687:'s 1955 English translation, but some have questioned the reliability of this translation. In it Guillaume combined ibn Hisham and those materials in al-Tabari cited as ibn Isḥaq's whenever they differed or added to ibn Hisham, believing that in so doing he was restoring a lost work. The extracts from al-Tabari are clearly marked, although sometimes it is difficult to distinguish them from the main text (only a capital "T" is used).
317:, who praised the young ibn Ishaq for his knowledge of "maghāzī" (stories of military expeditions). Around the age of 30, ibn Isḥaq arrived in Alexandria and studied under Yazīd ibn Abī Ḥabīb. After his return to Medina, based on one account, he was ordered out of Medina for attributing a hadith to a woman he had not met, Fāṭima bint al-Mundhir, the wife of
532:" text, i.e., by distinguishing or removing Ibn Hisham's additions, and by adding from al-Tabari passages attributed to Ibn Ishaq. Yet the result's degree of approximation to Ibn Ishaq's original text can only be conjectured. Such a reconstruction is available, e.g., in Guillaume's translation. Here, Ibn Ishaq's introductory chapters describe
1670:, with introduction and notes (Oxford University, 1955), xlvii + 815 pages. The Arabic text used by Guillaume was the Cairo edition of 1355/1937 by Mustafa al-Saqqa, Ibrahim al-Abyari and Abdul-Hafiz Shalabi, as well as another, that of F. Wustenfeld (Göttingen, 1858–1860). Ibn Hasham's "notes" are given at pages 691–798.
467:
Following the publication of previously unknown fragments of ibn Isḥaq's traditions, recent scholarship suggests that ibn Isḥaq did not commit to writing any of the traditions now extant, but they were narrated orally to his transmitters. These new texts, found in accounts by Salama al-Ḥarranī and
637:). "We have seen what half a century of story-telling could achieve between Ibn Ishaq and al-Waqidi, at a time when we know that much material had already been committed to writing. What the same processes may have brought about in the century before Ibn Ishaq is something we can only guess at."
622:
Guillaume notices that Ibn Isḥāq frequently uses a number of expressions to convey his skepticism or caution. Beside a frequent note that only God knows whether a particular statement is true or not (p. xix), Guillaume suggests that Ibn Isḥāq deliberately substitutes the ordinary term
459:
According to Donner, the material in ibn Hisham and al-Tabari is "virtually the same". However, there is some material to be found in al-Tabari that was not preserved by ibn Hisham. For example, al-Tabari includes the controversial episode of the
306:. His three sons, Mūsā, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, and Isḥāq, were transmitters of "akhbār", i.e. they collected and recounted written and oral testaments of the past. Isḥāq married the daughter of another mawlā and from this marriage Ibn Isḥāq was born.
1258:
Ibn Hisham's 'narrative' additions and his comments are removed from the text and isolated in a separate section (Guillaume at 3 note, pp. 691–798), while Ibn Hisham's philological additions are evidently omitted (cf., Guillaume at
430:
and only ibn Hisham's has survived, in copies. Ibn Hisham edited out of his work "things which it is disgraceful to discuss; matters which would distress certain people; and such reports as al-Bakka'i told me he could not accept as
992:
575:. Mālik rejected the stories of Muhammad and the Jews of Medina on the ground that they were taken solely based on accounts by sons of Jewish converts. These same stories have also been denounced as "odd tales" (gharāʾib) later by
376:
to the present day, known as "al-Mubtadaʾ wa al-Baʿth wa al-Maghāzī" (lit. "In the
Beginning, the mission , and the expeditions"). It was kept in the court library of Baghdad. Part of this work contains the
651:
is full of "contradictions, confusions, inconsistencies and anomalies," written "not by a grandchild, but a great grandchild of the
Prophet's generation", that it is written from the point of view of the
285:
circa A.H. 85 (A.D. 704), ibn Isḥaq's grandfather was Yasār ibn Khiyar (according to some ibn
Khabbar, Kuman or Kutan), one of forty Christian or Jewish boys who had been held captive in a monastery at
1131:(SUNY 1988). Regarding al-Tabari's narratives of Muhammad, the translators state, "The earliest and most important of these sources was Ibn Ishaq, whose book on the Prophet is usually known as the
1745:(Hungary 1819 – Mumbai 1891), abridged and introduced by Michael Edwards. Rehatsek completed his translation; in 1898 it was given to the Royal Asiatic Society of London by F.F. Arbuthnot.
595:, censured ibn Isḥāq for knowingly including forged poems in his biography, and for attributing poems to persons not known to have written any poetry. The 14th-century historian
402:
Ibn Isḥaq collected oral traditions about the life of the
Islamic prophet Muhammad. These traditions, which he orally dictated to his pupils, are now known collectively as
3516:
294:'s campaigns, Yasār was taken to Medina and enslaved to Qays ibn Makhrama ibn al-Muṭṭalib ibn ʿAbd Manāf ibn Quṣayy. On his conversion to Islam, he was manumitted as "
3556:
633:— who based his writing on Ibn Ishaq but added much colorful but made-up detail — reveals how oral history can be contaminated by the fiction of storytellers (
623:"ḥaddathanī" (he narrated to me) by a word of suspicion "zaʿama" ("he alleged") to show his skepticism about certain traditions (p. xx).
1948:
309:
No facts of Ibn Isḥāq's early life are known, but it is likely that he followed in the family tradition of transmission of early akhbār and
3546:
1055:
511:" version of Ibn Ishaq's original text (otherwise lost). In addition, Guillaume (at p. xxxi) points out that Ibn Hisham's version
1770:
Sīrat ibn Isḥāq al-musammāh bi-kitāb al-Mubtadaʼ wa-al-Mabʻath wa-al-maghāzī (سيرة ابن اسحاق، المسماة بكتاب المبتدأ والمبعث والمغازي )
3016:
501:
Ibn Hisham also "abbreviated, annotated, and sometimes altered" the text of Ibn Ishaq, according to
Guillaume (at p. xvii).
819:
Mustafa al-Saqqa, Ibrahim al-Ibyari and Abdu l-Hafidh
Shalabi, Tahqiq Kitab Sirah an-Nabawiyyah, Dar Ihya al-Turath, p. 20.
3366:
1837:
1758:
1575:
1495:
1280:
1170:
1095:
641:
561:
477:
1699:
587:(Guillaume also found evidence of this, pp. xxii &xxiv), and relied too heavily on what were later called the
159:
3331:
2560:
1941:
1859:
1645:
1631:
1617:
1603:
882:
440:
368:
Ibn Isḥaq moved to the capital and found patrons in the new regime. He became a tutor employed by the
Abbasid caliph
1790:
536:, before he then commences with the narratives surrounding the life of Muhammad (in Guillaume at pp. 109–690).
3541:
2161:
2996:
1916:
796:
993:"The Making of the Last Prophet: A Reconstruction of the Earliest Biography of Muhammad by Gordon Darnell Newby"
3526:
2398:
1405:
1380:
1249:
See here above: "The text and its survival", esp. re
Salamah ibn Fadl al-Ansari. Cf, Guillaume at p. xvii.
1671:
1148:
Cf., Ibn Ishaq (Guillaume's reconstruction, at pp. 165–167) and al-Tabari (SUNY edition, at VI: 107–112).
455:
lists them on p. xxx of his preface, but regards most of them as so fragmentary as to be of little worth.
3239:
754:, meaning one who did not name his teacher, claiming instead to narrate directly from his teacher's teacher.
738:, ibn Isḥaq's hadith (considered separately from his prophetic biography) is generally thought to be "good" (
346:
252:
1934:
516:
486:
by Ibn Ishaq did not survive. However, much of the original text was copied over into a work of his own by
445:
862:
630:
3551:
3345:
3118:
2171:
502:
1921:
1810:
968:. Ed. Jane Dammen McAuliffe. Vol. 5. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers, 2006. pp 29-51.
505:
made by Ibn Hisham are said to be recognizable and can be deleted, leaving as a remainder, a so-called "
468:
Yūnus ibn Bukayr, were hitherto unknown and contain versions different from those found in other works.
3171:
2933:
2146:
1851:
1637:
1623:
1609:
1595:
1185:
Dates and places, and discussions, re Ibn Ishaq and Ibn Hisham in
Guillaume (pp. xiii & xli).
676:
published an annotated German translation in two volumes. Several decades later the
Hungarian scholar
3536:
2991:
2908:
2805:
2687:
1978:
1957:
801:
2815:
2570:
1730:
3521:
3359:
3201:
3103:
2981:
2697:
2682:
2361:
2306:
1360:
1357:
626:
588:
3468:
3461:
3098:
2780:
2667:
2331:
2326:
1691:
746:, or chain of transmission) and himself having a reputation of being "sincere" or "trustworthy" (
3401:
3394:
3274:
3211:
2918:
2540:
2483:
2473:
2336:
846:
750:). However, a general analysis of his isnads has given him the negative distinction of being a
565:
372:, who commissioned him to write an all-encompassing history book starting from the creation of
325:, stated that Ibn Ishaq told them that he did meet her. Also ibn Ishaq disputed with the young
230:
1736:
775:
616:
322:
3123:
3001:
2938:
2259:
2234:
1299:
Arafat, W. N. (1976-01-01). "New Light on the Story of Banū Qurayẓa and the Jews of Medina".
576:
318:
3139:
2131:
3387:
3352:
3031:
2943:
2652:
2264:
2151:
2085:
2055:
1865:'Arafat, W. (1958-01-01). "Early Critics of the Authenticity of the Poetry of the "Sīra"".
780:
773:, except in hadith where he is the sole transmitter which should probably be considered as
680:
prepared an English translation, but it was not published until over a half-century later.
2876:
2718:
2050:
1685:
1612:
Volume 7: The foundation of the community: Muhammad at al-Madina (Albany, New York, 1987)
8:
3531:
3511:
3380:
3338:
3324:
3269:
3181:
2861:
2830:
2810:
2296:
2095:
2004:
1988:
549:
314:
299:
291:
266:
147:
1450:
1422:
1059:
3264:
3244:
3088:
3083:
2835:
2585:
1898:
1890:
1511:
1332:
1324:
716:
600:
533:
435:
434:
An edited copy, or recension, prepared by his student Salamah ibn Fadl al-Ansari. This
427:
382:
127:
2413:
3299:
3249:
2986:
2790:
2785:
2770:
2478:
2428:
2346:
2321:
2229:
1902:
1882:
1855:
1833:
1754:
1723:
Das Leben Mohammed's nach Mohammed Ibn Ishak, bearbeitet von Abd el-Malik Ibn Hischam
1705:
1695:
1641:
1627:
1613:
1599:
1571:
1516:
Ibn Isḥāq's Sīra, a critique of Guillaume's English translation: the life of Muhammad
1491:
1401:
1376:
1336:
1316:
1276:
1166:
1127:
W. Montgomery Watt and M. V. McDonald, "Translator's Forward" xi–xlvi, at xi–xiv, in
1091:
878:
661:
657:
106:
82:
572:
3454:
3408:
3093:
2976:
2871:
2866:
2851:
2820:
2423:
2209:
1983:
1874:
1663:
1308:
1007:
870:
758:
684:
545:
521:
452:
27:
3489:
3373:
3294:
2637:
2595:
2393:
2311:
1742:
1270:
677:
407:
362:
358:
221:
2913:
1033:
608:
592:
3475:
3206:
3176:
2550:
2468:
2105:
2029:
735:
644:
461:
326:
2856:
2316:
1878:
1312:
874:
722:, which al-Umawwī related to him (Fihrist, 92; Udabāʾ, VI, 401) and a book of
3505:
3422:
3006:
2692:
2677:
2535:
2515:
2463:
2433:
2034:
2024:
1886:
1709:
1320:
571:
The most widely discussed criticism of his sīra was that of his contemporary
414:"Life of the Messenger of God") and survive mainly in the following sources:
20:
1867:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
1800:
1772:(in Arabic). Al-Rabāṭ al-Maghrib: Maʻhad al-Dirāsāt wa-al-Abḥāth lil-Taʻrīb.
1206:). A 39-volume translation was published by State University of New York as
596:
557:
3186:
2775:
2600:
2555:
2301:
2239:
2166:
2121:
2100:
2075:
1830:
Narratives of Islamic origins: the beginnings of Islamic historical writing
1681:
1088:
Narratives of Islamic origins: the beginnings of Islamic historical writing
385:, but substantial fragments of it survive. He died in Baghdad in A.H. 150.
580:
548:
appreciated his efforts in collecting sīra narratives and accepted him on
438:, and survives only in the copious extracts to be found in the voluminous
3051:
2948:
2565:
2530:
2443:
2418:
2156:
2080:
2019:
1741:(London: The Folio Society, 1964), 177 pages. From a translation by
1718:
1165:. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Brill Academic Publishers. pp. 660–3.
850:. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). Brill Academic Publishers. pp. 810–11.
673:
287:
256:
137:
2713:
1725:(Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler'schen Buchhandlung, 1864), 2 volumes. The
1328:
1139:, the various recensions of it, Guillaume's translation, and Ibn Hisham.
3415:
2738:
2642:
2632:
2545:
2525:
2520:
2408:
2341:
2244:
2204:
2199:
2126:
2065:
2060:
766:
487:
423:
1894:
1553:
Al-sīra al-nabawiyya fī dhawʾ al-maṣādir al-aṣliyya: dirāsa taḥlīlīyya
337:. Leaving Medina (or forced to leave), he traveled eastwards towards "
3011:
2728:
2672:
2647:
2403:
2141:
2136:
2090:
2070:
2014:
591:. Furthermore, early literary critics, like ibn Sallām al-Jumaḥī and
525:. In these passages al-Tabari expressly cites Ibn Ishaq as a source.
422:, of his work by his student al-Bakka'i, which was further edited by
419:
369:
350:
1926:
769:
concluded that the soundness of his narrations regarding ahadith is
2825:
2458:
2438:
2224:
2219:
1011:
270:
1668:
The Life of Muhammad. A Translation of Isḥaq's "Sirat Rasul Allah"
265:, collected oral traditions that formed the basis of an important
226:أَبُو عَبْدُ ٱلله مُحَمَّد ٱبْن إِسْحَاق ٱبْن يَسَار ٱلْمُطَّلِبيّ
3482:
2214:
1640:
Volume 9: The last years of the Prophet (Albany, New York, 1985)
1301:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
1219:
Omitted by Ibn Hisham and found in al-Tabari are, e.g., at 1192 (
863:"Muḥammad b. Isḥāq ṣāḥib al-maghāzī: Was His Grandfather Jewish?"
715:
otherwise in substantial fragments. He is also credited with the
354:
102:
2733:
2723:
2590:
507:
495:
330:
310:
295:
282:
78:
1751:
Al-Sīrah al-Nabawiyah li-ibn Isḥāq (السيرة النبوية لابن إسحاق)
1608:
Michael V McDonald (trans.), William Montgomery Watt (annot.)
3447:
3429:
1785:ʿUyūn al-athar fī funūn al-maghāzī wa al-shamāʾil wa al-siyar
964:
Raven, Wim, Sīra and the Qurʾān – Ibn Isḥāq and his editors,
743:
653:
612:
491:
117:
19:
This article is about the historian. For the grammarian, see
1490:(Revised ed.). Princeton University Press. p. 78.
629:
laments that comparing Ibn Ishaq with the later commentator
388:
381:
or biography of the Prophet, the rest was once considered a
1268:
762:
553:
552:, despite having reservations on his methods on matters of
373:
342:
338:
334:
1541:(University of South Carolina 1989) at 2–4, 5, 7–9, 15–16.
471:
584:
579:. Mālik and others also thought that ibn Isḥāq exhibited
237:
Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn ʾIsḥāq ibn Yasār al-Muṭṭalibī
1626:
Volume 8: The victory of Islam (Albany, New York, 1997)
1594:
Michael V McDonald and William Montgomery Watt (trans.)
909:
907:
218:
Abu Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Ishaq ibn Yasar al-Muttalibi
1238:
The History of al-Tabari, volume VI. Muhammad at Mecca
1129:
The History of al-Tabari. Volume VI. Muhammad at Mecca
1053:
1598:
Volume 6: Muhammad at Mecca (Albany, New York, 1987)
1568:
Approaching the Sunnah: comprehension and controversy
1056:"Ibn Ishaq, Muhammad ibn Ishaq ibn Yasar ibn Khiyar"
1031:
904:
779:. He added that some Imams mentioned him, including
761:, rejected his narrations on all matters related to
683:
The best-known translation in a Western language is
568:, made use of his chronological ordering of events.
556:. Ibn Ishaq also influenced later sīra writers like
260:
235:
157:
1210:; volumes six to nine concern the life of Muhammad.
515:various narratives in the text which were given by
981:(University of South Carolina 1989) at 7–9, 15–16.
353:, before returning west. Eventually he settled in
3517:8th-century historians from the Abbasid Caliphate
695:Ibn Isḥaq wrote several works. His major work is
3503:
1749:Ibn Isḥaq (2004). Al-Mazīdī, Aḥmad Farīd (ed.).
1104:
924:Taqdima al-maʿrifa li kitāb al-jarḥ wa al-taʿdīl
1753:(in Arabic). Bayrūt: Dār al-kutub al-ʻilmiyah.
1414:
939:(University of South Carolina 1989) at 6–7, 12.
783:, who cited five of Ibn Ishaq's ahadith in his
1768:Ibn Isḥaq (1976). Hamidullah, Muhammad (ed.).
1676:
1442:
1364:
867:Books and Written Culture of the Islamic World
397:
3557:8th-century people from the Umayyad Caliphate
1942:
1555:(1st ed.). Riyadh: King Saud University.
1389:
729:
298:" (client), thus acquiring the surname, or "
43:
1864:
1550:
1156:
1154:
660:, so that "we shall never know ... how the
16:Muslim hagiographer and historian (704–767)
1949:
1935:
1777:
1375:. Oxford University Press. pp. 62–3.
1275:. Darussalam publishers Ltd. p. 345.
1269:Muḥammad Ibn ʻAbd al-Wahhāb, Imam (2003).
1767:
1748:
1729:translated into German with annotations.
1485:
1294:
1292:
1081:
1079:
1077:
960:
958:
956:
954:
901:(University of South Carolina 1989) at 5.
607:) poetry, Ibn Isḥāq filled his sīra with
528:Thus can be reconstructed an 'improved' "
1565:
1488:Islamic History: A Framework for Inquiry
1430:. Cambridge University Press. p. 12
1348:
1346:
1223:(SUNY 1988), VI: 107–112), and at 1341 (
1151:
1135:". Discussed here are Ibn Ishaq and his
742:) (assuming an accurate and trustworthy
603:, noted that in addition to the forged (
1458:. Cambridge University Press. p. 4
1400:. Oxford University Press. p. 67.
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
472:Reconstruction of the text by Guillaume
451:Fragments of several other recensions.
3504:
1827:
1738:The Life of Muhammad. Apostle of Allah
1510:
1298:
1289:
1085:
1074:
990:
951:
860:
3367:The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries
1956:
1930:
1448:
1420:
1343:
1160:
844:Jones, J. M. B. (1968). "ibn Isḥāḳ".
843:
697:al-Mubtadaʾ wa al-Baʿth wa al-Maghāzī
259:. Ibn Ishaq, also known by the title
1821:
1395:
1370:
822:
3547:8th-century Arabic-language writers
813:
707:both survive in part, particularly
478:Al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah (Ibn Hisham)
411:
321:. But those who defended him, like
313:. He was influenced by the work of
225:
44:
13:
1657:
1528:E.g., Guillaume at pp. 11–12.
726:(Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ī Ḵh̲alīfa, II, 1008).
365:, was establishing a new capital.
14:
3568:
3332:History of the Prophets and Kings
1910:
1815:Irshād al-arīb fī mʿrefat al-adīb
1805:Mīzān al-iʿtidāl fī naqd al-rijāl
1354:Mīzān al-iʿtidāl fī naqd al-rijāl
1240:(SUNY 1988) at p. 56 (1134).
672:In 1864 the Heidelberg professor
583:tendencies, had a preference for
544:Notable scholars like the jurist
441:History of the Prophets and Kings
2997:Silahdar Findiklili Mehmed Agha
1917:List of biographies of Muhammad
1652:
1559:
1544:
1531:
1522:
1504:
1479:
1470:
1262:
1252:
1243:
1230:
1213:
1188:
1179:
1142:
1121:
1047:
1025:
984:
971:
797:List of biographies of Muhammad
667:
1922:Biodata at MuslimScholars.info
1539:The Making of the Last Prophet
1486:Humphreys, R. Stephen (1991).
1194:Al-Tabari (839–923) wrote his
979:The Making of the Last Prophet
942:
937:The Making of the Last Prophet
929:
916:
899:The Making of the Last Prophet
891:
861:Lecker, Michael (2015-01-01).
854:
690:
290:. After being found in one of
1:
1636:Ismail K Poonawalla (trans.)
1204:History of Prophets and Kings
1114:, translation of Ibn Ishaq's
1090:. Darwin Press. p. 132.
807:
464:, while ibn Hisham does not.
241:
93:
69:
1828:Donner, Fred McGraw (1998).
1227:(SUNY 1987), at VII: 69–73).
1086:Donner, Fred McGraw (1998).
1054:Oxford Dictionary of Islam.
619:(suspect narrator) reports.
539:
446:Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari
7:
3346:Concise History of Humanity
3119:Mirza Mehdi Khan Astarabadi
2399:'Abd al-Wahid al-Marrakushi
1356:, at "Muhammad ibn Ishaq".
1200:Ta'rikh al-rusul wa'l-muluk
991:Graham, William A. (1992).
966:Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an
790:
664:remembered their prophet".
398:Original versions, survival
261:
236:
158:
10:
3573:
3172:Ahmad ibn Khalid al-Nasiri
2934:Shaikh Inayat Allah Kamboh
1852:Cambridge University Press
1622:Michael Fishbein (trans.)
1161:Raven, W. (1997). "SĪRA".
1032:Encyclopaedia Britannica.
948:Robinson 2003, p. 27.
926:, at "Sufyān ibn ʿUyayna".
913:Robinson 2003, p. xv.
475:
349:, and into Iran as far as
25:
18:
3439:
3316:
3287:
3257:
3233:
3220:
3194:
3165:
3152:
3132:
3111:
3077:
3064:
3044:
3024:
2970:
2957:
2926:
2909:Ahmed Mohammed al-Maqqari
2902:
2889:
2844:
2798:
2764:
2751:
2706:
2688:Fazlallah Khunji Isfahani
2660:
2626:
2613:
2578:
2509:
2496:
2451:
2387:
2374:
2354:
2290:
2277:
2252:
2193:
2180:
2114:
2043:
1997:
1971:
1964:
1879:10.1017/s0041977x00060110
1313:10.1017/S0035869X00133349
1118:, (Oxford, 1955), p. 691.
875:10.1163/9789004283756_003
802:List of Muslim historians
730:Reliability of his hadith
482:The original text of the
190:
185:
168:
153:
143:
133:
123:
113:
89:
65:
60:
52:
41:
34:
3202:Jalal al-Din Mirza Qajar
2982:Solakzade Mehmed Hemdemi
2698:Yahya bin Ahmad Sirhindi
2362:Muhammad bin Ali Rawandi
2307:Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi
1638:The history of al-Tabari
1624:The history of al-Tabari
1610:The history of al-Tabari
1596:The history of al-Tabari
1566:Qaraḍāwī, Yūsuf (2007).
1449:Crone, Patricia (1980).
1421:Crone, Patricia (1980).
1208:The History of al-Tabari
498:, died 833 AD, 218 AH).
361:, having overthrown the
3542:8th-century Arab people
3469:Biographical dictionary
3462:Biographical evaluation
2781:Abd al-Aziz al-Fishtali
2668:Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi
2332:Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad
2327:Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani
2162:Abu Muhammad al-Hamdani
1778:Traditional biographies
1692:Oxford University Press
564:. Other scholars, like
389:Biography of Muhammad (
276:
269:of the Islamic prophet
247:–767), known simply as
164:('Life of the Prophet')
26:For the physician, see
3402:Kitab al-Rawd al-Mitar
3395:History of the Caliphs
3275:Karim agha Shakikhanov
3212:Reza-Qoli Khan Hedayat
2919:Ibn al-Imad al-Hanbali
2816:ʽAbd al-Qadir Badayuni
2806:Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak
2541:Ibn Fadlallah al-Umari
2484:Rashid-al-Din Hamadani
1848:Islamic Historiography
1396:Cook, Michael (1983).
1371:Cook, Michael (1983).
1272:Mukhtaṣar zād al-maʻād
1163:Encyclopaedia of Islam
847:Encyclopaedia of Islam
566:Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya
3527:Writers of lost works
3360:Al-Bidaya wa'l-Nihaya
3124:Abol-Hasan Golestaneh
3002:Osman Aga of Temesvar
2939:Muhammad Saleh Kamboh
2683:Zahir al-Din Mar'ashi
2235:Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi
1791:Al-Khaṭīb al-Baghdādī
1570:. IIIT. p. 188.
577:ibn Hajar al-Asqalani
476:Further information:
251:, was an 8th-century
3388:Al-Milal wa al-Nihal
3353:The Complete History
3032:Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur
2944:Abd al-Fattah Fumani
2653:Ibn Ghazi al-Miknasi
2086:Al-Zubayr ibn Bakkar
2056:Khalifah ibn Khayyat
1687:The Life of Muhammad
1551:M. R. Ahmad (1992).
1225:History of al-Tabari
1221:History of al-Tabari
1112:The Life of Muhammad
1000:History of Religions
781:Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj
426:. Al-Bakka'i's work
160:al-Sira al-nabawiyya
3325:The Meadows of Gold
3270:Ahmad bey Javanshir
3182:Ahmad ibn Abi Diyaf
2831:Iskandar Beg Munshi
2811:Muhammad Khwandamir
2297:Mohammed al-Baydhaq
2096:Abu Hanifa Dinawari
2005:Hisham ibn al-Kalbi
1989:Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri
1783:Ibn Sayyid al-Nās,
1512:Tibawi, Abdul Latif
1062:on January 19, 2016
418:An edited copy, or
404:Sīratu Rasūli l-Lāh
323:Sufyan ibn ʽUyaynah
315:ibn Shihab al-Zuhri
292:Khalid ibn al-Walid
148:Prophetic biography
3552:People from Medina
3265:Mirza Adigozal bey
3245:Ahmed Cevdet Pasha
3140:Ahmed Resmî Efendi
3089:Mohammed al-Qadiri
3084:Mohammed al-Ifrani
3012:Al-Hasan al-Burini
2836:Sharafkhan Bidlisi
2586:Hamdallah Mustawfi
2260:Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi
1588:Books and journals
720:Kitāb al-kh̲ulafāʾ
613:chain of narration
601:hadith terminology
534:pre-Islamic Arabia
205:Salama ibn al-Fadl
178:Salama ibn al-Fadl
128:Islamic golden age
3499:
3498:
3312:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3300:Mastoureh Ardalan
3283:
3282:
3250:Ahmed Cevad Pasha
3148:
3147:
3060:
3059:
3040:
3039:
2885:
2884:
2747:
2746:
2609:
2608:
2492:
2491:
2479:Ata-Malik Juvayni
2429:Sibt ibn al-Jawzi
2370:
2369:
2322:Usama ibn Munqidh
2273:
2272:
2265:Abu Sa'id Gardezi
2152:Al-Qadi al-Nu'man
2051:Ibn ʽAbd al-Hakam
1958:Muslim historians
1846:Robinson, Chase,
1839:978-0-87850-127-4
1822:Secondary sources
1760:978-2-7451-3982-5
1727:Sirah Rasul Allah
1690:. United States:
1577:978-1-56564-418-2
1537:Gordon D. Newby,
1497:978-0-691-00856-1
1476:See bibliography.
1282:978-9960-897-18-9
1236:E.g., al-Tabari,
1172:978-90-04-10422-8
1097:978-0-87850-127-4
977:Gordon D. Newby,
935:Gordon D. Newby,
897:Gordon D. Newby,
562:Ibn Sayyid al-Nās
484:Sīrat Rasūl Allāh
436:also has perished
391:Sīrat Rasūl Allāh
357:. There, the new
329:, famous for the
234:
215:
214:
107:Abbasid Caliphate
83:Umayyad Caliphate
3564:
3537:Arab biographers
3455:Islamic calendar
3409:Tarikh al-Yaqubi
3381:Kitab al-I'tibar
3339:Mu'jam al-Buldan
3231:
3230:
3163:
3162:
3094:Khalil al-Muradi
3075:
3074:
2977:Ibrahim Petchevi
2968:
2967:
2900:
2899:
2872:Mustafa Selaniki
2867:Sadeddin Effendi
2821:Nizamuddin Ahmad
2762:
2761:
2624:
2623:
2507:
2506:
2385:
2384:
2288:
2287:
2210:Said al-Andalusi
2191:
2190:
1984:Urwah ibn Zubayr
1969:
1968:
1951:
1944:
1937:
1928:
1927:
1906:
1873:(1/3): 453–463.
1843:
1832:. Darwin Press.
1773:
1764:
1713:
1684:(18 July 2002).
1664:Alfred Guillaume
1582:
1581:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1548:
1542:
1535:
1529:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1483:
1477:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1457:
1452:Slaves on Horses
1446:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1429:
1424:Slaves on Horses
1418:
1412:
1411:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1368:
1362:
1350:
1341:
1340:
1296:
1287:
1286:
1266:
1260:
1256:
1250:
1247:
1241:
1234:
1228:
1217:
1211:
1192:
1186:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1158:
1149:
1146:
1140:
1125:
1119:
1116:Sira Rasul Allah
1108:
1102:
1101:
1083:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1058:. Archived from
1051:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1018:
997:
988:
982:
975:
969:
962:
949:
946:
940:
933:
927:
920:
914:
911:
902:
895:
889:
888:
858:
852:
851:
841:
820:
817:
759:Ahmad ibn Hanbal
705:Kitab al-Mab'ath
701:Kitab al-Mubtada
685:Alfred Guillaume
546:Ahmad ibn Hanbal
413:
319:Hishām ibn ʿUrwa
264:
253:Muslim historian
246:
243:
239:
229:
227:
163:
144:Main interest(s)
98:
95:
74:
71:
47:
46:
32:
31:
28:Hunayn ibn Ishaq
3572:
3571:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3561:
3522:Hadith scholars
3502:
3501:
3500:
3495:
3435:
3374:Futuh al-Buldan
3304:
3295:Mahmud Bayazidi
3279:
3253:
3229:
3216:
3190:
3161:
3144:
3128:
3107:
3073:
3056:
3036:
3020:
2966:
2953:
2922:
2898:
2881:
2840:
2794:
2760:
2743:
2702:
2656:
2638:Ibn Taghribirdi
2622:
2605:
2596:Ziauddin Barani
2574:
2505:
2488:
2447:
2414:Ibn al-Kardabūs
2394:Yaqut al-Hamawi
2383:
2366:
2350:
2312:Ibn al-Qalanisi
2286:
2269:
2248:
2189:
2176:
2110:
2039:
1993:
1979:Aban bin Uthman
1960:
1955:
1913:
1840:
1824:
1811:Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī
1780:
1761:
1743:Edward Rehatsek
1731:digital edition
1702:
1694:. p. 860.
1660:
1658:Primary sources
1655:
1650:
1585:
1578:
1564:
1560:
1549:
1545:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1509:
1505:
1498:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1447:
1443:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1419:
1415:
1408:
1394:
1390:
1383:
1369:
1365:
1351:
1344:
1297:
1290:
1283:
1267:
1263:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1235:
1231:
1218:
1214:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1173:
1159:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1126:
1122:
1109:
1105:
1098:
1084:
1075:
1065:
1063:
1052:
1048:
1038:
1036:
1030:
1026:
1016:
1014:
995:
989:
985:
976:
972:
963:
952:
947:
943:
934:
930:
922:Ibn Abī Ḥātim,
921:
917:
912:
905:
896:
892:
885:
859:
855:
842:
823:
818:
814:
810:
793:
732:
693:
678:Edward Rehatsek
670:
662:Umayyad caliphs
647:complains that
542:
480:
474:
400:
395:
363:Umayyad dynasty
359:Abbasid dynasty
341:", stopping in
279:
244:
211:
208:
196:
195:
181:
154:Notable work(s)
109:
100:
96:
85:
76:
72:
48:
37:
30:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3570:
3560:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3486:
3479:
3476:Hadith studies
3472:
3465:
3458:
3451:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3426:
3419:
3412:
3405:
3398:
3391:
3384:
3377:
3370:
3363:
3356:
3349:
3342:
3335:
3328:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3297:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3235:
3228:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3207:Agha Ahmad Ali
3204:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3177:Mohammad Farid
3174:
3169:
3167:
3160:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3079:
3072:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2992:Munejjim Bashi
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2972:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2904:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2862:Matrakçı Nasuh
2859:
2854:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2791:Mar'i al-Karmi
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2766:
2759:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2628:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2551:Ibn al-Tiqtaqa
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2511:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2474:Minhaj-i-Siraj
2471:
2469:Ibn Isfandiyar
2466:
2461:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2389:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2347:Ibn al-Sam'ani
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2292:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2230:Hilal al-Sabi'
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2195:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2132:Ibn al-Qūṭiyya
2129:
2124:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1975:
1973:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1954:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1912:
1911:External links
1909:
1908:
1907:
1862:
1844:
1838:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1808:
1798:
1795:Tārīkh Baghdād
1788:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1765:
1759:
1746:
1733:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1701:978-0196360331
1700:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1634:
1620:
1606:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1583:
1576:
1558:
1543:
1530:
1521:
1503:
1496:
1478:
1469:
1441:
1413:
1406:
1388:
1381:
1363:
1342:
1307:(2): 100–107.
1288:
1281:
1261:
1251:
1242:
1229:
1212:
1187:
1178:
1171:
1150:
1141:
1120:
1110:Guillaume, A.
1103:
1096:
1073:
1046:
1024:
1012:10.1086/463314
983:
970:
950:
941:
928:
915:
903:
890:
883:
853:
821:
811:
809:
806:
805:
804:
799:
792:
789:
736:hadith studies
731:
728:
692:
689:
669:
666:
645:Patricia Crone
640:Cook's fellow
573:Mālik ibn Anas
541:
538:
503:Interpolations
473:
470:
462:Satanic Verses
457:
456:
449:
432:
412:سيرة رسول الله
399:
396:
394:
387:
327:Malik ibn Anas
278:
275:
213:
212:
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6:
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3:
2:
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3533:
3530:
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3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3492:
3491:
3487:
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3484:
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3473:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3459:
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3456:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3423:Book of Idols
3420:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3371:
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3364:
3362:
3361:
3357:
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3350:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3317:Notable works
3315:
3301:
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3007:Mustafa Naima
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2536:Ibn al-Khatib
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2464:Muhammad Aufi
2462:
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2434:Ibn Khallikan
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2025:Sayf ibn Umar
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2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
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1682:Guillaume, A.
1679:
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1259:p. xli).
1255:
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884:9789004283756
880:
876:
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772:
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764:
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757:Others, like
755:
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531:
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431:trustworthy."
429:
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268:
263:
262:ṣāḥib al-sīra
258:
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238:
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186:Muslim leader
184:
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104:
92:
88:
84:
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68:
64:
59:
56:Ṣāḥib al-Sīra
55:
51:
45:ٱبْن إِسْحَاق
40:
33:
29:
22:
21:Ibn Abi Ishaq
3490:Isra'iliyyat
3488:
3481:
3474:
3467:
3460:
3453:
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3428:
3421:
3414:
3407:
3400:
3393:
3386:
3379:
3372:
3365:
3358:
3351:
3344:
3337:
3330:
3323:
3187:Jurji Zaydan
3153:19th century
3065:18th century
2987:Kâtip Çelebi
2914:Katib Çelebi
2890:17th century
2877:Taşköprüzade
2776:Mujir al-Din
2752:16th century
2719:Aşıkpaşazade
2614:15th century
2601:Hafiz-i Abru
2571:al-ʽAsqalani
2556:Ibn al-Furat
2497:14th century
2424:Ibn al-Athir
2375:13th century
2302:Ibn al-Jawzi
2278:12th century
2181:11th century
2167:Al-Musabbihi
2122:Ibn al-Nadim
2115:10th century
2101:Ibn Qutaybah
2076:Al-Baladhuri
2009:
1870:
1866:
1847:
1829:
1814:
1804:
1794:
1784:
1769:
1750:
1737:
1726:
1722:
1686:
1677:
1672:digital scan
1667:
1653:Bibliography
1567:
1561:
1552:
1546:
1538:
1533:
1524:
1515:
1506:
1487:
1481:
1472:
1460:. Retrieved
1451:
1444:
1432:. Retrieved
1423:
1416:
1397:
1391:
1372:
1366:
1353:
1352:Al-Dhahabī,
1304:
1300:
1271:
1264:
1254:
1245:
1237:
1232:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1207:
1203:
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1195:
1190:
1181:
1162:
1144:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1087:
1064:. Retrieved
1060:the original
1049:
1037:. Retrieved
1027:
1015:. Retrieved
1006:(1): 93–95.
1003:
999:
986:
978:
973:
965:
944:
936:
931:
923:
918:
898:
893:
866:
856:
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815:
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751:
747:
739:
733:
723:
719:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
694:
682:
671:
668:Translations
648:
639:
634:
627:Michael Cook
625:
621:
604:
593:ibn al-Nadīm
570:
543:
529:
527:
520:
512:
506:
500:
483:
481:
466:
458:
439:
428:has perished
403:
401:
390:
378:
367:
308:
304:al-Muṭṭalibī
303:
280:
257:hagiographer
248:
217:
216:
3258:Azerbaijani
3052:Ahmad Khani
2949:Mohsin Fani
2857:Lûtfi Pasha
2852:Mustafa Âlî
2786:Ibn al-Qadi
2566:Ibn Khaldun
2561:Al-Mufaddal
2531:Ibn Battuta
2444:Ibn Abi Zar
2419:Ibn al-Adim
2317:Ibn ʽAsakir
2157:Abu al-Arab
2106:Al-Mada'ini
2044:9th century
2030:Al-Mada'ini
2020:Abu Mikhnaf
1998:8th century
1972:7th century
1735:Ibn Isḥaq,
1719:Gustav Weil
1462:23 November
1434:23 November
1198:in Arabic:
1066:13 November
1039:13 November
1034:"Ibn Ishaq"
1017:15 November
691:Other works
674:Gustav Weil
642:revisionist
589:Isrā'īlīyāt
288:Ayn al-Tamr
138:Middle East
3532:704 births
3512:767 deaths
3506:Categories
3416:Muqaddimah
3104:al-Jabarti
3099:al-Zayyani
3017:Abdi Pasha
2739:Tursun Beg
2643:Al-Sakhawi
2633:al-Maqrizi
2546:Ibn Kathir
2526:Al-Dhahabi
2521:Ibn Idhari
2516:Abu'l-Fida
2409:Ibn Jubayr
2342:Al-Jawwani
2337:Ibn Hammad
2245:Ibn Bassam
2205:Ibn Hayyan
2200:Ibn Faradi
2127:Ibn Duraid
2061:Ibn Hisham
2035:Ibn Lahi'a
1965:Historians
1801:Al-Dhahabī
1678:Ishaq, Ibn
1407:0192876058
1382:0192876058
808:References
767:Al-Dhahabī
717:lost works
713:al-Mubtada
709:al-Mab'ath
597:al-Dhahabī
558:Ibn Hishām
488:Ibn Hisham
424:ibn Hisham
333:School of
245: 704
202:Al-Bakka'i
175:Al-Bakka'i
97: 767
73: 704
3240:Ali Amiri
2729:Ibn Kemal
2673:Mirkhvand
2648:Al-Suyuti
2404:Ibn Amira
2240:Al-Quda'i
2142:Miskawayh
2137:Al-Masudi
2091:Al-Azraqi
2071:Al-Tabari
2015:Al-Waqidi
2010:Ibn Ishaq
1903:194960198
1887:0041-977X
1710:911693736
1337:162232301
1321:0035-869X
869:: 26–38.
631:Al-Waqidi
540:Reception
517:al-Tabari
453:Guillaume
420:recension
383:lost work
370:Al-Mansur
347:al-Jazīra
267:biography
249:Ibn Ishaq
231:romanized
36:Ibn Ishaq
3440:Concepts
3025:Chagatai
2826:Firishta
2771:Ibn Iyas
2714:Oruç Bey
2459:Ibn Bibi
2439:Al-Qifti
2225:Ibn Hazm
2220:Al-Bakri
2172:al-Kindi
2081:Ibn Sa'd
1854:, 2003,
1514:(1956).
1398:Muhammad
1373:Muhammad
1329:25203706
791:See also
752:mudallis
611:(broken
609:munqaṭiʿ
599:, using
281:Born in
271:Muhammad
194:Students
169:Teachers
114:Religion
99:(150 AH)
61:Personal
3483:Tabaqat
3288:Kurdish
3234:Ottoman
3221:Turkish
3195:Persian
3133:Turkish
3112:Persian
3045:Kurdish
2971:Ottoman
2958:Turkish
2927:Persian
2845:Turkish
2799:Persian
2707:Turkish
2661:Persian
2579:Persian
2452:Persian
2355:Persian
2253:Persian
2215:Al-Udri
2147:al-Suli
2066:Ya'qubi
1196:History
658:Abbasid
605:makdhūb
550:maghāzī
522:History
519:in his
355:Baghdad
345:, also
339:al-Irāq
233::
103:Baghdad
75:(85 AH)
3166:Arabic
3078:Arabic
2903:Arabic
2765:Arabic
2734:Neshri
2724:Enveri
2627:Arabic
2591:Wassaf
2510:Arabic
2388:Arabic
2291:Arabic
2194:Arabic
1901:
1895:610611
1893:
1885:
1858:
1836:
1757:
1708:
1698:
1644:
1630:
1616:
1602:
1574:
1518:. OUP.
1494:
1404:
1379:
1335:
1327:
1319:
1279:
1202:(Eng:
1169:
1094:
881:
776:munkar
711:, and
617:munkar
615:) and
581:Qadari
530:edited
508:edited
496:Fustat
408:Arabic
331:Maliki
311:hadith
300:nisbat
283:Medina
222:Arabic
134:Region
79:Medina
3448:Isnad
3430:Rihla
1899:S2CID
1891:JSTOR
1456:(PDF)
1428:(PDF)
1333:S2CID
1325:JSTOR
1137:Sirah
1133:Sirah
996:(PDF)
785:Sahih
771:hasan
748:ṣadūq
744:isnad
740:ḥasan
724:Sunan
699:—the
654:ulama
649:Sīrat
635:qussa
513:omits
492:Basra
379:Sîrah
296:mawlā
118:Islam
53:Title
1883:ISSN
1856:ISBN
1834:ISBN
1755:ISBN
1706:OCLC
1696:ISBN
1642:ISBN
1628:ISBN
1614:ISBN
1600:ISBN
1572:ISBN
1492:ISBN
1464:2019
1436:2019
1402:ISBN
1377:ISBN
1317:ISSN
1277:ISBN
1167:ISBN
1092:ISBN
1068:2019
1041:2019
1019:2017
879:ISBN
763:fiqh
703:and
656:and
560:and
554:fiqh
374:Adam
343:Kufa
335:Fiqh
277:Life
255:and
90:Died
66:Born
1875:doi
1309:doi
1305:108
1008:doi
871:doi
734:In
585:Ali
444:by
351:Ray
302:",
124:Era
3508::
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1076:^
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906:^
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242:c.
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1943:t
1936:v
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1500:.
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1339:.
1311::
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1175:.
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1010::
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490:(
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406:(
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220:(
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