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identifying ubiquitous phenomena present in all societies. To him, civilization was a phenomenon that will be present as long as humans exist. He characterized the fulfillment of basic needs as the beginning of civilization. At the beginning, people will look for different ways of increasing productivity of basic needs and expansion will occur. Later the society starts becoming more sedentary and focuses more on crafting, arts and the more refined characteristics. By the end of a society, it will weaken, allowing another small group of individuals to come into control. The conquering group is described as an unsatisfied group within the society itself or a group of desert bandits that constantly attack other weaker or weakened societies.
3628:"He is considered by some as a father of modern economics, or at least a major forerunner. The Western world recognizes Khaldun as the father of sociology but hesitates in recognizing him as a great economist who laid its very foundations. He was the first to systematically analyze the functioning of an economy, the importance of technology, specialization and foreign trade in economic surplus and the role of government and its stabilization policies to increase output and employment. Moreover, he dealt with the problem of optimum taxation, minimum government services, incentives, institutional framework, law and order, expectations, production, and the theory of value".
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himself can obtain the share of the wheat he needs for food. But when six or ten persons, including a smith and a carpenter to make the tools, and others who are in charge of the oxen, the ploughing of, the harvesting of the ripe grain, and all other agricultural activities, undertake to obtain their food and work toward that purpose either separately or collectively and thus obtain through their labour a certain amount of food, that amount will be food for a number of people many times their own. The combined labour produces more than the needs and necessities of the workers (Ibn
Khaldun 1958, vol. II 271–272)
1013:"Prolegomena", the introduction to his planned history of the world. In Ibn Salama, however, he lacked the necessary texts to complete the work. Therefore, in 1378, he returned to his native Tunis, which had meanwhile been conquered by Abū l-Abbas, who took Ibn Khaldūn back into his service. There, he devoted himself almost exclusively to his studies and completed his history of the world. His relationship with Abū l-Abbas remained strained, as the latter questioned his loyalty. That was brought into sharp contrast after Ibn Khaldūn presented him with a copy of the completed history that omitted the usual
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1628:, so their souls leave the sensory world to receive from God. Their souls abandon the sensory world in order to receive from God what they should convey to humans. Religions arise only from this connection. He believes that religions that rely on institutions of prediction and reconnaissance are false, but they partly contain some truth. A person’s concentration on a specific thing for a long period makes him forget everything and become attached to what he focused on. Only, this focus makes him see the non-sensory world very quickly and in a very imperfect way, and these are
1373:" or "solidarity". This social cohesion arises spontaneously in tribes and other small kinship groups; it can be intensified and enlarged by a religious ideology. Ibn Khaldun's analysis looks at how this cohesion carries groups to power but contains within itself the seeds – psychological, sociological, economic, political – of the group's downfall, to be replaced by a new group, dynasty or empire bound by a stronger (or at least younger and more vigorous) cohesion. Some of Ibn Khaldun's views, particularly those concerning the
967:, who viewed the close relationship between Muhammad and Ibn Khaldūn with increasing mistrust. Ibn Khaldūn tried to shape the young Muhammad into his ideal of a wise ruler, an enterprise that Ibn al-Khatib thought foolish and a danger to peace in the country. As a result of al-Khatib's influence, Ibn Khaldūn was eventually sent back to North Africa. Al-Khatib himself was later accused by Muhammad of having unorthodox philosophical views and murdered despite an attempt by Ibn Khaldūn to intercede on behalf of his old rival.
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logic, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, etc. and auxiliary sciences such as language, literature, poetry, etc. He also suggested that possibly more divisions will appear in the future with different societies. He tried to adapt to all possible societies’ cultural behavior and influence in education, economics and politics. Nonetheless, he didn't think that laws were chosen by just one leader or a small group of individual but mostly by the majority of the individuals of a society.
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3239:. However, some scholars believe that Ibn Khaldun's work may have first been introduced to Europe via Ibn Arabshah's biography of Tamerlane, translated to Latin, which covers a meeting between Ibn Khaldun and Tamerlane. According to Ibn Arabshah, during this meeting, Ibn Khaldun and Tamerlane discussed the Maghrib in depth, as well as Tamerlane's genealogy and place in history. Ibn Khaldun began gaining more attention from 1806, when
1624:, and the credit for its occurrence is the human spirit, as it is the mediator between God and humans. It is immortal by nature and does not perish, and has characteristics that enable it to communicate with God. However, most souls have lost their hidden ability and are connected to the sensory world only. A small number of them still maintain their full ability to communicate with God. These are the ones God chose and they became
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societies, leading to the rise of a new society which would then follow the same trends in a continuous cycle. Also, he recommended the best political approaches to develop a society according to his knowledge of history. He heavily emphasized that a good society would be one in which a tradition of education is deeply rooted in its culture. Ibn
Khaldun (1987) introduced the word
1607:
received by the community. "These people were non-Arab by descent, but they grew up among the Arabs who possessed the habit of Arabic," Ibn
Khaldun once recalled, "ecause of this, they were able to master Arabic so well that they cannot be surpassed." He believed that the reason why non-Arabs were accepted as part of Arab society was due to their mastery of the Arabic language.
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1403:. Once the barbarians solidify their control over the conquered society, however, they become attracted to its more refined aspects, such as literacy and arts, and either assimilate into or appropriate such cultural practices. Then, eventually, the former barbarians will be conquered by a new set of barbarians, who will repeat the process.
989:, Abū ʻAbdallāh, who had been his companion in prison, received him with great enthusiasm and made Ibn Khaldūn his prime minister. Ibn Khaldūn carried out a daring mission to collect taxes among the local Berber tribes. After the death of Abū ʻAbdallāh in 1366, Ibn Khaldūn changed sides once again and allied himself with the
997:, who had defeated the sultan of Tlemcen and seized the throne. He then entered a monastic establishment and occupied himself with scholastic duties until 1370. In that year, he was sent for to Tlemcen by the new sultan. After the death of ʻAbdu l-Azīz, he resided at Fez, enjoying the patronage and confidence of the regent.
3399:. He paraphrased Ibn Khaldun, who said that "in the beginning of the dynasty, great tax revenues were gained from small assessments," and that "at the end of the dynasty, small tax revenues were gained from large assessments." Reagan said his goal is "trying to get down to the small assessments and the great revenues."
3219:, attempted to use Ibn Khaldun's cyclical theory of the rise and fall of empires to describe the Ottoman Empire. Increasing perceptions of the decline of the Ottoman Empire also caused similar ideas to appear independently of Ibn Khaldun in the 16th century, and may explain some of the influence of his works.
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launched an annual essay contest for students named in Ibn
Khaldun's honor. The theme of the contest is "how individuals, think tanks, universities and entrepreneurs can influence government policies to allow the free market to flourish and improve the lives of its citizens based on Islamic teachings
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Ibn
Khaldun's epistemology attempted to reconcile mysticism with theology by dividing science into two different categories, the religious science that regards the sciences of the Qur'an and the non-religious science. He further classified the non-religious sciences into intellectual sciences such as
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In every other art and manufacture, the effects of the division of labour are similar to what they are in this very trifling one ; though, in many of them, the labour can either be so much subdivided, nor reduced to so great a simplicity of operation. The division of labour, however, so far as it can
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After clarifying what was meant precisely by philosophy in the
Islamic tradition, namely the various schools of peripatetic philosophy represented either by Ibn Rushd or Ibn Sina, it should be clear why Ibn Khaldun was opposed to them. His critique of philosophy is an Ash’ari critique, completely in
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Another way to distinguish the achievement of a society would be the language of a society, since for him the most important element of a society would not be land, but the language spoken. He was surprised that many non-Arabs were really successful in the Arabic society, had good jobs and were well
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The individual being cannot by himself obtain all the necessities of life. All human beings must co-operate to that end in their civilization. But what is obtained by the cooperation of a group of human beings satisfies the need of a number many times greater than themselves. For instance, no one by
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Perhaps the most frequently cited observation drawn from Ibn Khaldūn's work is the notion that when a society becomes a great civilization, its high point is followed by a period of decay. This means that the next cohesive group that conquers the diminished civilization is, by comparison, a group of
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Ibn Khaldūn's political skills and, above all, his good relationship with the wild Berber tribes were in high demand among the North
African rulers, but he had begun to tire of politics and constantly switching allegiances. In 1375, he was sent by Abū Hammu, the ʻAbdu l Wadid Sultan of Tlemcen, on a
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Following family tradition, he strove for a political career. In the face of a tumultuous political situation in North Africa, that required a high degree of skill in developing and dropping alliances prudently to avoid falling with the short-lived regimes of the time. Ibn Khaldūn's autobiography is
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Advancements in literary works such as poems and prose were another way to distinguish the achievement of a civilization, but Ibn
Khaldun believed that whenever the literary facet of a society reaches its highest levels it ceases to indicate societal achievements anymore, but is an embellishment of
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Ibn
Khaldun believed that too much bureaucracy, such as taxes and legislations, would lead to the decline of a society, since it would constrain the development of more specialized labor (increase in scholars and development of different services). He believed that bureaucrats cannot understand the
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Ibn
Khaldun – Life-size bronze bust sculpture of Ibn Khaldun that is part of the collection at the Arab American National Museum (Catalog Number 2010.02). Commissioned by The Tunisian Community Center and Created by Patrick Morelli of Albany, NY in 2009. It was inspired by the statue of Ibn Khaldun
3191:. Al-Asqalani also noted that Ibn Khaldun was not well-liked in Egypt because he opposed many respected traditions, including the traditional judicial dress, and suggested that this may have contributed to the reception of Ibn Khaldun's historical works. The notable exception to this consensus was
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He argued that poverty was a result of the destruction of morality and human values. He also looked at what factors contribute to wealth, such as consumption, government, and investment. Khaldun also argued that poverty was not necessarily a result of poor financial decision-making but of external
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sultan, Abū Inan Fares I, appointed him as a writer of royal proclamations, but Ibn Khaldūn still schemed against his employer, which, in 1357, got the 25-year-old a 22-month prison sentence. Upon the death of Abū Inan in 1358, Vizier al-Hasān ibn-Umar granted him freedom and reinstated him to his
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Ibn Khaldun also emphasized in his epistemology the important aspect that educational tradition plays to ensure the new generations of a civilization continuously improve in the sciences and develop culture. Ibn Khaldun argued that without the strong establishment of an educational tradition, it
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In the Muqaddimah, his most important work, he discusses an introduction of philosophy to history in a general manner, based on observable patterns within a theoretical framework of known historical events of his time. He described the beginnings, development, cultural trends and the fall of all
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Another important concept he emphasizes in his work is the mastery of crafts, habits and skills. This takes place after a society is established and according to Ibn Khaldun the level of achievement of a society can be determined by just analyzing these three concepts. A society in its earliest
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and hurried home. Ibn Khaldūn remained at the besieged city for seven weeks, being lowered over the city wall by ropes to negotiate with Timur, in a historic series of meetings that he reported extensively in his autobiography. Timur questioned him in detail about conditions in the lands of the
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The treatment that Ibn Khaldun received after the fall of Abū Salem through Ibn-Amar ʻAbdullah, a friend of Ibn Khaldūn's, was not to his liking, as he received no significant official position. At the same time, Amar successfully prevented Ibn Khaldūn, whose political skills he knew well, from
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Banu Khaldun al-Hadrami (Yemen, but not Qahtan), to which belonged the famous historian Ibn Khaldun. The family's ancestor was 'Uthman ibn Bakr ibn Khalid, called Khaldun, a Yemeni Arab among the conquerors who shared kinship with the Prophet's Companian Wa'il ibn Hujr and who settled first in
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Banu Khaldun al-Hadrami (Yemen, but not Qahtan), to which belonged the famous historian Ibn Khaldun. The family's ancestor was 'Uthman ibn Bakr ibn Khalid, called Khaldun, a Yemeni Arab among the conquerors who shared kinship with the Prophet's Companian Wa'il ibn Hujr and who settled first in
1641:
and believes that if a person maintains his good faith and is stripped of the desire to create a new religion and strives to separate himself from the sensory world, he will be able to approach the divine essence and the ideas of scholars will appear to him clearly. But if he strives in this
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To Ibn Khaldun, the state was a necessity of human society to restrain injustice within the society, but the state means is force, thus itself an injustice. All societies must have a state governing them in order to establish a society. He attempted to standardize the history of societies by
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Ibn Khaldun's historical method had very few precedents or followers in his time. While Ibn Khaldun is known to have been a successful lecturer on jurisprudence within religious sciences, only very few of his students were aware of, and influenced by, his Muqaddimah. One such student,
3363:
launched the first Ibn Khaldun Award to recognize a Tunisian/American high achiever whose work reflects Ibn Khaldun's ideas of kinship and solidarity. The Award was named after Ibn Khaldun for the convergence of his ideas with the organization's objectives and programs. In 2006, the
4408:, Vol. III, ed. B. Lewis, V.L. Menage, C. Pellat, J. Schacht, (Brill, 1986), 825; "Ibn Khaldun was born in Tunis, on I Ramadan 732/27 May 1332, in an Arab family which came originally from the Hadramawt and had been settled at Seville since the beginning of the Muslim conquest…"
3935:, Vol. III, ed. B. Lewis, V.L. Menage, C. Pellat, J. Schacht, (Brill, 1986), 825; "Ibn Khaldun was born in Tunis, on I Ramadan 732/27 May 1332, in an Arab family which came originally from the Hadramawt and had been settled at Seville since the beginning of the Muslim conquest…"
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rank and offices. Ibn Khaldūn then schemed against Abū Inan's successor, Abū Salem Ibrahim III, with Abū Salem's exiled uncle, Abū Salem. When Abū Salem came to power, he gave Ibn Khaldūn a ministerial position, the first position to correspond with Ibn Khaldūn's ambitions.
1576:(solidarity, group feeling, or group consciousness), to explain tribalism. The concept of asabiya has been translated as "social cohesion," "group solidarity," or "tribalism." This social cohesion arises spontaneously in tribes and other small kinship groups (Rashed,2017).
1599:
stages is nomadic and primarily concerned with survival, while a society at a later stage is sedentary, with greater achievement in crafts. A society with a sedentary culture and stable politics would be expected to have greater achievements in crafts and technology.
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life. For logical sciences he established knowledge at its highest level as an increase of scholars and the quality of knowledge. For him the highest level of literary productions would be the manifestation of prose, poems and the artistic enrichment of a society.
3271:
viewed the conflicts of North Africa as a problem that stemmed from a lack of African thought, and praised Ibn Khaldun for making sense of the conflict by simplifying it to the relationship between the nomadic and sedentary modes of life.
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in 1400. Ibn Khaldūn cast doubt upon the viability of the venture and really wanted to stay in Egypt. His doubts were vindicated, as the young and inexperienced Faraj, concerned about a revolt in Egypt, left his army to its own devices in
3615:"This grand scheme to find a new science of society makes him the forerunner of many of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries system-builders such as Vico, Comte and Marx." "As one of the early founders of the social sciences...".
1155:
to Mecca in May 1388, Ibn Khaldūn concentrated on teaching at various Cairo madrasas. At the Mamluk court he fell from favor because during revolts against Barquq, he had, apparently under duress, with other Cairo jurists, issued a
4424:, 13 March 2021; "the greatest Arab historian", "the family claimed descent from Khaldūn, who was of South Arabian stock, and had come to Spain in the early years of the Arab conquest and settled in Carmona." Cheddadi, Abdesselam,
3951:, 13 March 2021; "the greatest Arab historian", "the family claimed descent from Khaldūn, who was of South Arabian stock, and had come to Spain in the early years of the Arab conquest and settled in Carmona." Cheddadi, Abdesselam,
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and the Maghreb. Khaldun departs from the classical style of Arab historians by synthesising multiple, sometimes contradictory, sources without citations. He reproduces some errors originating probably from his 14th-century
1587:) as what determines human behavior and ubiquitous patterns. This faculty is also what inspires human beings to form into a social structure to co-operate in division of labor and organization. According to Zaid Ahmand in
3347:. While Ibn Khaldun's record-keeping is usually passed over in favor of recognizing his contributions to the science of history, Abderrahmane Lakhsassi wrote "No historian of the Maghreb since and particularly of the
1189:
Maghreb. At his request, Ibn Khaldūn even wrote a long report about it. As he recognized Timur's intentions, he did not hesitate, on his return to Egypt, to compose an equally-extensive report on the history of the
1650:. Also, the human spirit is able to see some things of the future through vision, but on the condition that this spirit be completely upright and very pious and pure, otherwise the vision will come from the devils.
1440:
consequences and therefore the government should be involved in alleviating poverty. Researchers from Malaysia's Insaniah University College and Indonesia's Tazkia University College of Islamic Economics created a
4398:, Halim Barakat (University of California Press, 1993), p. 48; "The renowned Arab sociologist-historian Ibn Khaldun first interpreted Arab history in terms of badu versus hadar conflicts and struggles for power."
3925:, Halim Barakat (University of California Press, 1993), p. 48; "The renowned Arab sociologist-historian Ibn Khaldun first interpreted Arab history in terms of badu versus hadar conflicts and struggles for power."
1208:-oriented ideals attracted the attention of local political authorities. The elderly Ibn Khaldun was placed under arrest. He died on 17 March 1406, one month after his sixth selection for the office of the Maliki
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1432:
Ibn Khaldun diverged from norms that Muslim historians followed and rejected their focus on the credibility of the transmitter and focused instead on the validity of the stories and encouraged critical thinking.
3165:
cites Ibn Khaldun's observation that "at the beginning of the dynasty, taxation yields a large revenue from small assessments. At the end of the dynasty, taxation yields a small revenue from large assessments."
1200:
Ibn Khaldūn spent the next five years in Cairo completing his autobiography and his history of the world and acting as teacher and judge. Meanwhile, he was alleged to have joined an underground party,
1493:
Both Ibn Khaldun and Smith shared the idea that the division of labor is fundamental to economic growth, however, the motivations and context for such division differed between them. For Ibn Khaldun,
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960:, to endorse a peace treaty. Ibn Khaldūn successfully carried out this mission and politely declined Pedro's offer to remain at his court and have his family's Spanish possessions returned to him.
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to commemorate his name. The university promotes a policy of trilingualism. The languages in question are English, Modern Turkish, and Arabic and its emphasis is on teaching social sciences.
568:
He has been called one of the most prominent Muslim and Arab scholars and historians. Recently, Ibn Khaldun's works have been compared with those of influential European philosophers such as
3263:
emerged over the years until the complete Arabic edition was published in 1858. Since then, the work of Ibn Khaldun has been extensively studied in the Western world with special interest.
1429:, which states that “Civilization and its well-being, as well as business prosperity, depend on productivity and people’s efforts in all directions in their own interest and profit”.
3187:. These criticisms included accusations of inadequate historical knowledge, an inaccurate title, disorganization, and a style resembling that of the prolific Arab literature writer,
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faculty is the supporting pillar for all philosophical aspects of Ibn Khaldun's theory related to human beings’ spiritual, intellectual, physical, social and political tendencies.
1355:, he described the dichotomy of sedentary life versus nomadic life as well as the inevitable loss of power that occurs when warriors conquer a city. According to the Arab scholar
1144:). His efforts at reform encountered resistance, however, and within a year, he had to resign his judgeship. Also in 1384, a ship carrying Khaldun's wife and children sank off of
5816:, vol. LXVI, no. 2 (7 February 2019), pp. 23–24, 26. "More than six centuries after Ibn Khaldun's death the modern world has much to learn from studying him. After the
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line with the Ash’aris before him, including Ghazali and Fakhr al-din al-Razi, both of whom Ibn Khaldun recommends for those who wish to learn how to refute the philosophers"
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and traditions." In 2006, Spain commemorated the 600th anniversary of the death of Ibn Khaldun by orchestrating an exhibit titled "Encounter of Civilizations: Ibn Khaldun."
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of Constantine, marched on Tunis and defeated it. Ibn Khaldūn, in any case unhappy with his respected but politically meaningless position, followed his teacher Abili to
728:
in the 8th century, at the beginning of the Islamic conquest: "And our ancestry is from Hadhramaut, from the Arabs of Arabian Peninsula, via Wa'il ibn Hujr also known as
600:, suggesting that their ideas found precedent (although not direct influence) in his. He has also been influential on certain modern Islamic thinkers (e.g. those of the
735:
Ibn Khaldun's insistence and attachment to his claim of Arab ancestry at a time of Berber dynasties domination is a valid reason to believe his claim of Arab descent.
3195:, a jurist who lived shortly after Ibn Khaldun and quoted heavily from the first and fourth books of the Kitab al-‘Ibar, in developing a work of mirrors for princes.
3180:, praised the Muqaddimah, although some scholars have found his praise, and that of others, to be generally empty and lacking understanding of Ibn Khaldun's methods.
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Oweiss, Ibrahim M. “Ibn Khaldun, the Father of Economics.” Georgetown University, State University of New York Press, 1988, faculty.georgetown.edu/imo3/ibn.htm.
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1266:"Book of Lessons, Record of Beginnings and Events in the History of the Arabs and the Berbers and Their Powerful Contemporaries"); begun as a history of the
11523:
4392:, Irving M. Zeitlin (Polity Press, 2007), p. 21; "It is, of course, Ibn Khaldun as an Arab here speaking, for he claims Arab descent through the male line."
3919:, Irving M. Zeitlin (Polity Press, 2007), p. 21; "It is, of course, Ibn Khaldun as an Arab here speaking, for he claims Arab descent through the male line."
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were not his peers, and all others were unworthy of being even mentioned along with him". Ibn Khaldun's work on evolution of societies also influenced
541:("Introduction"), which he wrote in six months as he states in his autobiography, influenced 17th-century and 19th-century Ottoman historians such as
13776:
13615:
5097:
4212:"Re-reading Ibn-Khaldun in the 21st Century: Traveling Theory and the Question of Authority, Legitimacy, and State Violence in the Modern Arab World"
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mission to the Dawadida Arabs tribes of Biskra. After his return to the West, Ibn Khaldūn sought refuge with one of the Berber tribes in the west of
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1383:, though they were not uncommon for their time. According to the scholar Abdelmajid Hannoum, Ibn Khaldun's description of the distinctions between
4708:
Ibn Khaldun the Muqaddimah. An Introduction to History. Translated from the Arabic by Franz Rosenthal. In Three Volumes. First Volume. 606 pages.
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or social solidarity was the underlying motive and context behind the division of labor; for Smith it was self-interest and the market economy.
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3605:"Ibn Khaldun has been claimed the forerunner of a great number of European thinkers, mostly sociologists, historians, and philosophers".(
1111:, "He who has not seen it does not know the power of Islam." While other Islamic regions had to cope with border wars and inner strife,
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Affandi, Akhmad, and Dewi Puji Astuti. “Dynamic Model of Ibn Khaldun Theory on Poverty.” Humanomics, vol. 30, no. 2, 2014, pp. 136–161.
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Cosma, Sorinel (2009). "Ibn Khaldun's Economic Thinking". Ovidius University Annals of Economics (Ovidius University Press) XIV:52–57
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1410:, an economist and historian, argues that Ibn Khaldun was a major forerunner of modern economists and, in particular, originated the
970:
In his autobiography, Ibn Khaldūn tells little about his conflict with Ibn al-Khatib and the reasons for his departure. Orientalist
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Ibn Khaldun also called for the creation of a science to explain society and went on to outline these ideas in his major work, the
650:
Abū Zayd 'Abdu r-Rahman bin Muhammad bin Khaldūn Al-Hadrami, generally known as "Ibn Khaldūn" after a remote ancestor, was born in
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described Ibn Khaldun as "a 14th-century Islamic philosopher who basically invented what we would now call the social sciences".
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would be very difficult for the new generations to maintain the achievements of the earlier generations, let alone improve them.
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be introduced, occasions, in every art, a proportionable increase of the productive powers of labour (Smith 1976a, vol. I, 13–24)
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1463:). He emphasized that the weight and purity of these coins should be strictly followed: the weight of one dinar should be one
1391:, who wrongly inserted a "racial ideology that sets Arabs and Berbers apart and in opposition" into his translation of part of
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Kitāb al-ʻIbar wa-Dīwān al-Mubtadaʼ wa-l-Khabar fī Taʼrīkh al-ʻArab wa-l-Barbar wa-Man ʻĀṣarahum min Dhawī ash-Shaʼn al-Akbār
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Kitāb al-ʻIbar wa-Dīwān al-Mubtadaʼ wa-l-Khabar fī Taʼrīkh al-ʻArab wa-l-Barbar wa-Man ʻĀṣarahum min Dhawī ash-Shaʼn al-Akbār
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1025:, something for which a Muslim ruler could not simply refuse permission, Ibn Khaldūn was able to leave Tunis and to sail to
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At the age of 20, he began his political career in the chancellery of the Tunisian ruler Ibn Tafrakin with the position of
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Ibn Khaldun in Egypt : His public functions and his historical research, 1382–1406; a study in Islamic historiography
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In his autobiography, Khaldun traces his descent back to the time of Muhammad through an Arab tribe from the south of the
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4414:, Muhsin Mahdi, Routledge; "His family claimed descent from a Yemenite tribe originating in Hadramawt" Issawi, Charles. "
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3941:, Muhsin Mahdi, Routledge; "His family claimed descent from a Yemenite tribe originating in Hadramawt" Issawi, Charles."
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praised Ibn Khaldun as a uniquely brilliant Muslim sociologist, but discounted Khaldun's influence. Spanish Philosopher
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the story of an adventure, in which he spends time in prison, reaches the highest offices and falls again into exile.
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11593:
11513:
11493:
9525:
9287:
8787:
8324:
8306:
6264:
5439:
3099:
From other sources we know of several other works, primarily composed during the time he spent in North Africa and
2801:
2673:
2640:
1285:('The Introduction'), a socio-economic-geographical universal history of empires, and the best known of his works.
671:
952:, regain power from his temporary exile. In 1364, Muhammad entrusted him with a diplomatic mission to the king of
13781:
12388:
12239:
10389:
9753:
8954:
7099:
2985:
2649:
2070:
1478:
Ibn Khaldun's writings regarding the division of labor are often compared to Adam Smith's writings on the topic.
1329:
Businesses owned by responsible and organized merchants shall eventually surpass those owned by wealthy rulers.
13589:
13442:
12328:
9146:
8053:
6501:
3629:
2932:
2769:
2752:
1532:
1064:
866:
10079:
6008:
5983:
17:
13736:
13726:
13696:
13691:
13681:
13629:
13502:
12724:
11755:
11483:
10994:
10305:
10295:
10250:
9886:
8655:
8035:
7619:
7342:
3552:
3134:
2326:
1444:
based upon Ibn Khaldun's writings to measure poverty in the Muslim nations of South Asia and Southeast Asia.
1009:. He lived there for over three years under their protection, taking advantage of his seclusion to write the
812:
262:
13527:
13522:
13216:
12254:
11887:
11553:
11422:
9490:
9110:
8401:
7882:
6037:
5812:
5725:
Ana Maria C. Minecan, 2012 "El vínculo comunitario y el poder en Ibn Jaldún" in José-Miguel Marinas (Ed.),
5670:
The science of human social organization : Conflicting views on Ibn Khaldun's (1332–1406) Ilm al-umran
3373:
2682:
1814:
1528:
1164:. Altogether, he was called six times to that high office, which, for various reasons, he never held long.
1060:
862:
5548:
13542:
13537:
13322:
10855:
9858:
9650:
9632:
9585:
9564:
9518:
8775:
8733:
8318:
8212:
8206:
7730:
7448:
7221:
6274:
5880:
4712:
Series xliii. Princeton University Press. 1958. Prof. Dr. Darcy Carvalho. Feausp. Sao Paulo. Brazil. 2016
3138:
792:
3305:
is named, acknowledged that Ibn Khaldun's ideas, as well as others, precede his own work on that curve.
1620:
Ibn Khaldun believes that communication between the tangible and intangible world is the basis of every
974:
interprets that as showing that Ibn Khaldūn later realised that he had completely misjudged Muhammad V.
13751:
12207:
11867:
11736:
10382:
10150:
9931:
9305:
8757:
8253:
7687:
7274:
7036:
6249:
5846:
3289:
3079:
2944:
2728:
1160:
against Barquq. Later relations with Barquq returned to normal, and he was once again named the Maliki
12524:
10999:
5381:
945:. He could be sure of a positive welcome there since at Fez, he had helped the Sultan of Granada, the
12571:
12514:
12099:
11623:
11573:
10503:
10355:
10165:
9497:
8864:
8751:
8691:
8631:
8517:
8396:
8312:
7970:
7824:
7718:
7094:
7011:
6908:
6790:
6081:
6060:
3582:
3567:
3407:
3360:
3316:
2868:
2307:
1436:
Ibn Khaldun also outlines early theories of division of labor, taxes, scarcity, and economic growth.
1388:
1271:
6918:
6673:
5148:
4411:
Ibn Khaldun's Philosophy of History: A Study in the Philosophic Foundation of the Science of Culture
4099:
3938:
Ibn Khaldun's Philosophy of History: A Study in the Philosophic Foundation of the Science of Culture
2631:
1095:
13731:
13721:
13412:
11613:
11563:
11372:
10662:
10345:
9696:
9483:
9476:
9393:
9363:
9020:
8978:
8793:
8432:
8406:
8391:
7612:
7462:
7304:
7206:
7084:
6800:
6785:
6464:
6409:
4616:
2915:
2838:
2815:
2777:
2262:
1471:, roughly 4.25 grams) and the weight of 7 dinar should be equal to weight of 10 dirhams (7/10 of a
1180:
198:
105:
50:
13392:
13312:
12729:
12318:
12229:
11693:
11004:
9982:
9891:
9814:
9008:
8894:
8846:
8595:
8498:
8112:
8082:
8070:
8006:
7923:
7818:
7571:
7564:
7201:
6883:
6770:
6434:
6429:
6005:(German e-book about the politics of Syria with reference to the political theory of Ibn Khaldun)
3184:
2904:
2883:
2830:
2316:
2253:
2220:
2202:
2097:
1805:
1754:
1521:
1053:
855:
336:
13126:
11357:
3268:
12719:
12699:
12549:
12219:
11847:
10979:
10891:
10315:
10265:
10260:
10226:
10094:
9921:
9911:
9743:
9217:
9068:
9026:
8858:
8685:
8188:
8165:
7777:
7504:
7497:
7377:
7314:
7021:
6643:
6586:
6576:
6439:
4908:
Khaldun, Ibn, et al. Muqaddimah – an Introduction to History. Princeton University Press, 2015.
4865:
Hannoum, Abdelmajid (2003). "Translation and the Colonial Imaginary: Ibn Khaldûn Orientalist".
4742:
Schmidt, Nathaniel. Ibn Khaldun: Historian, Sociologist and Philosopher. Universal Books, 1900.
4459:
4247:
2520:
2368:
2271:
2175:
1937:
346:
12586:
4670:""None of the Kings on Earth is Their Equal in ʿaṣabiyya:" The Mongols in Ibn Khaldūn's Works"
4445:
1363:
may be read as a sociological work. The work is based around Ibn Khaldun's central concept of
569:
12873:
12828:
12639:
12234:
11698:
11688:
11583:
11109:
11064:
10567:
10350:
10099:
10018:
9378:
9232:
9098:
9062:
9044:
8984:
8906:
8876:
8834:
8619:
8565:
8159:
7905:
7858:
7226:
7104:
7041:
6362:
6337:
5795:
4366:
3893:
3832:
Joseph A. Schumpeter: Historian of Economics: Perspectives on the History of Economic Thought
3830:
3292:, considered Khaldun's definition of government the best in the history of political theory.
3072:
2846:
2785:
2420:
2148:
1973:
1919:
1859:
1823:
1411:
1289:
949:
732:, from the best of the Arabs, well-known and respected." (p. 2429, Al-Waraq's edition).
601:
216:
12689:
8417:
7242:
6234:
4805:
Southgate, Minoo (1984). "The Negative Images of Blacks in Some Medieval Iranian Writings".
4493:
4388:
3915:
13796:
13661:
13656:
13382:
13262:
13031:
12838:
12679:
12606:
12298:
12259:
12244:
11778:
11703:
11503:
10964:
10330:
10206:
10140:
10089:
10084:
10013:
10003:
9383:
9317:
9092:
8990:
8942:
8888:
8637:
8547:
8541:
8153:
8088:
7982:
7958:
7941:
7812:
7736:
7490:
7455:
7134:
7046:
6755:
6367:
6254:
6188:
6158:
5638:
Haddad, L. (1 May 1977). "A Fourteenth-Century Theory of Economic Growth And Development".
4783:
4709:
4654:
4394:
3921:
3725:
3646:
3577:
3392:
3264:
3114:
2853:
2411:
2289:
2184:
2157:
2051:
2033:
1886:
1877:
994:
257:
12853:
11302:
11089:
11024:
6979:
6821:
6153:
5951:
5939:
5922:
5603:
Dhaouadi, M. (1 September 1990). "Ibn Khaldun: The Founding Father Of Eastern Sociology".
3105:
982:
693:
in AD 1248. Although some of his family members had held political office in the Tunisian
8:
13572:
13452:
13422:
13342:
12868:
12808:
12129:
12049:
11543:
11104:
11049:
10969:
10911:
10794:
10689:
10419:
10290:
10221:
10201:
10160:
9637:
9602:
9080:
9002:
8972:
8781:
8739:
8721:
8667:
8601:
8425:
8371:
8347:
8259:
8235:
8171:
8076:
8012:
7806:
7483:
7441:
7427:
7372:
7284:
6964:
6933:
6913:
6399:
6198:
6107:
6091:
4943:
Irwin, Robert. Ibn Khaldun: an Intellectual Biography. Princeton University Press., 2018.
3758:
3751:
3161:
with a maximum revenue point at around a 70%, as estimated by Trabandt and Uhlig (2009).
3060:
2910:
2553:
2504:
2393:
2193:
2139:
1832:
1735:
1663:
788:
203:
31:
12616:
4185:
Lewis, Bernard (1986). "Ibn Khaldūn in Turkey". In Ayalon, David; Sharon, Moshe (eds.).
13584:
13579:
13562:
13557:
13026:
12534:
12471:
11663:
11322:
11287:
11197:
10724:
10557:
10508:
10300:
10155:
9916:
9688:
9541:
9140:
9122:
8936:
8763:
8283:
8265:
7604:
7367:
7347:
7191:
7186:
6938:
6688:
5917:
5772:
5764:
5701:
5693:
5651:
5620:
5585:
5553:
5507:
5136:
5077:
5067:
5021:
4882:
4822:
4638:
4317:
4251:
4243:
4145:
4127:
3650:
3255:. In 1816, de Sacy again published a biography with a more detailed description on the
3208:
2692:
2613:
2589:
2462:
2009:
1370:
1115:
enjoyed prosperity and high culture. In 1384, the Egyptian Sultan, al-Malik udh-Dhahir
796:
550:
366:
13016:
11272:
6516:
5859:
3457:
1447:
Ibn Khaldun also believed that the currency of an Islamic monetary system should have
941:
allying with the Abd al-Wadids in Tlemcen. Ibn Khaldūn, therefore, decided to move to
13746:
13547:
13492:
13332:
13121:
12783:
12709:
12684:
12486:
12288:
11452:
11352:
11317:
11142:
11119:
11114:
10989:
10605:
10595:
10444:
10429:
10405:
10216:
10135:
10059:
9470:
9329:
9299:
9257:
8529:
8377:
7899:
7783:
7712:
7402:
7352:
7089:
6893:
6888:
6873:
6581:
6531:
6449:
6424:
6332:
5998:
5803:
5776:
5705:
5624:
5568:
Gates, Warren E. (1967). "The Spread of Ibn Khaldûn's Ideas on Climate and Culture".
5361:
5336:
5311:
5271:
5241:
5205:
5046:
5007:
4978:
4845:
4756:
4691:
4499:
4450:
4372:
4321:
4307:
4255:
4190:
4131:
4119:
4080:
4070:
4047:
4035:
3899:
3836:
3762:
3729:
3492:
3324:
3281:
3240:
3212:
2921:
2876:
2719:
2580:
1955:
1365:
1356:
990:
808:
725:
717:
573:
542:
376:
356:
211:
178:
12601:
11222:
10916:
5521:
5416:
4435:, three; "was one of the greatest Arab historians, a philosopher, and a sociologist"
4228:
4211:
3962:, three; "was one of the greatest Arab historians, a philosopher, and a sociologist"
3791:
https://themaydan.com/2017/11/myth-intellectual-decline-response-shaykh-hamza-yusuf/
3602:"...regarded by some Westerners as the true father of historiography and sociology".
1422:, although Khaldun did not refer to it as either a labor theory of value or theory.
13741:
13716:
13552:
13482:
13252:
13171:
13166:
13091:
13066:
13011:
13001:
12991:
12961:
12941:
12931:
12798:
12793:
12751:
12694:
12491:
12174:
12169:
12144:
12089:
12064:
11708:
11382:
11342:
11332:
11282:
11267:
11257:
11217:
11177:
11167:
11044:
11014:
10974:
10860:
10696:
10674:
10464:
10454:
10340:
10310:
10285:
10270:
10130:
9896:
9731:
9373:
9263:
8769:
8715:
8703:
8478:
8141:
8106:
7557:
7511:
7196:
7079:
6974:
6969:
6954:
6923:
6526:
6312:
6086:
5756:
5685:
5647:
5612:
5577:
5293:
Ibn Khaldun and Tamerlane: Their Historic Meeting in Damascus, A.D. 1401 (A.H. 803)
5164:
by Mathias Trabandt and Harald Uhlig, NBER Working Paper No. 15343, September 2009.
5126:
4874:
4814:
4681:
4415:
4299:
4269:
4233:
4223:
4111:
4003:
3942:
3858:
Shah, Muhammad Sultan. "Pre-Darwinian Muslim Scholars’ Views on Evolution." (2017).
3721:
3690:
3534:
3295:
More moderate views on the scope of Ibn Khaldun's contributions have also emerged.
3110:
2622:
2495:
2471:
2453:
1982:
1583:
In his work the Muqaddimah, Ibn Khaldun emphasizes human beings' faculty to think (
1006:
957:
953:
729:
667:
411:
13156:
11377:
5478:
4722:
4686:
4669:
1679:
1193:, together with a character study of Timur, sending them to the Merinid rulers in
13609:
13282:
13201:
13161:
13131:
13116:
13081:
13076:
13046:
13021:
13006:
12981:
12966:
12901:
12878:
12863:
12848:
12833:
12704:
12659:
12644:
12634:
12456:
12451:
12308:
12303:
12283:
12271:
11658:
11653:
11417:
11362:
11347:
11327:
11307:
11262:
11237:
11147:
11099:
11084:
10984:
10944:
10835:
10830:
10657:
10545:
10459:
10434:
10325:
10320:
10275:
9736:
9721:
9716:
9334:
9311:
8745:
8727:
8277:
8247:
7592:
7476:
7397:
6740:
6698:
6496:
6414:
5958:
5929:
5872:
5743:. Translated by Klára Pogátsa. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. Original edition, 1999.
4474:
4410:
4115:
3937:
3443:
3183:
Ibn Khaldun also faced primarily criticism from his contemporaries, particularly
2938:
2571:
2544:
1646:
out of a desire to excel over others, he will not communicate with God, but with
1441:
1337:
760:
710:
663:
486:
466:
7016:
4187:
Studies in Islamic history and civilization: in honour of Professor David Ayalon
13599:
13507:
13497:
13226:
13101:
13086:
13061:
13056:
13051:
12996:
12971:
12926:
12906:
12768:
12739:
12714:
12669:
12649:
12611:
12566:
12446:
12436:
12293:
12124:
11937:
11713:
11603:
11533:
11432:
11407:
11277:
11247:
11207:
11172:
11029:
10954:
10939:
10934:
10825:
10815:
10525:
10476:
10255:
10231:
10211:
10191:
9726:
9607:
9432:
9368:
9116:
9086:
8924:
8852:
8799:
8353:
8341:
7669:
7578:
7309:
7279:
6653:
6571:
6208:
6132:
5791:
5719:
5676:
Boulakia, Jean David C. (1971). "Ibn Khaldûn: A Fourteenth-Century Economist".
5616:
4919:"The Amazing Arab Scholar Who Beat Adam Smith by Half a Millennium – Evonomics"
3520:
3478:
3285:
3204:
2926:
2861:
2402:
2000:
1991:
1717:
1407:
1319:
1306:
1168:
1141:
946:
824:
743:
His family's high rank enabled Ibn Khaldun to study with prominent teachers in
694:
581:
562:
554:
513:
158:
79:
6959:
6419:
5970:
5760:
5458:
4818:
3879:
The Biographies of the Elite Lives of the Scholars, Imams & Hadith Masters
3662:"an institution which prevents injustice other than such as it commits itself"
3359:
Public recognition of Ibn Khaldun has increased in recent years. In 2004, the
1448:
963:
In Granada, Ibn Khaldūn quickly came into competition with Muhammad's vizier,
13650:
13532:
13362:
13272:
13221:
13191:
13181:
13111:
13106:
13096:
12956:
12946:
12936:
12911:
12778:
12756:
12674:
12581:
12554:
12539:
12481:
12164:
11718:
11427:
11412:
11402:
11387:
11337:
11292:
11252:
11187:
11182:
11152:
11019:
10959:
10901:
10625:
10439:
10145:
10069:
10043:
9977:
9427:
9251:
9162:
9134:
9074:
9032:
8607:
8583:
8029:
7929:
7675:
7635:
7525:
7109:
6795:
6780:
6638:
6618:
6566:
6536:
6137:
6127:
5946:
5905:
Ibn Khaldun (al-Muqaddimah): Methodology & concepts of economic sociology
5884:
5722:. 2010 "Ibn Khaldun : Life and Times". Edinburgh University Press, 2010.
5408:
5174:
4695:
4579:
4524:
4123:
4084:
4027:
3981:
3388:
3348:
3298:
3228:
3216:
3162:
3008:
2444:
2384:
2298:
2244:
1419:
1296:
1267:
964:
924:
the typical introductory notes of official documents. In 1352, Abū Ziad, the
756:
697:, his father and grandfather later withdrew from political life and joined a
626:
593:
589:
546:
391:
361:
331:
9128:
6016:
5910:
Ibn Khaldun. The Mediterranean in the 14th century: Rise and fall of Empires
5842:
4878:
4032:
Ibn Khaldun: The Mediterranean in the 14th Century: Rise and Fall of Empires
3435:. Published by Muħammad ibn-Tāwīt at-Tanjī. Cairo (Autobiography in Arabic).
13512:
13196:
13186:
13176:
13041:
13036:
12976:
12951:
12921:
12916:
12823:
12818:
12664:
12544:
12278:
12214:
12084:
12074:
12069:
11988:
11978:
11922:
11812:
11397:
11392:
11367:
11297:
11232:
11192:
11162:
11157:
11069:
11059:
10949:
10684:
10679:
10667:
10588:
10574:
10498:
10335:
10280:
10104:
10033:
9789:
9774:
9612:
9211:
9186:
9180:
9157:
8948:
8661:
8613:
8559:
8523:
8468:
8448:
8359:
8289:
8047:
8041:
7911:
7852:
7765:
7759:
7289:
6878:
6703:
6658:
6404:
6342:
6269:
6224:
6203:
6178:
5697:
4303:
3506:
3309:
3302:
3192:
3158:
3130:
3050:
2701:
2335:
2211:
2115:
2060:
2042:
1946:
1787:
1671:
1580:
world of commerce and do not possess the same motivation as a businessman.
1301:
1194:
1112:
971:
929:
655:
647:) in which numerous documents regarding his life are quoted word-for-word.
351:
9967:
5822:
itself, Irwin's intellectual biography... is an excellent place to begin."
4064:
3215:
naming him as a great influence, while another Turkish Ottoman historian,
3207:
intellectuals in the 17th century. The first references to Ibn Khaldun in
474:
13211:
13206:
13141:
13136:
12986:
12858:
12813:
12803:
12596:
12591:
12529:
12249:
12224:
12149:
12109:
12079:
12054:
12034:
12013:
11993:
11973:
11963:
11932:
11797:
11678:
11473:
11447:
11442:
11242:
11227:
11094:
11074:
11054:
10906:
10881:
10701:
10610:
10600:
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Umar Ibn Al Khattab (2 Volumes), Umar Ibn Al Khattab (5 February 2017).
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6307:
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6168:
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5589:
5522:"Encounter of Civilizations: Ibn Khaldun Exhibit Opens at Headquarters"
4886:
4826:
4238:
3562:
3542:
3403:
3177:
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2359:
2166:
2106:
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1763:
1712:
1691:
1535: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1415:
1400:
1281:
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1067: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1026:
869: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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widely acknowledged to be one of the greatest social scientists of the
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386:
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307:
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173:
146:
5994:
Ibn Khaldun und das politische System Syriens – Eine Gegenüberstellung
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6506:
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6193:
6173:
6117:
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5818:
3557:
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has called Ibn Khaldun's Muqaddimah "the greatest work of its kind."
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2375:
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1964:
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168:
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10374:
6029:
5877:
5873:
Complete Muqaddimah/Kitab al-Ibar in English (without Chapter V, 13)
5581:
5202:
Systems of general sales taxation : theory, policy and practice
5162:"How Far Are We From The Slippery Slope? The Laffer Curve Revisited"
5161:
3211:
appeared in the middle of the 17th century, with historians such as
3117:, was written at the age of 19 under the supervision of his teacher
1510:
1140:(one of four schools, the Maliki school was widespread primarily in
1042:
844:
13567:
13146:
12883:
12476:
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12415:
12395:
12348:
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11998:
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7876:
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6541:
6327:
6322:
5689:
4368:
Genealogy and Knowledge in Muslim Societies: Understanding the Past
4153:
4066:
Applying Ibn Khaldūn: The Recovery of a Lost Tradition in Sociology
4004:"Ibn Khaldūn – The Muqaddimah: Ibn Khaldūn's philosophy of history"
3895:
Genealogy and Knowledge in Muslim Societies: Understanding the Past
3547:
3377:
3320:
3247:
included his biography together with a translation of parts of the
3188:
3118:
3030:
1629:
1621:
1122:
978:
897:
820:
804:
800:
780:
748:
674:
297:
287:
282:
277:
252:
4547:"Saudi Aramco World: Ibn Khaldun and the Rise and Fall of Empires"
3472:
13604:
13517:
12405:
12373:
12363:
12134:
12094:
11927:
11852:
11837:
11817:
10886:
10749:
10530:
10488:
10471:
9804:
9784:
9655:
9574:
9269:
9197:
8509:
7585:
6317:
3227:
In Europe, Ibn Khaldun was first brought to the attention of the
1625:
1384:
1002:
942:
933:
784:
744:
686:
682:
625:
Ibn Khaldun's life is relatively well-documented, as he wrote an
553:, who used its theories to analyze the growth and decline of the
56:
5747:
Weiss, Dieter (1995). "Ibn Khaldun on Economic Transformation".
5741:
Ibn Khaldūn : History as science and the patrimonial empire
4965:. 30 October 2020. Archived from the original on 30 October 2020
3867:
In al-Muqaddima, Ibn Khaldun cites him as a pioneer in sociology
12353:
12154:
11942:
11917:
11907:
11877:
11862:
11668:
10759:
10729:
10581:
10493:
10424:
9834:
9675:
9447:
9442:
9339:
7724:
6836:
6826:
6693:
5672:. Mellen studies in sociology. Lewiston/NY: Edwin Mellen Press.
5065:
3381:
3122:
3003:
1638:
1468:
1460:
1456:
1380:
1190:
1172:
1131:
1116:
925:
779:) for all of those subjects. The mathematician and philosopher
776:
768:
764:
709:
dynasty and was assassinated by a rival for being the official
698:
136:
3153:
1245:
423:
12383:
11872:
11807:
10769:
10764:
10744:
10552:
9839:
9829:
9824:
9794:
9437:
9293:
8447:
7550:
7532:
6010:
Master's thesis on Ibn Khaldun published by FFLCH-USP in 2017
3328:
1722:
1647:
1205:
1185:
1176:
1157:
1108:
1022:
908:
902:
815:. At the age of 17, Ibn Khaldūn lost both his parents to the
752:
651:
618:
612:
494:
443:
126:
116:
101:
75:
55:
Bust of Ibn Khaldun in the entrance of the Kasbah of Bejaia,
3847:
Ibn Khaldun drited away from Al-Farabi's political idealism.
12378:
11802:
10754:
10170:
10064:
9819:
9809:
9799:
9622:
5984:
Chapters from the Muqaddimah and the History of Ibn Khaldun
5204:. Austin : Wolters Kluwer Law & Business. p. 117.
4840:
Kevin Reilly; Stephen Kaufman; Angela Bodino, eds. (2003).
1452:
1375:
1224:
Handwriting of Ibn Khaldūn certifying a manuscript copy of
1171:, Ibn Khaldūn took part in a military campaign against the
1152:
1136:
1127:
1018:
993:, Abū l-Abbas. A few years later, he was taken prisoner by
772:
477:
Abū Zayd ‘Abd ar-Raḥmān ibn Muḥammad ibn Khaldūn al-Ḥaḍramī
5238:
Ibn Khaldun: History as Science and the Patrimonial Empire
3712:
Ahmad, Zaid (2010). "Ibn Khaldun". In Oliver Leama (ed.).
11947:
11842:
8388:
Scholars of other Sunni Islamic schools of jurisprudence
5852:
4336:"Arab American National Museum : Online Collections"
431:
417:
7634:
5456:
5270:. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 106–109.
3433:
Al-Taʻrīf bi Ibn-Khaldūn wa Riħlatuhu Għarbān wa Sharqān
5727:
Pensar lo político: Ensayos sobre comunidad y conflicto
3431:
Ibn Khaldun. 1951 التعريف بإبن خلدون ورحلته غربا وشرقا
3323:
of history he had no equal in any age or country until
639:
at-Taʻrīf bi-ibn Khaldūn wa-Riḥlatih Gharban wa-Sharqan
9423:
2016 international conference on Sunni Islam in Grozny
5971:
Multilingual tunisian academic web site on Ibn Khaldun
5004:
Labor in an Islamic setting : theory and practice
3453:. Trans. Franz Rosenthal, ed. N.J. Dawood. (Abridged).
11524:
The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction
3801:
1589:
Epistemology and the Human Dimension in Urban Studies
455:
446:
5506:. Atlas Economic Research Foundation. Archived from
5240:. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 18–20, 22–24.
4355:
Published by Muḥammad ibn Tāwīt aṭ-Ṭanjī, Cairo 1951
3714:
The Biographical Encyclopaedia of Islamic Philosophy
3468:
662:
family of Arab descent; the family's ancestor was a
645:
Presenting Ibn Khaldun and his Journey West and East
637:
440:
434:
420:
5794:, "The Otherworldliness of Ibn Khaldun" (review of
5401:
5128:
Ibn Khaldun's Philosophy فلسفة ابن خلدون الاجتماعية
4609:"Ibn Khaldun: His Life and Works | Muslim Heritage"
4148:(1964). "Economic Thought of Islam: Ibn Khaldun",
3594:
437:
428:
414:
5838:Ibn Khaldun: His Life and Work, by Muhammad Hozien
3750:
3288:, once a professor of philosophy and logic at the
3259:. More details on and partial translations of the
1395:translated under the title Histoire des Berbères.
920:(seal-bearer), which consisted of writing in fine
6013:Roschel, Renato – São Paulo, 2017. In Portuguese.
3807:Muqaddimah 2:272–273 quoted in Weiss (1995) p. 30
3753:Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions
3315:19th century Scottish theologian and philosopher
1379:people of sub-Saharan Africa, have been cited as
13648:
9857:
4983:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
3451:The Muqaddimah : An introduction to history
3440:The Muqaddimah : An introduction to history
1387:and Arabs were misinterpreted by the translator
5900:Ibn Khaldun’s Philosophy of Management and Work
3573:List of pre-modern Arab scientists and scholars
3458:A Selection from the Prolegomena of Ibn Khaldūn
3327:appeared, more than three hundred years later.
3203:Ibn Khaldun's work found some recognition with
5295:. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
4044:Science under Islam: rise, decline and revival
677:. His family, which held many high offices in
27:Arab historiographer and historian (1332–1406)
11763:
10390:
9526:
8433:
7620:
6045:
6021:
5979:Exposé simplifié sur la théologie scolastique
5466:. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.
5460:Egon Orowan. 1901–1989. A Biographical Memoir
5407:
5179:"The Laffer Curve: Past, Present, and Future"
5098:"Full text of "Ibn Khaldun's Historiography""
3351:can do without his historical contribution."
3231:in 1697, when a biography of him appeared in
3080:
1017:to the ruler. Under pretence of going on the
512:, and considered by many to be the father of
12269:
10632:
10586:
10572:
5895:Muslim Scientists and Scholars – Ibn Khaldun
5749:International Journal of Middle East Studies
5476:
5413:"The Laffer Curve, Past, Present and Future"
4784:"Ibn Khaldun's Asabiyya for Social Cohesion"
4753:Identités et Cultures dans l'Algérie Antique
4640:Ibn Khaldun's Political and Economic Realism
4100:"The proto-sociology of Mandeville and Hume"
4062:
1414:long before better known proponents such as
775:(jurisprudence). He received certification (
630:
12205:
5865:Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography
5716:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
5082:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
4781:
4523:. Islamic Philosophy Online. Archived from
4518:
4395:The Arab World: Society, Culture, and State
3971:
3922:The Arab World: Society, Culture, and State
3612:"The founding father of Eastern Sociology".
1167:In 1401, under Barquq's successor, his son
471:أبو زيد عبد الرحمن بن محمد بن خلدون الحضرمي
13767:Philosophers of the medieval Islamic world
11770:
11756:
10397:
10383:
9533:
9519:
8440:
8426:
7627:
7613:
6052:
6038:
5374:
5026:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4371:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 77.
4358:
4150:Comparative Studies in Society and History
3898:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 77.
3881:. Zulfiqar Ayub Publications. p. 200.
3679:
3656:
3087:
3073:
763:; the basis for understanding the Qur'an,
49:
9399:Al-Sayf al-Saqil fi al-Radd ala Ibn Zafil
5857:
5261:
5259:
5257:
5199:
5193:
4804:
4685:
4237:
4227:
3620:
3391:cited Ibn Khaldun as an influence on his
2951:International Islamic University Malaysia
1551:Learn how and when to remove this message
1083:Learn how and when to remove this message
885:Learn how and when to remove this message
799:, and he studied especially the works of
701:. His brother, Yahya Khaldun, was also a
617:erected at the Avenue Habib Bourguiba in
13777:Economists of the medieval Islamic world
11777:
5923:The Ibn Khaldun Community Service Award©
5755:(1). Cambridge University Press: 29–37.
5675:
5602:
5546:
5494:
5492:
5231:
5229:
5227:
5225:
5223:
5221:
5167:
4751:See articles by Modéran and Benabbès in
4173:Islam, Modernity, and the Human Sciences
4159:
4097:
3819:, p. 31 quotes Muqaddimah 2:276–278
3786:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3606:
3152:
1219:
1094:
907:
896:
611:
13667:14th-century historians from al-Andalus
13353:Reflections on the Revolution in France
5800:Ibn Khaldun: An Intellectual Biography
5437:
5290:
5284:
5124:
4998:
4996:
4994:
4864:
4209:
4034:, Foundation El Legado Andalusí, 2006,
3748:
3642:For classical style of Arab historians
912:The mosque in which Ibn Khaldun studied
489:; 27 May 1332 – 17 March 1406, 732–808
14:
13772:Political philosophy in medieval Islam
13649:
9540:
8013:Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Fasi
5637:
5547:McFadden, Robert D. (2 October 1981).
5485:. London: Routledge. pp. 350–364.
5265:
5254:
5155:
4668:Bent, Josephine van den (3 May 2016).
4466:
4364:
3891:
11751:
10404:
10378:
9856:
9514:
8421:
7608:
7470:The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries
6059:
6033:
6020:
5746:
5567:
5489:
5415:. Heritage Foundation. Archived from
5360:. The Other Press. pp. 119–120.
5335:. The Other Press. pp. 118–119.
5218:
5120:
5118:
5040:
4788:Electronic Journal of Social Sciences
4655:"Ibn Khaldūn | Muslim historian"
4603:
4601:
4599:
4597:
4293:
4184:
4104:Distinktion: Journal of Social Theory
4042:, pp. 376–380 (376) S.M. Deen (2007)
3816:
3775:
3711:
3354:
2971:2016 International Islamic Conference
485:
13687:15th-century Arabic-language writers
13672:14th-century Arabic-language writers
7636:Muslim scholars of the Maliki school
5802:, Princeton University Press, 2018,
5440:"Opinion | The Decline of E-Empires"
5355:
5330:
5305:
4991:
4667:
4491:
4098:Sulkunen, Pekka (2 September 2014).
3876:
3828:
3726:10.1093/acref/9780199754731.001.0001
3275:
3233:Barthélemy d'Herbelot de Molainville
1614:
1533:adding citations to reliable sources
1504:
1065:adding citations to reliable sources
1036:
867:adding citations to reliable sources
838:
632:التعريف بابن خلدون ورحلته غربا وشرقا
13712:Arab Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam
13463:The End of History and the Last Man
13373:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
5734:The political theory of Ibn Khaldun
5457:F.R.N. Nabarro; A.S. Argon (1996).
4446:"Lettre à Monsieur Garcin de Tassy"
834:
631:
470:
24:
13787:University of al-Qarawiyyin alumni
5785:
5652:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1977.tb02006.x
5481:. In S.H. Nasr; O. Leaman (eds.).
5173:
5115:
5006:. New York. 2017. pp. 40–41.
4594:
4472:
3366:Atlas Economic Research Foundation
2762:Istihsan al-Khawd fi 'Ilm al-Kalam
199:Conquest theory of state formation
25:
13813:
7435:History of the Prophets and Kings
5878:The Tunisian American Center (US)
5826:
5729:, Biblioteca Nueva, Madrid, 2012.
5200:Brederode, Robert F. van (2009).
4572:"Ibn Khaldun – His Life and Work"
3687:"Ibn Khaldun – His Life and Work"
3422:Lubābu-l-Muhassal fee Usūlu-d-Dīn
3198:
1500:
1295:Books 6–7; Historiography of the
13677:14th-century Egyptian historians
13433:The Open Society and Its Enemies
11594:The Closing of the American Mind
11514:Civilization and Its Discontents
11494:A Vindication of Natural Society
9231:
8474:
8473:
8462:
8450:Ash'ari school of Sunni theology
7696:
7672:(founder of the school; 711–795)
5500:"2008 Ibn-Khaldun Essay Contest"
5438:Krugman, Paul (26 August 2013).
5356:Enan, Muhammed Abdullah (2007).
5331:Enan, Muhammed Abdullah (2007).
5310:. The Other Press. p. 118.
5306:Enan, Muhammed Abdullah (2007).
4521:"Ibn Khaldun: His Life and Work"
4492:Enan, Mohammad Abdullah (2007).
3974:"Ibn Khaldun: His Life and Work"
3527:
3513:
3499:
3485:
3471:
3442:. Translated from the Arabic by
3343:, who introduced the concept of
3056:
3055:
3044:
1678:
1509:
1406:Georgetown University Professor
1325:
1318:remains an invaluable source of
1119:, made Khaldun professor of the
1041:
843:
410:
12240:Family as a model for the state
7100:Silahdar Findiklili Mehmed Agha
5631:
5596:
5570:Journal of the History of Ideas
5561:
5540:
5514:
5470:
5450:
5431:
5388:
5358:Ibn Khaldun: His Life and Works
5349:
5333:Ibn Khaldun: His Life and Works
5324:
5308:Ibn Khaldun: His Life and Works
5299:
5090:
5069:Umar Ibn Al Khattab (2 Volumes)
5059:
5043:The epistemology of Ibn Khaldun
5034:
4955:
4946:
4937:
4911:
4902:
4893:
4858:
4833:
4798:
4775:
4766:
4745:
4736:
4715:
4702:
4661:
4647:
4631:
4564:
4539:
4512:
4495:Ibn Khaldūn: His Life and Works
4485:
4438:
4349:
4328:
4287:
4262:
4248:10.13169/arabstudquar.43.2.0146
4229:10.13169/arabstudquar.43.2.0146
4203:
4178:
4165:
4138:
4091:
4056:
4030:: "Ibn Khaldun in Turkey", in:
4021:
3996:
3965:
3885:
3870:
3829:Moss, Laurence S., ed. (1996).
3757:. Merriam-Webstar Inc. p.
3636:
3413:
1520:needs additional citations for
1451:value and therefore be made of
1126:and appointed him as the Grand
1099:Ibn Khaldun Statue and Square,
1052:needs additional citations for
854:needs additional citations for
13590:Separation of church and state
13488:Collectivism and individualism
13443:The Origins of Totalitarianism
9111:'Abdallah ibn 'Alawi al-Haddad
5964:
5549:"Reagan Cites Islamic Scholar"
3861:
3852:
3822:
3810:
3742:
3705:
3456:Ibn Khaldun, 1332–1406. 1905 '
3446:. 3 vols. New York: Princeton.
3129:, was composed around 1373 in
2711:Muhammad Sa'id Ramadan al-Buti
2512:'Abdallah ibn 'Alawi al-Haddad
1654:
557:. Ibn Khaldun interacted with
13:
1:
13630:Category:Political philosophy
13503:Critique of political economy
11484:Oration on the Dignity of Man
10306:Gholamhossein Ebrahimi Dinani
10296:Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas
9887:Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari
8788:Muhammad Metwalli al-Sha'rawi
8325:Muhammad ibn 'Alawi al-Maliki
8307:Muhammad al-'Arabi al-Tabbani
5483:History of Islamic Philosophy
5045:. New York: RoutledgeCurzon.
4755:, University of Rouen, 2005 (
4687:10.1080/09503110.2016.1198535
4475:"Notes on Ibn Khaludn's Life"
3668:
3553:Historiography of early Islam
3135:Muhammed V, Sultan of Granada
2794:Sharh al-'Aqa'id al-Nasafiyya
2674:Muhammad Mitwalli al-Sha'rawi
2641:Muhammad al-'Arabi al-Tabbani
1351:Concerning the discipline of
1032:
901:Birth home of Ibn Khaldun at
827:that hit Tunis in 1348–1349.
13528:Institutional discrimination
13523:History of political thought
12255:Negative and positive rights
11554:The Society of the Spectacle
9973:Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi
8955:Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam
8776:Muhammad al-Tahir ibn 'Ashur
8608:Ibn 'Ata' Allah al-Iskandari
5813:The New York Review of Books
5678:Journal of Political Economy
4844:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 123.
4384:Carmona and then in Seville.
4365:Savant, Sarah Bowen (2014).
4116:10.1080/1600910X.2014.897639
3911:Carmona and then in Seville.
3892:Savant, Sarah Bowen (2014).
3673:
3319:praised him strongly, "as a
2650:Muhammad al-Tahir ibn 'Ashur
2071:Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam
1467:(the weight of 72 grains of
1292:up to the author's own time.
738:
7:
13792:Writers about globalization
13707:Arab political philosophers
13538:Justification for the state
13323:Two Treatises of Government
8758:Muhammad ibn 'Ali al-Sanusi
8319:Muhammad al-Tahir ibn Ashur
7731:Ahmad ibn Abi Bakr al-Zuhri
7449:Concise History of Humanity
7222:Mirza Mehdi Khan Astarabadi
6502:'Abd al-Wahid al-Marrakushi
5385:, 15th ed., vol. 9, p. 148.
5266:Alatas, Syed Farid (2013).
4428:Ibn Khaldūn, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān
4189:. Brill. pp. 527–530.
4063:Farid Alatas, Syed (2015).
3955:Ibn Khaldūn, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān
3464:
2933:Dar al-Hadith al-Ashrafiyya
2770:Mujarrad Maqalat al-Ash'ari
638:
475:
372:20th-century traditionalism
10:
13818:
12208:Bellum omnium contra omnes
10251:Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei
10151:Qadi Mir Husayn al-Maybudi
10065:Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi
9467:Ash'ari-related templates
9324:Ibn Abdelkarim al-Khattabi
9306:Emir Abdelkader al-Jazairi
8656:Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi
8036:Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi
7694:
7275:Ahmad ibn Khalid al-Nasiri
7037:Shaikh Inayat Allah Kamboh
5952:The Tunisian American Day©
5858:Rosenthal, Franz (2008) .
5831:
5661:
5617:10.1177/026858090005003007
5235:
4406:The Encyclopaedia of Islam
3933:The Encyclopaedia of Islam
3795:Ibn Khaldun on Philosophy:
3460:'. Trans. Duncan Macdonald
3290:London School of Economics
2945:Islamic Education Movement
2327:Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi
747:. He received a classical
592:as well as the economists
204:Cyclical theory of empires
29:
13802:Muslim critics of atheism
13757:Philosophers of economics
13625:
13475:
13244:
12892:
12625:
12505:
12424:
12336:
12327:
12193:
12027:
11956:
11785:
11732:
11636:
11624:Intellectuals and Society
11574:The Culture of Narcissism
11465:
11133:
10925:
10874:
10803:
10717:
10710:
10650:
10412:
10240:
10179:
10113:
10052:
9999:Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī
9991:
9940:
9874:
9870:
9852:
9762:
9687:
9552:
9548:
9465:
9418:
9411:
9359:
9352:
9247:
9240:
9229:
9196:
9171:
8813:
8794:Muhammad 'Alawi al-Maliki
8752:Muhammad Arafa al-Desouki
8632:Khalil ibn Ishaq al-Jundi
8518:Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani
8508:
8489:
8457:
8386:
8334:
8313:Mohamed Fadhel Ben Achour
8299:
8228:
8181:
8122:
8063:
8022:
7951:
7892:
7833:
7793:
7746:
7719:Yahya ibn Yahya al-Laythi
7705:
7662:
7642:
7542:
7419:
7390:
7360:
7336:
7323:
7297:
7268:
7255:
7235:
7214:
7180:
7167:
7147:
7127:
7073:
7060:
7029:
7012:Ahmed Mohammed al-Maqqari
7005:
6992:
6947:
6901:
6867:
6854:
6809:
6791:Fazlallah Khunji Isfahani
6763:
6729:
6716:
6681:
6612:
6599:
6554:
6490:
6477:
6457:
6393:
6380:
6355:
6296:
6283:
6217:
6146:
6100:
6074:
6067:
6027:
6022:Links to related articles
5940:The Ibn Khaldun Institute
5935:Ibn Khaldun meets Al Saud
5761:10.1017/S0020743800061560
5181:. The Heritage Foundation
4819:10.1080/00210868408701620
4723:"The Muqaddimah Volume 1"
3978:Islamic Philosophy Online
3835:. Routledge. p. 87.
3583:Science in medieval Islam
3568:List of Muslim historians
3361:Tunisian Community Center
3222:
3148:
3137:, Ibn Khaldūn composed a
3133:. Whilst at the court of
2683:Muhammad 'Alawi al-Maliki
2371:(d. 907/1501 or 908/1502)
1815:'Abd al-Qahir al-Baghdadi
1389:William McGuckin de Slane
607:
531:His best-known book, the
319:
230:
225:
186:
152:
142:
132:
122:
112:
86:
68:
63:
48:
41:
13413:The Revolt of the Masses
11614:The Malaise of Modernity
11564:The History of Sexuality
10663:Catholic social teaching
9394:Al-Iqtisad fi al-I'tiqad
9364:Tabyin Kadhib al-Muftari
8979:Nizam al-Din al-Nisapuri
7305:Jalal al-Din Mirza Qajar
7085:Solakzade Mehmed Hemdemi
6801:Yahya bin Ahmad Sirhindi
6465:Muhammad bin Ali Rawandi
6410:Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi
5957:25 February 2021 at the
5928:25 February 2021 at the
5291:Fischel, Walter (1952).
4576:www.muslimphilosophy.com
3588:
3395:policies, also known as
3170:
2916:Al-Qarawiyyin University
2839:Al-Risala al-Qushayriyya
2778:Tabyin Kadhib al-Muftari
1637:Ibn Khaldun agrees with
1215:
1151:After his return from a
705:who wrote a book on the
666:who shared kinship with
212:Supply and demand theory
13762:Philosophers of history
13702:Arab diaspora in Africa
13393:The Communist Manifesto
12319:Tyranny of the majority
12230:Consent of the governed
11694:Philosophy of education
9983:Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani
9932:Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani
9892:Abu al-Abbas Iranshahri
9264:'Abd al-Mu'min ibn 'Ali
9009:Shams al-Din al-Kirmani
8895:Abd al-Qahir al-Jurjani
8847:Abu Ishaq al-Isfarayini
8692:Al-Maqqari al-Tilimsani
8596:Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi
8071:Ali ibn Qasim al-Zaqqaq
7572:Biographical dictionary
7565:Biographical evaluation
6884:Abd al-Aziz al-Fishtali
6771:Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi
6435:Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad
6430:Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani
6265:Abu Muhammad al-Hamdani
5605:International Sociology
5382:Encyclopædia Britannica
4879:10.1111/1468-2303.00230
4842:Racism: A Global Reader
4551:archive.aramcoworld.com
4422:Encyclopedia Britannica
4389:The Historical Muhammad
4210:Abozeid, Ahmed (2021).
4175:, Springer, 2011, p. 84
4008:Encyclopedia Britannica
3949:Encyclopedia Britannica
3916:The Historical Muhammad
3877:Ayub, Zulfiqar (2015).
3749:Doniger, Wendy (1999).
3387:In 1981 U.S. President
3374:İbn Haldun Üniversitesi
2905:Al-Nizamiyya of Baghdad
2729:Muhammad 'Ali al-Sabuni
2317:Jalal al-Din al-Mahalli
2254:Siraj al-Din al-Bulqini
2221:Badr al-Din al-Zarkashi
2203:Shams al-Din al-Kirmani
2098:Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi
1941:(d. 511 or 512/1117-19)
1806:Abu Ishaq al-Isfarayini
13782:Theoretical historians
12270:
12220:Clash of civilizations
12206:
10633:
10587:
10573:
10316:Mohammed Abed al-Jabri
10266:Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr
10227:Shah Waliullah Dehlawi
10095:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
9922:Abu Sulayman Sijistani
9744:Transcendent theosophy
9218:Abu Hayyan al-Andalusi
9129:Bediuzzaman Said Nursi
9069:Jalal al-Din al-Dawani
9027:Nur al-Din al-Haythami
8865:Abu Nu'aym al-Isfahani
8859:Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi
8686:Ahmad Baba al-Timbukti
8620:Ibn al-Hajj al-'Abdari
8054:Ibn Hilal al-Sijilmasi
7505:Kitab al-Rawd al-Mitar
7498:History of the Caliphs
7378:Karim agha Shakikhanov
7315:Reza-Qoli Khan Hedayat
7022:Ibn al-Imad al-Hanbali
6919:ʽAbd al-Qadir Badayuni
6909:Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak
6644:Ibn Fadlallah al-Umari
6587:Rashid-al-Din Hamadani
5890:Ibn Khaldun on the Web
5396:Plough, Sword and Book
5236:Simon, Robert (2002).
5125:Hussein, Taha (1925).
4772:Muqaddimah 2 1995 p 30
4433:Encyclopaedia of Islam
4304:10.23943/9781400889549
4294:Irwin, Robert (2018).
3960:Encyclopaedia of Islam
3237:Bibliothèque Orientale
3185:Ibn Hajar al-`Asqalani
3167:
3109:, a commentary on the
2869:Daf' Shubah al-Tashbih
2786:Al-'Aqida al-Tahawiyya
2632:Bediüzzaman Said Nursi
2521:Shah Waliullah Dehlawi
2369:Jalal al-Din al-Dawani
2308:Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani
2272:Nur al-Din al-Haythami
2176:Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati
1938:Abu al-Qasim al-Ansari
1491:
1485:
1242:
1104:
913:
905:
819:, an intercontinental
658:) into an upper-class
622:
208:Economic growth theory
12235:Divine right of kings
11699:Philosophy of history
11689:Philosophy of culture
11584:A Conflict of Visions
10100:Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi
9379:Al-Farq bayn al-Firaq
9318:'Izz al-Din al-Qassam
9099:Al-Khatib al-Shirbini
9063:Nur al-Din al-Samhudi
9045:Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani
9021:Zain al-Din al-'Iraqi
8985:Jamal al-Din al-Mizzi
8907:Al-Raghib al-Isfahani
8877:Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi
8835:Al-Hakim al-Nishapuri
8566:Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi
8219:Al-Qasim al-Sijilmasi
7859:Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi
7463:Al-Bidaya wa'l-Nihaya
7227:Abol-Hasan Golestaneh
7105:Osman Aga of Temesvar
7042:Muhammad Saleh Kamboh
6786:Zahir al-Din Mar'ashi
6338:Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi
5945:12 September 2014 at
5736:. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
5712:Walter Fischel. 1967
5510:on 12 September 2008.
5477:A. Lakhsassi (1996).
4162:, pp. 1105–1118)
3428:ʻAl-Laqaw li-s-Sulṭān
3156:
2847:Al-Farq bayn al-Firaq
2421:Al-Khatib al-Shirbini
2263:Zain al-Din al-'Iraqi
1974:Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi
1920:Al-Raghib al-Isfahani
1860:Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi
1687:al-'Aqida al-Murshida
1486:
1480:
1412:labor theory of value
1223:
1098:
911:
900:
670:, a companion of the
615:
602:traditionalist school
561:, the founder of the
217:Supply-side economics
13737:Islamic philosophers
13727:Critics of Ibn Arabi
13697:Arab anthropologists
13692:15th-century jurists
13682:14th-century jurists
13383:Democracy in America
12762:political philosophy
12745:political philosophy
12560:political philosophy
12389:political philosophy
12299:Separation of powers
12260:Night-watchman state
12245:Monopoly on violence
11779:Political philosophy
11704:Political philosophy
11504:Democracy in America
10331:Reza Davari Ardakani
10207:Abd al-Razzaq Lahiji
10141:Sadr ad-Din Dashtaki
10090:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
10004:Afdal al-Din Kashani
9384:Al-Milal wa al-Nihal
9300:Al-Nasir ibn Qalawun
9093:Ibn Hajar al-Haytami
8991:Taqi al-Din al-Subki
8943:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
8889:Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi
8638:Abu Ishaq al-Shatibi
8548:Abu Bakr al-Turtushi
8542:Abu al-Walid al-Baji
8499:Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari
7491:Al-Milal wa al-Nihal
7456:The Complete History
7135:Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur
7047:Abd al-Fattah Fumani
6756:Ibn Ghazi al-Miknasi
6189:Al-Zubayr ibn Bakkar
6159:Khalifah ibn Khayyat
5732:Mahmoud Rabi'. 1967
5041:Ahmad, Zaid (2003).
4782:Beyza Sümer (2012).
4710:Bollingen Foundation
4582:on 13 September 2013
4527:on 13 September 2013
3984:on 13 September 2013
3693:on 13 September 2013
3647:Ibrahim ibn ar-Raqīq
3578:Sayyid Husayn Ahlati
3393:supply-side economic
3269:José Ortega y Gasset
3265:Reynold A. Nicholson
3121:in Tunis. A work on
3115:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
2939:Nahdlatul Ulama (NU)
2884:Al-Murshid al-Mu'een
2854:Al-Milal wa al-Nihal
2831:Al-Asma' wa al-Sifat
2412:Ibn Hajar al-Haytami
2290:Al-Sharif al-Jurjani
2185:Taqi al-Din al-Subki
2158:Safi al-Din al-Hindi
2052:Sayf al-Din al-Amidi
2034:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
1887:Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi
1878:Abu al-Walid al-Baji
1755:Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari
1529:improve this article
1107:Ibn Khaldun said of
1061:improve this article
995:Abu Faris Abdul Aziz
863:improve this article
724:, which came to the
13573:Right-wing politics
13453:A Theory of Justice
13423:The Road to Serfdom
13343:The Social Contract
12050:Christian democracy
11544:One-Dimensional Man
10291:Seyyed Hossein Nasr
10212:Mujaddid Alf-i-Sani
10202:Mohsen Fayz Kashani
10161:Sayyid Haydar Amuli
9671:Medieval psychology
9643:Natural philosophy
9141:'Abdallah al-Harari
9081:Zakariyya al-Ansari
9003:Taj al-Din al-Subki
8782:Abdel-Halim Mahmoud
8722:Muhammad al-Zurqani
8668:Ahmad al-Wansharisi
8372:Muhammad al-Yaqoubi
8348:Abdallah bin Bayyah
8260:Abdullahi dan Fodio
8172:Muhammad al-Zurqani
7778:Qadi 'Abd al-Wahhab
7428:The Meadows of Gold
7373:Ahmad bey Javanshir
7285:Ahmad ibn Abi Diyaf
6934:Iskandar Beg Munshi
6914:Muhammad Khwandamir
6400:Mohammed al-Baydhaq
6199:Abu Hanifa Dinawari
6108:Hisham ibn al-Kalbi
6092:Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri
5868:. Encyclopedia.com.
5739:Róbert Simon. 2002
4498:. The Other Press.
3410:after Ibn Khaldun.
3245:Chrestomathie Arabe
3143:ʻallaqa li-s-Sulṭān
2911:Al-Azhar University
2824:Tahafut al-Falasifa
2505:Muhammad al-Zurqani
2394:Zakariyya al-Ansari
2194:Taj al-Din al-Subki
1833:Abu Dharr al-Harawi
720:, specifically the
681:, had emigrated to
570:Niccolò Machiavelli
32:Ibn Khaldun (horse)
30:For the horse, see
13585:Political violence
13580:Political theology
13563:Left-wing politics
13558:Political spectrum
11664:Cultural pessimism
11659:Cultural criticism
10558:National character
10301:Abdolkarim Soroush
10146:Aziz Mahmud Hudayi
10060:Hajji Bektash Wali
9596:medieval astronomy
9542:Islamic philosophy
9276:Abu Bakr ibn Ayyub
9123:Ahmad Zayni Dahlan
8284:Ahmed Harrak Srifi
8213:Al-Tawudi ibn Suda
7368:Mirza Adigozal bey
7348:Ahmed Cevdet Pasha
7243:Ahmed Resmî Efendi
7192:Mohammed al-Qadiri
7187:Mohammed al-Ifrani
7115:Al-Hasan al-Burini
6939:Sharafkhan Bidlisi
6689:Hamdallah Mustawfi
6363:Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi
5918:Alcazar of Seville
5916:exhibition in the
5554:The New York Times
5479:"25 – Ibn Khaldun"
5444:The New York Times
5419:on 1 December 2007
4867:History and Theory
4619:on 6 December 2017
4613:muslimheritage.com
4473:Hozien, Muhammad.
4146:Joseph J. Spengler
3449:Ibn Khaldūn. 1967
3438:Ibn Khaldūn. 1958
3355:Public recognition
3280:British historian
3168:
3103:. His first book,
2693:Abdullah al-Harari
2614:Ahmad Zayni Dahlan
2463:Ibrahim al-Laqqani
1824:Abu 'Imran al-Fasi
1371:group cohesiveness
1340:and the ideals of
1270:and expanded to a
1243:
1105:
914:
906:
787:introduced him to
761:Arabic linguistics
757:memorized by heart
685:after the fall of
623:
551:Ahmed Cevdet Pasha
234:Influenced by
13752:People from Tunis
13644:
13643:
13638:
13637:
13548:Philosophy of law
13493:Conflict theories
13333:The Spirit of Law
13240:
13239:
12289:Original position
11745:
11744:
11461:
11460:
10606:Spontaneous order
10596:Social alienation
10445:Cultural heritage
10406:Social philosophy
10372:
10371:
10368:
10367:
10364:
10363:
10217:Rajab Ali Tabrizi
10156:Mahmud Shabistari
10136:Jalaladdin Davani
10085:Nasir al-Din Tusi
9907:Abu Hatim al-Razi
9848:
9847:
9508:
9507:
9461:
9460:
9407:
9406:
9348:
9347:
9258:Yusuf ibn Tashfin
9227:
9226:
8734:M'Hamed al-Azhari
8698:Ibrahim al-Laqani
8530:Abu Imran al-Fasi
8415:
8414:
8378:Rashid Al Marikhi
8207:M'Hamed Al-Azhari
8160:Al-Rahman al-Fasi
7784:Abu Imran al-Fasi
7737:Ibn 'Abd al-Hakam
7713:Asad ibn al-Furat
7602:
7601:
7415:
7414:
7411:
7410:
7403:Mastoureh Ardalan
7386:
7385:
7353:Ahmed Cevad Pasha
7251:
7250:
7163:
7162:
7143:
7142:
6988:
6987:
6850:
6849:
6712:
6711:
6595:
6594:
6582:Ata-Malik Juvayni
6532:Sibt ibn al-Jawzi
6473:
6472:
6425:Usama ibn Munqidh
6376:
6375:
6368:Abu Sa'id Gardezi
6255:Al-Qadi al-Nu'man
6154:Ibn ʽAbd al-Hakam
6061:Muslim historians
6003:978-3-638-75458-3
5997:, München, 2007,
5914:Andalusian Legacy
5883:16 April 2013 at
5668:Fuad Baali. 2005
5367:978-983-9541-53-3
5342:978-983-9541-53-3
5317:978-983-9541-53-3
5277:978-0-19-809045-8
5247:978-963-05-7934-6
5211:978-90-411-2832-4
5131:. pp. 66–78.
5052:978-0-415-61275-3
5013:978-1-315-59127-8
4851:978-0-7656-1059-1
4519:Muhammad Hozien.
4505:978-983-9541-53-3
4479:Muslim philosophy
4460:Société asiatique
4451:Journal Asiatique
4378:978-0-7486-4497-1
4196:978-965-264-014-7
4076:978-1-138-12596-4
4040:978-84-96556-34-8
3972:Muhammad Hozien.
3905:978-0-7486-4497-1
3842:978-1-134-78530-8
3768:978-0-87779-044-0
3735:978-0-19-975473-1
3493:Philosophy portal
3282:Arnold J. Toynbee
3276:Modern historians
3241:Silvestre de Sacy
3106:Lubābu l-Muhassal
3097:
3096:
2922:Al-Zaytuna Mosque
2877:Lubab al-Muhassal
2753:Theological works
2742:
2741:
2733:
2724:
2720:Wahbah al-Zuhayli
2715:
2706:
2697:
2687:
2678:
2654:
2645:
2636:
2627:
2618:
2594:
2585:
2584:(d. 1276/1859-60)
2581:Ibrahim al-Bajuri
2576:
2567:
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2549:
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2449:
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2093:
2084:
2075:
2065:
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2047:
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2014:
2005:
1996:
1987:
1978:
1969:
1960:
1956:Ibn Rushd al-Jadd
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1942:
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1855:
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1792:
1768:
1759:
1684:Rock carved with
1615:Religious thought
1561:
1560:
1553:
1369:, translated as "
1349:
1348:
1304:source, the work
1272:universal history
1093:
1092:
1085:
1005:, in the town of
991:Sultan of Tlemcen
895:
894:
887:
749:Islamic education
726:Iberian Peninsula
718:Arabian Peninsula
574:Giambattista Vico
484:
403:
402:
179:political science
16:(Redirected from
13809:
13553:Political ethics
13543:Machiavellianism
13483:Authoritarianism
13468:
13458:
13448:
13438:
13428:
13418:
13408:
13398:
13388:
13378:
13368:
13358:
13348:
13338:
13328:
13318:
13308:
13298:
13288:
13278:
13268:
13258:
12334:
12333:
12275:
12211:
12201:Balance of power
12175:Social democracy
12170:Social Darwinism
12145:Multiculturalism
12090:Environmentalism
12065:Communitarianism
11772:
11765:
11758:
11749:
11748:
11709:Social criticism
11629:
11619:
11609:
11599:
11589:
11579:
11569:
11559:
11549:
11539:
11529:
11519:
11509:
11499:
11489:
11479:
10715:
10714:
10697:Frankfurt School
10675:Communitarianism
10638:
10592:
10578:
10399:
10392:
10385:
10376:
10375:
10346:Hasanzadeh Amoli
10341:Mostafa Malekian
10311:Taha Abdurrahman
10286:Ismail al-Faruqi
10244:
10166:Dawūd al-Qayṣarī
9897:Abu Bakr al-Razi
9872:
9871:
9854:
9853:
9679:
9666:Medieval science
9661:
9646:
9628:
9618:
9581:
9570:
9550:
9549:
9535:
9528:
9521:
9512:
9511:
9500:
9499:Islamic theology
9493:
9486:
9479:
9473:
9416:
9415:
9374:Al-Baz al-Ashhab
9357:
9356:
9245:
9244:
9235:
8973:Ibn Daqiq al-'Id
8770:Ahmad al-Ghumari
8740:Ahmad ibn 'Ajiba
8716:Al-Hasan al-Yusi
8704:Muhammad Mayyara
8602:Ibn Daqiq al-'Id
8506:
8505:
8501:
8493:
8492:Ash'ari scholars
8481:
8477:
8476:
8469:Islam portal
8467:
8466:
8465:
8451:
8442:
8435:
8428:
8419:
8418:
8236:Ahmad ibn 'Ajiba
8154:Al-Qadir al-Fasi
7971:Khalil ibn-Ishaq
7807:Ibn 'Abd al-Barr
7700:
7629:
7622:
7615:
7606:
7605:
7558:Islamic calendar
7512:Tarikh al-Yaqubi
7484:Kitab al-I'tibar
7442:Mu'jam al-Buldan
7334:
7333:
7266:
7265:
7197:Khalil al-Muradi
7178:
7177:
7080:Ibrahim Petchevi
7071:
7070:
7003:
7002:
6975:Mustafa Selaniki
6970:Sadeddin Effendi
6924:Nizamuddin Ahmad
6865:
6864:
6727:
6726:
6610:
6609:
6488:
6487:
6391:
6390:
6313:Said al-Andalusi
6294:
6293:
6087:Urwah ibn Zubayr
6072:
6071:
6054:
6047:
6040:
6031:
6030:
6018:
6017:
5988:
5977:
5869:
5780:
5709:
5684:(5): 1105–1118.
5656:
5655:
5635:
5629:
5628:
5600:
5594:
5593:
5565:
5559:
5558:
5544:
5538:
5537:
5535:
5533:
5528:. United Nations
5518:
5512:
5511:
5496:
5487:
5486:
5474:
5468:
5467:
5465:
5454:
5448:
5447:
5435:
5429:
5428:
5426:
5424:
5405:
5399:
5394:Ernest Gellner,
5392:
5386:
5378:
5372:
5371:
5353:
5347:
5346:
5328:
5322:
5321:
5303:
5297:
5296:
5288:
5282:
5281:
5263:
5252:
5251:
5233:
5216:
5215:
5197:
5191:
5190:
5188:
5186:
5171:
5165:
5159:
5153:
5152:
5146:
5142:
5140:
5132:
5122:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5108:
5094:
5088:
5087:
5081:
5073:
5063:
5057:
5056:
5038:
5032:
5031:
5025:
5017:
5000:
4989:
4988:
4982:
4974:
4972:
4970:
4959:
4953:
4950:
4944:
4941:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4930:
4915:
4909:
4906:
4900:
4897:
4891:
4890:
4862:
4856:
4855:
4837:
4831:
4830:
4802:
4796:
4795:
4779:
4773:
4770:
4764:
4749:
4743:
4740:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4729:
4719:
4713:
4706:
4700:
4699:
4689:
4665:
4659:
4658:
4651:
4645:
4644:
4643:. 26 March 2016.
4635:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4624:
4615:. Archived from
4605:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4587:
4578:. Archived from
4568:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4557:
4543:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4532:
4516:
4510:
4509:
4489:
4483:
4482:
4470:
4464:
4463:
4442:
4436:
4386:
4362:
4356:
4353:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4342:
4332:
4326:
4325:
4291:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4280:
4266:
4260:
4259:
4241:
4231:
4207:
4201:
4200:
4182:
4176:
4169:
4163:
4142:
4136:
4135:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4060:
4054:
4025:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4014:
4000:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3980:. Archived from
3969:
3963:
3913:
3889:
3883:
3882:
3874:
3868:
3865:
3859:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3826:
3820:
3814:
3808:
3805:
3799:
3788:
3773:
3772:
3756:
3746:
3740:
3739:
3709:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3689:. Archived from
3683:
3663:
3660:
3654:
3640:
3634:
3624:
3618:
3598:
3537:
3535:Biography portal
3532:
3531:
3530:
3523:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3509:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3495:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3481:
3476:
3475:
3209:Ottoman writings
3111:Islamic theology
3089:
3082:
3075:
3059:
3058:
3051:Islam portal
3049:
3048:
3047:
2731:
2722:
2713:
2704:
2695:
2685:
2676:
2652:
2643:
2634:
2625:
2623:Yusuf al-Nabhani
2616:
2592:
2583:
2574:
2565:
2556:
2554:Ahmad ibn 'Ajiba
2547:
2523:
2514:
2498:
2496:Al-Hasan al-Yusi
2474:
2472:Muhammad Mayyara
2465:
2456:
2454:Ahmad al-Maqqari
2447:
2423:
2414:
2405:
2396:
2387:
2378:
2362:
2338:
2329:
2319:
2310:
2301:
2292:
2283:
2274:
2265:
2256:
2247:
2223:
2214:
2205:
2196:
2187:
2178:
2169:
2160:
2151:
2142:
2140:Ibn Daqiq al-'Id
2118:
2110:(d. c. 685/1286)
2109:
2100:
2091:
2082:
2073:
2063:
2054:
2045:
2036:
2012:
2003:
1994:
1985:
1976:
1967:
1958:
1949:
1940:
1931:
1922:
1898:
1889:
1880:
1871:
1862:
1853:
1844:
1835:
1826:
1817:
1808:
1799:
1790:
1766:
1757:
1742:
1741:
1736:Eminent scholars
1682:
1659:
1658:
1556:
1549:
1545:
1542:
1536:
1513:
1505:
1475:or 2.96 grams).
1326:
1249:and the rest of
1240:
1202:Rijal Hawa Rijal
1088:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1068:
1045:
1037:
1007:Qalat Ibn Salama
918:Kātib al-'Alāmah
890:
883:
879:
876:
870:
847:
839:
835:Political career
654:in AD 1332 (732
641:
634:
633:
488:
482:
480:
472:
462:
458:
453:
452:
449:
448:
445:
442:
439:
436:
433:
430:
426:
425:
422:
419:
416:
153:Main interest(s)
106:Mamluk Sultanate
97:
95:
80:Hafsid Sultanate
53:
39:
38:
21:
13817:
13816:
13812:
13811:
13810:
13808:
13807:
13806:
13732:Hadhrami people
13722:Autobiographers
13647:
13646:
13645:
13640:
13639:
13634:
13621:
13610:Totalitarianism
13471:
13466:
13456:
13446:
13436:
13426:
13416:
13406:
13396:
13386:
13376:
13366:
13356:
13346:
13336:
13326:
13316:
13306:
13296:
13286:
13283:Treatise on Law
13276:
13266:
13256:
13236:
12894:
12888:
12627:
12621:
12507:
12501:
12420:
12323:
12309:State of nature
12304:Social contract
12284:Ordered liberty
12272:Noblesse oblige
12189:
12023:
11952:
11781:
11776:
11746:
11741:
11728:
11654:Critical theory
11632:
11627:
11617:
11607:
11597:
11587:
11577:
11567:
11557:
11547:
11537:
11527:
11517:
11507:
11497:
11487:
11477:
11457:
11135:
11129:
10927:
10921:
10870:
10799:
10706:
10658:Budapest School
10646:
10435:Cosmopolitanism
10408:
10403:
10373:
10360:
10326:Fouad Zakariyya
10321:Mohammed Arkoun
10276:Frithjof Schuon
10242:
10236:
10222:Qazi Sa’id Qumi
10175:
10109:
10048:
9987:
9936:
9866:
9844:
9758:
9717:Illuminationism
9683:
9677:
9659:
9644:
9627:(jurisprudence)
9626:
9616:
9579:
9568:
9544:
9539:
9509:
9504:
9498:
9491:
9484:
9477:
9471:
9457:
9403:
9344:
9335:Ayyubid dynasty
9312:Omar al-Mukhtar
9241:Ash'ari leaders
9236:
9223:
9192:
9167:
8937:Ahmad al-Rifa'i
8809:
8764:Muhammad 'Ilish
8746:Ahmad al-Tijani
8728:Ahmad al-Dardir
8497:
8495:
8491:
8485:
8479:
8463:
8461:
8453:
8449:
8446:
8416:
8411:
8382:
8330:
8295:
8278:Salim al-Bishri
8266:Muhammad 'Ilish
8254:Al-Hajj al-Fasi
8248:Usman dan Fodio
8224:
8177:
8118:
8059:
8018:
7947:
7888:
7829:
7789:
7742:
7701:
7692:
7658:
7638:
7633:
7603:
7598:
7538:
7477:Futuh al-Buldan
7407:
7398:Mahmud Bayazidi
7382:
7356:
7332:
7319:
7293:
7264:
7247:
7231:
7210:
7176:
7159:
7139:
7123:
7069:
7056:
7025:
7001:
6984:
6943:
6897:
6863:
6846:
6805:
6759:
6741:Ibn Taghribirdi
6725:
6708:
6699:Ziauddin Barani
6677:
6608:
6591:
6550:
6517:Ibn al-Kardabūs
6497:Yaqut al-Hamawi
6486:
6469:
6453:
6415:Ibn al-Qalanisi
6389:
6372:
6351:
6292:
6279:
6213:
6142:
6096:
6082:Aban bin Uthman
6063:
6058:
6023:
5991:Ismail Küpeli:
5986:
5975:
5967:
5959:Wayback Machine
5930:Wayback Machine
5834:
5829:
5788:
5786:Further reading
5783:
5664:
5659:
5636:
5632:
5601:
5597:
5582:10.2307/2708627
5566:
5562:
5545:
5541:
5531:
5529:
5520:
5519:
5515:
5498:
5497:
5490:
5475:
5471:
5463:
5455:
5451:
5436:
5432:
5422:
5420:
5411:(1 June 2004).
5406:
5402:
5393:
5389:
5379:
5375:
5368:
5354:
5350:
5343:
5329:
5325:
5318:
5304:
5300:
5289:
5285:
5278:
5264:
5255:
5248:
5234:
5219:
5212:
5198:
5194:
5184:
5182:
5172:
5168:
5160:
5156:
5144:
5143:
5134:
5133:
5123:
5116:
5106:
5104:
5096:
5095:
5091:
5075:
5074:
5064:
5060:
5053:
5039:
5035:
5019:
5018:
5014:
5002:
5001:
4992:
4976:
4975:
4968:
4966:
4961:
4960:
4956:
4951:
4947:
4942:
4938:
4928:
4926:
4917:
4916:
4912:
4907:
4903:
4898:
4894:
4863:
4859:
4852:
4838:
4834:
4807:Iranian Studies
4803:
4799:
4780:
4776:
4771:
4767:
4750:
4746:
4741:
4737:
4727:
4725:
4721:
4720:
4716:
4707:
4703:
4666:
4662:
4653:
4652:
4648:
4637:
4636:
4632:
4622:
4620:
4607:
4606:
4595:
4585:
4583:
4570:
4569:
4565:
4555:
4553:
4545:
4544:
4540:
4530:
4528:
4517:
4513:
4506:
4490:
4486:
4471:
4467:
4444:
4443:
4439:
4379:
4363:
4359:
4354:
4350:
4340:
4338:
4334:
4333:
4329:
4314:
4292:
4288:
4278:
4276:
4268:
4267:
4263:
4208:
4204:
4197:
4183:
4179:
4170:
4166:
4158: • (
4157:
4143:
4139:
4096:
4092:
4077:
4061:
4057:
4026:
4022:
4012:
4010:
4002:
4001:
3997:
3987:
3985:
3970:
3966:
3906:
3890:
3886:
3875:
3871:
3866:
3862:
3857:
3853:
3843:
3827:
3823:
3815:
3811:
3806:
3802:
3789:
3776:
3769:
3747:
3743:
3736:
3710:
3706:
3696:
3694:
3685:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3657:
3641:
3637:
3625:
3621:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3533:
3528:
3526:
3519:
3514:
3512:
3505:
3500:
3498:
3491:
3486:
3484:
3477:
3470:
3467:
3444:Franz Rosenthal
3425:Shifā'u-s-Sā'il
3416:
3357:
3301:, for whom the
3278:
3225:
3201:
3173:
3151:
3127:Shifā'u l-Sā'il
3093:
3045:
3043:
3036:
3035:
2989:
2988:
2977:
2976:
2973:
2966:
2965:
2956:
2955:
2947:
2941:
2935:
2929:
2918:
2907:
2900:
2899:
2890:
2889:
2872:
2857:
2842:
2834:
2819:
2797:
2789:
2781:
2773:
2765:
2756:
2755:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2725:
2716:
2707:
2698:
2688:
2679:
2669:
2668:
2667:14th AH/20th AD
2659:
2658:
2655:
2646:
2637:
2628:
2619:
2609:
2608:
2607:13th AH/19th AD
2599:
2598:
2595:
2590:Muhammad 'Ilish
2586:
2577:
2572:Ahmad al-Tijani
2568:
2559:
2550:
2545:Ahmad al-Dardir
2540:
2539:
2538:12th AH/18th AD
2530:
2529:
2526:
2517:
2508:
2501:
2491:
2490:
2489:11th AH/17th AD
2481:
2480:
2477:
2468:
2459:
2450:
2440:
2439:
2438:10th AH/16th AD
2430:
2429:
2426:
2417:
2408:
2399:
2390:
2381:
2372:
2365:
2355:
2354:
2345:
2344:
2341:
2332:
2322:
2313:
2304:
2295:
2286:
2277:
2275:(d. 807/1404-5)
2268:
2259:
2250:
2240:
2239:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2217:
2208:
2199:
2190:
2181:
2172:
2163:
2154:
2149:Ibn 'Ata' Allah
2145:
2135:
2134:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2112:
2103:
2094:
2085:
2076:
2066:
2057:
2048:
2039:
2029:
2028:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2010:Ahmad al-Rifa'i
2006:
1997:
1988:
1979:
1970:
1961:
1952:
1943:
1934:
1925:
1915:
1914:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1892:
1883:
1874:
1865:
1856:
1847:
1838:
1829:
1827:(d. 430/1038-9)
1820:
1811:
1802:
1793:
1783:
1782:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1760:
1750:
1749:
1739:
1738:
1727:
1694:
1657:
1642:detachment and
1630:pagan religions
1617:
1557:
1546:
1540:
1537:
1526:
1514:
1503:
1338:economic growth
1336:Ibn Khaldun on
1274:in seven books.
1262:, (full title:
1254:
1234:
1218:
1179:, who besieged
1089:
1078:
1072:
1069:
1058:
1046:
1035:
958:Pedro the Cruel
891:
880:
874:
871:
860:
848:
837:
751:, studying the
741:
711:historiographer
672:Islamic prophet
610:
460:
456:
427:
413:
409:
399:
396:
325:
324:
315:
312:
236:
235:
221:
187:Notable idea(s)
108:
99:
93:
91:
82:
73:
59:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
13815:
13805:
13804:
13799:
13794:
13789:
13784:
13779:
13774:
13769:
13764:
13759:
13754:
13749:
13744:
13739:
13734:
13729:
13724:
13719:
13714:
13709:
13704:
13699:
13694:
13689:
13684:
13679:
13674:
13669:
13664:
13659:
13642:
13641:
13636:
13635:
13633:
13632:
13626:
13623:
13622:
13620:
13619:
13612:
13607:
13602:
13600:Social justice
13597:
13592:
13587:
13582:
13577:
13576:
13575:
13570:
13565:
13555:
13550:
13545:
13540:
13535:
13530:
13525:
13520:
13515:
13510:
13508:Egalitarianism
13505:
13500:
13498:Contractualism
13495:
13490:
13485:
13479:
13477:
13473:
13472:
13470:
13469:
13459:
13449:
13439:
13429:
13419:
13409:
13399:
13389:
13379:
13369:
13359:
13349:
13339:
13329:
13319:
13309:
13299:
13289:
13279:
13269:
13259:
13248:
13246:
13242:
13241:
13238:
13237:
13235:
13234:
13229:
13224:
13219:
13214:
13209:
13204:
13199:
13194:
13189:
13184:
13179:
13174:
13169:
13164:
13159:
13154:
13149:
13144:
13139:
13134:
13129:
13124:
13119:
13114:
13109:
13104:
13099:
13094:
13089:
13084:
13079:
13074:
13069:
13064:
13059:
13054:
13049:
13044:
13039:
13034:
13029:
13024:
13019:
13014:
13009:
13004:
12999:
12994:
12989:
12984:
12979:
12974:
12969:
12964:
12959:
12954:
12949:
12944:
12939:
12934:
12929:
12924:
12919:
12914:
12909:
12904:
12898:
12896:
12890:
12889:
12887:
12886:
12881:
12876:
12871:
12866:
12861:
12856:
12851:
12846:
12841:
12836:
12831:
12826:
12821:
12816:
12811:
12806:
12801:
12796:
12791:
12786:
12781:
12776:
12771:
12766:
12765:
12764:
12754:
12749:
12748:
12747:
12737:
12732:
12727:
12722:
12717:
12712:
12707:
12702:
12697:
12692:
12687:
12682:
12677:
12672:
12667:
12662:
12657:
12652:
12647:
12642:
12637:
12631:
12629:
12623:
12622:
12620:
12619:
12614:
12609:
12604:
12599:
12594:
12589:
12584:
12579:
12574:
12569:
12564:
12563:
12562:
12552:
12547:
12542:
12537:
12532:
12527:
12522:
12517:
12511:
12509:
12503:
12502:
12500:
12499:
12494:
12489:
12484:
12479:
12474:
12469:
12464:
12459:
12454:
12449:
12444:
12439:
12434:
12428:
12426:
12422:
12421:
12419:
12418:
12413:
12408:
12403:
12398:
12393:
12392:
12391:
12381:
12376:
12371:
12366:
12361:
12356:
12351:
12346:
12340:
12338:
12331:
12325:
12324:
12322:
12321:
12316:
12311:
12306:
12301:
12296:
12294:Overton window
12291:
12286:
12281:
12276:
12267:
12262:
12257:
12252:
12247:
12242:
12237:
12232:
12227:
12222:
12217:
12212:
12203:
12197:
12195:
12191:
12190:
12188:
12187:
12182:
12177:
12172:
12167:
12162:
12157:
12152:
12147:
12142:
12137:
12132:
12127:
12125:Libertarianism
12122:
12117:
12112:
12107:
12102:
12097:
12092:
12087:
12082:
12077:
12072:
12067:
12062:
12057:
12052:
12047:
12042:
12037:
12031:
12029:
12025:
12024:
12022:
12021:
12016:
12011:
12006:
12001:
11996:
11991:
11986:
11981:
11976:
11971:
11966:
11960:
11958:
11954:
11953:
11951:
11950:
11945:
11940:
11935:
11930:
11925:
11920:
11915:
11910:
11905:
11900:
11895:
11890:
11885:
11880:
11875:
11870:
11865:
11860:
11855:
11850:
11845:
11840:
11835:
11830:
11825:
11820:
11815:
11810:
11805:
11800:
11795:
11789:
11787:
11783:
11782:
11775:
11774:
11767:
11760:
11752:
11743:
11742:
11740:
11739:
11733:
11730:
11729:
11727:
11726:
11721:
11716:
11714:Social science
11711:
11706:
11701:
11696:
11691:
11686:
11681:
11676:
11671:
11666:
11661:
11656:
11651:
11646:
11640:
11638:
11634:
11633:
11631:
11630:
11620:
11610:
11604:Gender Trouble
11600:
11590:
11580:
11570:
11560:
11550:
11540:
11534:The Second Sex
11530:
11520:
11510:
11500:
11490:
11480:
11469:
11467:
11463:
11462:
11459:
11458:
11456:
11455:
11450:
11445:
11440:
11435:
11430:
11425:
11420:
11415:
11410:
11405:
11400:
11395:
11390:
11385:
11380:
11375:
11370:
11365:
11360:
11355:
11350:
11345:
11340:
11335:
11330:
11325:
11320:
11315:
11310:
11305:
11300:
11295:
11290:
11285:
11280:
11275:
11270:
11265:
11260:
11255:
11250:
11245:
11240:
11235:
11230:
11225:
11220:
11215:
11210:
11205:
11200:
11195:
11190:
11185:
11180:
11175:
11170:
11165:
11160:
11155:
11150:
11145:
11139:
11137:
11131:
11130:
11128:
11127:
11122:
11117:
11112:
11107:
11102:
11097:
11092:
11087:
11082:
11077:
11072:
11067:
11062:
11057:
11052:
11047:
11042:
11037:
11032:
11027:
11022:
11017:
11012:
11007:
11002:
10997:
10992:
10987:
10982:
10977:
10972:
10967:
10962:
10957:
10952:
10947:
10942:
10937:
10931:
10929:
10923:
10922:
10920:
10919:
10914:
10909:
10904:
10899:
10894:
10889:
10884:
10878:
10876:
10872:
10871:
10869:
10868:
10863:
10858:
10853:
10848:
10843:
10838:
10833:
10828:
10823:
10818:
10813:
10807:
10805:
10801:
10800:
10798:
10797:
10792:
10787:
10782:
10777:
10772:
10767:
10762:
10757:
10752:
10747:
10742:
10737:
10732:
10727:
10721:
10719:
10712:
10708:
10707:
10705:
10704:
10699:
10694:
10693:
10692:
10682:
10677:
10672:
10671:
10670:
10660:
10654:
10652:
10648:
10647:
10645:
10644:
10639:
10630:
10629:
10628:
10618:
10613:
10608:
10603:
10598:
10593:
10584:
10579:
10570:
10565:
10560:
10555:
10550:
10549:
10548:
10538:
10533:
10528:
10526:Invisible hand
10523:
10518:
10513:
10512:
10511:
10501:
10496:
10491:
10486:
10481:
10480:
10479:
10469:
10468:
10467:
10462:
10457:
10447:
10442:
10437:
10432:
10427:
10422:
10416:
10414:
10410:
10409:
10402:
10401:
10394:
10387:
10379:
10370:
10369:
10366:
10365:
10362:
10361:
10359:
10358:
10353:
10348:
10343:
10338:
10333:
10328:
10323:
10318:
10313:
10308:
10303:
10298:
10293:
10288:
10283:
10278:
10273:
10268:
10263:
10258:
10256:Muhammad Iqbal
10253:
10247:
10245:
10238:
10237:
10235:
10234:
10232:Hādī Sabzavārī
10229:
10224:
10219:
10214:
10209:
10204:
10199:
10194:
10192:Mir Fendereski
10189:
10183:
10181:
10177:
10176:
10174:
10173:
10168:
10163:
10158:
10153:
10148:
10143:
10138:
10133:
10128:
10123:
10117:
10115:
10111:
10110:
10108:
10107:
10102:
10097:
10092:
10087:
10082:
10077:
10072:
10067:
10062:
10056:
10054:
10050:
10049:
10047:
10046:
10041:
10036:
10031:
10026:
10021:
10016:
10011:
10006:
10001:
9995:
9993:
9989:
9988:
9986:
9985:
9980:
9975:
9970:
9965:
9960:
9955:
9950:
9944:
9942:
9938:
9937:
9935:
9934:
9929:
9924:
9919:
9917:Ikhwan al-Safa
9914:
9909:
9904:
9899:
9894:
9889:
9884:
9878:
9876:
9868:
9867:
9850:
9849:
9846:
9845:
9843:
9842:
9837:
9832:
9827:
9822:
9817:
9812:
9807:
9802:
9797:
9792:
9787:
9782:
9777:
9772:
9766:
9764:
9760:
9759:
9757:
9756:
9751:
9749:Traditionalist
9746:
9741:
9740:
9739:
9734:
9729:
9719:
9714:
9709:
9704:
9699:
9693:
9691:
9685:
9684:
9682:
9681:
9673:
9668:
9663:
9653:
9648:
9640:
9635:
9630:
9620:
9610:
9605:
9600:
9599:
9598:
9593:
9583:
9572:
9562:
9556:
9554:
9546:
9545:
9538:
9537:
9530:
9523:
9515:
9506:
9505:
9503:
9502:
9495:
9488:
9481:
9466:
9463:
9462:
9459:
9458:
9456:
9455:
9450:
9445:
9440:
9435:
9430:
9425:
9419:
9413:
9409:
9408:
9405:
9404:
9402:
9401:
9396:
9391:
9386:
9381:
9376:
9371:
9369:Asas al-Taqdis
9366:
9360:
9354:
9353:Theology books
9350:
9349:
9346:
9345:
9343:
9342:
9337:
9332:
9327:
9321:
9315:
9309:
9303:
9297:
9291:
9288:Al-Ashraf Musa
9285:
9279:
9273:
9267:
9261:
9255:
9248:
9242:
9238:
9237:
9230:
9228:
9225:
9224:
9222:
9221:
9215:
9209:
9202:
9200:
9194:
9193:
9191:
9190:
9184:
9177:
9175:
9169:
9168:
9166:
9165:
9160:
9155:
9150:
9144:
9138:
9132:
9126:
9120:
9117:Hasan al-Attar
9114:
9108:
9102:
9096:
9090:
9084:
9078:
9072:
9066:
9060:
9054:
9048:
9042:
9036:
9030:
9024:
9018:
9012:
9006:
9000:
8994:
8988:
8982:
8976:
8970:
8964:
8958:
8952:
8946:
8940:
8934:
8928:
8925:Al-Shahrastani
8922:
8916:
8910:
8904:
8898:
8892:
8886:
8880:
8874:
8868:
8862:
8856:
8850:
8844:
8838:
8832:
8826:
8819:
8817:
8811:
8810:
8808:
8807:
8802:
8800:Ahmed el-Tayeb
8797:
8791:
8785:
8779:
8773:
8767:
8761:
8755:
8749:
8743:
8737:
8731:
8725:
8719:
8713:
8707:
8701:
8695:
8689:
8683:
8677:
8671:
8665:
8659:
8653:
8647:
8641:
8635:
8629:
8623:
8617:
8611:
8605:
8599:
8593:
8587:
8581:
8575:
8572:Al-Qadi 'Ayyad
8569:
8563:
8557:
8551:
8545:
8539:
8533:
8527:
8521:
8514:
8512:
8503:
8487:
8486:
8484:
8483:
8471:
8458:
8455:
8454:
8445:
8444:
8437:
8430:
8422:
8413:
8412:
8410:
8409:
8404:
8399:
8394:
8387:
8384:
8383:
8381:
8380:
8375:
8369:
8363:
8357:
8354:Ahmed el-Tayeb
8351:
8345:
8342:Othman Battikh
8338:
8336:
8332:
8331:
8329:
8328:
8322:
8316:
8310:
8303:
8301:
8297:
8296:
8294:
8293:
8287:
8281:
8275:
8269:
8263:
8257:
8251:
8245:
8239:
8232:
8230:
8226:
8225:
8223:
8222:
8216:
8210:
8204:
8198:
8192:
8185:
8183:
8179:
8178:
8176:
8175:
8169:
8163:
8157:
8151:
8145:
8139:
8133:
8126:
8124:
8120:
8119:
8117:
8116:
8110:
8104:
8098:
8092:
8086:
8083:Ibn Abi Jum'ah
8080:
8074:
8067:
8065:
8061:
8060:
8058:
8057:
8051:
8045:
8039:
8033:
8026:
8024:
8020:
8019:
8017:
8016:
8010:
8004:
7998:
7992:
7986:
7980:
7974:
7968:
7962:
7955:
7953:
7949:
7948:
7946:
7945:
7939:
7933:
7927:
7921:
7915:
7909:
7903:
7896:
7894:
7890:
7889:
7887:
7886:
7880:
7874:
7868:
7862:
7856:
7850:
7844:
7837:
7835:
7831:
7830:
7828:
7827:
7822:
7816:
7810:
7804:
7797:
7795:
7791:
7790:
7788:
7787:
7781:
7775:
7769:
7763:
7757:
7750:
7748:
7744:
7743:
7741:
7740:
7734:
7728:
7722:
7716:
7709:
7707:
7703:
7702:
7695:
7693:
7691:
7690:
7685:
7679:
7673:
7670:Malik ibn Anas
7666:
7664:
7660:
7659:
7657:
7656:
7650:
7643:
7640:
7639:
7632:
7631:
7624:
7617:
7609:
7600:
7599:
7597:
7596:
7589:
7582:
7579:Hadith studies
7575:
7568:
7561:
7554:
7546:
7544:
7540:
7539:
7537:
7536:
7529:
7522:
7515:
7508:
7501:
7494:
7487:
7480:
7473:
7466:
7459:
7452:
7445:
7438:
7431:
7423:
7421:
7417:
7416:
7413:
7412:
7409:
7408:
7406:
7405:
7400:
7394:
7392:
7388:
7387:
7384:
7383:
7381:
7380:
7375:
7370:
7364:
7362:
7358:
7357:
7355:
7350:
7345:
7340:
7338:
7331:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7321:
7320:
7318:
7317:
7312:
7310:Agha Ahmad Ali
7307:
7301:
7299:
7295:
7294:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7280:Mohammad Farid
7277:
7272:
7270:
7263:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7253:
7252:
7249:
7248:
7246:
7245:
7239:
7237:
7233:
7232:
7230:
7229:
7224:
7218:
7216:
7212:
7211:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7182:
7175:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7165:
7164:
7161:
7160:
7158:
7157:
7151:
7149:
7145:
7144:
7141:
7140:
7138:
7137:
7131:
7129:
7125:
7124:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7095:Munejjim Bashi
7092:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7075:
7068:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7058:
7057:
7055:
7054:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7033:
7031:
7027:
7026:
7024:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7007:
7000:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6990:
6989:
6986:
6985:
6983:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6965:Matrakçı Nasuh
6962:
6957:
6951:
6949:
6945:
6944:
6942:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6905:
6903:
6899:
6898:
6896:
6894:Mar'i al-Karmi
6891:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6869:
6862:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6852:
6851:
6848:
6847:
6845:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6813:
6811:
6807:
6806:
6804:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6767:
6765:
6761:
6760:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6731:
6724:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6714:
6713:
6710:
6709:
6707:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6685:
6683:
6679:
6678:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6654:Ibn al-Tiqtaqa
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6614:
6607:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6597:
6596:
6593:
6592:
6590:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6577:Minhaj-i-Siraj
6574:
6572:Ibn Isfandiyar
6569:
6564:
6558:
6556:
6552:
6551:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6492:
6485:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6475:
6474:
6471:
6470:
6468:
6467:
6461:
6459:
6455:
6454:
6452:
6450:Ibn al-Sam'ani
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6395:
6388:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6378:
6377:
6374:
6373:
6371:
6370:
6365:
6359:
6357:
6353:
6352:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6333:Hilal al-Sabi'
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6298:
6291:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6281:
6280:
6278:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6235:Ibn al-Qūṭiyya
6232:
6227:
6221:
6219:
6215:
6214:
6212:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6150:
6148:
6144:
6143:
6141:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6104:
6102:
6098:
6097:
6095:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6078:
6076:
6069:
6065:
6064:
6057:
6056:
6049:
6042:
6034:
6028:
6025:
6024:
6015:
6014:
6006:
5989:
5981:
5973:
5966:
5963:
5962:
5961:
5949:
5937:
5932:
5920:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5875:
5870:
5855:
5840:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5827:External links
5825:
5824:
5823:
5808:978-0691174662
5792:Malise Ruthven
5787:
5784:
5782:
5781:
5744:
5737:
5730:
5723:
5720:Allen Fromherz
5717:
5710:
5690:10.1086/259818
5673:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5657:
5646:(2): 195–213.
5630:
5611:(3): 319–335.
5595:
5576:(3): 415–422.
5560:
5539:
5513:
5488:
5469:
5449:
5430:
5400:
5398:(1988), p. 239
5387:
5373:
5366:
5348:
5341:
5323:
5316:
5298:
5283:
5276:
5253:
5246:
5217:
5210:
5192:
5175:Laffer, Arthur
5166:
5154:
5145:|website=
5114:
5089:
5058:
5051:
5033:
5012:
4990:
4954:
4945:
4936:
4910:
4901:
4892:
4857:
4850:
4832:
4797:
4774:
4765:
4744:
4735:
4714:
4701:
4680:(2): 171–186.
4660:
4657:. 23 May 2023.
4646:
4630:
4593:
4563:
4538:
4511:
4504:
4484:
4465:
4437:
4377:
4357:
4348:
4327:
4312:
4286:
4261:
4222:(2): 146–171.
4202:
4195:
4177:
4164:
4137:
4110:(3): 361–365.
4090:
4075:
4055:
4020:
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3904:
3884:
3869:
3860:
3851:
3841:
3821:
3809:
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3767:
3741:
3734:
3704:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3655:
3649:(~d.1028) and
3635:
3633:
3632:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3613:
3610:
3603:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3580:
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3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
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3539:
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3521:History portal
3510:
3496:
3482:
3479:Society portal
3466:
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3462:
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3447:
3436:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3420:
3415:
3412:
3376:has opened in
3356:
3353:
3286:Ernest Gellner
3277:
3274:
3224:
3221:
3200:
3199:Ottoman Empire
3197:
3172:
3169:
3150:
3147:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3084:
3077:
3069:
3066:
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3038:
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3034:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2986:Related groups
2984:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2967:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2942:
2936:
2930:
2927:Umayyad Mosque
2924:
2919:
2913:
2908:
2901:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2880:
2873:
2865:
2862:Asas al-Taqdis
2858:
2850:
2843:
2835:
2827:
2820:
2812:
2805:
2798:
2790:
2782:
2774:
2766:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2732:(d. 1442/2021)
2726:
2723:(d. 1436/2015)
2717:
2714:(d. 1434/2013)
2708:
2705:(d. 1432/2010)
2699:
2696:(d. 1429/2008)
2689:
2686:(d. 1425/2004)
2680:
2677:(d. 1419/1998)
2670:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2653:(d. 1393/1973)
2647:
2644:(d. 1390/1970)
2638:
2635:(d. 1379/1960)
2629:
2626:(d. 1350/1931)
2620:
2617:(d. 1304/1886)
2610:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2593:(d. 1299/1882)
2587:
2578:
2575:(d. 1230/1815)
2569:
2566:(d. 1227/1812)
2560:
2557:(d. 1224/1809)
2551:
2548:(d. 1204/1786)
2541:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2524:(d. 1176/1762)
2518:
2515:(d. 1132/1720)
2509:
2507:(d. 1122/1710)
2502:
2499:(d. 1102/1691)
2492:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2475:(d. 1072/1662)
2469:
2466:(d. 1041/1631)
2460:
2457:(d. 1041/1632)
2451:
2448:(d. 1040/1631)
2441:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2418:
2409:
2400:
2391:
2382:
2373:
2366:
2356:
2353:9th AH/15th AD
2352:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2333:
2323:
2314:
2305:
2296:
2287:
2278:
2269:
2260:
2251:
2241:
2238:8th AH/14th AD
2237:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2218:
2209:
2200:
2191:
2182:
2173:
2164:
2155:
2146:
2136:
2133:7th AH/13th AD
2132:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2113:
2104:
2095:
2086:
2077:
2067:
2058:
2049:
2046:(d. 630/ 1233)
2040:
2030:
2027:6th AH/12th AD
2026:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2007:
1998:
1992:Al-Shahrastani
1989:
1980:
1971:
1962:
1953:
1944:
1935:
1926:
1916:
1913:5th AH/11th AD
1912:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1893:
1884:
1875:
1866:
1857:
1848:
1839:
1830:
1821:
1812:
1803:
1794:
1784:
1781:4th AH/10th AD
1780:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1761:
1751:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1683:
1675:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1656:
1653:
1616:
1613:
1559:
1558:
1517:
1515:
1508:
1502:
1501:Social thought
1499:
1442:dynamics model
1408:Ibrahim Oweiss
1357:Sati' al-Husri
1347:
1346:
1331:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1320:Berber history
1307:Rawḍ al-Qirṭās
1293:
1286:
1276:
1275:
1259:Kitāb al-ʻIbar
1253:
1251:Kitāb al-ʻIbar
1244:
1217:
1214:
1142:Western Africa
1091:
1090:
1049:
1047:
1040:
1034:
1031:
893:
892:
851:
849:
842:
836:
833:
740:
737:
713:of the court.
699:mystical order
695:Hafsid dynasty
609:
606:
582:G. W. F. Hegel
563:Timurid Empire
555:Ottoman Empire
514:historiography
401:
400:
398:
397:
395:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
328:
322:
321:
320:
317:
316:
314:
313:
311:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
239:
233:
232:
231:
228:
227:
223:
222:
220:
219:
214:
209:
206:
201:
196:
190:
188:
184:
183:
182:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
159:Historiography
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
100:
98:(aged 73)
88:
84:
83:
74:
70:
66:
65:
61:
60:
54:
46:
45:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
13814:
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13785:
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13748:
13745:
13743:
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13735:
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13728:
13725:
13723:
13720:
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13715:
13713:
13710:
13708:
13705:
13703:
13700:
13698:
13695:
13693:
13690:
13688:
13685:
13683:
13680:
13678:
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13673:
13670:
13668:
13665:
13663:
13660:
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13631:
13628:
13627:
13624:
13618:
13617:
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13606:
13603:
13601:
13598:
13596:
13593:
13591:
13588:
13586:
13583:
13581:
13578:
13574:
13571:
13569:
13566:
13564:
13561:
13560:
13559:
13556:
13554:
13551:
13549:
13546:
13544:
13541:
13539:
13536:
13534:
13533:Jurisprudence
13531:
13529:
13526:
13524:
13521:
13519:
13516:
13514:
13511:
13509:
13506:
13504:
13501:
13499:
13496:
13494:
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13486:
13484:
13481:
13480:
13478:
13474:
13465:
13464:
13460:
13455:
13454:
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13445:
13444:
13440:
13435:
13434:
13430:
13425:
13424:
13420:
13415:
13414:
13410:
13405:
13404:
13400:
13395:
13394:
13390:
13385:
13384:
13380:
13375:
13374:
13370:
13365:
13364:
13363:Rights of Man
13360:
13355:
13354:
13350:
13345:
13344:
13340:
13335:
13334:
13330:
13325:
13324:
13320:
13315:
13314:
13310:
13305:
13304:
13300:
13295:
13294:
13290:
13285:
13284:
13280:
13275:
13274:
13273:De re publica
13270:
13265:
13264:
13260:
13255:
13254:
13250:
13249:
13247:
13243:
13233:
13230:
13228:
13225:
13223:
13220:
13218:
13215:
13213:
13210:
13208:
13205:
13203:
13200:
13198:
13195:
13193:
13190:
13188:
13185:
13183:
13180:
13178:
13175:
13173:
13170:
13168:
13165:
13163:
13160:
13158:
13155:
13153:
13150:
13148:
13145:
13143:
13140:
13138:
13135:
13133:
13130:
13128:
13125:
13123:
13120:
13118:
13115:
13113:
13110:
13108:
13105:
13103:
13100:
13098:
13095:
13093:
13090:
13088:
13085:
13083:
13080:
13078:
13075:
13073:
13070:
13068:
13065:
13063:
13060:
13058:
13055:
13053:
13050:
13048:
13045:
13043:
13040:
13038:
13035:
13033:
13030:
13028:
13025:
13023:
13020:
13018:
13015:
13013:
13010:
13008:
13005:
13003:
13000:
12998:
12995:
12993:
12990:
12988:
12985:
12983:
12980:
12978:
12975:
12973:
12970:
12968:
12965:
12963:
12960:
12958:
12955:
12953:
12950:
12948:
12945:
12943:
12940:
12938:
12935:
12933:
12930:
12928:
12925:
12923:
12920:
12918:
12915:
12913:
12910:
12908:
12905:
12903:
12900:
12899:
12897:
12893:20th and 21st
12891:
12885:
12882:
12880:
12877:
12875:
12872:
12870:
12867:
12865:
12862:
12860:
12857:
12855:
12852:
12850:
12847:
12845:
12842:
12840:
12837:
12835:
12832:
12830:
12827:
12825:
12822:
12820:
12817:
12815:
12812:
12810:
12807:
12805:
12802:
12800:
12797:
12795:
12792:
12790:
12787:
12785:
12782:
12780:
12777:
12775:
12772:
12770:
12767:
12763:
12760:
12759:
12758:
12755:
12753:
12750:
12746:
12743:
12742:
12741:
12738:
12736:
12733:
12731:
12728:
12726:
12723:
12721:
12718:
12716:
12713:
12711:
12708:
12706:
12703:
12701:
12698:
12696:
12693:
12691:
12688:
12686:
12683:
12681:
12678:
12676:
12673:
12671:
12668:
12666:
12663:
12661:
12658:
12656:
12653:
12651:
12648:
12646:
12643:
12641:
12638:
12636:
12633:
12632:
12630:
12626:18th and 19th
12624:
12618:
12615:
12613:
12610:
12608:
12605:
12603:
12600:
12598:
12595:
12593:
12590:
12588:
12585:
12583:
12580:
12578:
12575:
12573:
12570:
12568:
12565:
12561:
12558:
12557:
12556:
12553:
12551:
12548:
12546:
12543:
12541:
12538:
12536:
12533:
12531:
12528:
12526:
12523:
12521:
12518:
12516:
12513:
12512:
12510:
12504:
12498:
12495:
12493:
12490:
12488:
12485:
12483:
12482:Nizam al-Mulk
12480:
12478:
12475:
12473:
12470:
12468:
12465:
12463:
12460:
12458:
12455:
12453:
12450:
12448:
12445:
12443:
12440:
12438:
12435:
12433:
12430:
12429:
12427:
12423:
12417:
12414:
12412:
12409:
12407:
12404:
12402:
12399:
12397:
12394:
12390:
12387:
12386:
12385:
12382:
12380:
12377:
12375:
12372:
12370:
12367:
12365:
12362:
12360:
12357:
12355:
12352:
12350:
12347:
12345:
12342:
12341:
12339:
12335:
12332:
12330:
12326:
12320:
12317:
12315:
12312:
12310:
12307:
12305:
12302:
12300:
12297:
12295:
12292:
12290:
12287:
12285:
12282:
12280:
12277:
12274:
12273:
12268:
12266:
12263:
12261:
12258:
12256:
12253:
12251:
12248:
12246:
12243:
12241:
12238:
12236:
12233:
12231:
12228:
12226:
12223:
12221:
12218:
12216:
12213:
12210:
12209:
12204:
12202:
12199:
12198:
12196:
12192:
12186:
12183:
12181:
12178:
12176:
12173:
12171:
12168:
12166:
12165:Republicanism
12163:
12161:
12158:
12156:
12153:
12151:
12148:
12146:
12143:
12141:
12138:
12136:
12133:
12131:
12128:
12126:
12123:
12121:
12118:
12116:
12113:
12111:
12108:
12106:
12103:
12101:
12098:
12096:
12093:
12091:
12088:
12086:
12083:
12081:
12078:
12076:
12073:
12071:
12068:
12066:
12063:
12061:
12058:
12056:
12053:
12051:
12048:
12046:
12043:
12041:
12038:
12036:
12033:
12032:
12030:
12026:
12020:
12017:
12015:
12012:
12010:
12007:
12005:
12002:
12000:
11997:
11995:
11992:
11990:
11987:
11985:
11982:
11980:
11977:
11975:
11972:
11970:
11967:
11965:
11962:
11961:
11959:
11955:
11949:
11946:
11944:
11941:
11939:
11936:
11934:
11931:
11929:
11926:
11924:
11921:
11919:
11916:
11914:
11911:
11909:
11906:
11904:
11901:
11899:
11896:
11894:
11891:
11889:
11886:
11884:
11881:
11879:
11876:
11874:
11871:
11869:
11866:
11864:
11861:
11859:
11856:
11854:
11851:
11849:
11846:
11844:
11841:
11839:
11836:
11834:
11831:
11829:
11826:
11824:
11821:
11819:
11816:
11814:
11811:
11809:
11806:
11804:
11801:
11799:
11796:
11794:
11791:
11790:
11788:
11784:
11780:
11773:
11768:
11766:
11761:
11759:
11754:
11753:
11750:
11738:
11735:
11734:
11731:
11725:
11722:
11720:
11719:Social theory
11717:
11715:
11712:
11710:
11707:
11705:
11702:
11700:
11697:
11695:
11692:
11690:
11687:
11685:
11682:
11680:
11677:
11675:
11672:
11670:
11667:
11665:
11662:
11660:
11657:
11655:
11652:
11650:
11647:
11645:
11642:
11641:
11639:
11635:
11626:
11625:
11621:
11616:
11615:
11611:
11606:
11605:
11601:
11596:
11595:
11591:
11586:
11585:
11581:
11576:
11575:
11571:
11566:
11565:
11561:
11556:
11555:
11551:
11546:
11545:
11541:
11536:
11535:
11531:
11526:
11525:
11521:
11516:
11515:
11511:
11506:
11505:
11501:
11496:
11495:
11491:
11486:
11485:
11481:
11476:
11475:
11471:
11470:
11468:
11464:
11454:
11451:
11449:
11446:
11444:
11441:
11439:
11436:
11434:
11431:
11429:
11426:
11424:
11421:
11419:
11416:
11414:
11411:
11409:
11406:
11404:
11401:
11399:
11396:
11394:
11391:
11389:
11386:
11384:
11381:
11379:
11376:
11374:
11373:Radhakrishnan
11371:
11369:
11366:
11364:
11361:
11359:
11356:
11354:
11351:
11349:
11346:
11344:
11341:
11339:
11336:
11334:
11331:
11329:
11326:
11324:
11321:
11319:
11316:
11314:
11311:
11309:
11306:
11304:
11301:
11299:
11296:
11294:
11291:
11289:
11286:
11284:
11281:
11279:
11276:
11274:
11271:
11269:
11266:
11264:
11261:
11259:
11256:
11254:
11251:
11249:
11246:
11244:
11241:
11239:
11236:
11234:
11231:
11229:
11226:
11224:
11221:
11219:
11216:
11214:
11211:
11209:
11206:
11204:
11201:
11199:
11196:
11194:
11191:
11189:
11186:
11184:
11181:
11179:
11176:
11174:
11171:
11169:
11166:
11164:
11161:
11159:
11156:
11154:
11151:
11149:
11146:
11144:
11141:
11140:
11138:
11134:20th and 21st
11132:
11126:
11123:
11121:
11118:
11116:
11113:
11111:
11108:
11106:
11103:
11101:
11098:
11096:
11093:
11091:
11088:
11086:
11083:
11081:
11078:
11076:
11073:
11071:
11068:
11066:
11063:
11061:
11058:
11056:
11053:
11051:
11048:
11046:
11043:
11041:
11038:
11036:
11033:
11031:
11028:
11026:
11023:
11021:
11018:
11016:
11013:
11011:
11008:
11006:
11003:
11001:
10998:
10996:
10993:
10991:
10988:
10986:
10983:
10981:
10978:
10976:
10973:
10971:
10968:
10966:
10963:
10961:
10958:
10956:
10953:
10951:
10948:
10946:
10943:
10941:
10938:
10936:
10933:
10932:
10930:
10926:18th and 19th
10924:
10918:
10915:
10913:
10910:
10908:
10905:
10903:
10900:
10898:
10895:
10893:
10890:
10888:
10885:
10883:
10880:
10879:
10877:
10873:
10867:
10864:
10862:
10859:
10857:
10854:
10852:
10849:
10847:
10844:
10842:
10839:
10837:
10834:
10832:
10829:
10827:
10824:
10822:
10819:
10817:
10814:
10812:
10809:
10808:
10806:
10802:
10796:
10793:
10791:
10788:
10786:
10783:
10781:
10778:
10776:
10773:
10771:
10768:
10766:
10763:
10761:
10758:
10756:
10753:
10751:
10748:
10746:
10743:
10741:
10738:
10736:
10733:
10731:
10728:
10726:
10723:
10722:
10720:
10716:
10713:
10709:
10703:
10700:
10698:
10695:
10691:
10688:
10687:
10686:
10683:
10681:
10678:
10676:
10673:
10669:
10666:
10665:
10664:
10661:
10659:
10656:
10655:
10653:
10649:
10643:
10640:
10637:
10636:
10631:
10627:
10624:
10623:
10622:
10619:
10617:
10614:
10612:
10609:
10607:
10604:
10602:
10599:
10597:
10594:
10591:
10590:
10585:
10583:
10580:
10577:
10576:
10571:
10569:
10566:
10564:
10561:
10559:
10556:
10554:
10551:
10547:
10544:
10543:
10542:
10539:
10537:
10534:
10532:
10529:
10527:
10524:
10522:
10519:
10517:
10514:
10510:
10507:
10506:
10505:
10502:
10500:
10497:
10495:
10492:
10490:
10487:
10485:
10482:
10478:
10475:
10474:
10473:
10470:
10466:
10463:
10461:
10458:
10456:
10453:
10452:
10451:
10448:
10446:
10443:
10441:
10438:
10436:
10433:
10431:
10428:
10426:
10423:
10421:
10418:
10417:
10415:
10411:
10407:
10400:
10395:
10393:
10388:
10386:
10381:
10380:
10377:
10357:
10354:
10352:
10349:
10347:
10344:
10342:
10339:
10337:
10334:
10332:
10329:
10327:
10324:
10322:
10319:
10317:
10314:
10312:
10309:
10307:
10304:
10302:
10299:
10297:
10294:
10292:
10289:
10287:
10284:
10282:
10279:
10277:
10274:
10272:
10269:
10267:
10264:
10262:
10259:
10257:
10254:
10252:
10249:
10248:
10246:
10239:
10233:
10230:
10228:
10225:
10223:
10220:
10218:
10215:
10213:
10210:
10208:
10205:
10203:
10200:
10198:
10195:
10193:
10190:
10188:
10185:
10184:
10182:
10178:
10172:
10169:
10167:
10164:
10162:
10159:
10157:
10154:
10152:
10149:
10147:
10144:
10142:
10139:
10137:
10134:
10132:
10129:
10127:
10124:
10122:
10119:
10118:
10116:
10112:
10106:
10103:
10101:
10098:
10096:
10093:
10091:
10088:
10086:
10083:
10081:
10078:
10076:
10073:
10071:
10068:
10066:
10063:
10061:
10058:
10057:
10055:
10051:
10045:
10044:Shams Tabrizi
10042:
10040:
10037:
10035:
10032:
10030:
10027:
10025:
10022:
10020:
10017:
10015:
10012:
10010:
10007:
10005:
10002:
10000:
9997:
9996:
9994:
9990:
9984:
9981:
9979:
9978:Nasir Khusraw
9976:
9974:
9971:
9969:
9966:
9964:
9961:
9959:
9956:
9954:
9953:Ibn Miskawayh
9951:
9949:
9946:
9945:
9943:
9939:
9933:
9930:
9928:
9925:
9923:
9920:
9918:
9915:
9913:
9910:
9908:
9905:
9903:
9900:
9898:
9895:
9893:
9890:
9888:
9885:
9883:
9880:
9879:
9877:
9873:
9869:
9864:
9860:
9855:
9851:
9841:
9838:
9836:
9833:
9831:
9828:
9826:
9823:
9821:
9818:
9816:
9813:
9811:
9808:
9806:
9803:
9801:
9798:
9796:
9793:
9791:
9788:
9786:
9783:
9781:
9778:
9776:
9773:
9771:
9768:
9767:
9765:
9761:
9755:
9752:
9750:
9747:
9745:
9742:
9738:
9735:
9733:
9730:
9728:
9725:
9724:
9723:
9720:
9718:
9715:
9713:
9710:
9708:
9705:
9703:
9700:
9698:
9695:
9694:
9692:
9690:
9686:
9680:
9674:
9672:
9669:
9667:
9664:
9662:
9658:
9654:
9652:
9649:
9647:
9641:
9639:
9636:
9634:
9631:
9629:
9625:
9621:
9619:
9615:
9611:
9609:
9606:
9604:
9601:
9597:
9594:
9592:
9589:
9588:
9587:
9584:
9582:
9578:
9573:
9571:
9567:
9563:
9561:
9558:
9557:
9555:
9551:
9547:
9543:
9536:
9531:
9529:
9524:
9522:
9517:
9516:
9513:
9501:
9496:
9494:
9489:
9487:
9482:
9480:
9474:
9469:
9468:
9464:
9454:
9451:
9449:
9446:
9444:
9441:
9439:
9436:
9434:
9431:
9429:
9428:Ahl al-Hadith
9426:
9424:
9421:
9420:
9417:
9414:
9410:
9400:
9397:
9395:
9392:
9390:
9387:
9385:
9382:
9380:
9377:
9375:
9372:
9370:
9367:
9365:
9362:
9361:
9358:
9355:
9351:
9341:
9338:
9336:
9333:
9331:
9330:Al-Muwahhidun
9328:
9325:
9322:
9319:
9316:
9313:
9310:
9307:
9304:
9301:
9298:
9295:
9292:
9289:
9286:
9283:
9280:
9277:
9274:
9271:
9268:
9265:
9262:
9259:
9256:
9253:
9252:Nizam al-Mulk
9250:
9249:
9246:
9243:
9239:
9234:
9219:
9216:
9213:
9210:
9207:
9204:
9203:
9201:
9199:
9195:
9188:
9185:
9182:
9179:
9178:
9176:
9174:
9170:
9164:
9163:Gibril Haddad
9161:
9159:
9156:
9154:
9151:
9148:
9145:
9142:
9139:
9136:
9135:Noah al-Qudah
9133:
9130:
9127:
9124:
9121:
9118:
9115:
9112:
9109:
9106:
9103:
9100:
9097:
9094:
9091:
9088:
9085:
9082:
9079:
9076:
9075:Al-Qastallani
9073:
9070:
9067:
9064:
9061:
9058:
9055:
9052:
9049:
9046:
9043:
9040:
9037:
9034:
9033:Ibn al-Jazari
9031:
9028:
9025:
9022:
9019:
9016:
9013:
9010:
9007:
9004:
9001:
8998:
8995:
8992:
8989:
8986:
8983:
8980:
8977:
8974:
8971:
8968:
8965:
8962:
8959:
8956:
8953:
8950:
8947:
8944:
8941:
8938:
8935:
8932:
8929:
8926:
8923:
8920:
8917:
8914:
8911:
8908:
8905:
8902:
8899:
8896:
8893:
8890:
8887:
8884:
8881:
8878:
8875:
8872:
8869:
8866:
8863:
8860:
8857:
8854:
8851:
8848:
8845:
8842:
8839:
8836:
8833:
8830:
8827:
8824:
8821:
8820:
8818:
8816:
8812:
8806:
8803:
8801:
8798:
8795:
8792:
8789:
8786:
8783:
8780:
8777:
8774:
8771:
8768:
8765:
8762:
8759:
8756:
8753:
8750:
8747:
8744:
8741:
8738:
8735:
8732:
8729:
8726:
8723:
8720:
8717:
8714:
8711:
8708:
8705:
8702:
8699:
8696:
8693:
8690:
8687:
8684:
8681:
8678:
8675:
8672:
8669:
8666:
8663:
8660:
8657:
8654:
8651:
8648:
8645:
8642:
8639:
8636:
8633:
8630:
8627:
8624:
8621:
8618:
8615:
8612:
8609:
8606:
8603:
8600:
8597:
8594:
8591:
8588:
8585:
8584:Ibn al-Qattan
8582:
8579:
8576:
8573:
8570:
8567:
8564:
8561:
8558:
8555:
8552:
8549:
8546:
8543:
8540:
8537:
8534:
8531:
8528:
8525:
8522:
8519:
8516:
8515:
8513:
8511:
8507:
8504:
8500:
8494:
8488:
8482:
8472:
8470:
8460:
8459:
8456:
8452:
8443:
8438:
8436:
8431:
8429:
8424:
8423:
8420:
8408:
8405:
8403:
8400:
8398:
8395:
8393:
8390:
8389:
8385:
8379:
8376:
8373:
8370:
8367:
8364:
8361:
8358:
8355:
8352:
8349:
8346:
8343:
8340:
8339:
8337:
8333:
8326:
8323:
8320:
8317:
8314:
8311:
8308:
8305:
8304:
8302:
8298:
8291:
8288:
8285:
8282:
8279:
8276:
8273:
8270:
8267:
8264:
8261:
8258:
8255:
8252:
8249:
8246:
8243:
8240:
8237:
8234:
8233:
8231:
8227:
8220:
8217:
8214:
8211:
8208:
8205:
8202:
8199:
8196:
8193:
8190:
8189:Ibn al-Tayyib
8187:
8186:
8184:
8180:
8173:
8170:
8167:
8164:
8161:
8158:
8155:
8152:
8149:
8146:
8143:
8140:
8137:
8134:
8131:
8128:
8127:
8125:
8121:
8114:
8111:
8108:
8105:
8102:
8099:
8096:
8093:
8090:
8087:
8084:
8081:
8078:
8077:Al-Wansharisi
8075:
8072:
8069:
8068:
8066:
8062:
8055:
8052:
8049:
8046:
8043:
8040:
8037:
8034:
8031:
8028:
8027:
8025:
8021:
8014:
8011:
8008:
8005:
8002:
7999:
7996:
7993:
7990:
7987:
7984:
7981:
7978:
7975:
7972:
7969:
7966:
7963:
7960:
7957:
7956:
7954:
7950:
7943:
7940:
7937:
7934:
7931:
7930:Ibn Ata Allah
7928:
7925:
7922:
7919:
7916:
7913:
7910:
7907:
7904:
7901:
7898:
7897:
7895:
7891:
7884:
7881:
7878:
7875:
7872:
7869:
7866:
7863:
7860:
7857:
7854:
7851:
7848:
7845:
7842:
7839:
7838:
7836:
7832:
7826:
7823:
7820:
7817:
7814:
7811:
7808:
7805:
7802:
7799:
7798:
7796:
7792:
7785:
7782:
7779:
7776:
7773:
7770:
7767:
7764:
7761:
7758:
7755:
7752:
7751:
7749:
7745:
7738:
7735:
7732:
7729:
7726:
7723:
7720:
7717:
7714:
7711:
7710:
7708:
7704:
7699:
7689:
7686:
7683:
7680:
7677:
7676:Ali ibn Ziyad
7674:
7671:
7668:
7667:
7665:
7661:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7645:
7644:
7641:
7637:
7630:
7625:
7623:
7618:
7616:
7611:
7610:
7607:
7595:
7594:
7590:
7588:
7587:
7583:
7581:
7580:
7576:
7574:
7573:
7569:
7567:
7566:
7562:
7560:
7559:
7555:
7553:
7552:
7548:
7547:
7545:
7541:
7535:
7534:
7530:
7528:
7527:
7526:Book of Idols
7523:
7521:
7520:
7516:
7514:
7513:
7509:
7507:
7506:
7502:
7500:
7499:
7495:
7493:
7492:
7488:
7486:
7485:
7481:
7479:
7478:
7474:
7472:
7471:
7467:
7465:
7464:
7460:
7458:
7457:
7453:
7451:
7450:
7446:
7444:
7443:
7439:
7437:
7436:
7432:
7430:
7429:
7425:
7424:
7422:
7420:Notable works
7418:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7395:
7393:
7389:
7379:
7376:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7366:
7365:
7363:
7359:
7354:
7351:
7349:
7346:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7335:
7329:
7328:
7326:
7322:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7302:
7300:
7296:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7267:
7261:
7260:
7258:
7254:
7244:
7241:
7240:
7238:
7234:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7219:
7217:
7213:
7208:
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7110:Mustafa Naima
7108:
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6808:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6796:Idris Bitlisi
6794:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6781:Mullah Nadiri
6779:
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6757:
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6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6639:Ibn al-Khatib
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6611:
6605:
6604:
6602:
6598:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6567:Muhammad Aufi
6565:
6563:
6560:
6559:
6557:
6553:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6537:Ibn Khallikan
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
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6508:
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6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6151:
6149:
6145:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6128:Sayf ibn Umar
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6105:
6103:
6099:
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5985:
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5950:
5948:
5947:archive.today
5944:
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5915:
5911:
5908:
5906:
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5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5885:archive.today
5882:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5867:
5866:
5861:
5860:"Ibn Khaldūn"
5856:
5854:
5850:
5849:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5835:
5821:
5820:
5815:
5814:
5809:
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5797:
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5790:
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5527:
5523:
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5509:
5505:
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5493:
5484:
5480:
5473:
5462:
5461:
5453:
5445:
5441:
5434:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5409:Arthur Laffer
5404:
5397:
5391:
5384:
5383:
5377:
5369:
5363:
5359:
5352:
5344:
5338:
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5079:
5071:
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5023:
5015:
5009:
5005:
4999:
4997:
4995:
4986:
4980:
4964:
4958:
4949:
4940:
4925:. 9 June 2017
4924:
4920:
4914:
4905:
4896:
4888:
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4868:
4861:
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4820:
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4808:
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4793:
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4778:
4769:
4762:
4761:2-87775-391-3
4758:
4754:
4748:
4739:
4724:
4718:
4711:
4705:
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4688:
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4526:
4522:
4515:
4507:
4501:
4497:
4496:
4488:
4480:
4476:
4469:
4461:
4458:(12). Paris:
4457:
4454:(in French).
4453:
4452:
4447:
4441:
4434:
4430:
4429:
4423:
4419:
4418:
4413:
4412:
4407:
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4385:
4380:
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4337:
4331:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4313:9781400889549
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4290:
4275:
4271:
4270:"Ibn Khaldun"
4265:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4216:Ahmed Abozeid
4213:
4206:
4198:
4192:
4188:
4181:
4174:
4168:
4161:
4160:Boulakia 1971
4155:
4151:
4147:
4141:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4094:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4072:
4069:. Routledge.
4068:
4067:
4059:
4053:
4052:1-84799-942-5
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4028:Bernard Lewis
4024:
4009:
4005:
3999:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3968:
3961:
3957:
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3950:
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3652:
3648:
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3639:
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3627:
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3611:
3608:
3607:Boulakia 1971
3604:
3601:
3600:
3597:
3593:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
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3424:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3389:Ronald Reagan
3385:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3370:
3367:
3362:
3352:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3313:
3311:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3299:Arthur Laffer
3296:
3293:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3273:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3229:Western world
3220:
3218:
3217:Mustafa Naima
3214:
3210:
3206:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3181:
3179:
3164:
3160:
3155:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3139:work on logic
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3090:
3085:
3083:
3078:
3076:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3054:
3052:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3013:
3010:
3009:Ahl al-Hadith
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2960:
2959:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2894:
2893:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2730:
2727:
2721:
2718:
2712:
2709:
2703:
2700:
2694:
2690:
2684:
2681:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2663:
2662:
2651:
2648:
2642:
2639:
2633:
2630:
2624:
2621:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2603:
2602:
2591:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2573:
2570:
2564:
2561:
2555:
2552:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2534:
2533:
2522:
2519:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2485:
2484:
2473:
2470:
2464:
2461:
2455:
2452:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2434:
2433:
2424:(d. 977/1570)
2422:
2419:
2415:(d. 974/1567)
2413:
2410:
2406:(d. 973/1565)
2404:
2401:
2397:(d. 926/1520)
2395:
2392:
2388:(d. 923/1517)
2386:
2385:Al-Qastallani
2383:
2379:(d. 911/1505)
2377:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2363:(d. 902/1497)
2361:
2358:
2357:
2349:
2348:
2339:(d. 899/1493)
2337:
2334:
2330:(d. 875/1470)
2328:
2324:
2320:(d. 864/1459)
2318:
2315:
2311:(d. 852/1449)
2309:
2306:
2302:(d. 833/1429)
2300:
2299:Ibn al-Jazari
2297:
2293:(d. 816/1413)
2291:
2288:
2284:(d. 808/1406)
2282:
2279:
2273:
2270:
2266:(d. 806/1404)
2264:
2261:
2257:(d. 805/1405)
2255:
2252:
2248:(d. 803/1401)
2246:
2243:
2242:
2234:
2233:
2224:(d. 794/1392)
2222:
2219:
2215:(d. 793/1390)
2213:
2210:
2206:(d. 786/1384)
2204:
2201:
2197:(d. 771/1370)
2195:
2192:
2188:(d. 756/1355)
2186:
2183:
2179:(d. 745/1344)
2177:
2174:
2170:(d. 741/1340)
2168:
2165:
2161:(d. 715/1315)
2159:
2156:
2152:(d. 709/1309)
2150:
2147:
2143:(d. 702/1302)
2141:
2138:
2137:
2129:
2128:
2119:(d. 687/1288)
2117:
2114:
2108:
2105:
2101:(d. 684/1285)
2099:
2096:
2092:(d. 676/1277)
2090:
2087:
2083:(d. 671/1272)
2081:
2078:
2074:(d. 660/1262)
2072:
2068:
2064:(d. 646/1248)
2062:
2059:
2055:(d. 631/1233)
2053:
2050:
2044:
2041:
2037:(d. 606/1209)
2035:
2032:
2031:
2023:
2022:
2013:(d. 578/1182)
2011:
2008:
2004:(d. 571/1176)
2002:
1999:
1995:(d. 548/1153)
1993:
1990:
1986:(d. 544/1149)
1984:
1983:Al-Qadi 'Iyad
1981:
1977:(d. 543/1148)
1975:
1972:
1968:(d. 536/1141)
1966:
1963:
1959:(d. 520/1126)
1957:
1954:
1950:(d. 513/1119)
1948:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1932:(d. 505/1111)
1930:
1927:
1923:(d. 502/1108)
1921:
1918:
1917:
1909:
1908:
1899:(d. 478/1085)
1897:
1894:
1890:(d. 476/1083)
1888:
1885:
1881:(d. 474/1081)
1879:
1876:
1872:(d. 465/1072)
1870:
1867:
1863:(d. 463/1071)
1861:
1858:
1854:(d. 458/1066)
1852:
1849:
1845:(d. 450/1058)
1843:
1840:
1836:(d. 434/1043)
1834:
1831:
1825:
1822:
1818:(d. 429/1037)
1816:
1813:
1809:(d. 418/1027)
1807:
1804:
1800:(d. 406/1015)
1798:
1795:
1791:(d. 403/1013)
1789:
1786:
1785:
1777:
1776:
1765:
1762:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1748:3rd AH/9th AD
1744:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1688:
1681:
1677:
1676:
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1652:
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1627:
1623:
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1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
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1590:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1575:
1569:
1565:
1555:
1552:
1544:
1534:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1518:This section
1516:
1512:
1507:
1506:
1498:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1459:(such as the
1458:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1443:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1428:
1423:
1421:
1420:David Ricardo
1417:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1402:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1354:
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1332:
1328:
1327:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1290:World History
1287:
1284:
1283:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
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1256:
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1248:
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1118:
1114:
1110:
1102:
1097:
1087:
1084:
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1066:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1050:This section
1048:
1044:
1039:
1038:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
998:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
975:
973:
968:
966:
965:Ibn al-Khatib
961:
959:
955:
951:
948:
944:
938:
935:
932:. There, the
931:
927:
923:
919:
910:
904:
899:
889:
886:
878:
868:
864:
858:
857:
852:This section
850:
846:
841:
840:
832:
828:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
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786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
736:
733:
731:
730:Hujr ibn 'Adi
727:
723:
719:
714:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
673:
669:
668:Waíl ibn Hujr
665:
661:
657:
653:
648:
646:
642:
640:
628:
627:autobiography
620:
614:
605:
603:
599:
595:
594:David Ricardo
591:
590:Auguste Comte
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
566:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
547:Mustafa Naima
544:
540:
536:
535:
529:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
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492:
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451:
407:
393:
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388:
385:
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380:
378:
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373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
362:Mustafa Naima
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
337:Ibn al-Sakkak
335:
333:
332:Ibn al-Khatib
330:
329:
327:
326:
318:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
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226:Muslim leader
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148:
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141:
138:
135:
133:Jurisprudence
131:
128:
125:
121:
118:
115:
111:
107:
103:
90:17 March 1406
89:
85:
81:
77:
71:
67:
62:
58:
52:
47:
40:
37:
33:
19:
13614:
13513:Elite theory
13461:
13451:
13441:
13431:
13421:
13411:
13401:
13391:
13381:
13371:
13361:
13351:
13341:
13331:
13321:
13311:
13301:
13291:
13281:
13271:
13261:
13251:
12550:Guicciardini
12506:Early modern
12466:
12329:Philosophers
12279:Open society
12215:Body politic
12085:Distributism
12075:Conservatism
12070:Confucianism
11989:Gerontocracy
11979:Dictatorship
11933:Sovereignty
11923:Ruling class
11813:Emancipation
11798:Citizenship
11622:
11612:
11602:
11592:
11582:
11572:
11562:
11552:
11542:
11532:
11522:
11512:
11502:
11492:
11482:
11472:
10892:Guicciardini
10875:Early modern
10840:
10711:Philosophers
10685:Conservatism
10680:Confucianism
10668:Distributism
10601:Social norms
10589:Sittlichkeit
10575:Ressentiment
10521:Institutions
10499:Human nature
10356:Partawi Shah
10351:Javadi Amoli
10336:Ahmad Fardid
10281:Martin Lings
10131:Hajji Bayram
10120:
10105:Ibn Taymiyya
10034:Omar Khayyám
10019:Ayn-al-Quzat
10014:Ahmad Yasavi
9927:Ibn Masarrah
9861:by century (
9859:Philosophers
9754:Contemporary
9656:
9623:
9613:
9576:
9565:
9326:(d. 1382 AH)
9320:(d. 1354 AH)
9314:(d. 1350 AH)
9308:(d. 1300 AH)
9187:Ibn al-Jawzi
9158:Ali al-Jifri
9149:(d. 1434 AH)
9143:(d. 1432 AH)
9137:(d. 1432 AH)
9131:(d. 1379 AH)
9125:(d. 1304 AH)
9119:(d. 1230 AH)
9113:(d. 1132 AH)
9107:(d. 1031 AH)
8949:Ibn al-Salah
8796:(d. 1425 AH)
8790:(d. 1419 AH)
8784:(d. 1397 AH)
8778:(d. 1393 AH)
8772:(d. 1380 AH)
8766:(d. 1299 AH)
8760:(d. 1276 AH)
8754:(d. 1230 AH)
8748:(d. 1230 AH)
8742:(d. 1224 AH)
8736:(d. 1208 AH)
8730:(d. 1201 AH)
8724:(d. 1122 AH)
8718:(d. 1102 AH)
8712:(d. 1090 AH)
8706:(d. 1072 AH)
8700:(d. 1041 AH)
8694:(d. 1041 AH)
8688:(d. 1036 AH)
8662:Ahmad Zarruq
8649:
8614:Ibn Adjurrum
8560:Ibn Barrajan
8524:Al-Baqillani
8360:Ahmad Karima
8290:Ahmed Skirej
8209:(d. 1793/94)
8115:(d. 1594/95)
8073:(d. 1506/07)
8056:(d. 1497/98)
8048:Ahmad Zarruq
8042:Ibn al-Azraq
8000:
7912:Ibn al-Hajib
7885:(d. 1207/08)
7853:Ibn Barrajan
7766:Al-Baqillani
7760:Ibn Abi Zayd
7688:Ibn al-Qasim
7646:by century (
7593:Isra'iliyyat
7591:
7584:
7577:
7570:
7563:
7556:
7549:
7531:
7524:
7517:
7510:
7503:
7496:
7489:
7482:
7475:
7468:
7461:
7454:
7447:
7440:
7433:
7426:
7290:Jurji Zaydan
7256:19th century
7168:18th century
7090:Kâtip Çelebi
7017:Katib Çelebi
6993:17th century
6980:Taşköprüzade
6879:Mujir al-Din
6855:16th century
6822:Aşıkpaşazade
6717:15th century
6704:Hafiz-i Abru
6674:al-ʽAsqalani
6668:
6659:Ibn al-Furat
6600:14th century
6527:Ibn al-Athir
6478:13th century
6405:Ibn al-Jawzi
6381:12th century
6284:11th century
6270:Al-Musabbihi
6225:Ibn al-Nadim
6218:10th century
6204:Ibn Qutaybah
6179:Al-Baladhuri
6009:
5993:
5913:
5863:
5847:
5817:
5811:
5810:, 243 pp.),
5799:
5796:Robert Irwin
5752:
5748:
5740:
5733:
5726:
5713:
5681:
5677:
5669:
5643:
5639:
5633:
5608:
5604:
5598:
5573:
5569:
5563:
5552:
5542:
5530:. Retrieved
5525:
5516:
5508:the original
5504:www.atlasusa
5503:
5482:
5472:
5459:
5452:
5443:
5433:
5421:. Retrieved
5417:the original
5403:
5395:
5390:
5380:
5376:
5357:
5351:
5332:
5326:
5307:
5301:
5292:
5286:
5267:
5237:
5201:
5195:
5183:. Retrieved
5169:
5157:
5127:
5105:. Retrieved
5101:
5092:
5068:
5061:
5042:
5036:
5003:
4967:. Retrieved
4957:
4948:
4939:
4927:. Retrieved
4922:
4913:
4904:
4895:
4873:(1): 77–80.
4870:
4866:
4860:
4841:
4835:
4810:
4806:
4800:
4791:
4787:
4777:
4768:
4752:
4747:
4738:
4726:. Retrieved
4717:
4704:
4677:
4673:
4663:
4649:
4639:
4633:
4621:. Retrieved
4617:the original
4612:
4584:. Retrieved
4580:the original
4575:
4566:
4554:. Retrieved
4550:
4541:
4531:19 September
4529:. Retrieved
4525:the original
4514:
4494:
4487:
4478:
4468:
4462:: 491. 1841.
4455:
4449:
4440:
4432:
4425:
4421:
4416:
4409:
4405:
4404:, M. Talbi,
4399:
4393:
4387:
4382:
4367:
4360:
4351:
4339:. Retrieved
4330:
4295:
4289:
4277:. Retrieved
4273:
4264:
4219:
4215:
4205:
4186:
4180:
4172:
4167:
4152:, 6(3), pp.
4149:
4140:
4107:
4103:
4093:
4065:
4058:
4043:
4031:
4023:
4011:. Retrieved
4007:
3998:
3988:19 September
3986:. Retrieved
3982:the original
3977:
3967:
3959:
3952:
3948:
3943:
3936:
3932:
3931:, M. Talbi,
3926:
3920:
3914:
3909:
3894:
3887:
3878:
3872:
3863:
3854:
3846:
3831:
3824:
3812:
3803:
3794:
3752:
3744:
3713:
3707:
3695:. Retrieved
3691:the original
3681:
3658:
3643:
3638:
3622:
3596:
3507:Islam portal
3450:
3439:
3432:
3414:Bibliography
3401:
3386:
3371:
3358:
3344:
3317:Robert Flint
3314:
3310:Paul Krugman
3307:
3303:Laffer curve
3297:
3294:
3279:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3236:
3226:
3213:Kâtip Çelebi
3202:
3193:Ibn al-Azraq
3182:
3174:
3159:Laffer Curve
3142:
3131:Fes, Morocco
3126:
3104:
3098:
2898:Institutions
2882:
2875:
2867:
2860:
2852:
2845:
2837:
2829:
2822:
2814:
2807:
2800:
2792:
2784:
2776:
2768:
2760:
2702:Nuh al-Qudah
2336:Ahmad Zarruq
2280:
2212:Al-Taftazani
2116:Ibn al-Nafis
2061:Ibn al-Hajib
2043:Ibn al-Athir
1788:Al-Baqillani
1767:(d. 371/982)
1758:(d. 324/936)
1685:
1636:
1635:
1619:
1618:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1547:
1538:
1527:Please help
1522:verification
1519:
1494:
1492:
1487:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1464:
1446:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1424:
1405:
1397:
1392:
1374:
1364:
1360:
1350:
1335:
1334:
1315:
1305:
1282:Al-Muqaddima
1280:
1263:
1258:
1257:
1250:
1247:al-Muqaddima
1246:
1227:al-Muqaddima
1225:
1209:
1201:
1199:
1166:
1161:
1150:
1135:
1120:
1113:Mamluk Egypt
1106:
1079:
1073:January 2019
1070:
1059:Please help
1054:verification
1051:
1010:
999:
976:
972:Muhsin Mahdi
969:
962:
939:
917:
915:
881:
875:January 2019
872:
861:Please help
856:verification
853:
829:
742:
734:
715:
649:
644:
636:
624:
567:
543:Kâtip Çelebi
538:
532:
530:
476:
405:
404:
367:Ahmed Cevdet
352:Ibn al-Azraq
123:Denomination
36:
13797:Ibn Khaldun
13662:1406 deaths
13657:1332 births
13387:(1835–1840)
13267:(c. 350 BC)
13257:(c. 375 BC)
12874:Tocqueville
12839:Saint-Simon
12804:Montesquieu
12655:Bolingbroke
12587:Machiavelli
12467:Ibn Khaldun
12432:Alpharabius
12425:Middle Ages
12250:Natural law
12225:Common good
12150:Nationalism
12110:Imperialism
12080:Corporatism
12055:Colonialism
12035:Agrarianism
12014:Technocracy
11994:Meritocracy
11974:Bureaucracy
11964:Aristocracy
11679:Historicism
11508:(1835–1840)
11474:De Officiis
11198:de Beauvoir
11168:Baudrillard
11120:Vivekananda
11110:Tocqueville
11025:Kierkegaard
10841:Ibn Khaldun
10811:Alpharabius
10702:Personalism
10611:Stewardship
10568:Reification
10563:Natural law
10484:Familialism
10450:Culturalism
10271:René Guénon
10261:Gohar Shahi
10197:Mulla Sadra
10121:Ibn Khaldun
9732:metaphysics
9678:(mysticism)
9660:(education)
9638:Metaphysics
9617:(dialectic)
9603:Eschatology
9580:(intellect)
9433:Ahl al-Ra'y
9302:(d. 741 AH)
9296:(d. 658 AH)
9290:(d. 635 AH)
9284:(d. 635 AH)
9278:(d. 615 AH)
9272:(d. 589 AH)
9266:(d. 558 AH)
9260:(d. 500 AH)
9254:(d. 485 AH)
9220:(d. 745 AH)
9214:(d. 592 AH)
9208:(d. 524 AH)
9189:(d. 534 AH)
9183:(d. 508 AH)
9101:(d. 977 AH)
9095:(d. 974 AH)
9089:(d. 973 AH)
9087:Al-Sha'rani
9083:(d. 926 AH)
9077:(d. 923 AH)
9071:(d. 918 AH)
9065:(d. 911 AH)
9059:(d. 911 AH)
9053:(d. 902 AH)
9047:(d. 852 AH)
9041:(d. 845 AH)
9035:(d. 833 AH)
9029:(d. 807 AH)
9023:(d. 806 AH)
9017:(d. 794 AH)
9015:Al-Zarkashi
9011:(d. 786 AH)
9005:(d. 771 AH)
8999:(d. 764 AH)
8993:(d. 756 AH)
8987:(d. 742 AH)
8981:(d. 728 AH)
8975:(d. 702 AH)
8969:(d. 685 AH)
8963:(d. 676 AH)
8957:(d. 660 AH)
8951:(d. 643 AH)
8945:(d. 606 AH)
8939:(d. 578 AH)
8933:(d. 571 AH)
8931:Ibn 'Asakir
8927:(d. 548 AH)
8921:(d. 516 AH)
8915:(d. 505 AH)
8909:(d. 502 AH)
8903:(d. 478 AH)
8897:(d. 471 AH)
8891:(d. 476 AH)
8885:(d. 465 AH)
8883:Al-Qushayri
8879:(d. 463 AH)
8873:(d. 458 AH)
8867:(d. 430 AH)
8861:(d. 429 AH)
8855:(d. 427 AH)
8853:Al-Tha'labi
8849:(d. 418 AH)
8843:(d. 406 AH)
8837:(d. 405 AH)
8831:(d. 371 AH)
8825:(d. 354 AH)
8805:Hamza Yusuf
8682:(d. 954 AH)
8676:(d. 953 AH)
8670:(d. 914 AH)
8664:(d. 899 AH)
8658:(d. 876 AH)
8652:(d. 808 AH)
8650:Ibn Khaldun
8646:(d. 803 AH)
8640:(d. 790 AH)
8634:(d. 776 AH)
8628:(d. 741 AH)
8622:(d. 737 AH)
8616:(d. 723 AH)
8610:(d. 709 AH)
8604:(d. 702 AH)
8598:(d. 684 AH)
8592:(d. 672 AH)
8586:(d. 628 AH)
8580:(d. 581 AH)
8574:(d. 544 AH)
8568:(d. 543 AH)
8562:(d. 536 AH)
8556:(d. 536 AH)
8550:(d. 520 AH)
8544:(d. 474 AH)
8538:(d. 458 AH)
8532:(d. 430 AH)
8526:(d. 403 AH)
8520:(d. 386 AH)
8366:Hamza Yusuf
8344:(1941–2022)
8327:(1944–2004)
8321:(1879–1973)
8315:(1909–1970)
8309:(1897–1970)
8292:(1878–1944)
8280:(1832–1916)
8268:(1802–1882)
8262:(1766–1829)
8256:(1760–1817)
8250:(1754–1817)
8238:(1747–1809)
8215:(1700–1795)
8203:(1715–1786)
8197:(1727–1780)
8191:(1698–1756)
8174:(1645–1710)
8168:(1611–1688)
8162:(1631–1685)
8156:(1599–1680)
8144:(1591–1662)
8132:(1582–1631)
8113:Al-Tamgruti
8109:(1520–1587)
8103:(1512–1575)
8097:(1497–1547)
8091:(1437–1513)
8050:(1442–1493)
8044:(1427–1491)
8038:(1384–1479)
8032:(1394–1453)
8015:(1373–1429)
8003:(1332–1406)
8001:Ibn Khaldun
7997:(1316–1401)
7985:(1320–1388)
7983:Ash-Shatibi
7944:(1259–1321)
7942:Ibn Rushayd
7932:(1259–1310)
7926:(1228–1285)
7920:(1214–1273)
7908:(1162–1236)
7879:(1126–1198)
7873:(1114–1185)
7867:(1083–1149)
7861:(1076–1148)
7849:(1061–1141)
7843:(1059–1126)
7841:At-Turtushi
7821:(1006–1085)
7815:(1013–1081)
7772:Sidi Mahrez
7754:Abu al-Arab
7727:(d. 854/55)
7361:Azerbaijani
7155:Ahmad Khani
7052:Mohsin Fani
6960:Lûtfi Pasha
6955:Mustafa Âlî
6889:Ibn al-Qadi
6669:Ibn Khaldun
6664:Al-Mufaddal
6634:Ibn Battuta
6547:Ibn Abi Zar
6522:Ibn al-Adim
6420:Ibn ʽAsakir
6260:Abu al-Arab
6209:Al-Mada'ini
6147:9th century
6133:Al-Mada'ini
6123:Abu Mikhnaf
6101:8th century
6075:7th century
5987:(in Arabic)
5976:(in French)
5965:Non-English
5848:In Our Time
5843:Ibn Khaldun
5698:pss/1830276
5423:11 December
5268:Ibn Khaldun
5102:archive.org
4417:Ibn Khaldūn
4401:Ibn Khaldun
4341:25 February
4296:Ibn Khaldun
4239:10023/23143
4171:Ali Zaidi,
4013:22 December
3944:Ibn Khaldūn
3928:Ibn Khaldun
3697:25 February
3397:Reaganomics
3341:Egon Orowan
3261:Prolegomena
3257:Prolegomena
3253:Prolegomena
2403:Al-Sha'rani
2281:Ibn Khaldun
2001:Ibn 'Asakir
1869:Al-Qushayri
1718:Ahl al-Ra'y
1708:Sunni Islam
1655:Minor works
1312:Ibn Abi Zar
1288:Books 2–5;
1241:1936, f. 7a
1235: [
1232:Atif Efendi
1175:conqueror,
1101:Mohandessin
922:calligraphy
817:Black Death
789:mathematics
755:, which he
691:Reconquista
539:Prolegomena
510:Middle Ages
502:philosopher
498:sociologist
406:Ibn Khaldun
293:Ibn Abi Zar
273:At-Turtushi
72:27 May 1332
43:Ibn Khaldun
18:Ibn Khaldūn
13651:Categories
13595:Separatism
13403:On Liberty
13303:The Prince
13032:Huntington
12535:Campanella
12462:al-Ghazali
12411:Thucydides
12369:Lactantius
12314:Statolatry
12140:Monarchism
12120:Liberalism
12045:Capitalism
12028:Ideologies
12009:Plutocracy
11957:Government
11913:Revolution
11898:Propaganda
11848:Legitimacy
11823:Government
11684:Humanities
11644:Agnotology
11303:Kołakowski
10866:Ibn Tufayl
10846:Maimonides
10790:Thucydides
10785:Tertullian
10740:Lactantius
10635:Volksgeist
10616:Traditions
10430:Convention
10126:Yunus Emre
10070:Ibn Sab’in
10039:Suhrawardi
10029:Ibn Tufail
9948:Al-Ghazali
9902:Apharabius
9737:psychology
9707:Avicennism
9569:(theology)
9206:Ibn Tumart
9051:Al-Sakhawi
9039:Al-Maqrizi
8967:Al-Baydawi
8919:Al-Baghawi
8913:Al-Ghazali
8901:Al-Juwayni
8871:Al-Bayhaqi
8829:Ibn Khafif
8823:Ibn Hibban
8710:Ibn 'Ashir
8674:Al-Akhdari
8644:Ibn 'Arafa
8626:Ibn Juzayy
8578:Al-Suhayli
8242:Ad-Desouki
8195:Al-Bannani
8166:Az-Zurqani
8107:Al-Mandjur
8101:Al-Akhdari
8089:Al-Miknasi
7995:Ibn 'Arafa
7989:Ibn Farhun
7977:Ibn Marzuq
7965:Ibn Juzayy
7959:Ibn al-Haj
7936:Al-Zarwili
7918:Al-Qurtubi
7871:Al-Suhayli
7865:Qadi Ayyad
7801:Ibn Battal
7780:(973–1035)
7774:(951–1022)
7768:(950–1013)
7519:Muqaddimah
7207:al-Jabarti
7202:al-Zayyani
7120:Abdi Pasha
6842:Tursun Beg
6746:Al-Sakhawi
6736:al-Maqrizi
6649:Ibn Kathir
6629:Al-Dhahabi
6624:Ibn Idhari
6619:Abu'l-Fida
6512:Ibn Jubayr
6445:Al-Jawwani
6440:Ibn Hammad
6348:Ibn Bassam
6308:Ibn Hayyan
6303:Ibn Faradi
6230:Ibn Duraid
6164:Ibn Hisham
6138:Ibn Lahi'a
6068:Historians
4929:5 December
4623:5 December
4586:6 December
4556:6 December
4274:Britannica
4046:. p. 157.
3817:Weiss 1995
3669:References
3563:Ibn Tufail
3543:Al-Zahrawi
3404:Iraqi Navy
3308:Economist
3249:Muqaddimah
3178:Al-Maqrizi
3101:Al-Andalus
2816:Al-Iqtisad
2445:Ibn 'Ashir
2360:Al-Sakhawi
2245:Ibn 'Arafa
2167:Ibn Juzayy
2107:Al-Baydawi
2080:Al-Qurtubi
1929:Al-Ghazali
1896:Al-Juwayni
1851:Al-Bayhaqi
1842:Al-Mawardi
1764:Ibn Khafif
1713:Kullabiyya
1699:Background
1692:Ibn Tumart
1541:April 2024
1427:Muqaddimah
1416:Adam Smith
1401:barbarians
1366:'aṣabiyyah
1361:Muqaddimah
1153:pilgrimage
1146:Alexandria
1134:school of
1121:Qamhiyyah
1033:Later life
1027:Alexandria
1011:Muqaddimah
985:sultan of
950:Muhammad V
797:philosophy
771:(law) and
722:Hadhramaut
707:Abdalwadid
679:Al-Andalus
660:Andalusian
598:Adam Smith
578:David Hume
534:Muqaddimah
526:demography
347:Ibn Ghurab
342:Al-Maqrizi
323:Influenced
308:Al-Mawardi
248:Al-Ghazali
174:demography
94:1406-03-18
13313:Leviathan
13293:Monarchia
13287:(c. 1274)
13122:Oakeshott
13067:Mansfield
13062:Luxemburg
13047:Kropotkin
12942:Bernstein
12895:centuries
12809:Nietzsche
12752:Jefferson
12680:Condorcet
12628:centuries
12607:Pufendorf
12472:Marsilius
12359:Confucius
12344:Aristotle
12337:Antiquity
12265:Noble lie
12185:Third Way
12180:Socialism
12105:Feudalism
12060:Communism
12040:Anarchism
12019:Theocracy
12004:Oligarchy
11984:Democracy
11969:Autocracy
11883:Pluralism
11868:Obedience
11833:Hierarchy
11793:Authority
11724:Sociology
11674:Historism
11383:Santayana
11353:Oakeshott
11323:MacIntyre
11308:Kropotkin
11283:Heidegger
11136:centuries
11050:Nietzsche
11015:Jefferson
11000:Helvétius
10965:Condorcet
10928:centuries
10912:Montaigne
10735:Confucius
10725:Augustine
10642:Worldview
10536:Modernity
10509:Formation
10187:Mir Damad
10180:17th–19th
10114:14th–16th
10080:al-Abharī
10075:Ibn Arabi
10009:Ahi Evren
9968:Bahmanyār
9727:cosmology
9712:Averroism
9645:(physics)
9591:astrology
9586:Cosmology
9453:Al-Ahbash
9389:Al-Irshad
9212:Ibn Mada'
9181:Ibn 'Aqil
9153:Ali Gomaa
9105:Al-Munawi
9057:Al-Suyuti
8997:Al-Safadi
8961:Al-Nawawi
8841:Ibn Furak
8680:Al-Hattab
8590:Ibn Malik
8554:Al-Maziri
8536:Ibn Sidah
8374:(b. 1963)
8368:(b. 1958)
8362:(b. 1951)
8356:(b. 1946)
8350:(b. 1935)
8335:15th/21st
8300:14th/20th
8286:(d. 1925)
8274:(d. 1888)
8244:(d. 1815)
8229:13th/19th
8221:(d. 1800)
8201:Ad-Dardir
8182:12th/18th
8150:(d. 1678)
8148:Al-Dila'i
8138:(d. 1631)
8136:Al-Laqani
8130:Ibn Ashir
8123:11th/17th
8095:Al-Hattab
8085:(d. 1511)
8079:(d. 1508)
8064:10th/16th
8009:(d. 1415)
8007:Al-Sakkak
7991:(d. 1397)
7979:(d. 1379)
7973:(d. 1365)
7967:(d. 1340)
7961:(d. 1336)
7938:(d. 1319)
7924:Al-Qarafi
7914:(d. 1249)
7902:(d. 1231)
7900:Al-Qattan
7883:Al-Tamimi
7855:(d. 1141)
7847:Al-Maziri
7819:Al-Lakhmi
7809:(d. 1071)
7803:(d. 1057)
7786:(d. 1039)
7762:(922–996)
7739:(801–871)
7733:(767–856)
7715:(759–828)
7684:(743–813)
7343:Ali Amiri
6832:Ibn Kemal
6776:Mirkhvand
6751:Al-Suyuti
6507:Ibn Amira
6343:Al-Quda'i
6245:Miskawayh
6240:Al-Masudi
6194:Al-Azraqi
6174:Al-Tabari
6118:Al-Waqidi
6113:Ibn Ishaq
5819:Muqaddima
5777:162022220
5706:144078253
5625:143508326
5147:ignored (
5137:cite book
5078:cite book
5022:cite book
4923:Evonomics
4813:(1): 15.
4696:0950-3110
4322:239392974
4279:3 October
4256:235841623
4132:144222817
4124:1600-910X
4085:914395509
3718:Continuum
3674:Citations
3651:al-Mālikī
3558:Ibn Arabi
3408:a frigate
3372:In 2007,
3345:socionomy
3337:Augustine
3333:Aristotle
3026:Deobandis
3021:Al-Ahbash
2999:Maturidis
2809:Al-Irshad
2563:Ibn Kiran
2376:Al-Suyuti
2089:Al-Nawawi
1965:Al-Mazari
1947:Ibn 'Aqil
1797:Ibn Furak
1672:Ash'arism
1644:mysticism
1495:asabiyyah
1449:intrinsic
1353:sociology
1342:Platonism
1212:(Judge).
1015:panegyric
739:Education
703:historian
586:Karl Marx
559:Tamerlane
528:studies.
522:economics
518:sociology
506:historian
493:) was an
459:-bun hal-
303:Ibn Jarir
283:Ibn Rushd
278:Ibn Bajja
268:Aristotle
243:Al-Farabi
194:Asabiyyah
169:economics
164:sociology
13747:Mujaddid
13568:Centrism
13263:Politics
13253:Republic
13222:Voegelin
13202:Spengler
13187:Shariati
13162:Rothbard
13117:Nussbaum
13017:Habermas
12992:Fukuyama
12982:Foucault
12907:Ambedkar
12884:Voltaire
12854:de Staël
12829:Rousseau
12710:Franklin
12685:Constant
12645:Beccaria
12477:Muhammad
12457:Gelasius
12442:Averroes
12416:Xenophon
12396:Polybius
12349:Chanakya
12194:Concepts
12160:Populism
12130:Localism
12115:Islamism
12100:Feminism
11999:Monarchy
11903:Property
11893:Progress
11858:Monopoly
11828:Hegemony
11737:Category
11649:Axiology
11637:See also
11428:Voegelin
11418:Spengler
11393:Shariati
11348:Nussbaum
11333:Maritain
11293:Irigaray
11273:Habermas
11238:Foucault
11223:Durkheim
11125:Voltaire
11090:de Staël
11065:Rousseau
10990:Franklin
10851:Muhammad
10836:Gelasius
10821:Avempace
10804:Medieval
10780:Polybius
10775:Plutarch
10541:Morality
10516:Ideology
10504:Identity
10413:Concepts
10024:Averroes
9963:Ibn Hazm
9958:Avicenna
9912:Al Amiri
9882:Al-Kindi
9875:9th–10th
9785:ʼIjtihād
9770:ʻAṣabīya
9763:Concepts
9702:Farabism
9657:Madrasah
9472:Maturidi
9412:See also
9282:Al-Kamil
9173:Hanbalis
9147:Al-Bouti
8815:Shafi'is
8480:Category
8272:Al Alawi
8030:Ibn Faïd
8023:9th/15th
7952:8th/14th
7906:Al-Azafi
7893:7th/13th
7877:Averroes
7834:6th/12th
7825:Al-Lamti
7794:5th/11th
7756:(d. 945)
7747:4th/10th
7721:(d. 848)
7682:Ibn Wahb
7678:(d. 799)
7543:Concepts
7128:Chagatai
6929:Firishta
6874:Ibn Iyas
6817:Oruç Bey
6562:Ibn Bibi
6542:Al-Qifti
6328:Ibn Hazm
6323:Al-Bakri
6275:al-Kindi
6184:Ibn Sa'd
5955:Archived
5943:Archived
5926:Archived
5881:Archived
5532:25 April
5107:25 April
4979:cite web
4728:20 March
4674:Al-Masāq
3548:Chanakya
3465:See also
3378:Istanbul
3321:theorist
3189:Al-Jahiz
3119:Al-Abili
3061:Category
3031:Barelvis
2802:Al-Insaf
1664:a series
1662:Part of
1626:prophets
1622:religion
1316:Al-'Ibar
1279:Book 1;
1204:, whose
1181:Damascus
1123:Madrasah
979:Ifriqiya
977:Back in
821:epidemic
805:Avicenna
801:Averroes
781:Al-Abili
675:Muhammad
664:Hadhrami
298:Ibn Hazm
288:Ibn Sina
253:Al-Jahiz
113:Religion
64:Personal
13742:Malikis
13717:Asharis
13605:Statism
13518:Elitism
13476:Related
13277:(51 BC)
13207:Strauss
13182:Scruton
13177:Schmitt
13167:Russell
13087:Michels
13082:Maurras
13077:Marcuse
13037:Kautsky
13007:Gramsci
13002:Gentile
12972:Dworkin
12962:Du Bois
12957:Dmowski
12952:Chomsky
12947:Burnham
12932:Benoist
12902:Agamben
12869:Thoreau
12859:Stirner
12849:Spencer
12794:Mazzini
12784:Maistre
12779:Madison
12774:Le Play
12705:Fourier
12670:Carlyle
12650:Bentham
12640:Bastiat
12635:Bakunin
12612:Spinoza
12602:Müntzer
12572:Leibniz
12545:Grotius
12525:Bossuet
12492:Plethon
12437:Aquinas
12406:Sun Tzu
12374:Mencius
12364:Han Fei
12135:Marxism
12095:Fascism
11928:Society
11853:Liberty
11838:Justice
11818:Freedom
11478:(44 BC)
11408:Sombart
11403:Skinner
11388:Scruton
11368:Polanyi
11343:Niebuhr
11328:Marcuse
11263:Gramsci
11258:Gentile
11218:Du Bois
11208:Deleuze
11178:Benoist
11148:Agamben
11105:Thoreau
11095:Stirner
11085:Spencer
11035:Le Play
10985:Fourier
10970:Emerson
10955:Carlyle
10940:Bentham
10917:Müntzer
10887:Erasmus
10861:Plethon
10856:Photios
10816:Aquinas
10750:Mencius
10718:Ancient
10651:Schools
10531:Loyalty
10489:History
10477:Counter
10472:Culture
10440:Customs
10243:present
9805:Maslaha
9689:Schools
9676:Sufism
9560:Alchemy
9492:Shafi'i
9270:Saladin
9198:Zahiris
8510:Malikis
8402:Shafi'i
8397:Hanbali
8142:Mayyara
7813:Al-Baji
7706:3rd/9th
7663:2nd/8th
7586:Tabaqat
7391:Kurdish
7337:Ottoman
7324:Turkish
7298:Persian
7236:Turkish
7215:Persian
7148:Kurdish
7074:Ottoman
7061:Turkish
7030:Persian
6948:Turkish
6902:Persian
6810:Turkish
6764:Persian
6682:Persian
6555:Persian
6458:Persian
6356:Persian
6318:Al-Udri
6250:al-Suli
6169:Ya'qubi
5851:at the
5832:English
5662:Sources
5590:2708627
4963:"index"
4887:3590803
4827:4310424
3349:Berbers
3251:as the
3205:Ottoman
2993:Classic
1574:asabiya
1473:mithqal
1465:mithqal
1385:Berbers
1314:, yet
1297:Berbers
1268:Berbers
1130:of the
1103:, Cairo
1003:Algeria
954:Castile
943:Granada
934:Marinid
823:of the
785:Tlemcen
745:Maghreb
689:to the
687:Seville
683:Tunisia
483:Arabic:
377:Toynbee
263:Al-Tusi
258:Al-Razi
147:Ash'ari
92: (
57:Algeria
13467:(1992)
13457:(1971)
13447:(1951)
13437:(1945)
13427:(1944)
13417:(1929)
13407:(1859)
13397:(1848)
13377:(1820)
13367:(1791)
13357:(1790)
13347:(1762)
13337:(1748)
13327:(1689)
13317:(1651)
13307:(1532)
13297:(1313)
13227:Walzer
13217:Taylor
13172:Sartre
13137:Popper
13132:Pareto
13127:Ortega
13112:Nozick
13102:Mouffe
13052:Laclau
13012:Guénon
12997:Gandhi
12937:Berlin
12927:Bauman
12922:Badiou
12912:Arendt
12879:Tucker
12769:Le Bon
12730:Herder
12720:Haller
12715:Godwin
12700:Fichte
12695:Engels
12690:Cortés
12660:Bonald
12617:Suárez
12592:Milton
12582:Luther
12555:Hobbes
12540:Filmer
12530:Calvin
12515:Boétie
12508:period
12487:Ockham
12354:Cicero
12155:Nazism
11943:Utopia
11918:Rights
11908:Regime
11878:People
11863:Nation
11669:Ethics
11628:(2010)
11618:(1991)
11608:(1990)
11598:(1987)
11588:(1987)
11578:(1979)
11568:(1976)
11558:(1967)
11548:(1964)
11538:(1949)
11528:(1935)
11518:(1930)
11498:(1756)
11488:(1486)
11433:Walzer
11423:Taylor
11413:Sowell
11398:Simmel
11363:Pareto
11358:Ortega
11268:Guénon
11253:Gehlen
11248:Gandhi
11203:Debord
11188:Butler
11183:Berlin
11173:Bauman
11163:Badiou
11153:Arendt
11143:Adorno
11075:Ruskin
11030:Le Bon
11005:Herder
10980:Fichte
10975:Engels
10945:Bonald
10935:Arnold
10907:Milton
10902:Luther
10882:Calvin
10760:Origen
10730:Cicero
10690:Social
10626:Family
10621:Values
10582:Rights
10546:Public
10494:Honour
10425:Anomie
10420:Agency
9835:Tawḥīd
9795:ʻIrfān
9608:Ethics
9566:Aqidah
9553:Fields
9485:Maliki
9478:Hanafi
9448:Sufism
9443:Tawhid
9340:Mamluk
8407:Zahiri
8392:Hanafi
7725:Sahnun
7269:Arabic
7181:Arabic
7006:Arabic
6868:Arabic
6837:Neshri
6827:Enveri
6730:Arabic
6694:Wassaf
6613:Arabic
6491:Arabic
6394:Arabic
6297:Arabic
6001:
5806:
5775:
5769:176185
5767:
5704:
5696:
5640:Kyklos
5623:
5588:
5526:un.org
5364:
5339:
5314:
5274:
5244:
5208:
5185:4 July
5049:
5010:
4969:14 May
4885:
4848:
4825:
4759:
4694:
4502:
4375:
4320:
4310:
4254:
4246:
4193:
4130:
4122:
4083:
4073:
4050:
4038:
3902:
3839:
3765:
3732:
3406:named
3382:Turkey
3335:, and
3223:Europe
3163:Laffer
3149:Legacy
3123:Sufism
3015:Modern
2964:Events
1648:demons
1639:Sufism
1591:, the
1469:barley
1461:dirham
1457:silver
1381:racist
1359:, the
1206:reform
1191:Tatars
1173:Mongol
1132:Maliki
1117:Barquq
987:Bougie
983:Hafsid
981:, the
947:Nasrid
926:sultan
825:plague
777:ijazah
769:sharia
765:hadith
608:Family
588:, and
524:, and
504:, and
467:Arabic
382:Orowan
357:Çelebi
137:Maliki
13616:Index
13245:Works
13232:Weber
13197:Spann
13192:Sorel
13157:Röpke
13152:Rawls
13107:Negri
13097:Mosca
13092:Mises
13057:Lenin
13027:Hoppe
13022:Hayek
12987:Fromm
12977:Evola
12967:Dugin
12864:Taine
12844:Smith
12824:Renan
12819:Paine
12740:Iqbal
12725:Hegel
12675:Comte
12665:Burke
12577:Locke
12567:James
12520:Bodin
12452:Dante
12447:Bruni
12401:Shang
12384:Plato
11938:State
11888:Power
11873:Peace
11808:Elite
11786:Terms
11466:Works
11453:Žižek
11438:Weber
11378:Röpke
11338:Negri
11318:Lasch
11288:Hoppe
11243:Fromm
11233:Evola
11213:Dewey
11193:Camus
11100:Taine
11080:Smith
11070:Royce
11060:Renan
10995:Hegel
10960:Comte
10950:Burke
10897:Locke
10831:Dante
10826:Bruni
10795:Xunzi
10770:Plato
10765:Philo
10745:Laozi
10553:Mores
10465:Multi
10455:Inter
10241:20th–
9840:Ummah
9830:Shūrā
9825:Qiyās
9815:Qadar
9800:Ijmāʿ
9780:Iʻjaz
9697:Early
9651:Peace
9633:Logic
9614:Kalam
9438:Kalam
9294:Qutuz
7551:Isnad
7533:Rihla
5773:S2CID
5765:JSTOR
5702:S2CID
5694:JSTOR
5621:S2CID
5586:JSTOR
5464:(PDF)
4883:JSTOR
4823:JSTOR
4794:(41).
4318:S2CID
4252:S2CID
4244:JSTOR
4156:–306.
4128:S2CID
3589:Notes
3329:Plato
3171:Egypt
3004:Sufis
1723:Kalam
1393:`Ibar
1239:]
1230:, MS
1216:Works
1186:Syria
1177:Timur
1169:Faraj
1158:fatwa
1109:Egypt
1023:Mecca
903:Tunis
793:logic
753:Quran
652:Tunis
619:Tunis
392:Comte
143:Creed
127:Sunni
117:Islam
102:Cairo
76:Tunis
13147:Rand
13142:Qutb
13042:Kirk
12917:Aron
12834:Sade
12814:Owen
12799:Mill
12789:Marx
12757:Kant
12735:Hume
12597:More
12497:Wang
12379:Mozi
11803:Duty
11448:Zinn
11443:Weil
11313:Land
11298:Kirk
11158:Aron
11115:Vico
11055:Owen
11045:Mill
11040:Marx
11020:Kant
11010:Hume
10755:Mozi
10460:Mono
10171:Jami
10053:13th
9992:12th
9941:11th
9820:Qalb
9810:Nafs
9790:ʻIlm
9722:Sufi
9624:Fiqh
5999:ISBN
5804:ISBN
5534:2018
5425:2007
5362:ISBN
5337:ISBN
5312:ISBN
5272:ISBN
5242:ISBN
5206:ISBN
5187:2012
5149:help
5109:2018
5084:link
5047:ISBN
5028:link
5008:ISBN
4985:link
4971:2022
4931:2017
4846:ISBN
4757:ISBN
4730:2024
4692:ISSN
4625:2017
4588:2017
4558:2017
4533:2008
4500:ISBN
4373:ISBN
4343:2017
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