevi 2968: 2967: 2900: 2899: 2872:Mustafa Selaniki 2867:Sadeddin Effendi 2821:Nizamuddin Ahmad 2762: 2761: 2624: 2623: 2507: 2506: 2385: 2384: 2288: 2287: 2210:Said al-Andalusi 2191: 2190: 1984:Urwah ibn Zubayr 1969: 1968: 1951: 1944: 1937: 1928: 1927: 1906: 1873:(1/3): 453–463. 1843: 1832:. Darwin Press. 1773: 1764: 1713: 1684:(18 July 2002). 1664:Alfred Guillaume 1582: 1581: 1563: 1557: 1556: 1548: 1542: 1535: 1529: 1526: 1520: 1519: 1508: 1502: 1501: 1483: 1477: 1474: 1468: 1467: 1465: 1463: 1457: 1452:Slaves on Horses 1446: 1440: 1439: 1437: 1435: 1429: 1424:Slaves on Horses 1418: 1412: 1411: 1393: 1387: 1386: 1368: 1362: 1350: 1341: 1340: 1296: 1287: 1286: 1266: 1260: 1256: 1250: 1247: 1241: 1234: 1228: 1217: 1211: 1192: 1186: 1183: 1177: 1176: 1158: 1149: 1146: 1140: 1125: 1119: 1116:Sira Rasul Allah 1108: 1102: 1101: 1083: 1072: 1071: 1069: 1067: 1058:. Archived from 1051: 1045: 1044: 1042: 1040: 1029: 1023: 1022: 1020: 1018: 997: 988: 982: 975: 969: 962: 949: 946: 940: 933: 927: 920: 914: 911: 902: 895: 889: 888: 858: 852: 851: 841: 820: 817: 759:Ahmad ibn Hanbal 705:Kitab al-Mab'ath 701:Kitab al-Mubtada 685:Alfred Guillaume 546:Ahmad ibn Hanbal 413: 319:Hishām ibn ʿUrwa 264: 253:Muslim historian 246: 243: 239: 229: 227: 163: 144:Main interest(s) 98: 95: 74: 71: 47: 46: 32: 31: 28:Hunayn ibn Ishaq 3572: 3571: 3567: 3566: 3565: 3563: 3562: 3561: 3522:Hadith scholars 3502: 3501: 3500: 3495: 3435: 3374:Futuh al-Buldan 3304: 3295:Mahmud Bayazidi 3279: 3253: 3229: 3216: 3190: 3161: 3144: 3128: 3107: 3073: 3056: 3036: 3020: 2966: 2953: 2922: 2898: 2881: 2840: 2794: 2760: 2743: 2702: 2656: 2638:Ibn Taghribirdi 2622: 2605: 2596:Ziauddin Barani 2574: 2505: 2488: 2447: 2414:Ibn al-Kardabūs 2394:Yaqut al-Hamawi 2383: 2366: 2350: 2312:Ibn al-Qalanisi 2286: 2269: 2248: 2189: 2176: 2110: 2039: 1993: 1979:Aban bin Uthman 1960: 1955: 1913: 1840: 1824: 1811:Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī 1780: 1761: 1743:Edward Rehatsek 1731:digital edition 1702: 1694:. p. 860. 1660: 1658:Primary sources 1655: 1650: 1585: 1578: 1564: 1560: 1549: 1545: 1536: 1532: 1527: 1523: 1509: 1505: 1498: 1484: 1480: 1475: 1471: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1447: 1443: 1433: 1431: 1427: 1419: 1415: 1408: 1394: 1390: 1383: 1369: 1365: 1351: 1344: 1297: 1290: 1283: 1267: 1263: 1257: 1253: 1248: 1244: 1235: 1231: 1218: 1214: 1193: 1189: 1184: 1180: 1173: 1159: 1152: 1147: 1143: 1126: 1122: 1109: 1105: 1098: 1084: 1075: 1065: 1063: 1052: 1048: 1038: 1036: 1030: 1026: 1016: 1014: 995: 989: 985: 976: 972: 963: 952: 947: 943: 934: 930: 922:Ibn Abī Ḥātim, 921: 917: 912: 905: 896: 892: 885: 859: 855: 842: 823: 818: 814: 810: 793: 732: 693: 678:Edward Rehatsek 670: 662:Umayyad caliphs 647:complains that 542: 480: 474: 400: 395: 363:Umayyad dynasty 359:Abbasid dynasty 341:", stopping in 279: 244: 211: 208: 196: 195: 181: 154:Notable work(s) 109: 100: 96: 85: 76: 72: 48: 37: 30: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3570: 3560: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3497: 3496: 3494: 3493: 3486: 3479: 3476:Hadith studies 3472: 3465: 3458: 3451: 3443: 3441: 3437: 3436: 3434: 3433: 3426: 3419: 3412: 3405: 3398: 3391: 3384: 3377: 3370: 3363: 3356: 3349: 3342: 3335: 3328: 3320: 3318: 3314: 3313: 3310: 3309: 3306: 3305: 3303: 3302: 3297: 3291: 3289: 3285: 3284: 3281: 3280: 3278: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3261: 3259: 3255: 3254: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3235: 3228: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3218: 3217: 3215: 3214: 3209: 3207:Agha Ahmad Ali 3204: 3198: 3196: 3192: 3191: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3177:Mohammad Farid 3174: 3169: 3167: 3160: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3150: 3149: 3146: 3145: 3143: 3142: 3136: 3134: 3130: 3129: 3127: 3126: 3121: 3115: 3113: 3109: 3108: 3106: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3081: 3079: 3072: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3062: 3061: 3058: 3057: 3055: 3054: 3048: 3046: 3042: 3041: 3038: 3037: 3035: 3034: 3028: 3026: 3022: 3021: 3019: 3014: 3009: 3004: 2999: 2994: 2992:Munejjim Bashi 2989: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2972: 2965: 2964: 2961: 2959: 2955: 2954: 2952: 2951: 2946: 2941: 2936: 2930: 2928: 2924: 2923: 2921: 2916: 2911: 2906: 2904: 2897: 2896: 2893: 2891: 2887: 2886: 2883: 2882: 2880: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2862:Matrakçı Nasuh 2859: 2854: 2848: 2846: 2842: 2841: 2839: 2838: 2833: 2828: 2823: 2818: 2813: 2808: 2802: 2800: 2796: 2795: 2793: 2791:Mar'i al-Karmi 2788: 2783: 2778: 2773: 2768: 2766: 2759: 2758: 2755: 2753: 2749: 2748: 2745: 2744: 2742: 2741: 2736: 2731: 2726: 2721: 2716: 2710: 2708: 2704: 2703: 2701: 2700: 2695: 2690: 2685: 2680: 2675: 2670: 2664: 2662: 2658: 2657: 2655: 2650: 2645: 2640: 2635: 2630: 2628: 2621: 2620: 2617: 2615: 2611: 2610: 2607: 2606: 2604: 2603: 2598: 2593: 2588: 2582: 2580: 2576: 2575: 2573: 2568: 2563: 2558: 2553: 2551:Ibn al-Tiqtaqa 2548: 2543: 2538: 2533: 2528: 2523: 2518: 2513: 2511: 2504: 2503: 2500: 2498: 2494: 2493: 2490: 2489: 2487: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2474:Minhaj-i-Siraj 2471: 2469:Ibn Isfandiyar 2466: 2461: 2455: 2453: 2449: 2448: 2446: 2441: 2436: 2431: 2426: 2421: 2416: 2411: 2406: 2401: 2396: 2391: 2389: 2382: 2381: 2378: 2376: 2372: 2371: 2368: 2367: 2365: 2364: 2358: 2356: 2352: 2351: 2349: 2347:Ibn al-Sam'ani 2344: 2339: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2319: 2314: 2309: 2304: 2299: 2294: 2292: 2285: 2284: 2281: 2279: 2275: 2274: 2271: 2270: 2268: 2267: 2262: 2256: 2254: 2250: 2249: 2247: 2242: 2237: 2232: 2230:Hilal al-Sabi' 2227: 2222: 2217: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2197: 2195: 2188: 2187: 2184: 2182: 2178: 2177: 2175: 2174: 2169: 2164: 2159: 2154: 2149: 2144: 2139: 2134: 2132:Ibn al-Qūṭiyya 2129: 2124: 2118: 2116: 2112: 2111: 2109: 2108: 2103: 2098: 2093: 2088: 2083: 2078: 2073: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2047: 2045: 2041: 2040: 2038: 2037: 2032: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2012: 2007: 2001: 1999: 1995: 1994: 1992: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1975: 1973: 1966: 1962: 1961: 1954: 1953: 1946: 1939: 1931: 1925: 1924: 1919: 1912: 1911:External links 1909: 1908: 1907: 1862: 1844: 1838: 1823: 1820: 1819: 1818: 1808: 1798: 1795:Tārīkh Baghdād 1788: 1779: 1776: 1775: 1774: 1765: 1759: 1746: 1733: 1716: 1715: 1714: 1701:978-0196360331 1700: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1648: 1634: 1620: 1606: 1591: 1590: 1589: 1584: 1583: 1576: 1558: 1543: 1530: 1521: 1503: 1496: 1478: 1469: 1441: 1413: 1406: 1388: 1381: 1363: 1342: 1307:(2): 100–107. 1288: 1281: 1261: 1251: 1242: 1229: 1212: 1187: 1178: 1171: 1150: 1141: 1120: 1110:Guillaume, A. 1103: 1096: 1073: 1046: 1024: 1012:10.1086/463314 983: 970: 950: 941: 928: 915: 903: 890: 883: 853: 821: 811: 809: 806: 805: 804: 799: 792: 789: 736:hadith studies 731: 728: 692: 689: 669: 666: 645:Patricia Crone 640:Cook's fellow 573:Mālik ibn Anas 541: 538: 503:Interpolations 473: 470: 462:Satanic Verses 457: 456: 449: 432: 412:سيرة رسول الله 399: 396: 394: 387: 327:Malik ibn Anas 278: 275: 213: 212: 210: 209: 207: 206: 203: 199: 193: 192: 191: 188: 187: 183: 182: 180: 179: 176: 172: 170: 166: 165: 155: 151: 150: 145: 141: 140: 135: 131: 130: 125: 121: 120: 115: 111: 110: 101: 91: 87: 86: 77: 67: 63: 62: 58: 57: 54: 50: 49: 42: 39: 38: 35: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3569: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3513: 3510: 3509: 3507: 3492: 3491: 3487: 3485: 3484: 3480: 3478: 3477: 3473: 3471: 3470: 3466: 3464: 3463: 3459: 3457: 3456: 3452: 3450: 3449: 3445: 3444: 3442: 3438: 3432: 3431: 3427: 3425: 3424: 3423:Book of Idols 3420: 3418: 3417: 3413: 3411: 3410: 3406: 3404: 3403: 3399: 3397: 3396: 3392: 3390: 3389: 3385: 3383: 3382: 3378: 3376: 3375: 3371: 3369: 3368: 3364: 3362: 3361: 3357: 3355: 3354: 3350: 3348: 3347: 3343: 3341: 3340: 3336: 3334: 3333: 3329: 3327: 3326: 3322: 3321: 3319: 3317:Notable works 3315: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3293: 3292: 3290: 3286: 3276: 3273: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3263: 3262: 3260: 3256: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3232: 3226: 3225: 3223: 3219: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3199: 3197: 3193: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3168: 3164: 3158: 3157: 3155: 3151: 3141: 3138: 3137: 3135: 3131: 3125: 3122: 3120: 3117: 3116: 3114: 3110: 3105: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3082: 3080: 3076: 3070: 3069: 3067: 3063: 3053: 3050: 3049: 3047: 3043: 3033: 3030: 3029: 3027: 3023: 3018: 3015: 3013: 3010: 3008: 3007:Mustafa Naima 3005: 3003: 3000: 2998: 2995: 2993: 2990: 2988: 2985: 2983: 2980: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2969: 2963: 2962: 2960: 2956: 2950: 2947: 2945: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2935: 2932: 2931: 2929: 2925: 2920: 2917: 2915: 2912: 2910: 2907: 2905: 2901: 2895: 2894: 2892: 2888: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2849: 2847: 2843: 2837: 2834: 2832: 2829: 2827: 2824: 2822: 2819: 2817: 2814: 2812: 2809: 2807: 2804: 2803: 2801: 2797: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2772: 2769: 2767: 2763: 2757: 2756: 2754: 2750: 2740: 2737: 2735: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2711: 2709: 2705: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2693:Idris Bitlisi 2691: 2689: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2679: 2678:Mullah Nadiri 2676: 2674: 2671: 2669: 2666: 2665: 2663: 2659: 2654: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2629: 2625: 2619: 2618: 2616: 2612: 2602: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2592: 2589: 2587: 2584: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2572: 2569: 2567: 2564: 2562: 2559: 2557: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2539: 2537: 2536:Ibn al-Khatib 2534: 2532: 2529: 2527: 2524: 2522: 2519: 2517: 2514: 2512: 2508: 2502: 2501: 2499: 2495: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2472: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2464:Muhammad Aufi 2462: 2460: 2457: 2456: 2454: 2450: 2445: 2442: 2440: 2437: 2435: 2434:Ibn Khallikan 2432: 2430: 2427: 2425: 2422: 2420: 2417: 2415: 2412: 2410: 2407: 2405: 2402: 2400: 2397: 2395: 2392: 2390: 2386: 2380: 2379: 2377: 2373: 2363: 2360: 2359: 2357: 2353: 2348: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2338: 2335: 2333: 2330: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2308: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2289: 2283: 2282: 2280: 2276: 2266: 2263: 2261: 2258: 2257: 2255: 2251: 2246: 2243: 2241: 2238: 2236: 2233: 2231: 2228: 2226: 2223: 2221: 2218: 2216: 2213: 2211: 2208: 2206: 2203: 2201: 2198: 2196: 2192: 2186: 2185: 2183: 2179: 2173: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2163: 2160: 2158: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2148: 2145: 2143: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2123: 2120: 2119: 2117: 2113: 2107: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2097: 2094: 2092: 2089: 2087: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2072: 2069: 2067: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2048: 2046: 2042: 2036: 2033: 2031: 2028: 2026: 2025:Sayf ibn Umar 2023: 2021: 2018: 2016: 2013: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1976: 1974: 1970: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1952: 1947: 1945: 1940: 1938: 1933: 1932: 1929: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1914: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1863: 1861: 1860:0-521-58813-8 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1835: 1831: 1826: 1825: 1816: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1782: 1781: 1771: 1766: 1762: 1756: 1752: 1747: 1744: 1740: 1739: 1734: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1717: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1688: 1683: 1682:Guillaume, A. 1679: 1675: 1674: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1662: 1661: 1647: 1646:0-88706-692-5 1643: 1639: 1635: 1633: 1632:0-7914-3150-9 1629: 1625: 1621: 1619: 1618:0-88706-345-4 1615: 1611: 1607: 1605: 1604:0-88706-707-7 1601: 1597: 1593: 1592: 1587: 1586: 1579: 1573: 1569: 1562: 1554: 1547: 1540: 1534: 1525: 1517: 1513: 1507: 1499: 1493: 1489: 1482: 1473: 1454: 1453: 1445: 1426: 1425: 1417: 1409: 1403: 1399: 1392: 1384: 1378: 1374: 1367: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1349: 1347: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1295: 1293: 1284: 1278: 1274: 1273: 1265: 1259:p. xli). 1255: 1246: 1239: 1233: 1226: 1222: 1216: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1191: 1182: 1174: 1168: 1164: 1157: 1155: 1145: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1124: 1117: 1113: 1107: 1099: 1093: 1089: 1082: 1080: 1078: 1061: 1057: 1050: 1035: 1028: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 994: 987: 980: 974: 967: 961: 959: 957: 955: 945: 938: 932: 925: 919: 910: 908: 900: 894: 886: 884:9789004283756 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 857: 849: 848: 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56:Ṣāḥib al-Sīra 55: 51: 45:ٱبْن إِسْحَاق 40: 33: 29: 22: 21:Ibn Abi Ishaq 3490:Isra'iliyyat 3488: 3481: 3474: 3467: 3460: 3453: 3446: 3428: 3421: 3414: 3407: 3400: 3393: 3386: 3379: 3372: 3365: 3358: 3351: 3344: 3337: 3330: 3323: 3187:Jurji Zaydan 3153:19th century 3065:18th century 2987:Kâtip Çelebi 2914:Katib Çelebi 2890:17th century 2877:Taşköprüzade 2776:Mujir al-Din 2752:16th century 2719:Aşıkpaşazade 2614:15th century 2601:Hafiz-i Abru 2571:al-ʽAsqalani 2556:Ibn al-Furat 2497:14th century 2424:Ibn al-Athir 2375:13th century 2302:Ibn al-Jawzi 2278:12th century 2181:11th century 2167:Al-Musabbihi 2122:Ibn al-Nadim 2115:10th century 2101:Ibn Qutaybah 2076:Al-Baladhuri 2009: 1870: 1866: 1847: 1829: 1814: 1804: 1794: 1784: 1769: 1750: 1737: 1726: 1722: 1686: 1677: 1672:digital scan 1667: 1653:Bibliography 1567: 1561: 1552: 1546: 1538: 1533: 1524: 1515: 1506: 1487: 1481: 1472: 1460:. 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Index

Ibn Abi Ishaq
Hunayn ibn Ishaq
Medina
Umayyad Caliphate
Baghdad
Abbasid Caliphate
Islam
Islamic golden age
Middle East
Prophetic biography
al-Sira al-nabawiyya
Arabic
romanized
Muslim historian
hagiographer
biography
Muhammad
Medina
Ayn al-Tamr
Khalid ibn al-Walid
mawlā
nisbat
hadith
ibn Shihab al-Zuhri
Hishām ibn ʿUrwa
Sufyan ibn ʽUyaynah
Malik ibn Anas
Maliki
Fiqh
al-Irāq

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