Ibn al-Haytham - Knowledge

1130:, an illusion that played an important role in the scientific tradition of medieval Europe. Many authors repeated explanations that attempted to solve the problem of the Moon appearing larger near the horizon than it does when higher up in the sky. Alhazen argued against Ptolemy's refraction theory, and defined the problem in terms of perceived, rather than real, enlargement. He said that judging the distance of an object depends on there being an uninterrupted sequence of intervening bodies between the object and the observer. When the Moon is high in the sky there are no intervening objects, so the Moon appears close. The perceived size of an object of constant angular size varies with its perceived distance. Therefore, the Moon appears closer and smaller high in the sky, and further and larger on the horizon. Through works by 678:

any other part of the eye, would be perceived. He argued, using a physical analogy, that perpendicular rays were stronger than oblique rays: in the same way that a ball thrown directly at a board might break the board, whereas a ball thrown obliquely at the board would glance off, perpendicular rays were stronger than refracted rays, and it was only perpendicular rays which were perceived by the eye. As there was only one perpendicular ray that would enter the eye at any one point, and all these rays would converge on the centre of the eye in a cone, this allowed him to resolve the problem of each point on an object sending many rays to the eye; if only the perpendicular ray mattered, then he had a one-to-one correspondence and the confusion could be resolved. He later asserted (in book seven of the

11605: 2137: 13886: 5234:, pp. 395–96: In seventeenth century Europe the problems formulated by Ibn al-Haytham (965–1041) became known as 'Alhazen's problem'. ... Al-Haytham's contributions to geometry and number theory went well beyond the Archimedean tradition. Al-Haytham also worked on analytical geometry and the beginnings of the link between algebra and geometry. Subsequently, this work led in pure mathematics to the harmonious fusion of algebra and geometry that was epitomised by Descartes in geometric analysis and by Newton in the calculus. Al-Haytham was a scientist who made major contributions to the fields of mathematics, physics and astronomy during the latter half of the tenth century. 1057:

organ from the form of color or of light is a certain change; and change must take place in time; .....and it is in the time during which the form extends from the sentient organ's surface to the cavity of the common nerve, and in (the time) following that, that the sensitive faculty, which exists in the whole of the sentient body will perceive color as color...Thus the last sentient's perception of color as such and of light as such takes place at a time following that in which the form arrives from the surface of the sentient organ to the cavity of the common nerve.

13874: 605: 674:, and the intromission theories of Aristotle. Alhazen's intromission theory followed al-Kindi (and broke with Aristotle) in asserting that "from each point of every colored body, illuminated by any light, issue light and color along every straight line that can be drawn from that point". This left him with the problem of explaining how a coherent image was formed from many independent sources of radiation; in particular, every point of an object would send rays to every point on the eye. 1513:; Alhazen made the first systematic effort of evaluating the Milky Way's parallax, combining Ptolemy's data and his own. He concluded that the parallax is (probably very much) smaller than Lunar parallax, and the Milky way should be a celestial object. Though he was not the first who argued that the Milky Way does not belong to the atmosphere, he is the first who did quantitative analysis for the claim. The fourth group consists of ten works on astronomical theory, including the 13946: 873: 1018:. Besides the fact that this treatise allowed more people to study partial eclipses of the sun, it especially allowed to better understand how the camera obscura works. This treatise is a physico-mathematical study of image formation inside the camera obscura. Ibn al-Haytham takes an experimental approach, and determines the result by varying the size and the shape of the aperture, the focal length of the camera, the shape and intensity of the light source. 1940: 1530: 1108:

from an equal distance does not. He also used this result to explain how intense, direct light hurts the eye, using a mechanical analogy: Alhazen associated 'strong' lights with perpendicular rays and 'weak' lights with oblique ones. The obvious answer to the problem of multiple rays and the eye was in the choice of the perpendicular ray, since only one such ray from each point on the surface of the object could penetrate the eye.

1573: 1449:) that cannot exist, and the fact that this arrangement produces in his imagination the motions that belong to the planets does not free him from the error he committed in his assumed arrangement, for the existing motions of the planets cannot be the result of an arrangement that is impossible to exist... or a man to imagine a circle in the heavens, and to imagine the planet moving in it does not bring about the planet's motion. 1175:

not to the sayings of a human being whose nature is fraught with all kinds of imperfection and deficiency. The duty of the man who investigates the writings of scientists, if learning the truth is his goal, is to make himself an enemy of all that he reads, and ... attack it from every side. He should also suspect himself as he performs his critical examination of it, so that he may avoid falling into either prejudice or leniency.

916:, where previously only the formulas for the sums of squares and cubes had been stated. His method can be readily generalized to find the formula for the sum of any integral powers, although he did not himself do this (perhaps because he only needed the fourth power to calculate the volume of the paraboloid he was interested in). He used his result on sums of integral powers to perform what would now be called an 13934: 764:

al-Haytham did not give the circular figure of the horopter and why, by reasoning experimentally, he was in fact closer to the discovery of Panum's fusional area than that of the Vieth-Müller circle. In this regard, Ibn al-Haytham's theory of binocular vision faced two main limits: the lack of recognition of the role of the retina, and obviously the lack of an experimental investigation of ocular tracts.

13898: 768: 13922: 5652:, p. 23: "Alhazen's works in turn inspired many scientists of the Middle Ages, such as the English bishop, Robert Grosseteste (c. 1175–1253), and the English Franciscan, Roger Bacon (c. 1214–1294), Erazmus Ciolek Witelo, or Witelon (ca 1230* 1280), a Silesian-born Polish friar, philosopher and scholar, published in ca 1270 a treatise on optics, Perspectiva, largely based on Alhazen's works." 2680:, p. 11: "Ibn al-Haytham's groundbreaking studies in optics, including his research in catoptrics and dioptrics (respectively the sciences investigating the principles and instruments pertaining to the reflection and refraction of light), were principally gathered in his monumental opus: Kitåb al-manåóir (The Optics; De Aspectibus or Perspectivae; composed between 1028 CE and 1038 CE)." 13910: 13862: 2908:: "The three most recognizable Islamic contributors to meteorology were: the Alexandrian mathematician/ astronomer Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen 965–1039), the Arab-speaking Persian physician Ibn Sina (Avicenna 980–1037), and the Spanish Moorish physician/jurist Ibn Rushd (Averroes; 1126–1198)." He has been dubbed the "father of modern optics" by the 363:. He made major contributions to catoptrics and dioptrics by studying reflection, refraction and nature of images formed by light rays. Ibn al-Haytham was an early proponent of the concept that a hypothesis must be supported by experiments based on confirmable procedures or mathematical reasoning—an early pioneer in the 1303:, arguing that Ptolemaic models must be understood in terms of physical objects rather than abstract hypotheses—in other words that it should be possible to create physical models where (for example) none of the celestial bodies would collide with each other. The suggestion of mechanical models for the Earth centred 453:. His initial influences were in the study of religion and service to the community. At the time, society had a number of conflicting views of religion that he ultimately sought to step aside from religion. This led to him delving into the study of mathematics and science. He held a position with the title of 2237:

According to medieval biographers, Alhazen wrote more than 200 works on a wide range of subjects, of which at least 96 of his scientific works are known. Most of his works are now lost, but more than 50 of them have survived to some extent. Nearly half of his surviving works are on mathematics, 23 of

1436:

concerned what Ptolemy thought was the actual configuration of the planets. Ptolemy himself acknowledged that his theories and configurations did not always agree with each other, arguing that this was not a problem provided it did not result in noticeable error, but Alhazen was particularly scathing

1138:

and Witelo based on Alhazen's explanation, the Moon illusion gradually came to be accepted as a psychological phenomenon, with the refraction theory being rejected in the 17th century. Although Alhazen is often credited with the perceived distance explanation, he was not the first author to offer it.

1021:

In his work he explains the inversion of the image in the camera obscura, the fact that the image is similar to the source when the hole is small, but also the fact that the image can differ from the source when the hole is large. All these results are produced by using a point analysis of the image.

677:

What Alhazen needed was for each point on an object to correspond to one point only on the eye. He attempted to resolve this by asserting that the eye would only perceive perpendicular rays from the object—for any one point on the eye, only the ray that reached it directly, without being refracted by

2079:

After the death of Archimedes no really great physicist appeared until Ibn al-Haytham. If, therefore, we confine our interest only to the history of physics, there is a long period of over twelve hundred years during which the Golden Age of Greece gave way to the era of Muslim Scholasticism, and the

1237:

had not yet been fully translated from Arabic, and Toomer was concerned that without context, specific passages might be read anachronistically. While acknowledging Alhazen's importance in developing experimental techniques, Toomer argued that Alhazen should not be considered in isolation from other

1051:

Alhazen basically states the concept of unconscious inference in his discussion of colour before adding that the inferential step between sensing colour and differentiating it is shorter than the time taken between sensing and any other visible characteristic (aside from light), and that "time is so

995:

mainly to observe a partial solar eclipse. In his essay, Ibn al-Haytham writes that he observed the sickle-like shape of the sun at the time of an eclipse. The introduction reads as follows: "The image of the sun at the time of the eclipse, unless it is total, demonstrates that when its light passes

5080:

Toomer p. 464: "Schramm sums up achievement in the development of scientific method.", p. 465: "Schramm has demonstrated .. beyond any dispute that Ibn al-Haytham is a major figure in the Islamic scientific tradition, particularly in the creation of experimental techniques." p. 465: "Only when the

1905:

Truth is sought for its own sake ... Finding the truth is difficult, and the road to it is rough. For the truths are plunged in obscurity. ... God, however, has not preserved the scientist from error and has not safeguarded science from shortcomings and faults. If this had been the case, scientists

1174:

Therefore, the seeker after the truth is not one who studies the writings of the ancients and, following his natural disposition, puts his trust in them, but rather the one who suspects his faith in them and questions what he gathers from them, the one who submits to argument and demonstration, and

570:(English: Treasury of Optics: seven books by the Arab Alhazen, first edition; by the same, on twilight and the height of clouds). Risner is also the author of the name variant "Alhazen"; before Risner he was known in the west as Alhacen. Works by Alhazen on geometric subjects were discovered in the 1816:. In "tying the visual perception of space to prior bodily experience, Alhazen unequivocally rejected the intuitiveness of spatial perception and, therefore, the autonomy of vision. Without tangible notions of distance and size for correlation, sight can tell us next to nothing about such things." 907:

at which a player must aim a cue ball at a given point to make it bounce off the table edge and hit another ball at a second given point. Thus, its main application in optics is to solve the problem, "Given a light source and a spherical mirror, find the point on the mirror where the light will be

1453:

Having pointed out the problems, Alhazen appears to have intended to resolve the contradictions he pointed out in Ptolemy in a later work. Alhazen believed there was a "true configuration" of the planets that Ptolemy had failed to grasp. He intended to complete and repair Ptolemy's system, not to

1107:

projectile strikes. For example, to explain refraction from a rare to a dense medium, he used the mechanical analogy of an iron ball thrown at a thin slate covering a wide hole in a metal sheet. A perpendicular throw breaks the slate and passes through, whereas an oblique one with equal force and

1056:

the sentient organ does not sense the forms that reach it from the visible objects until after it has been affected by these forms; thus it does not sense color as color or light as light until after it has been affected by the form of color or light. Now the affectation received by the sentient

690:

perpendicular rays were perceived; why would the weaker oblique rays not be perceived more weakly? His later argument that refracted rays would be perceived as if perpendicular does not seem persuasive. However, despite its weaknesses, no other theory of the time was so comprehensive, and it was

1081:

Again the light does not travel from the colored object to the eye unaccompanied by the color, nor does the form of the color pass from the colored object to the eye unaccompanied by the light. Neither the form of the light nor that of the color existing in the colored object can pass except as

760:, with whom Alhazen was extremely familiar. Alhazen corrected a significant error of Ptolemy regarding binocular vision, but otherwise his account is very similar; Ptolemy also attempted to explain what is now called Hering's law. In general, Alhazen built on and expanded the optics of Ptolemy. 9431:, in: Variantology 4. On Deep Time Relations of Arts, Sciences and Technologies in the Arabic-Islamic World and Beyond, ed. by Siegfried Zielinski and Eckhard Fürlus in cooperation with Daniel Irrgang and Franziska Latell (Cologne: Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König, 2010), pp. 19–42. 5732:, p. 66: "Even Kepler, however, used some of Alhazen's ideas, for example, the one-to-one correspondence between points on the object and points in the eye. It would not be going too far to say that Alhazen's optical theories defined the scope and goals of the field from his day to ours." 1036:

In the seventh tract of his book of optics, Alhazen described an apparatus for experimenting with various cases of refraction, in order to investigate the relations between the angle of incidence, the angle of refraction and the angle of deflection. This apparatus was a modified version of an

796:

from his experiments appears to have influenced his consideration of image inversion in the eye, which he sought to avoid. He maintained that the rays that fell perpendicularly on the lens (or glacial humor as he called it) were further refracted outward as they left the glacial humor and the

9240:, in: Variantology 4. On Deep Time Relations of Arts, Sciences and Technologies in the Arabic-Islamic World and Beyond, ed. by Siegfried Zielinski and Eckhard Fürlus in cooperation with Daniel Irrgang and Franziska Latell (Cologne: Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König, 2010), pp. 19–42. 763:

In a more detailed account of Ibn al-Haytham's contribution to the study of binocular vision based on Lejeune and Sabra, Raynaud showed that the concepts of correspondence, homonymous and crossed diplopia were in place in Ibn al-Haytham's optics. But contrary to Howard, he explained why Ibn

534:), written from 1011 to 1021. In it, Ibn al-Haytham was the first to explain that vision occurs when light reflects from an object and then passes to one's eyes, and to argue that vision occurs in the brain, pointing to observations that it is subjective and affected by personal experience. 1489:, Alhazen described a new, geometry-based planetary model, describing the motions of the planets in terms of spherical geometry, infinitesimal geometry and trigonometry. He kept a geocentric universe and assumed that celestial motions are uniformly circular, which required the inclusion of 1238:

Islamic and ancient thinkers. Toomer concluded his review by saying that it would not be possible to assess Schramm's claim that Ibn al-Haytham was the true founder of modern physics without translating more of Alhazen's work and fully investigating his influence on later medieval writers.

2217:

featuring a series of interactive exhibits, workshops and live shows about his work, partnering with science centers, science festivals, museums, and educational institutions, as well as digital and social media platforms. The campaign also produced and released the short educational film

358:

Ibn al-Haytham was the first to correctly explain the theory of vision, and to argue that vision occurs in the brain, pointing to observations that it is subjective and affected by personal experience. He also stated the principle of least time for refraction which would later become

1484:

1038. Only one damaged manuscript has been found, with only the introduction and the first section, on the theory of planetary motion, surviving. (There was also a second section on astronomical calculation, and a third section, on astronomical instruments.) Following on from his

3513:

Esposito (2000)، The Oxford History of Islam، Oxford University Press، P. 192. : "Ibn al-Haytham (d. 1039), known in the West as Alhazan, was a leading Arab mathematician, astronomer, and physicist. His optical compendium, Kitab al-Manazir, is the greatest medieval work on

9235: 3674:, p. 164), Understanding History by John Child, Paul Shuter, David Taylor - Page 70. "Alhazen, a Persian scientist, showed that the eye saw light from other objects. This started optics, the science of light. The Arabs also studied astronomy, the study of the stars. " 1307:"greatly contributed to the eventual triumph of the Ptolemaic system among the Christians of the West". Alhazen's determination to root astronomy in the realm of physical objects was important, however, because it meant astronomical hypotheses "were accountable to the 55: 2605:

A. Mark Smith has determined that there were at least two translators, based on their facility with Arabic; the first, more experienced scholar began the translation at the beginning of Book One, and handed it off in the middle of Chapter Three of Book Three.

1224:

According to Matthias Schramm, Alhazen "was the first to make a systematic use of the method of varying the experimental conditions in a constant and uniform manner, in an experiment showing that the intensity of the light-spot formed by the projection of the

1082:

mingled together and the last sentient can only perceive them as mingled together. Nevertheless, the sentient perceives that the visible object is luminous and that the light seen in the object is other than the color and that these are two properties.

670:, while the description of the anatomy and physiology of the eye was based on Galen's account. Alhazen's achievement was to come up with a theory that successfully combined parts of the mathematical ray arguments of Euclid, the medical tradition of 1076:

by observing that the light reflected from an object is modified by the object's color. He explained that the quality of the light and the color of the object are mixed, and the visual system separates light and color. In Book II, Chapter 3 he

1497:. In general, his model didn't try to provide a causal explanation of the motions, but concentrated on providing a complete, geometric description that could explain observed motions without the contradictions inherent in Ptolemy's model. 857:

Alhazen was the first physicist to give complete statement of the law of reflection. He was first to state that the incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal to the surface all lie in a same plane perpendicular to reflecting plane.

4232:"Alhacen's Theory of Visual Perception: A Critical Edition, with English Translation and Commentary, of the First Three Books of Alhacen's "De aspectibus", the Medieval Latin Version of Ibn al-Haytham's "Kitāb al-Manāẓir": Volume Two" 2208:

and its Director-General Irina Bokova dubbed Ibn al-Haytham 'the father of optics'. Amongst others, this was to celebrate Ibn Al-Haytham's achievements in optics, mathematics and astronomy. An international campaign, created by the

5449:

Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2017. 31–70. "For example, Ibn al-Haytham and Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī were among the most important medieval scholars who used the scientific method in their approach to natural science, and they were both

1052:

short as not to be clearly apparent to the beholder." Naturally, this suggests that the colour and form are perceived elsewhere. Alhazen goes on to say that information must travel to the central nerve cavity for processing and:

1123:", a sub-discipline and precursor to modern psychology. Although Alhazen made many subjective reports regarding vision, there is no evidence that he used quantitative psychophysical techniques and the claim has been rebuffed. 791:

Alhazen's most original contribution was that, after describing how he thought the eye was anatomically constructed, he went on to consider how this anatomy would behave functionally as an optical system. His understanding of

5934: 5676:, p. 5: "The Latin translation of Alhazen's work influenced scientists and philosophers such as (Roger) Bacon and da Vinci, and formed the foundation for the work by mathematicians like Kepler, Descartes and Huygens..." 4827: 1676:, Alhazen considers the solution of a system of congruences, and gives two general methods of solution. His first method, the canonical method, involved Wilson's theorem, while his second method involved a version of the 1359:

The earth as a whole is a round sphere whose center is the center of the world. It is stationary in its middle, fixed in it and not moving in any direction nor moving with any of the varieties of motion, but always at

5688:, p. 12: "This version of Ibn al-Haytham's Optics, which became available in print, was read and consulted by scientists and philosophers of the caliber of Kepler, Galileo, Descartes, and Huygens as discussed by 5081:

influence of ibn al-Haytam and others on the mainstream of later medieval physical writings has been seriously investigated can Schramm's claim that ibn al-Haytam was the true founder of modern physics be evaluated."

932:' analytical methods to analyse the problem. An algebraic solution to the problem was finally found in 1965 by Jack M. Elkin, an actuarian. Other solutions were discovered in 1989, by Harald Riede and in 1997 by the 1922:); that is how experts in the prophetic tradition have faith in Prophets, may the blessing of God be upon them. But it is not the way that mathematicians have faith in specialists in the demonstrative sciences. 1006:

Ancient optics and medieval optics were divided into optics and burning mirrors. Optics proper mainly focused on the study of vision, while burning mirrors focused on the properties of light and luminous rays.

4800: 2801:("Ibn al-Haytham (d. 1039), known in the West as Alhazan, was a leading Arab mathematician, astronomer, and physicist. His optical compendium, Kitab al-Manazir, is the greatest medieval work on optics.") 8456:

Alhacen's theory of visual perception: a critical edition, with English translation and commentary, of the first three books of Alhacen's De aspectibus, the medieval Latin version of Ibn al-Haytham's Kitab

3606: 2773:: "Ibn al-Haytham (d. 1039), known in the West as Alhazan, was a leading Arab mathematician, astronomer, and physicist. His optical compendium, Kitab al-Manazir, is the greatest medieval work on optics." 4415: 2198:), Bronowski remarked that in his view, Alhazen was "the one really original scientific mind that Arab culture produced", whose theory of optics was not improved on till the time of Newton and Leibniz. 1881:

Alhazen wrote a work on Islamic theology in which he discussed prophethood and developed a system of philosophical criteria to discern its false claimants in his time. He also wrote a treatise entitled

1095:(Book of Optics) describes several experimental observations that Alhazen made and how he used his results to explain certain optical phenomena using mechanical analogies. He conducted experiments with 755:

was repeated by Panum in 1858. Craig Aaen-Stockdale, while agreeing that Alhazen should be credited with many advances, has expressed some caution, especially when considering Alhazen in isolation from

739:

article that Alhazen should be credited with many discoveries and theories previously attributed to Western Europeans writing centuries later. For example, he described what became in the 19th century

1930:

I constantly sought knowledge and truth, and it became my belief that for gaining access to the effulgence and closeness to God, there is no better way than that of searching for truth and knowledge.

1918:

From the statements made by the noble Shaykh, it is clear that he believes in Ptolemy's words in everything he says, without relying on a demonstration or calling on a proof, but by pure imitation (

4337: 3541: 1952:

Alhazen made significant contributions to optics, number theory, geometry, astronomy and natural philosophy. Alhazen's work on optics is credited with contributing a new emphasis on experiment.

1711:, although no copies have survived. It appears to have been concerned with the question of whether animals could react to music, for example whether a camel would increase or decrease its pace. 2501:

A Book in which I have Summarized the Science of Optics from the Two Books of Euclid and Ptolemy, to which I have added the Notions of the First Discourse which is Missing from Ptolemy's Book

6249:

Sweileh, Waleed M; Al-Jabi, Samah W; Shanti, Yousef I; Sawalha, Ansam F; Zyoud, Sa'ed H (2015), "Contribution of Arab researchers to ophthalmology: a bibliometric and comparative analysis",

1233:

onto a screen diminishes constantly as one of the apertures is gradually blocked up." G. J. Toomer expressed some skepticism regarding Schramm's view, partly because at the time (1964) the

1159:, but the text is obscure. Alhazen's writings were more widely available in the Middle Ages than those of these earlier authors, and that probably explains why Alhazen received the credit. 3839: 1441:, failed to satisfy the physical requirement of uniform circular motion, and noted the absurdity of relating actual physical motions to imaginary mathematical points, lines and circles: 2968: 2850: 3645: 1688:

Alhazen discovered the sum formula for the fourth power, using a method that could be generally used to determine the sum for any integral power. He used this to find the volume of a

578:

in 1834 by E. A. Sedillot. In all, A. Mark Smith has accounted for 18 full or near-complete manuscripts, and five fragments, which are preserved in 14 locations, including one in the

2238:

them are on astronomy, and 14 of them are on optics, with a few on other subjects. Not all his surviving works have yet been studied, but some of the ones that have are given below.

928:

and a geometric proof. His solution was extremely long and complicated and may not have been understood by mathematicians reading him in Latin translation. Later mathematicians used

5930: 2060:). Alhazen wrote as many as 200 books, although only 55 have survived. Some of his treatises on optics survived only through Latin translation. During the Middle Ages his books on 11624: 3168: 9432: 9048:

Smith, A. Mark, ed. and trans. (2006), "Alhacen on the principles of reflection: A Critical Edition, with English Translation and Commentary, of books 4 and 5 of Alhacen's

2001:

was made probably in the late twelfth or early thirteenth century. This translation was read by and greatly influenced a number of scholars in Christian Europe including:

1606:, which Boris Abramovich Rozenfeld names the "Ibn al-Haytham–Lambert quadrilateral". He was criticised by Omar Khayyam who pointed that Aristotle had condemned the use of 1283:. Experiments with mirrors and the refractive interfaces between air, water, and glass cubes, hemispheres, and quarter-spheres provided the foundation for his theories on 5270:, p. 269: "In effect, this method characterised parallel lines as lines always equidistant from one another and also introduced the concept of motion into geometry." 1437:

in his criticism of the inherent contradictions in Ptolemy's works. He considered that some of the mathematical devices Ptolemy introduced into astronomy, especially the

9289: 4581: 4298: 470:, and is said to have been forced into hiding until the caliph's death in 1021, after which his confiscated possessions were returned to him. Legend has it that Alhazen 5309: 4376: 944:(MERL) researchers solved the extension of Alhazen's problem to general rotationally symmetric quadric mirrors including hyperbolic, parabolic and elliptical mirrors. 11613: 9514: 5436:

Ishaq, Usep Mohamad, and Wan Mohd Nor Wan Daud. "Tinjauan biografi-bibliografi Ibn al-haytham." HISTORIA: Jurnal Program Studi Pendidikan Sejarah 5.2 (2017): 107–24.

2744: 9267:(2016), "Grosseteste's Meteorological Optics: Explications of the Phenomenon of the Rainbow after Ibn al-Haytham", in Cunningham, Jack P.; Hocknull, Mark (eds.), 7846: 6387:

Arjomand, Kamran (1997), "The emergence of scientific modernity in Iran: controversies surrounding astrology and modern astronomy in the mid-nineteenth century",

339:, "Book of Optics"), written during 1011–1021, which survived in a Latin edition. The works of Alhazen were frequently cited during the scientific revolution by 5905: 5801: 3590: 3504:"Alhazen Arab mathematician and physicist who was born around 965 in what is now Iraq." Critical Companion to Chaucer: A Literary Reference to His Life and Work 1509:, a second group concerning accurate astronomical observation, a third group concerning various astronomical problems and questions such as the location of the 11659: 4399: 14051: 11028: 9613: 9029:

The Optics of Ibn al-Haytham, Books I-II-III: On Direct Vision. The Arabic text, edited and with Introduction, Arabic-Latin Glossaries and Concordance Tables

707:

image (which resolved the problem of the correspondence of points on an object and points in the eye) built directly on the conceptual framework of Alhazen.

5704:, p. 66: "Sabra discusses in detail the impact of Alhazen's ideas on the optical discoveries of such men as Descartes and Christiaan Huygens; see also 13657: 5872: 3236: 2937: 812:

Alhazen's synthesis of light and vision adhered to the Aristotelian scheme, exhaustively describing the process of vision in a logical, complete fashion.

14026: 11917: 4321: 3525: 8977: 466:

Upon his return to Cairo, he was given an administrative post. After he proved unable to fulfill this task as well, he contracted the ire of the caliph

14001: 13824: 6481:

Eckart, Andreas (March 2018), "The Early Great Debate: A Comment on Ibn Al-Haytham's Work on the Location of the Milky Way with Respect to the Earth",

3567: 12771: 9216: 9164: 9112: 8706: 8660: 8614: 8497: 5445:

Kaminski, Joseph J. "The Trajectory of the Development of Islamic Thought – A Comparison Between Two Earlier and Two Later Scholars."

14056: 14016: 9078: 8877: 8851: 7101: 14011: 11320: 9947: 7609: 5664:, p. 66: "Roger Bacon, John Peckham, and Giambattista della Porta are only some of the many thinkers who were influenced by Alhazen's work." 4639:: "The principles of the camera obscura first began to be correctly analysed in the eleventh century, when they were outlined by Ibn al-Haytham." 2219: 9544: 9297:, presented at a plenary session at the International Conference on Information Sciences, Signal Processing and its Applications, archived from 10885: 9765: 9578: 6891: 5851: 3835: 1014:

Very often Ibn al-Haytham's discoveries benefited from the intersection of mathematical and experimental contributions. This is the case with

11011: 10515: 8086: 7474: 2960: 2842: 3629: 13748: 12964: 11890: 9674: 8627:

Alhacen on Image-formation and distortion in mirrors: a critical edition, with English translation and commentary, of Book 6 of Alhacen's

8581:

Alhacen on the principles of reflection : a critical edition, with English translation and commentary, of books 4 and 5 of Alhacen's

8165:(1978b), "An Eleventh-Century Refutation of Ptolemy's Planetary Theory", in Hilfstein, Erna; Czartoryski, Paweł; Grande, Frank D. (eds.), 7001: 6712: 1625:

by erecting a semicircle on each of the triangle's sides, inward for the hypotenuse and outward for the other two sides, are known as the

1458:

Alhazen set out his views on the difficulty of attaining scientific knowledge and the need to question existing authorities and theories:

13642: 9525: 9378:

Roshdi Rashed, Geometry and Dioptrics the tenth century: Ibn Sahl al-Quhi and Ibn al-Haytham (in French), Les Belles Lettres, Paris, 1993

8948: 6959: 12754: 11058: 9740: 9476: 9413: 6997: 1788: 1466:

He held that the criticism of existing theories—which dominated this book—holds a special place in the growth of scientific knowledge.

957: 616:. The illustration incorporates many examples of optical phenomena including perspective effects, the rainbow, mirrors, and refraction. 13996: 12396: 11745: 11020: 10891: 9606: 8509: 3792: 3152: 941: 13647: 12028: 7921:

Ross, H.E. (2000), "Cleomedes c. 1st century AD) on the celestial illusion, atmospheric enlargement and size-distance invariance",

6341: 6326: 4773: 4746: 2884: 7558: 13448: 11953: 11948: 10664: 9622: 8867: 8831: 8368: 8256: 7585: 3925: 2797:("Ibn al-Ḥaytam was an eminent eleventh-century Arab optician, geometer, arithmetician, algebraist, astronomer, and engineer."), 2644: 304: 8291: 1649:, he may have been the first to state that every even perfect number is of the form 2(2 − 1) where 2 − 1 is 402:

and earned his living authoring various treatises and tutoring members of the nobilities. Ibn al-Haytham is sometimes given the

11666: 10419: 8901:

Wade, Nicholas J.; Finger, Stanley (2001), "The eye as an optical instrument: from camera obscura to Helmholtz's perspective",

541: 9490: 9298: 4282: 3307:

Ibn al-Haytham's Geometrical Methods and the Philosophy of Mathematics: A History of Arabic Sciences and Mathematics, Volume 5

14061: 12023: 12000: 11807: 11498: 10440: 10190: 9468: 9407: 9382: 9331: 9276: 9001: 8738: 8468: 8445: 8421: 7974: 7912: 7866: 7498: 7125: 6748: 6701: 6436: 6418: 6378: 5303: 5293: 4837: 4810: 4783: 4756: 4409: 4370: 4360: 4331: 4292: 3639: 3600: 3535: 3477: 3427: 3162: 3036: 2994: 2575: 1201:; geometry in particular). This mathematical-physical approach to experimental science supported most of his propositions in 459:

in his native Basra, and became famous for his knowledge of applied mathematics, as evidenced by his attempt to regulate the

368: 308: 9337: 7315: 7020: 6820: 4957: 3483: 3433: 3380: 3042: 3000: 2922: 1185:

An aspect associated with Alhazen's optical research is related to systemic and methodological reliance on experimentation (

315:

from present-day Iraq. Referred to as "the father of modern optics", he made significant contributions to the principles of

13991: 13981: 13699: 12974: 12106: 9599: 9041:

The Optics of Ibn al-Haytham. Edition of the Arabic Text of Books IV–V: On Reflection and Images Seen by Reflection. 2 vols

8417: 6613:(2007), "In Defence of the Sovereignty of Philosophy: Al-Baghdadi's Critique of Ibn al-Haytham's Geometrisation of Place", 4967: 740: 13206: 12356: 11604: 5012: 13839: 13550: 10965: 10144: 8587:, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 95–4, 95–5, translated by Smith, A. Mark, Philadelphia: 8459:, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 91–4, 91–5, translated by Smith, A. Mark, Philadelphia: 7815: 6987:

Heeffer, Albrecht (14–15 September 2003), "Kepler's near discovery of the sine law: A qualitative computational model",

2126:(Pakistan) named its Ophthalmology endowed chair as "The Ibn-e-Haitham Associate Professor and Chief of Ophthalmology". 1844:, were themselves followers of the Ashʿari school of Islamic theology. Like other Ashʿarites who believed that faith or 726:. His analyses of reflection and refraction considered the vertical and horizontal components of light rays separately. 14076: 14046: 13570: 12954: 12330: 12264: 11585: 11549: 11402: 10934: 10327: 10089: 8845: 8363: 5073: 3406:, p. 331:"Peckham continually bows to the authority of Alhazen, whom he cites as "the Author" or "the Physicist"." 3219: 2981:. Specifically, he was the first to explain that vision occurs when light bounces on an object and then enters an eye. 568:

Opticae thesaurus: Alhazeni Arabis libri septem, nuncprimum editi; Eiusdem liber De Crepusculis et nubium ascensionibus

11524: 10261: 9483:'A Brief Introduction on Ibn al-Haytham' based on a lecture delivered at the Royal Society in London by Nader El-Bizri 9375:, Optics and Mathematics: Research on the history of scientific thought in Arabic, Variorum reprints, Aldershot, 1992. 7859:

A Critical Edition of Ibn al-Haytham's On the Shape of the Eclipse. The First Experimental Study of the Camera Obscura

2725:, etc.; the identity of "Alhazen" with Ibn al-Haytham al-Basri "was identified towards the end of the 19th century". ( 13986: 11053: 11004: 8398: 8235: 8206: 8153: 8096: 8059: 8028: 7875:

Raynaud, Dominique (2020), "On the Latin Source of the Italian Version of Alhacen's De aspectibus (Vat. lat. 4595)",

7816:"La perspective aérienne de Léonard de Vinci et ses origines dans l'optique d'Ibn al-Haytham (De aspectibus, III, 7)" 7637: 7518: 7441: 7301: 7273: 7074: 7034: 6930: 6863: 6773: 6593: 6564: 6181: 5898: 5793: 4595: 887:

in Book V of the Book of Optics contains a discussion of what is now known as Alhazen's problem, first formulated by

4729: 2692:, p. 39: "As a rigorous experimental physicist, he is sometimes credited with inventing the scientific method." 1837: 14031: 13312: 11883: 11544: 11467: 10291: 10281: 9482: 9205: 9153: 9098: 8692: 8679:, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 100–3, translated by Smith, A. Mark, Philadelphia: 8646: 8600: 8051: 2704:, p. 449: "As shown earlier, Ibn al-Haytham was among the first scholars to experiment with animal psychology. 1970: 13885: 8633:, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 98–1, translated by Smith, A. Mark, Philadelphia: 8495:

Vol 2 English translation I: TOC pp. 339–41, II: TOC pp. 415–16, III: TOC pp. 559–60, Notes 681ff, Bibl. via JSTOR

8486: 6768:, London: Kegan Paul International in association with Islamic Publications for The Institute of Ismaili Studies, 6011: 4259: 14071: 13586: 12111: 11828: 7786:

Raynaud, Dominique (2003), "Ibn al-Haytham sur la vision binoculaire: un précurseur de l'optique physiologique",

6136:

Daneshfard, Babak (2016), "Ibn al-Haytham (965–1039 AD), the original portrayal of the modern theory of vision",

3901:(1871). "Nota intorno ad una traduzione italiana fatta nel secolo decimoquarto del trattato d'ottica d'Alhazen". 3278: 1720: 920:, where the formulas for the sums of integral squares and fourth powers allowed him to calculate the volume of a 710:

Alhazen showed through experiment that light travels in straight lines, and carried out various experiments with

5876: 3240: 2945: 1564:

He developed a formula for summing the first 100 natural numbers, using a geometric proof to prove the formula.

996:

through a narrow, round hole and is cast on a plane opposite to the hole it takes on the form of a moonsickle."

13271: 13191: 12747: 11503: 11462: 11447: 10149: 10084: 9198: 9146: 9088: 9065: 8680: 8634: 8588: 8460: 7667: 6343:

Beyond Alhazen's Problem: Analytical Projection Model for Non-Central Catadioptric Cameras with Quadric Mirrors

6118: 3760: 2071:

H. J. J. Winter, a British historian of science, summing up the importance of Ibn al-Haytham in the history of

12437: 9566: 8967: 2789:, p. 788 ("He is one of the principal Arab mathematicians and, without any doubt, the best physicist.") 14036: 13261: 12883: 12663: 12653: 12608: 12244: 11638: 10200: 7553: 5855: 4535: 2565: 300: 8551:

Smith, A. Mark (2005), "The Alhacenian Account of Spatial Perception And Its Epistemological Implications",

3563: 14021: 13509: 13201: 13196: 13049: 11325: 11315: 11259: 10997: 10317: 10225: 10104: 9323: 9213: 9161: 9106: 8700: 8673:

Alhacen on Refraction: a critical edition, with English translation and commentary, of Book 7 of Alhacen's

8654: 8608: 8257:"Configuring the Universe: Aporetic, Problem Solving, and Kinematic Modeling as Themes of Arabic Astronomy" 5324: 2555: 1193:

in his scientific inquiries. Moreover, his experimental directives rested on combining classical physics (

13438: 11043: 9689: 8494: 8187:

The Optics of Ibn al-Haytham. Books I-II-III: On Direct Vision. English Translation and Commentary. 2 vols

7508: 3779: 13686: 13524: 12216: 12008: 11990: 11943: 11922: 11876: 11760: 10880: 10759: 10633: 9679: 8722: 7179:

Howard, Ian P.; Wade, Nicholas J. (1996), "Ptolemy's contributions to the geometry of binocular vision",

7026: 6851: 6373:, Dolciani mathematical expositions, vol. 42, Mathematical Association of America, pp. 137–44, 6043: 2205: 2169: 2130: 828: 656:

and his followers, had physical forms entering the eye from an object. Previous Islamic writers (such as

13591: 9237:

Afterthoughts on Alhazen's Visual Theory and Its Presence in the Pictorial Theory of Western Perspective

8871: 8835: 3631:

Quantum Mechanics for Beginners: With Applications to Quantum Communication By M. Suhail Zubairy page 81

14066: 14041: 14006: 13852: 13734: 13519: 13468: 12508: 12289: 11730: 11709: 11457: 11427: 11204: 11118: 10134: 10124: 9745: 9635: 8085:

Russell, Gül A. (1996), "Emergence of Physiological Optics", in Rāshid, Rushdī; Morelon, Régis (eds.),

7087: 6525: 5509: 1103:

projectiles on surfaces was forceful enough to make them penetrate, whereas surfaces tended to deflect

660:) had argued essentially on Euclidean, Galenist, or Aristotelian lines. The strongest influence on the 454: 11083: 9755: 7601: 13443: 13362: 13044: 12740: 12713: 12523: 11412: 11164: 10401: 9982: 9866: 6389: 2570: 2080:

experimental spirit of the noblest physicist of Antiquity lived again in the Arab Scholar from Basra.

1833: 1677: 780: 9573: 6881: 6352: 1897:

There are occasional references to theology or religious sentiment in his technical works, e.g. in

1692:. He could find the integral formula for any polynomial without having developed a general formula. 1428:, pointing out various contradictions he found in these works, particularly in astronomy. Ptolemy's 729:

Alhazen studied the process of sight, the structure of the eye, image formation in the eye, and the

571: 13803: 13463: 13327: 13292: 13125: 13085: 13014: 12989: 12801: 12703: 12054: 11483: 11442: 11310: 11194: 10215: 10109: 9987: 9750: 9710: 9271:, Studies in the History of Philosophy of Mind, vol. 18, Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 21–39, 8756: 7468: 6191:

Masoud, Mohammad T; Masoud, Faiza (2006), "How Islam changed medicine: Ibn al-Haytham and optics",

2560: 2014: 1849: 1658: 1217:) and grounded his theories of vision, light and colour, as well as his research in catoptrics and 625: 20: 11169: 10205: 9560: 9549: 8076:

Rozenfeld, Boris Abramovich; Youschkevitch, Adolf P. (1996), "Geometry", in Rashed, Roshdi (ed.),

1755:. His field work, however, later made him aware of the impracticality of this scheme, and he soon 1505:

Alhazen wrote a total of twenty-five astronomical works, some concerning technical issues such as

13966: 13720: 13666: 13622: 13504: 13367: 13090: 13019: 12340: 12249: 12172: 11852: 11847: 11837: 11144: 11139: 10220: 10169: 9831: 9821: 9760: 8317:"The "Commentary" That Saved the Text: The Hazardous Journey of Ibn al-Haytham's Arabic "Optics"" 3981: 2739: 2136: 1576:

The lunes of Alhazen. The two blue lunes together have the same area as the green right triangle.

1112: 504: 8384: 6988: 3197: 1462:

Truth is sought for itself the truths, are immersed in uncertainties not immune from error...

1111:

Sudanese psychologist Omar Khaleefa has argued that Alhazen should be considered the founder of

484:, and lived from the proceeds of his literary production until his death in c. 1040. (A copy of 13798: 13458: 13372: 13317: 13216: 13110: 13080: 12984: 12673: 12623: 12618: 12584: 12452: 12279: 12269: 12101: 11776: 11452: 11437: 11371: 11300: 10638: 10598: 10412: 10353: 10312: 10139: 10119: 10038: 9916: 9529: 8390: 8145: 6722: 6717: 6347: 3371: 2530: 2474:القول المعروف بالغریب فی حساب المعاملات (Saying the unknown in the calculation of transactions) 2046: 1994: 1011:

is probably one of the first attempts made by Ibn al-Haytham to articulate these two sciences.

474:

and was kept under house arrest during this period. During this time, he wrote his influential

418: 197: 6972: 5826: 5610: 13782: 13772: 13673: 13494: 13100: 12933: 12708: 12457: 12376: 11590: 11417: 11381: 10905: 10699: 10613: 10286: 10099: 10068: 10013: 9801: 9365: 7066:

Science and Technology in a Multicultural World: The Cultural Politics of Facts and Artifacts

6906:

Faruqi, Yasmeen M. (2006), "Contributions of Islamic scholars to the scientific enterprise",

4284:

Waves in Focal Regions: Propagation, Diffraction and Focusing of Light, Sound and Water Waves

1861: 1732: 1603: 1046: 797:

resulting image thus passed upright into the optic nerve at the back of the eye. He followed

467: 360: 238: 13024: 10989: 9456: 9393: 9177: : a critical edition, with English translation and commentary, of Book 7 of Alhacen's 9125: : a critical edition, with English translation and commentary, of Book 6 of Alhacen's 8938: 2961:"International Year of Light: Ibn al Haytham, pioneer of modern optics celebrated at UNESCO" 2843:"International Year of Light: Ibn al Haytham, pioneer of modern optics celebrated at UNESCO" 784: 13976: 13971: 13565: 13489: 13322: 13266: 12908: 12791: 12688: 12564: 12498: 12447: 12442: 12371: 12361: 11755: 11704: 11580: 11559: 11432: 11340: 10924: 10898: 10739: 10709: 10114: 10094: 9785: 9684: 9669: 9499: 9269:

Robert Grosseteste and the Pursuit of Religious and Scientific Knowledge in the Middle Ages

8870:, in Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. (eds.), 8726: 8612:

5 – Vol 2 English translation IV: TOC pp. 289–94, V: TOC pp. 377–84, Notes, Bibl. via JSTOR

8198: 7962: 7352: 7330:

Khaleefa, Omar (1999), "Who Is the Founder of Psychophysics and Experimental Psychology?",

6799: 6685: 6454: 5751: 4586: 4564: 3092: 2188:

presented Alhazen's work in a similar television documentary (and the corresponding book),

2090: 1599: 1592: 933: 867: 824: 793: 735: 723: 544:

by an unknown scholar at the end of the 12th century or the beginning of the 13th century.

460: 173: 157: 9591: 8540: 6445:

Bettany, Laurence (1995), "Ibn al-Haytham: an answer to multicultural science teaching?",

3796: 2613:

Volume 1: Commentary and Latin text pp.xx-xxi. See also his 2006, 2008, 2010 translations.

1787:) is the imagined three-dimensional void between the inner surfaces of a containing body. 278: 8: 13938: 13834: 13755: 13692: 13596: 13387: 13332: 13276: 13175: 13054: 12918: 12648: 12579: 12559: 12518: 11995: 11960: 11725: 11652: 11174: 11078: 10865: 10704: 10684: 10618: 10603: 10474: 10433: 10154: 10129: 9816: 9735: 8438:

Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures

7659: 7092: 6684:(2010). "Classical Optics and the Perspectiva Traditions Leading to the Renaissance". In 4829:

Light-Based Science: Technology and Sustainable Development, The Legacy of Ibn al-Haytham

4802:

Light-Based Science: Technology and Sustainable Development, The Legacy of Ibn al-Haytham

3154:

Light-Based Science: Technology and Sustainable Development, The Legacy of Ibn al-Haytham

2535: 2524: 2174: 2164: 2123: 2041:' writings on optics, and his legacy was further advanced through the 'reforming' of his 1669: 1665: 1626: 1621:(crescent shapes), but later gave up on the impossible task. The two lunes formed from a 1614: 1538: 1379: 892: 852: 752: 649: 621: 485: 481: 177: 11113: 9780: 9554: 8730: 7966: 7356: 6458: 6357: 6332: 5755: 5403: 5084: 3096: 2876: 1378:

in the 13th and 14th centuries and subsequently had an influence on astronomers such as

13926: 13878: 13680: 13606: 13297: 12999: 12979: 12928: 12847: 12821: 12816: 12658: 12513: 12274: 12046: 11899: 11857: 11812: 11786: 11735: 11376: 11254: 11189: 10929: 10870: 10548: 10500: 10358: 9911: 9705: 9586: 9510:

Short biographies on several "Muslim Heroes and Personalities" including Ibn al-Haytham

8926: 8784: 8776: 8704:(#3, section 2) – Vol 2 English translation VII: TOC pp. 213–18, Notes, Bibl. via JSTOR 8568: 8524: 8336: 8276: 8008: 7946: 7892: 7838: 7803: 7775: 7421: 7396:

Lindberg, David C. (1967), "Alhazen's Theory of Vision and Its Reception in the West",

7244: 7204: 7168: 6920: 6887: 6693: 6630: 6537: 6498: 6470: 6314: 6273: 6213: 6161: 6098: 5763: 5380: 4552: 4494: 4251: 3718: 3685: 3118: 2585: 2550: 2545: 2084:

Although only one commentary on Alhazen's optics has survived the Islamic Middle Ages,

2026: 2006: 1824:

Alhazen was a Muslim and most sources report that he was a Sunni and a follower of the

1791:, a supporter of Aristotle's philosophical view of place, later criticized the work in 1618: 1584: 1581: 1190: 555:

was translated at the end of the 14th century into Italian vernacular, under the title

403: 348: 312: 8658:(#1, section 2) – Vol 2 English translation VI:TOC pp. 155–160, Notes, Bibl. via JSTOR 8358: 7577: 7548: 6990:

Third International workshop: Computer models of scientific reasoning and applications

5931:"1000 Years of Arabic Optics to be a Focus of the International Year of Light in 2015" 4972: 4970: 3931: 3226:

Toomer p. 464: "Schramm sums up achievement in the development of scientific method."

2638: 805:

was the receptive organ of sight, although some of his work hints that he thought the

13873: 13382: 13357: 13211: 12826: 12574: 12493: 12417: 11802: 11781: 11219: 11108: 10960: 10955: 10829: 10689: 10230: 10164: 10159: 9876: 9464: 9403: 9327: 9272: 9072: 8997: 8918: 8841: 8788: 8768: 8734: 8572: 8532: 8474: 8464: 8441: 8394: 8316: 8297: 8280: 8241: 8231: 8212: 8202: 8194: 8149: 8102: 8092: 8065: 8055: 8034: 8024: 8000: 7970: 7938: 7908: 7896: 7862: 7842: 7807: 7779: 7747: 7739: 7725: 7705: 7697: 7678: 7663: 7643: 7633: 7524: 7514: 7494: 7447: 7437: 7413: 7307: 7297: 7279: 7269: 7259: 7196: 7160: 7131: 7121: 7070: 7040: 7030: 6936: 6926: 6869: 6859: 6779: 6769: 6744: 6697: 6634: 6599: 6589: 6570: 6560: 6541: 6502: 6474: 6466: 6432: 6414: 6374: 6328:

Analytical Forward Projection for Axial Non-Central Dioptric and Catadioptric Cameras

6306: 6278: 6238: 6218: 6177: 6153: 6124: 6114: 6102: 5775: 5767: 5299: 5151: 5123: 4833: 4806: 4779: 4752: 4405: 4366: 4327: 4288: 3756: 3723: 3705: 3635: 3596: 3531: 3473: 3423: 3390: 3193: 3158: 3122: 3110: 3032: 2990: 2824: 2540: 2190: 2018: 1857: 1841: 1607: 1168: 972: 900: 686:

perpendicular. His arguments regarding perpendicular rays do not clearly explain why

395: 364: 320: 193: 181: 134: 9319:İBNÜ'l-HEYSEM – An article published in 21st volume of Turkish Encyclopedia of Islam 8012: 7950: 7425: 7208: 7172: 6848:

To Save the Phenomena: An Essay on the Idea of Physical theory from Plato to Galileo

6318: 6229:

Masic I (2008), "Ibn al-Haitham – father of optics and describer of vision theory",

6165: 6044:

Physical thought from the Presocratics to the quantum physicists : an anthology

4648:

German physicist Eilhard Wiedemann first provided an abridged German translation of

4134: 2812: 2030: 691:

enormously influential, particularly in Western Europe. Directly or indirectly, his

13902: 13866: 13829: 13499: 13433: 13377: 13115: 13039: 12969: 12903: 12898: 12893: 12763: 12698: 12668: 12643: 12628: 12488: 12254: 12089: 11680: 11554: 11529: 11234: 11214: 11123: 11103: 11088: 10970: 10939: 10814: 10804: 10734: 10593: 10553: 10538: 10461: 10426: 10406: 10348: 10271: 10256: 10251: 9977: 9826: 9715: 9563:

From The UNESCO Courier on the occasion of the International Year of Astronomy 2009

9487: 9285: 8930: 8910: 8811: 8760: 8560: 8328: 8268: 7992: 7930: 7884: 7830: 7795: 7767: 7729: 7687: 7405: 7360: 7236: 7188: 7152: 6807: 6622: 6529: 6490: 6462: 6398: 6298: 6268: 6258: 6208: 6200: 6145: 6090: 6039: 5956: 5759: 5517: 5485:

Anwar, Sabieh (October 2008), "Is Ghazālī really the Halagu of Science in Islam?",

5372: 4826:

Boudrioua, Azzedine; Rashed, Roshdi; Lakshminarayanan, Vasudevan (15 August 2017).

4799:

Boudrioua, Azzedine; Rashed, Roshdi; Lakshminarayanan, Vasudevan (15 August 2017).

4548: 4544: 4530: 4486: 4243: 3771: 3713: 3697: 3151:

Boudrioua, Azzedine; Rashed, Roshdi; Lakshminarayanan, Vasudevan (15 August 2017).

3100: 2112: 2085: 1803: 1602:, and in effect introducing the concept of motion into geometry. He formulated the 1546: 1331: 1116: 937: 909: 751:

that is actually closer to the modern definition than Aguilonius's—and his work on

579: 563: 248: 83: 13545: 8411: 8048:

A History of Non-Euclidean Geometry: Evolution of the Concept of a Geometric Space

4511:

Riede, Harald (1989), "Reflexion am Kugelspiegel. Oder: das Problem des Alhazen",

1147:

2nd century) gave this account (in addition to refraction), and he credited it to

1119:. Khaleefa has also argued that Alhazen should also be considered the "founder of 13555: 13170: 12959: 12923: 12786: 12683: 12678: 12633: 12094: 12079: 12074: 11841: 11833: 11740: 11493: 11356: 11275: 11159: 10875: 10809: 10573: 10528: 10058: 9932: 9901: 9851: 9836: 9664: 9582: 9518: 9494: 9317: 9220: 9209: 9168: 9157: 9116: 9102: 8710: 8696: 8664: 8650: 8618: 8604: 8501: 8490: 8407: 7383: 7291: 7083: 7064: 7048: 6948: 6828: 6795: 6765: 6738: 6366: 6056: 6015: 5077: 4961: 4951: 4577: 4560: 3898: 3467: 3417: 3384: 3377: 3223: 3026: 2984: 2914: 2580: 2210: 2185: 2156: 2065: 2034: 2022: 1829: 1756: 1432:

concerned mathematical theories regarding the motion of the planets, whereas the

1371: 1304: 1073: 1067: 999:

It is admitted that his findings solidified the importance in the history of the

903:

at that point. This is equivalent to finding the point on the edge of a circular

471: 371:, he is sometimes described as the world's "first true scientist". He was also a 352: 344: 9891: 9509: 8290:(October–December 2003), "Ibn al-Haytham: Brief life of an Arab mathematician", 7716:

Rashed, Roshdi (2002b), "PORTRAITS OF SCIENCE: A Polymath in the 10th Century",

7381:

Lejeune, Albert (1958), "Les recherches de Ptolémée sur la vision binoculaire",

6644:(2009a), "La perception de la profondeur: Alhazen, Berkeley, et Merleau-Ponty", 1355:

Alhazen presented a detailed description of the physical structure of the earth:

13950: 13890: 13560: 13540: 13251: 13160: 13135: 13105: 13064: 12938: 12613: 12589: 12569: 12549: 12084: 11965: 11673: 11645: 11386: 11285: 11229: 11098: 11068: 10719: 10694: 10480: 10343: 9997: 9972: 9942: 9906: 9775: 9264: 9244: 8963: 7265: 7255: 7224: 6922:

The Grip of Gravity: The Quest to Understand the Laws of Motion and Gravitation

6681: 6661: 6641: 6610: 6581: 6548: 6509: 6204: 6094: 5742:

Winter, H. J. J. (September 1953). "The Optical Researches of Ibn Al-Haitham".

5689: 5360: 4994: 3701: 3105: 3080: 2244: 1957: 1945: 1874: 1812: 1724: 1654: 1642: 1622: 1000: 992: 985: 953: 904: 802: 696: 604: 518: 476: 325: 146: 9362:

Ibn al-Haytham and Greek optics: a comparative study in scientific methodology

8564: 7983:

Ross, H .E.; Ross, G .M. (1976), "Did Ptolemy understand the moon illusion?",

7888: 7834: 7799: 7771: 7143:

Howard, Ian P. (1996), "Alhazen's neglected discoveries of visual phenomena",

6626: 6533: 6494: 6402: 6263: 3592:

Renaissance Theories of Vision edited by John Shannon Hendrix, Charles page 77

3237:"International Year of Light – Ibn Al-Haytham and the Legacy of Arabic Optics" 2938:"International Year of Light – Ibn Al-Haytham and the Legacy of Arabic Optics" 13960: 13727: 13423: 13418: 13342: 13307: 13130: 13034: 12503: 12427: 12401: 12335: 11488: 11407: 11048: 10839: 10749: 10623: 10493: 10486: 10185: 10053: 9967: 9389: 9372: 8772: 8478: 8332: 8216: 8116:(1971), "The astronomical origin of Ibn al-Haytham's concept of experiment", 7743: 7701: 7311: 6940: 6603: 6574: 6149: 5771: 5067: 3709: 3302: 3213: 3114: 2178: 2145: 2119: 2109: 1638: 1558: 1127: 1120: 1104: 1100: 1031: 925: 896: 840: 836: 730: 711: 500: 450: 446: 185: 95: 13236: 11361: 10028: 9445: 8245: 8106: 8069: 8038: 7734: 7692: 7608:, Scotland: School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, 7528: 7283: 7135: 7044: 6883:

Views of Euclid's Parallel Postulate in Ancient Greece and in Medieval Islam

6873: 6783: 6128: 4775:

The Optical Papers of Isaac Newton: Volume 1, The Optical Lectures 1670-1672

4401:

The Principles of Physical Optics: An Historical and Philosophical Treatment

4323:

The Principles of Physical Optics: An Historical and Philosophical Treatment

2133:

celebrated the 1000th anniversary of the works on optics by Ibn Al-Haytham.

1939: 13914: 13473: 13347: 13165: 12878: 12693: 12638: 12462: 12391: 12147: 12132: 11970: 11519: 11335: 11093: 10669: 10563: 10276: 10210: 10063: 9806: 9770: 9449: 9194: 9142: 9084: 8972: 8922: 8795: 8536: 8137: 7942: 7751: 7709: 7647: 7451: 6843: 6757: 6310: 6282: 6242: 6222: 6157: 6009:(c.1027-1038) The Light of the Stars: A Short Discourse by Ibn Al-Haytham 5779: 5331: 5329: 5327: 5063: 3727: 3419:

Ptolemy's Theory of Visual Perception: An English Translation of the Optics

3209: 2828: 2477:خواص المثلث من جهة العمود (Triangle properties from the side of the column) 1966: 1807: 1650: 1308: 1255:, Alhazen wrote several other treatises on the same subject, including his 913: 776: 641: 493: 422: 340: 12325: 7417: 7215:

Kalin, Ibrahim; Ayduz, Salim; Dagli, Caner, eds. (2009), "Ibn al-Ḥaytam",

7200: 7164: 3903:

Bollettino di Bibliografia e di Storia delle Scienze Matematiche e Fisiche

1969:

mainly, but not exclusively, through the thirteenth-century commentary by

819:(the study of optical systems using mirrors) was centred on spherical and 425:. Ibn al-Haytham paved the way for the modern science of physical optics. 13706: 13408: 13352: 13004: 12811: 12554: 12478: 12284: 11631: 11575: 11330: 11295: 11224: 10844: 10834: 10799: 10608: 10588: 10467: 10307: 10043: 9992: 9952: 9720: 9036: 9024: 8354: 8312: 8287: 8272: 8252: 8223: 8190: 8182: 8162: 8133: 8113: 8004: 7629: 7489:

Magill, Frank Northen; Aves, Alison (1998), "The Middles Ages: Alhazen",

4490: 3189: 3028:

Philosophy in the Islamic World: A History of Philosophy Without Any Gaps

2986:

Philosophy in the Islamic World: A History of Philosophy Without Any Gaps

2511:

Treatise on the Nature of Sight and on How Vision is Achieved Through It

2226: 2002: 1387: 1383: 1135: 1131: 961: 548: 218: 9202: 9150: 9092: 8685: 8639: 8593: 8340: 4623:, p. 83: "The first clear description of the device appears in the 4498: 3271:

Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine

3264:"Al-Haytham the man of experience. First steps in the science of vision" 877: 872: 699:) inspired much activity in optics between the 13th and 17th centuries. 665: 480:. Alhazen continued to live in Cairo, in the neighborhood of the famous 13777: 13601: 13514: 13413: 13403: 13337: 13302: 13256: 13241: 13140: 13029: 12994: 12873: 12483: 12386: 12305: 12220: 12064: 11539: 11366: 11239: 11209: 11184: 11179: 10789: 10779: 10769: 10674: 10654: 10578: 10246: 10195: 10033: 10023: 9861: 9856: 9841: 9504: 8780: 8528: 8483: 8170: 7626:

Ibn al-Haytham's Optics: A Study of the Origins of Experimental Science

7248: 7217:

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam

6008: 5384: 4654:

Eilhard Wiedemann (1914). "Über der Camera obscura bei Ibn al Haiṭam".

4556: 4255: 3263: 1982: 1825: 1744: 1689: 1284: 1148: 1096: 921: 884: 832: 816: 748: 719: 376: 189: 165: 13945: 8174: 4231: 1221:(the study of the reflection and refraction of light, respectively). 13713: 13453: 13231: 13150: 13145: 13095: 13009: 12913: 12888: 12868: 12842: 12806: 12796: 12544: 12432: 12366: 12310: 12259: 12127: 12069: 12059: 11868: 11534: 11422: 11290: 11249: 11199: 11154: 11149: 11073: 10824: 10764: 10543: 10322: 10266: 9937: 9871: 9846: 9730: 9399: 8944: 8228:

Optics, Astronomy and Logic: Studies in Arabic Science and Philosophy

7758:

Rashed, Roshdi (2007), "The Celestial Kinematics of Ibn al-Haytham",

7343:

Al-Khalili, Jim (12 February 2015), "In retrospect: Book of Optics",

6968: 6821:"Ibn Al-Haitham: Master of Optics, Mathematics, Physics and Medicine" 6792:

Robert Grosseteste and the Origins of Experimental Science, 1100–1700

6556: 6429:

The Oxford Handbook of the History of Psychology: Global Perspectives

5504:

Rashed, Roshdi (2007), "The Celestial Kinematics of Ibn al-Haytham",

5487: 2177:, focused on the accomplishments of Ibn al-Haytham. He was voiced by 2061: 1772: 1752: 1510: 1490: 1280: 1264: 1230: 1226: 1218: 1140: 1115:, for his pioneering work on the psychology of visual perception and 977: 929: 772: 653: 222: 8764: 7996: 7365: 7240: 7192: 7156: 6237:(3), Academy of medical sciences of Bosnia and Herzegovina: 183–88, 5376: 4247: 3564:"Chemical News and Journal of Industrial Science, Volume 34 page 59" 1469: 13808: 13428: 13246: 13226: 13221: 13120: 12863: 12732: 12381: 12320: 12315: 12239: 12137: 11305: 11244: 11063: 10849: 10819: 10784: 10774: 10714: 10533: 10048: 10018: 9962: 9896: 9886: 9811: 9725: 8815: 7409: 7293:

Exploring Ancient Skies: An Encyclopedic Survey of Archaeoastronomy

6588:, vol. II, New York & London: Routledge, pp. 343–45, 3319: 2140: 2116: 2038: 1990: 1986: 1780: 1736: 1554: 1529: 1412:, published at some time between 1025 and 1028, Alhazen criticized 1366: 1276: 1155:

135–50 BCE). Ptolemy may also have offered this explanation in his

967: 964: 917: 820: 744: 682:) that other rays would be refracted through the eye and perceived 657: 599: 438: 384: 380: 372: 169: 161: 8914: 7934: 7120:, Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing (published 15 January 2006), 6713:"Some fear Iraq may be rebuilding its weapons of mass destruction" 6690:

Renaissance Theories of Vision (Visual Culture in Early Modernity)

6302: 6289:

Aaen-Stockdale, C. R. (2008), "Ibn al-Haytham and psychophysics",

3192:(2009). "Science in Islam". Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages. 1860:

and not to any other authorities formed the basis for much of his

1613:

In elementary geometry, Alhazen attempted to solve the problem of

1493:

to explain observed motion, but he managed to eliminate Ptolemy's

612:, which included the first printed Latin translation of Alhazen's 13741: 12162: 12142: 12013: 11932: 11750: 10754: 10744: 10679: 10628: 10568: 10558: 10523: 9881: 7676:

Rashed, Roshdi (August 2002a), "A Polymath in the 10th century",

6855: 5068:

Review on JSTOR, Toomer's 1964 review of Matthias Schramm (1963)

3986: 3984: 3214:

Review on JSTOR, Toomer's 1964 review of Matthias Schramm (1963)

2813:"Ibn al-Haitham--father of optics and describer of vision theory" 2072: 1865: 1572: 1550: 1413: 1296: 1272: 1268: 912:. This eventually led Alhazen to derive a formula for the sum of 888: 757: 633: 414: 214: 8747:

Smith, John D. (1 March 1992), "The Remarkable Ibn al-Haytham",

8386:

Physical Thought from the Presocratics to the Quantum Physicists

8230:, Collected Studies Series, vol. 444, Variorum, Aldershot, 8189:, Studies of the Warburg Institute, vol. 40, translated by 8080:, vol. 2, London & New York: Routledge, pp. 447–94 6806:

Dallal, Ahmad S. (1999), "Science, Medicine and Technology", in

6172:

Dessel, Norman F.; Nehrich, Richard B.; Voran, Glenn I. (1973).

1743:

River. He carried out a detailed scientific study of the annual

1700: 12192: 12033: 11625:

The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing

10729: 10724: 7532: 4825: 4798: 3150: 2909: 2465:كتاب في تحليل المسائل الهندسية (A book in engineering analysis) 2201: 2010: 1776: 1728: 1542: 1494: 1438: 806: 715: 704: 700: 629: 587: 583: 524: 330: 316: 16:

Arab physicist, mathematician and astronomer (c. 965 – c. 1040)

9500:

The Miracle of Light – a UNESCO article on Ibn al-Haytham

8719:

From Sight to Light: The Passage from Ancient to Modern Optics

6584:(2006), "Ibn al-Haytham or Alhazen", in Meri, Josef W. (ed.), 6346:, IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 3755:

The Prisoner of Al-Hakim. Clifton, NJ: Blue Dome Press, 2017.

2468:الجامع في أصول الحساب (The whole in the assets of the account) 1657:

later proved it in the 18th century, and it is now called the

984:, but Alhazen's work contained the first clear description of 767: 269: 13059: 12197: 12187: 12182: 12152: 11019: 10794: 10659: 10583: 7460:

Roger Bacon and the Origins of Perspectiva in the Middle Ages

6340:

Agrawal, Amit; Taguchi, Yuichi; Ramalingam, Srikumar (2011),

6325:

Agrawal, Amit; Taguchi, Yuichi; Ramalingam, Srikumar (2010),

5408: 5406: 5089: 5087: 4999:(Steiner, Wiesbaden, 1963) as cited by Rüdiger Thiele (2005) 3589:

Hendrix, John Shannon; Carman, Charles H. (5 December 2016).

2460:

Treatise on the Influence of Melodies on the Souls of Animals

2037:. Meanwhile, in the Islamic world, Alhazen's work influenced 1891: 1887: 1709:

Treatise on the Influence of Melodies on the Souls of Animals

1588: 1375: 1311:", and could be criticised and improved upon in those terms. 891:

in 150 AD. It comprises drawing lines from two points in the

798: 671: 645: 575: 442: 434: 399: 391: 130: 91: 8484:

Books I-III (2001) Vol 1 Commentary and Latin text via JSTOR

8136:(1978a), "Ibn al-Haytham and the Visual Ray Hypothesis", in 2486:المرايا المحرقة بالقطوع (The burning mirrors of the rainbow) 12528: 12422: 12177: 12167: 12157: 11980: 9621: 9256: 8690:(#3, section 1) – Vol 1 Commentary and Latin text via JSTOR 8644:(#1, section 1) – Vol 1 Commentary and Latin text via JSTOR 8118:

Actes du XIIe congrès international d'histoire des sciences

7959:

The mystery of the moon illusion: Exploring size perception

7573: 6673: 6653: 6553:

Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia

6248: 4533:(1998), "Reflections on Reflection in a Spherical Mirror", 2480:رسالة فی مساحة المسجم المکافی (A message in the free space) 2225:

Ibn al-Haytham appears on the 10,000 dinar banknote of the

1740: 523:

Alhazen's most famous work is his seven-volume treatise on

13909: 9395:

Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance

5156: 5154: 11687: 10452: 9151:

Book 6 (2008) Vol 1 Commentary and Latin text via JSTOR

9096:(#2) Books 4–5 Vol 1 Commentary and Latin text via JSTOR 7656:

Global History of Philosophy: The Period of Scholasticism

7600:

O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F., eds. (November 1999),

4141: 4139: 4137: 2151: 1748: 637: 499:

Among his students were Sorkhab (Sohrab), a Persian from

496:: (MS Aya Sofya 2762, 307 fob., dated Safar 415 A.H. ).) 263: 251: 9368:, Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations 9247:(2009b), "Ibn al-Haytham et le problème de la couleur", 9043:, Kuwait: National Council for Culture, Arts and Letters 9031:, Kuwait: National Council for Culture, Arts and Letters 6953:, vol. One, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 6664:(2009b), "Ibn al-Haytham et le problème de la couleur", 6339: 6331:, European Conference on Computer Vision, archived from 6324: 5875:. 2015 International Year of Light. 2015. Archived from 4608: 3134: 3132: 2745:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

1629:; they have the same total area as the triangle itself. 492:, written in Ibn al-Haytham's own handwriting exists in 433:

Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) was born c. 965 to a family of

54: 9291:

Ibn al-Haytham and the Origins of Modern Image Analysis

9203:

Book 7 (2010) Vol 1 Commentary and Latin text via JSTOR

9189:(#3, section 1 – Vol 1, Introduction and Latin text); 9110:(#3) Vol 2 English translation, Notes, Bibl. via JSTOR 3062: 3060: 1003:

but this treatise is important in many other respects.

908:

reflected to the eye of an observer." This leads to an

775:

according to Ibn al-Haytham. Note the depiction of the

11660:

Book on the Measurement of Plane and Spherical Figures

8510:"What is the History of Medieval Optics Really About?" 8075: 7290:

Kelley, David H.; Milone, E. F.; Aveni, A. F. (2005),

6409:

Authier, André (2013), "3: The Dual Nature of Light",

6007:

Ibn Al-Haytham, W. 'Arafat and H. J. J. Winter (1971)

4731:

History Of Science And Technology In Islam Fuat Sezgin

13850: 9381:

Roshdi Rashed, Infinitesimal Mathematics, vols. 1–5,

9137:(#1, section 1 – Vol 1 Commentary and Latin text); 8167:

Science and History: Studies in Honor of Edward Rosen

7599: 6025:, No. 3 (Jun., 1971), pp. 282-288 (7 pages) via JSTOR 6001: 5335: 5006:, 271–74. "In Memoriam: Matthias Schramm, 1928–2005"" 4477:

Elkin, Jack M. (1965), "A deceptively easy problem",

4436: 3346: 3335: 3323: 3129: 2665: 2419:

The Model of the Motions of Each of the Seven Planets

1906:

would not have disagreed upon any point of science...

1478:

The Model of the Motions of Each of the Seven Planets

1364:

The book is a non-technical explanation of Ptolemy's

827:. He made the observation that the ratio between the 266: 9123:

Alhacen on Image-formation and distortion in mirrors

5292:

Boyer, Carl B.; Merzbach, Uta C. (25 January 2011).

3527:

History and Evolution of Concepts in Physics page 24

3057: 1985:, it was used by the eleventh-century prince of the 1747:

of the Nile River, and he drew plans for building a

1344: 413:("the Egyptian"). Al-Haytham was dubbed the "Second 254: 34: 9433:

Buchhandlung Walther-König - KWB 45: Variantology 4

8876:(Second ed.), Brill Online: Brill Publishers, 7088:"Don solves the last puzzle left by ancient Greeks" 6551:(2005b), "Ibn al-Haytham", in Wallis, Faith (ed.), 6512:(2005a), "A Philosophical Perspective on Alhazen's 6371:

Charming Proofs: A Journey into Elegant Mathematics

4582:"Don solves the last puzzle left by ancient Greeks" 1926:Regarding the relation of objective truth and God: 980:had discussed the basic principle behind it in his 323:in particular. His most influential work is titled 260: 257: 9214:Vol 2 English translation, Notes, Bibl. via JSTOR 9183:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 9162:Vol 2 English translation, Notes, Bibl. via JSTOR 9131:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 9058:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 7375:Ibn al Haytham's on the Configuration of the World 6171: 4682:. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 37. 4236:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 3836:"A. I. Sabra encyclopedia.com Ibn Al-Haytham, Abū" 3739: 3737: 3671: 3020: 3018: 2785:For the description of his main fields, see e.g. 2396:Resolution of Doubts Concerning the Winding Motion 1848:should apply only to Islam and not to any ancient 1549:and worked on "the beginnings of the link between 9052:, the Medieval Latin Version of Ibn al-Haytham's 8994:4D Electron Microscopy: Imaging in Space and Time 8517:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 7289: 6109:Child, John; Shuter, Paul; Taylor, David (1992). 6108: 6028: 5467: 5057: 4653: 4620: 3927:Alhazen (965–1040): Library of Congress Citations 3667: 2781: 2779: 2738: 2640:Ibn al-Haytham: Arab astronomer and mathematician 2489:مقالة في القرصتن (Treatise on Centers of Gravity) 1471:Model of the Motions of Each of the Seven Planets 13958: 12215: 9457:"Ibn al-Haytham: Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥasan ibn al-Ḥasan" 9193:(#3, section 2 – Vol 2 English translation). ( 8359:"Ibn Al-Haytham, Abū ʿAlī Al-Ḥasan Ibn Al-Ḥasan" 7227:(1995), "Ideas of Calculus in Islam and India", 6081:Simon, G (2006), "The gaze in Ibn al-Haytham.", 5873:"Ibn Al-Haytham and the Legacy of Arabic Optics" 5363:(1995). "Ideas of Calculus in Islam and India". 4656:Sitzungsberichte phys.-med. Sozietät in Erlangen 1533:Alhazen's geometrically proven summation formula 547:This work enjoyed a great reputation during the 394:, he spent most of his productive period in the 7214: 6586:Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopaedia 5458: 5456: 5359: 3897: 3734: 3015: 2874: 2794: 2483:شرح أصول إقليدس (Explain the origins of Euclid) 2220:1001 Inventions and the World of Ibn Al-Haytham 2215:1001 Inventions and the World of Ibn Al-Haytham 2115:on the Moon is named in his honour, as was the 1330:In his work, Alhazen discussed theories on the 1037:apparatus used by Ptolemy for similar purpose. 835:does not remain constant, and investigated the 9141:(#1, section 2 – Vol 2 English translation). ( 8992:Zewail, Ahmed H.; Thomas, John Meurig (2010), 6288: 6199:(7533), British Medical Association: 332:120, 6019:The British Journal for the History of Science 5547: 4890: 4229: 4101: 3627: 3422:. American Philosophical Society. p. 57. 2776: 1993:and author of an important mathematical text, 1759:so he could avoid punishment from the Caliph. 924:. Alhazen eventually solved the problem using 152: 19:"Alhazen" redirects here. For other uses, see 12748: 11884: 11005: 9607: 9315: 8824:Ibn al-Haytham (965–1039): His Life and Works 8598:4 – Vol 1 Commentary and Latin text via JSTOR 8088:Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science 8078:Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science 5291: 3588: 3415: 2401:The Correction of the Operations in Astronomy 2288:Finding the Direction of Qibla by Calculation 2103:On strange mirrors and optical instruments." 1884:Finding the Direction of Qibla by Calculation 1702:Influence of Melodies on the Souls of Animals 1541:, Alhazen built on the mathematical works of 280:Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥasan ibn al-Ḥasan ibn al-Haytham 14052:Scientists who worked on qibla determination 12965:Abu Bakr Rabee Ibn Ahmad Al-Akhawyni Bokhari 9567:The Mechanical Water Clock Of Ibn Al-Haytham 9545:Biography from Trinity College (Connecticut) 9461:The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers 9427:Siegfried Zielinski & Franziska Latell, 9077:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 8991: 8840:(First ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, 7549:"No more 'Saddams': Iraqis get new currency" 6364: 6190: 5673: 5453: 5347: 2462:(تأثير اللحون الموسيقية في النفوس الحيوانية) 2390:Resolution of Doubts Concerning the Almagest 1653:, but he was not able to prove this result; 1393: 334: 283: 44: 8364:Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography 7332:American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 6918: 6737:Chong, S.M.; Lim, A.C.H.; Ang, P.S (2002), 6736: 5822: 5145: 4987: 1500: 14027:Philosophers of the medieval Islamic world 12755: 12741: 11891: 11877: 11012: 10998: 9614: 9600: 9454: 8900: 7883:(1), Cambridge University Press: 139–153, 7829:(2), Cambridge University Press: 225–246, 7488: 7434:Theories of Vision from al-Kindi to Kepler 7372: 7351:(7538), Nature Publishing Group: 164–165, 7342: 7178: 7018: 6998:National Library of the Argentine Republic 6135: 5729: 5701: 5661: 5172: 5141: 5117: 4914: 4636: 4116: 3873: 3684:Tbakhi, Abdelghani; Amr, Samir S. (2007). 3448: 2870: 2868: 2437:The Ratios of Hourly Arcs to their Heights 1793:Fi al-Radd 'ala Ibn al-Haytham fi al-makan 1580:Alhazen explored what is now known as the 620:Two major theories on vision prevailed in 53: 14002:Mathematicians from the Fatimid Caliphate 13749:Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon 11746:Constantinople observatory of Taqi ad-Din 11021:Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world 9243: 8936: 8834:, in Gibb, H. A. R.; Bearman, P. (eds.), 8559:(2), Cambridge University Press: 219–40, 8410:(1998), "Science in Islamic philosophy", 8382: 8045: 7733: 7691: 7467:Lorch, Richard (2008), "Ibn al-Haytham", 7364: 7082: 6660: 6640: 6547: 6508: 6365:Alsina, Claudi; Nelsen, Roger B. (2010), 6351: 6272: 6262: 6212: 5705: 5554: 5279: 5047: 5045: 4981: 4977: 4875: 4873: 4744: 4576: 4440: 4365:. Springer Science & Business Media. 3717: 3686:"Ibn Al-Haytham: Father of Modern Optics" 3683: 3523: 3104: 2101:And Aristotle, who wrote, in their lives, 1783:in an attempt to demonstrate that place ( 1727:has him summoned to Egypt by the Fatimid 1241: 942:Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories 9459:. In Thomas Hockey; et al. (eds.). 9263: 8962: 8821: 8142:Ismaili Contributions to Islamic Culture 7982: 7956: 7794:(1), Cambridge University Press: 79–99, 7457: 7436:, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 7431: 7395: 7329: 6827:(November–December 2004), archived from 6680: 6609: 6580: 6386: 5996: 5717: 5685: 5637: 5541: 5447:The Contemporary Islamic Governed State. 5412: 5093: 4938: 4902: 4879: 4193: 4050: 4038: 4026: 4014: 4002: 3990: 3403: 3081:"Fermat et le principe du moindre temps" 2766: 2677: 2135: 1938: 1894:) are directed towards, mathematically. 1852:authorities, Ibn al-Haytham's view that 1571: 1528: 1040: 871: 766: 636:, who believed that sight worked by the 603: 14057:Inventors of the medieval Islamic world 14017:Engineers of the medieval Islamic world 13449:Najm al-Din Mahmud ibn Ilyas al-Shirazi 9623:Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world 9585:(English) – digital facsimile from the 9463:. New York: Springer. pp. 556–67. 8822:Topdemir, Huseyin Gazi (18 July 2007), 8440:, vol. 1, Springer, p. 1667, 8084: 8018: 7903:Rooney, Anne (2012), "Ibn Al-Haytham", 7874: 7856: 7813: 7785: 7715: 7675: 7606:MacTutor History of Mathematics archive 7506: 7380: 7261:History of Mathematics: An Introduction 7115: 6986: 6818: 6789: 6444: 6408: 6228: 5980: 5649: 5473: 5439: 5243: 4864: 4852: 4716: 4704: 4692: 4665: 4529: 4280: 4181: 4169: 4157: 4128: 4077: 4065: 4061: 4059: 3930:, Malaspina Great Books, archived from 3912: 3885: 3472:. Oxford University Press. p. 24. 3465: 3364: 3031:. Oxford University Press. p. 77. 3024: 2989:. Oxford University Press. p. 77. 2982: 2865: 2771:. Oxford University Press. p. 192. 2632: 2630: 1943:Cover page of the Latin translation of 1370:, which was eventually translated into 14012:Mathematicians under the Buyid dynasty 13959: 11898: 11667:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity 10420:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity 9766:Khalid ibn Abd al‐Malik al‐Marwarrudhi 9505:Biography from Malaspina Global Portal 9388: 9322:(in Turkish). Vol. 21. Istanbul: 9173:Smith, A. Mark, ed. and trans. (2010) 9121:Smith, A. Mark, ed. and trans. (2008) 8980:from the original on 16 September 2014 8865: 8829: 8794: 8406: 8161: 8132: 7902: 7757: 7546: 7142: 7138:, DDC: 201.653, LCC: BL265.P4 H63 2005 6905: 6805: 6756: 6480: 5992: 5741: 5566: 5462: 5430: 5231: 5219: 5208: 5196: 5184: 5051: 5042: 5036: 4870: 4771: 4609:Agrawal, Taguchi & Ramalingam 2011 4358: 4089: 3743: 3677: 3358: 3261: 3078: 2971:from the original on 18 September 2015 2853:from the original on 18 September 2015 2798: 2786: 2726: 2689: 2471:قول فی مساحة الکرة (Say in the sphere) 1797:A refutation of Ibn al-Haytham's place 1126:Alhazen offered an explanation of the 1099:and concluded that only the impact of 1086: 895:of a circle meeting at a point on the 12736: 12214: 11872: 10993: 10441:The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries 10379: 9633: 9595: 9488:Ibn al-Haytham on two Iraqi banknotes 9383:al-Furqan Islamic Heritage Foundation 9284: 9047: 9035: 9023: 8746: 8716: 8670: 8624: 8578: 8550: 8507: 8453: 8435: 8353: 8311: 8286: 8251: 8222: 8181: 8169:, Studia Copernicana, vol. XVI, 8127: 8112: 7653: 7466: 6957: 6946: 6842: 6710: 6621:, Cambridge University Press: 57–80, 6426: 6080: 6060: 5937:from the original on 21 November 2014 5606: 5602: 5590: 5578: 5553:Translated by S. Pines, as quoted in 5529: 5424: 5397: 5312:from the original on 7 September 2023 5160: 5129: 5105: 4995:"see Schramm's Habilitationsschrift, 4510: 4476: 4464: 4205: 4145: 3975: 3963: 3951: 3822: 3818: 3817:For Ibn al-Haytham's life and works, 3628:Suhail Zubairy, M. (6 January 2024). 3454: 3138: 3066: 2905: 2810: 2790: 2701: 2636: 2607: 2576:Science in the medieval Islamic world 1868:and other ancient authorities in his 1524: 1339: 1263:). He investigated the properties of 743:. He wrote a description of vertical 13700:Book of the Ten Treatises of the Eye 12762: 10390: 9550:Biography from Molecular Expressions 9359: 8891: 8418:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy 7920: 7861:, New York: Springer International, 7766:, Cambridge University Press: 7–55, 7623: 7572: 7318:from the original on 5 February 2023 7254: 7223: 7062: 6879: 5838: 5804:from the original on 25 October 2021 5794:"Ibn al-Haytham's scientific method" 5267: 5255: 5018:from the original on 25 October 2017 4926: 4748:Descartes: An Intellectual Biography 4745:Gaukroger, Stephen (30 March 1995). 4677: 4452: 4397: 4319: 4217: 4112: 4056: 3776:Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur 3524:Varvoglis, Harry (29 January 2014). 3486:from the original on 4 December 2023 3436:from the original on 5 February 2023 3045:from the original on 5 February 2023 3003:from the original on 5 February 2023 2925:from the original on 5 February 2023 2627: 2407:The Different Heights of the Planets 1290: 1246: 1162: 988:. and early analysis of the device. 861: 846: 628:, was supported by such thinkers as 449:, which was at the time part of the 13551:Abul Qasim ibn Mohammed al-Ghassani 8880:from the original on 9 January 2012 8854:from the original on 9 January 2012 7852:from the original on 9 October 2022 7007:from the original on 9 October 2022 6894:from the original on 19 August 2016 6764:, translated by Sherrard, Liadain; 6411:Early Days of X-ray Crystallography 5899:"2015, International Year of Light" 5852:"AKU Research Publications 1995–98" 4964:, for his experiments in refraction 4664:The work is now available in full: 4281:Stamnes, J. J. (13 November 2017). 3284:from the original on 9 October 2022 2647:from the original on 12 August 2018 2282:Exact Determination of the Meridian 2099:"They spoke of Alhazen and Vitello, 1799:) for its geometrization of place. 1507:Exact Determination of the Meridian 593: 335: 284: 45: 13: 9416:from the original on 19 April 2017 9354:How Islam Created the Modern World 9011: 8968:"Centuries in the House of Wisdom" 8951:from the original on 17 April 2021 8021:A first course in Abstract Algebra 7612:from the original on 19 April 2009 7588:from the original on 7 August 2011 7584:, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 7561:from the original on 17 April 2021 7104:from the original on 10 April 2015 6919:Gondhalekar, Prabhakar M. (2001), 5911:from the original on 15 April 2017 5764:10.1111/j.1600-0498.1953.tb00529.x 4418:from the original on 31 March 2023 4379:from the original on 31 March 2023 4359:Iizuka, Keigo (11 November 2013). 4340:from the original on 31 March 2023 4301:from the original on 31 March 2023 3842:from the original on 26 March 2023 3570:from the original on 26 March 2023 2887:from the original on 26 April 2015 2875:Al-Khalili, Jim (4 January 2009). 2637:Lorch, Richard (1 February 2017). 1886:in which he discussed finding the 1664:Alhazen solved problems involving 1061: 976:, published in the year 1088 C.E. 783:(MS Fatih 3212, vol. 1, fol. 81b, 14: 14088: 12975:Abu Sahl 'Isa ibn Yahya al-Masihi 9439: 9360:Omar, Saleh Beshara (June 1975), 8436:Selin, Helaine, ed. (2008), "M", 8124:, Paris: Albert Blanchard: 133–36 7602:"Abu Ali al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham" 7477:from the original on 12 June 2008 6958:Grant, Edward (2008), "Alhazen", 6950:A source book in medieval science 6113:. Oxford: Heinemann Educational. 4262:from the original on 30 June 2015 3648:from the original on 20 June 2023 3609:from the original on 20 June 2023 3544:from the original on 20 June 2023 3466:Gregory, Richard Langton (2004). 3171:from the original on 6 March 2023 2342:On the Configuration of the World 1723:, one account of his career as a 1353:On the Configuration of the World 1346:On the Configuration of the World 947: 899:and making equal angles with the 741:Hering's law of equal innervation 733:. Ian P. Howard argued in a 1996 510: 285:أبو علي، الحسن بن الحسن بن الهيثم 13997:Scholars under the Buyid dynasty 13944: 13932: 13920: 13908: 13896: 13884: 13872: 13860: 13313:Amin al-Din Rashid al-Din Vatvat 11603: 9647: 9340:from the original on 9 June 2021 8424:from the original on 26 May 2018 8371:from the original on 17 May 2016 6144:(2), Sage Publications: 227–31, 6049: 5986: 5974: 5949: 5923: 5891: 5865: 5844: 5832: 5816: 5786: 5735: 5723: 5711: 5695: 5679: 5667: 5655: 5643: 5631: 5619:Opticae Thesaurus Alhazen Arabis 5596: 5584: 5572: 5560: 5535: 5523: 5498: 5479: 5418: 5391: 5353: 5341: 5285: 5273: 5261: 5249: 5237: 5225: 5213: 5202: 5190: 5178: 5166: 5135: 5111: 5099: 5030: 4944: 4932: 4920: 4908: 4896: 4884: 4858: 4846: 3793:"the Great Islamic Encyclopedia" 3672:Dessel, Nehrich & Voran 1973 3469:The Oxford Companion to the Mind 3262:Gorini, Rosanna (October 2003). 2232: 1751:, at the site of the modern-day 1632: 1557:". Alhazen made developments in 1445:Ptolemy assumed an arrangement ( 1025: 247: 13587:Qiwam al-Din Muhammad al-Hasani 13571:Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf 10145:Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al‐Farisi 9634: 9521: (archived 13 October 1999) 9316:Gazı Topdemır, Hüseyın (2000). 8091:, Routledge, pp. 672–716, 8052:Springer Science+Business Media 7582:JPL Small-Body Database Browser 7547:Murphy, Dan (17 October 2003), 6908:International Education Journal 6711:Burns, Robert (8 August 1999), 5495:(10), retrieved 14 October 2008 4819: 4792: 4772:Newton, Isaac (29 March 1984). 4765: 4738: 4722: 4710: 4698: 4686: 4671: 4642: 4630: 4621:Kelley, Milone & Aveni 2005 4614: 4602: 4570: 4523: 4504: 4470: 4458: 4446: 4430: 4398:Mach, Ernst (23 January 2013). 4391: 4352: 4320:Mach, Ernst (23 January 2013). 4313: 4274: 4223: 4211: 4199: 4187: 4175: 4163: 4151: 4122: 4115:, pp. 240, 316, 334, 367; 4106: 4095: 4083: 4071: 4044: 4032: 4020: 4008: 3996: 3969: 3957: 3945: 3918: 3891: 3879: 3867: 3854: 3828: 3811: 3785: 3765: 3749: 3668:Child, Shuter & Taylor 1992 3660: 3621: 3582: 3556: 3517: 3507: 3498: 3459: 3409: 3397: 3351: 3340: 3329: 3312: 3296: 3255: 3229: 3203: 3183: 3144: 3079:Rashed, Roshdi (1 April 2019). 3072: 2899: 2835: 2804: 2599: 2276:Exact Determination of the Pole 2155:] representing reason, and 2049:(died c. 1320) in the latter's 1832:says that some of the greatest 1299:of the celestial region in his 13192:Abu Jafar ibn Harun al-Turjali 10634:Schema for horizontal sundials 10150:Abu Ali al-Hasan al-Marrakushi 9675:Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī 9199:American Philosophical Society 9147:American Philosophical Society 9089:American Philosophical Society 9066:American Philosophical Society 8800:Ibn al-Haythams Weg zur Physik 8681:American Philosophical Society 8635:American Philosophical Society 8589:American Philosophical Society 8553:Arabic Sciences and Philosophy 8461:American Philosophical Society 7957:Ross, H .E.; Plug, C. (2002), 7907:, The Rosen Publishing Group, 7877:Arabic Sciences and Philosophy 7823:Arabic Sciences and Philosophy 7788:Arabic Sciences and Philosophy 7760:Arabic Sciences and Philosophy 7116:Hodgson, Peter Edward (2006), 6925:, Cambridge University Press, 6743:, Cambridge University Press, 6740:Photographic Atlas of the Moon 6615:Arabic Sciences and Philosophy 6518:Arabic Sciences and Philosophy 6483:Arabic Sciences and Philosophy 5506:Arabic Sciences and Philosophy 5070:Ibn Al-Haythams Weg Zur Physik 4997:Ibn al-Haythams Weg zur Physik 4778:. Cambridge University Press. 4549:10.1080/00029890.1998.12004920 3216:Ibn Al-Haythams Weg Zur Physik 2915:"Impact of Science on Society" 2760: 2732: 2707: 2695: 2683: 2671: 2659: 1714: 1695: 1454:replace it completely. In the 505:Abu al-Wafa Mubashir ibn Fatek 1: 13262:Muhammad ibn Aslam Al-Ghafiqi 12884:Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari 12664:Gholamhossein Ebrahimi Dinani 12654:Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas 12245:Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari 11639:Principles of Hindu Reckoning 7554:The Christian Science Monitor 7491:Dictionary of World Biography 7069:, Columbia University Press, 6762:History of Islamic Philosophy 6688:; Carman, Charles H. (eds.). 6427:Baker, David B., ed. (2012), 6257:, Springer Publishing: 4:42, 6038:(رسالة في الضوء) as cited in 5336:O'Connor & Robertson 1999 4536:American Mathematical Monthly 4437:O'Connor & Robertson 1999 3795:. Cgie.org.ir. Archived from 3347:O'Connor & Robertson 1999 3336:O'Connor & Robertson 1999 3324:O'Connor & Robertson 1999 3200:. Retrievedn 22 October 2014. 2795:Kalin, Ayduz & Dagli 2009 2748:(5th ed.). HarperCollins 2666:O'Connor & Robertson 1999 2620: 2566:Mathematics in medieval Islam 2494: 2184:Over forty years previously, 1997:. A Latin translation of the 1979:li-dhawī l-abṣār wa l-baṣā'ir 1836:, such as Ibn al-Haytham and 1775:'s view that nature abhors a 1762: 1481: 1152: 1144: 910:equation of the fourth degree 289: 119: 107: 78: 66: 14062:History of scientific method 13510:Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Harawi 13298:Abraham ben Moses ben Maimon 13202:Abu al-Majd ibn Abi al-Hakam 13197:Abu al-Bayan ibn al-Mudawwar 13050:Mohammed ibn Abdun al-Jabali 12955:'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi 12331:Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi 10892:Constantinople (Taqi al-Din) 9455:Langermann, Y. Tzvi (2007). 9227: 8671:Smith, A. Mark, ed. (2010), 8625:Smith, A. Mark, ed. (2008), 8579:Smith, A. Mark, ed. (2006), 8508:Smith, A. Mark (June 2004), 8454:Smith, A. Mark, ed. (2001), 8046:Rozenfeld, Boris A. (1988), 7624:Omar, Saleh Beshara (1977), 7373:Langermann, Y. Tzvi (1990), 7019:Hershenson, Maurice (1989), 6138:Journal of Medical Biography 6083:The Medieval History Journal 4119:, pp. 1195, 1197, 1200. 3864:, Volume 1, Article No. 1917 3860:Sajjadi, Sadegh, "Alhazen", 3825:, pp. vol.2, xix–lxxiii 2877:"The 'first true scientist'" 2556:History of scientific method 2421:(نماذج حركات الكواكب السبعة) 2149:, showing Alhasen [ 2122:. In honour of Alhazen, the 2064:were translated into Latin, 1325: 586:, and one in the library of 428: 7: 13992:11th-century mathematicians 13982:10th-century mathematicians 13687:Anatomy Charts of the Arabs 13272:Ya'qub ibn Ishaq al-Israili 11829:Hindu–Arabic numeral system 11761:University of al-Qarawiyyin 10881:University of al-Qarawiyyin 10085:Ibn al-Banna' al-Marrakushi 9356:. Amana Publications, 2006. 8894:A Natural History of Vision 8723:University of Chicago Press 8367:, Charles Scribner's Sons, 7961:, Oxford University Press, 7857:Raynaud, Dominique (2016), 7814:Raynaud, Dominique (2009), 7510:Great Muslim Mathematicians 7458:Lindberg, David C. (1996), 7432:Lindberg, David C. (1976), 7118:Theology And Modern Physics 7027:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 6852:University of Chicago Press 6812:The Oxford History of Islam 6431:, Oxford University Press, 6413:, Oxford University Press, 4650:On the shape of the eclipse 3634:. Oxford University Press. 2769:The Oxford History of Islam 2643:. Encyclopedia Britannica. 2516: 2506:Treatise on Burning Mirrors 2318:On Completion of the Conics 2264:Corrections to the Almagest 2254:(مقالة في التحليل والتركيب) 2206:International Year of Light 2170:Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey 2131:International Year of Light 1840:, who were pioneers of the 1819: 1683: 1637:Alhazen's contributions to 1567: 1016:On the shape of the eclipse 1009:On the shape of the eclipse 960:, and was described by the 279: 35: 10: 14093: 13735:Kamel al-Sanaat al-Tibbyya 13520:Shaykh Muhammad ibn Thaleb 13469:Yusuf ibn Ismail al-Kutubi 12609:Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei 12509:Qadi Mir Husayn al-Maybudi 12423:Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi 11731:Al-Mustansiriya University 11710:Islamic geometric patterns 11458:Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi 10380: 10125:Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi 9016: 8940:Alhazen's Billiard Problem 8896:, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press 8892:Wade, Nicholas J. (1998), 8798:(December 1964), "Review: 8383:Sambursky, Samuel (1974), 8321:Early Science and Medicine 7578:"59239 Alhazen (1999 CR2)" 7493:, vol. 2, Routledge, 6526:Cambridge University Press 6467:10.1088/0031-9120/30/4/011 6205:10.1136/bmj.332.7533.120-a 6095:10.1177/097194580500900105 6073: 5520::10.1017/S0957423907000355 5510:Cambridge University Press 5120:, chap. 2, sect. 22, p. 61 4455:, pp. 165–69, 173–74. 3862:Great Islamic Encyclopedia 3821:, p. cxix recommends 3702:10.5144/0256-4947.2007.464 3309:, Routledge (2017), p. 635 3106:10.1016/j.crme.2019.03.010 2767:Esposito, John L. (2000). 2338:(المرايا المحرقة بالدوائر) 1404:, variously translated as 1166: 1065: 1044: 1029: 865: 850: 779:. —Manuscript copy of his 597: 516: 18: 14077:Muslim critics of atheism 14047:Precursors of photography 13817: 13791: 13765: 13656: 13635: 13615: 13579: 13533: 13482: 13444:Muhammad ibn Mahmud Amuli 13439:Mas‘ud ibn Muhammad Sijzi 13396: 13363:Joseph ben Judah of Ceuta 13285: 13207:Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī 13184: 13073: 13045:Isaac Israeli ben Solomon 12947: 12856: 12835: 12779: 12770: 12598: 12537: 12471: 12410: 12357:Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī 12349: 12298: 12232: 12228: 12210: 12120: 12045: 11910: 11906: 11821: 11795: 11769: 11718: 11697: 11612: 11601: 11568: 11512: 11476: 11395: 11349: 11268: 11132: 11036: 11027: 10966:Medieval European science 10948: 10917: 10858: 10647: 10514: 10450: 10397: 10386: 10375: 10336: 10300: 10239: 10226:Sadr al-Shari'a al-Asghar 10178: 10077: 10006: 9983:Ibrahim ibn Said al-Sahli 9925: 9794: 9698: 9657: 9646: 9642: 9629: 9581:24 September 2018 at the 9208:24 September 2018 at the 9156:24 September 2018 at the 9101:24 September 2018 at the 8695:24 September 2018 at the 8649:24 September 2018 at the 8603:24 September 2018 at the 8565:10.1017/S0957423905000184 7889:10.1017/S0957423919000122 7835:10.1017/S0957423909990038 7800:10.1017/S0957423903003047 7772:10.1017/S0957423907000355 7507:Mohamed, Mohaini (2000), 7219:, Oxford University Press 6819:Al Deek, Mahmoud (2004), 6814:, Oxford University Press 6627:10.1017/S0957423907000367 6555:, New York & London: 6534:10.1017/S0957423905000172 6495:10.1017/S0957423917000078 6403:10.1080/00210869708701857 6264:10.1186/s40064-015-0806-0 6176:. New York: McGraw-Hill. 6174:Science and human destiny 6059:'s catalog, as cited in 6014:21 September 2022 at the 5823:Chong, Lim & Ang 2002 5617:has also been denoted as 5298:. John Wiley & Sons. 2571:Physics in medieval Islam 2425:The Model of the Universe 2403:(تصحيح العمليات في الفلك) 2306:Doubts Concerning Ptolemy 2290:(كيفية حساب اتجاه القبلة) 1934: 1899:Doubts Concerning Ptolemy 1870:Doubts Concerning Ptolemy 1771:, Alhazen disagreed with 1678:Chinese remainder theorem 1668:using what is now called 1456:Doubts Concerning Ptolemy 1406:Doubts Concerning Ptolemy 1395:Doubts Concerning Ptolemy 648:. The second theory, the 409:after his birthplace, or 228: 210: 203: 153:Doubts Concerning Ptolemy 141: 102: 61: 52: 43: 30: 13987:11th-century astronomers 13804:Ancient Iranian medicine 13592:Abd El Razzaq Al-Jazaïri 13464:Sadid al-Din al-Kazaruni 13328:Hussam al-Din al-Jarrahi 13293:Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi 13116:Ammar ibn Ali al-Mawsili 13015:Al-Tamimi, the physician 12802:Ibn Abi Ramtha al-Tamimi 11484:Nizam al-Din al-Nisapuri 11443:Muhyi al-Din al-Maghribi 10216:Nizam al-Din al-Nisapuri 10110:Muhyi al-Din al-Maghribi 9751:Ali ibn Isa al-Asturlabi 9555:The First True Scientist 9526:"Biography from the BBC" 8937:Weisstein, Eric (2008), 8757:Mathematical Association 8749:The Mathematical Gazette 8463:& DIANE Publishing, 8333:10.1163/157338207x194668 7632:: Bibliotheca Islamica, 6150:10.1177/0967772014529050 5674:Zewail & Thomas 2010 5605:, pp. 122, 128–29. 5348:Alsina & Nelsen 2010 5295:A History of Mathematics 3690:Annals of Saudi Medicine 3085:Comptes Rendus Mécanique 2592: 2372:On the Nature of Shadows 2360:On the Light of the Moon 2332:(مقالة فی تربیع الدائرة) 2196:The Music of the Spheres 2015:Giambattista della Porta 1501:Other astronomical works 1402:Al-Shukūk ‛alā Batlamyūs 1320:On the Light of the Moon 624:. The first theory, the 566:in 1572, with the title 421:and "The Physicist" by 21:Alhazen (disambiguation) 14032:Philosophers of science 13756:Lives of the Physicians 13721:Zakhireye Khwarazmshahi 13667:Al-Risalah al-Dhahabiah 13623:Al-Khurasani al-Shirazi 13505:Muhammad Ali Astarabadi 13368:Najib ad-Din Samarqandi 13091:Abu al-Hakam al-Kirmani 13020:Eutychius of Alexandria 12995:Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi 12341:Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani 12290:Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani 12250:Abu al-Abbas Iranshahri 11853:History of trigonometry 11848:Trigonometric functions 11842:Western Arabic numerals 11838:Eastern Arabic numerals 11403:Ibn al‐Ha'im al‐Ishbili 10318:Baha' al-din al-'Amili 10292:'Abd al-'Aziz al-Wafa'i 10170:Fakhr al-Din al-Akhlati 10090:Ibn al‐Ha'im al‐Ishbili 9446:Works by Ibn al-Haytham 9324:TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi 9288:(12–15 February 2007), 8717:Smith, A. Mark (2015), 8389:, Pica Press, pp. 8261:Perspectives on Science 7735:10.1126/science.1074591 7693:10.1126/science.1074591 7470:Encyclopædia Britannica 7063:Hess, David J. (1995), 6880:Eder, Michelle (2000), 6790:Crombie, A. C. (1971), 5371:(3): 163–74 year=1995. 4404:. Courier Corporation. 4326:. Courier Corporation. 4230:Smith, A. Mark (2001). 3911:. On this version, see 3383:5 February 2023 at the 3374:(c. 1097–1169), and by 3025:Adamson, Peter (2016). 2983:Adamson, Peter (2016). 2409:(اختلاف ارتفاع الكواكب) 2378:On the Rainbow and Halo 2350:(مقالة فی صورة ‌الکسوف) 2159:representing the senses 2051:Kitab Tanqih al-Manazir 1802:Alhazen also discussed 1410:Aporias against Ptolemy 1113:experimental psychology 970:in his scientific book 703:'s later theory of the 551:. The Latin version of 14072:11th-century inventors 13799:Ancient Greek medicine 13459:Rashid-al-Din Hamadani 13373:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi 13217:Al-Samawal al-Maghribi 13111:Ali ibn Yusuf al-Ilaqi 13081:Abdollah ibn Bukhtishu 12985:Abu al-Hasan al-Tabari 12674:Mohammed Abed al-Jabri 12624:Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr 12585:Shah Waliullah Dehlawi 12453:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi 12280:Abu Sulayman Sijistani 12102:Transcendent theosophy 11777:Babylonian mathematics 11468:Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī 11453:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi 11448:al-Hasan al-Marrakushi 11372:Al-Samawal al-Maghribi 11301:Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi 11044:'Abd al-Hamīd ibn Turk 10599:Navigational astrolabe 10354:Al Achsasi al Mouakket 10120:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi 10039:Al-Samawal al-Maghribi 9988:Ibn Mu'adh al-Jayyani 9917:Abu al-Hasan al-Ahwazi 9219:6 October 2016 at the 9167:6 October 2016 at the 9115:6 October 2016 at the 8873:Encyclopaedia of Islam 8837:Encyclopaedia of Islam 8802:by Matthias Schramm", 8709:6 October 2016 at the 8663:6 October 2016 at the 8617:6 October 2016 at the 8146:Shambhala Publications 7905:The History of Physics 6947:Grant, Edward (1974), 6718:Topeka Capital-Journal 5730:Magill & Aves 1998 5702:Magill & Aves 1998 5662:Magill & Aves 1998 4960:18 August 2018 at the 4680:History of Photography 4637:Wade & Finger 2001 4117:Howard & Wade 1996 3416:A. Mark Smith (1996). 2531:History of mathematics 2431:The Motion of the Moon 2413:The Direction of Mecca 2392:(تحليل شكوك حول الجست) 2368:(مقالة في درب التبانة) 2348:On the Form of Eclipse 2330:On Squaring the Circle 2278:(التحديد الدقيق للقطب) 2252:Analysis and Synthesis 2160: 2106: 2082: 2047:Kamal al-Din al-Farisi 1971:Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī 1949: 1932: 1924: 1908: 1864:and criticism against 1647:Analysis and Synthesis 1600:proof by contradiction 1577: 1534: 1464: 1451: 1362: 1316:Maqala fi daw al-qamar 1295:Alhazen discussed the 1242:Other works on physics 1189:)(Arabic: اختبار) and 1183: 1084: 1059: 991:Ibn al-Haytham used a 880: 878:theorem of Ibn Haytham 801:in believing that the 788: 617: 572:Bibliothèque nationale 507:, an Egyptian prince. 482:University of al-Azhar 369:Renaissance scientists 367:five centuries before 194:scientific methodology 13783:Nur al-Din Bimaristan 13674:The Canon of Medicine 13495:Burhan-ud-din Kermani 13101:Ali ibn Isa al-Kahhal 13086:Abu 'Ubayd al-Juzjani 12990:Abu al-Qasim Muqane'i 12934:Yuhanna ibn Bukhtishu 12458:Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi 11803:Byzantine mathematics 11591:Ibn Hamza al-Maghribi 11418:Alam al-Din al-Hanafi 11382:Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi 10935:Hellenistic astronomy 10906:Samarkand (Ulugh Beg) 10700:Deferent and epicycle 10100:Alam al-Din al-Hanafi 10069:Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi 9711:Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi 9493:3 August 2018 at the 9366:University of Chicago 9175:Alhacen on Refraction 9064:(2–3), Philadelphia: 8966:(23 September 2004), 6686:Hendrix, John Shannon 6367:"9.1 Squarable lunes" 6111:Understanding history 5640:, p. 11, passim. 5076:26 March 2017 at the 4513:Praxis der Mathematik 3391:Carl Boyer 1959 p. 80 3222:26 March 2017 at the 2356:(مقالة في ضوء النجوم) 2354:On the Light of Stars 2336:On the Burning Sphere 2266:(تصويبات على المجسطي) 2213:organisation, titled 2139: 2096: 2088:mentions the work in 2077: 2068:and other languages. 2045:by Persian scientist 1942: 1928: 1916: 1903: 1862:scientific skepticism 1856:should apply only to 1733:Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah 1707:Alhazen also wrote a 1604:Lambert quadrilateral 1575: 1532: 1460: 1443: 1357: 1172: 1167:Further information: 1079: 1054: 1047:Unconscious inference 1041:Unconscious inference 875: 771:The structure of the 770: 607: 542:translated into Latin 14037:Natural philosophers 13566:Sultan Ali Khorasani 13267:Serapion the Younger 12909:Jabril ibn Bukhtishu 12792:Al-Harith ibn Kalada 12689:Reza Davari Ardakani 12565:Abd al-Razzaq Lahiji 12499:Sadr ad-Din Dashtaki 12448:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi 12362:Afdal al-Din Kashani 11808:European mathematics 11756:Maragheh observatory 11581:Muhammad Baqir Yazdi 11560:Ibn Ghazi al-Miknasi 11433:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi 11341:Muhammad al-Baghdadi 10925:Babylonian astronomy 10740:Gravitational energy 10115:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi 10105:Najm al‐Din al‐Misri 9786:Yahya ibn Abi Mansur 9685:Mashallah ibn Athari 9670:Al-Fadl ibn Naubakht 9515:Biography from ioNET 9364:, PhD Dissertation, 8996:, World Scientific, 8830:Vernet, J. (1996) , 8500:21 July 2018 at the 8489:21 July 2018 at the 8300:on 27 September 2007 8273:10.1162/posc_a_00552 8199:University of London 8148:, pp. 178–216, 8138:Nasr, Seyyed Hossein 8019:Rottman, J. (2000). 7229:Mathematics Magazine 6800:University of Oxford 5365:Mathematics Magazine 5187:, p. 121, n. 13 5001:Historia Mathematica 4939:Ross & Ross 1976 4903:Ross & Plug 2002 4678:Eder, Josef (1945). 4587:Electronic Telegraph 4491:10.5951/MT.58.3.0194 4208:, pp. 186, 192. 3934:on 27 September 2007 3888:, p. 147, n. 2. 3799:on 30 September 2011 2921:. 26–27: 140. 1976. 2811:Masic, Izet (2008). 2561:Hockney–Falco thesis 2362:(مقالة في ضوء القمر) 2312:Maqala fi'l-Qarastun 2091:The Canterbury Tales 1965:), was known in the 1838:Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī 1810:implications in his 1659:Euclid–Euler theorem 1641:include his work on 1519:Model of the Motions 1422:Planetary Hypotheses 1382:during the European 1301:Epitome of Astronomy 1197:) with mathematics ( 825:spherical aberration 461:flooding of the Nile 235:Ḥasan Ibn al-Haytham 190:experimental science 174:Spherical aberration 36:Ḥasan Ibn al-Haytham 14022:Medieval physicists 13835:Medical Renaissance 13693:The Book of Healing 13597:Qurayshi al-Shirazi 13388:Zakariya al-Qazwini 13277:Zayn al-Din Gorgani 12919:Salmawaih ibn Bunan 12649:Seyyed Hossein Nasr 12570:Mujaddid Alf-i-Sani 12560:Mohsen Fayz Kashani 12519:Sayyid Haydar Amuli 12029:Medieval psychology 12001:Natural philosophy 11726:Al-Azhar University 11653:The Book of Healing 11059:Al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf 10866:Al-Azhar University 10685:Celestial mechanics 10475:Book of Fixed Stars 10434:The Book of Healing 10413:Aja'ib al-Makhluqat 10155:Ibn Ishaq al-Tunisi 10130:Zakariya al-Qazwini 9741:Al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf 9736:Abu Hanifa Dinawari 9532:on 11 February 2006 9385:, London, 1993–2006 8866:Vernet, J. (2012), 8731:2014fslp.book.....S 7967:2002mmi..book.....R 7660:Motilal Banarsidass 7357:2015Natur.518..164A 7093:The Daily Telegraph 6963:Online Encyclopedia 6692:. Farnham, Surrey: 6559:, pp. 237–40, 6459:1995PhyEd..30..247B 5756:1953Cent....3..190W 5488:Monthly Renaissance 4891:Aaen-Stockdale 2008 4751:. Clarendon Press. 4598:on 23 November 2004 4479:Mathematics Teacher 4102:Aaen-Stockdale 2008 3915:, pp. 139–153. 3372:Abu'l-Hasan Bayhaqi 3097:2019CRMec.347..357R 2536:Theoretical physics 2525:Hiding in the Light 2324:On Seeing the Stars 2294:Horizontal Sundials 2175:Neil deGrasse Tyson 2165:Hiding in the Light 2124:Aga Khan University 1995:al-Mu'taman ibn Hūd 1615:squaring the circle 1561:and number theory. 1380:Georg von Peuerbach 1087:Other contributions 853:Specular reflection 809:was also involved. 753:binocular disparity 664:was from Ptolemy's 650:intromission theory 622:classical antiquity 419:Abu'l-Hasan Bayhaqi 178:intromission theory 13773:Al-'Adudi Hospital 13681:Tacuinum Sanitatis 13607:Maqsud-Ali Tabrizi 13126:Badi' al-Asturlabi 13025:Ibn Abi al-Ashʿath 13000:Abu ul-Ala Shirazi 12980:Abu Zayd al-Balkhi 12929:Yahya ibn Sarafyun 12822:Rufaida Al-Aslamia 12817:Nafi ibn al-Harith 12659:Abdolkarim Soroush 12504:Aziz Mahmud Hudayi 12418:Hajji Bektash Wali 11954:medieval astronomy 11900:Islamic philosophy 11858:History of algebra 11813:Indian mathematics 11787:Indian mathematics 11736:House of Knowledge 11190:Brethren of Purity 11084:Banū Mūsā brothers 10930:Egyptian astronomy 10871:House of Knowledge 10549:Astronomical clock 10359:Muhammad al-Rudani 9756:Banū Mūsā brothers 9706:Abu Ali al-Khayyat 9587:Linda Hall Library 9326:. pp. 82–87. 9304:on 4 December 2020 8546:on 18 October 2011 8413:Islamic Philosophy 7654:Plott, C. (2000), 6888:Rutgers University 6696:. pp. 11–30. 6694:Ashgate Publishing 5933:. United Nations. 5861:on 4 January 2015. 5427:, pp. 219–40. 5144:, pp. 34–41; 4707:, pp. 114–116 4695:, pp. 130–160 4362:Engineering Optics 4270:– via JSTOR. 3566:. 6 January 1876. 2586:Islamic Golden Age 2551:History of science 2546:History of physics 2442:The Winding Motion 2380:(مقالة في قوس قزح) 2308:(شكوك على بطليموس) 2270:Discourse on Place 2204:declared 2015 the 2161: 2027:Christiaan Huygens 2007:Robert Grosseteste 1950: 1912:The Winding Motion 1735:, to regulate the 1617:using the area of 1608:motion in geometry 1585:parallel postulate 1578: 1535: 1525:Mathematical works 1340:Astronomical works 1229:through two small 1191:controlled testing 1072:Alhazen explained 881: 829:angle of incidence 794:pinhole projection 789: 787:Library, Istanbul) 785:Süleymaniye Mosque 618: 608:Front page of the 562:It was printed by 361:Fermat's principle 349:Christiaan Huygens 313:Islamic Golden Age 14067:History of optics 14042:People from Basra 14007:Iraqi astronomers 13848: 13847: 13840:Medieval medicine 13631: 13630: 13490:Abu Sa'id al-Afif 13323:Da'ud Abu al-Fadl 13212:Ahmad ibn Farrokh 12827:Zaynab al-Awadiya 12730: 12729: 12726: 12725: 12722: 12721: 12575:Rajab Ali Tabrizi 12514:Mahmud Shabistari 12494:Jalaladdin Davani 12443:Nasir al-Din Tusi 12265:Abu Hatim al-Razi 12206: 12205: 11866: 11865: 11782:Greek mathematics 11705:Alhazen's problem 11599: 11598: 11220:Ibrahim ibn Sinan 11170:Sinān ibn al-Fatḥ 10987: 10986: 10983: 10982: 10979: 10978: 10961:Chinese astronomy 10956:Byzantine science 10830:Temporal finitism 10760:Islamic cosmology 10690:Celestial spheres 10510: 10509: 10402:Arabic star names 10371: 10370: 10367: 10366: 10231:Fathullah Shirazi 10165:Al-Ashraf Umar II 9877:Ibrahim ibn Sinan 9680:Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī 9575:Opticae thesaurus 9572:Alhazen's (1572) 9569:, Muslim Heritage 9470:978-0-387-31022-0 9409:978-0-262-19557-7 9333:978-97-53-89448-7 9286:Falco, Charles M. 9278:978-3-319-33466-0 9133:, 2 vols: Vol 1 9003:978-1-84816-390-4 8740:978-0-226-17476-1 8594:Books 4–5 (2006) 8470:978-0-87169-914-5 8447:978-1-4020-4559-2 8195:Warburg Institute 8177:, pp. 117–31 8023:. Prentice Hall. 7976:978-0-19-850862-5 7914:978-1-4488-7371-5 7868:978-3-319-47991-0 7576:(22 March 2006), 7535:on 30 August 2017 7500:978-1-57958-041-4 7462:, Clarendon Press 7127:978-0-7546-3622-9 7022:The Moon Illusion 6808:Esposito, John L. 6750:978-0-521-81392-1 6703:978-1-4094-0024-0 6447:Physics Education 6438:978-0-19-536655-6 6420:978-0-19-965984-5 6380:978-0-88385-348-1 6036:Treatise on Light 6034:Alhacen (c.1035) 5957:"10 Dinars, Iraq" 5879:on 1 October 2014 5400:, Pt. II, p. 459. 5305:978-0-470-63056-3 5039:, pp. 463–64 4950:See, for example, 4839:978-1-4987-7940-1 4812:978-1-4987-7940-1 4785:978-0-521-25248-5 4758:978-0-19-151954-3 4531:Neumann, Peter M. 4411:978-0-486-17347-4 4372:978-3-662-07032-1 4333:978-0-486-17347-4 4294:978-1-351-40468-6 3778:, vol. 1 (1898), 3641:978-0-19-885422-7 3602:978-1-317-06640-8 3537:978-3-319-04292-3 3479:978-0-19-866224-2 3429:978-0-87169-862-9 3243:on 1 October 2014 3164:978-1-351-65112-7 3038:978-0-19-957749-1 2996:978-0-19-957749-1 2948:on 1 October 2014 2942:www.light2015.org 2541:History of optics 2456:(رسالة في المكان) 2454:Treatise on Place 2448:Treatise on Light 2444:(الحركة المتعرجة) 2314:(مقالة في قرسطون) 2296:(المزولة الأفقية) 2272:(مقالة في المكان) 2258:Balance of Wisdom 2191:The Ascent of Man 2019:Leonardo da Vinci 1890:, where prayers ( 1858:prophets of Islam 1842:scientific method 1834:Muslim scientists 1769:Treatise on Place 1521:discussed above. 1487:Doubts on Ptolemy 1291:Celestial physics 1261:Treatise on Light 1247:Optical treatises 1169:Scientific method 1163:Scientific method 1117:optical illusions 973:Dream Pool Essays 956:was known to the 868:Alhazen's problem 862:Alhazen's problem 847:Law of reflection 747:600 years before 610:Opticae Thesaurus 365:scientific method 321:visual perception 299:) was a medieval 232: 231: 205:Scientific career 198:animal psychology 182:visual perception 158:Alhazen's problem 135:Fatimid Caliphate 14084: 13949: 13948: 13937: 13936: 13935: 13925: 13924: 13923: 13913: 13912: 13901: 13900: 13899: 13889: 13888: 13877: 13876: 13865: 13864: 13863: 13856: 13830:Learned medicine 13825:Ibn Sina Academy 13525:Şerafeddin Kadir 13500:Husayni Isfahani 13434:Mansur ibn Ilyas 13378:Rashidun al-Suri 13257:Moshe ben Maimon 13040:Ibrahim ibn Baks 12970:Abu Bakr al-Razi 12904:Jabir ibn Hayyan 12899:Ishaq ibn Hunayn 12894:Hunayn ibn Ishaq 12777: 12776: 12764:Islamic medicine 12757: 12750: 12743: 12734: 12733: 12704:Hasanzadeh Amoli 12699:Mostafa Malekian 12669:Taha Abdurrahman 12644:Ismail al-Faruqi 12602: 12524:Dawūd al-Qayṣarī 12255:Abu Bakr al-Razi 12230: 12229: 12212: 12211: 12037: 12024:Medieval science 12019: 12004: 11986: 11976: 11939: 11928: 11908: 11907: 11893: 11886: 11879: 11870: 11869: 11681:Tabula Rogeriana 11607: 11555:Sibt al-Maridini 11215:Sinan ibn Thabit 11124:Abu Said Gorgani 11114:Thābit ibn Qurra 11104:Ishaq ibn Hunayn 11089:Hunayn ibn Ishaq 11034: 11033: 11014: 11007: 11000: 10991: 10990: 10971:Indian astronomy 10940:Indian astronomy 10908: 10901: 10894: 10815:Sublunary sphere 10805:Specific gravity 10705:Earth's rotation 10594:Mural instrument 10539:Armillary sphere 10462:Alfonsine tables 10427:Tabula Rogeriana 10407:Islamic calendar 10395: 10394: 10388: 10387: 10377: 10376: 10272:Sibt al-Maridini 10257:Jamshid al-Kashi 9978:Said al-Andalusi 9781:Thābit ibn Qurra 9716:Abu Said Gorgani 9690:Yaʿqūb ibn Ṭāriq 9644: 9643: 9631: 9630: 9616: 9609: 9602: 9593: 9592: 9541: 9539: 9537: 9528:. Archived from 9474: 9424: 9423: 9421: 9369: 9349: 9347: 9345: 9312: 9311: 9309: 9303: 9296: 9281: 9260: 9082: 9076: 9068: 9054:Kitāb al-Manāẓir 9044: 9032: 9006: 8988: 8987: 8985: 8959: 8958: 8956: 8933: 8897: 8888: 8887: 8885: 8868:"Ibn al-Haytham" 8862: 8861: 8859: 8832:"Ibn al-Haytham" 8826: 8818: 8791: 8743: 8683: 8637: 8591: 8575: 8547: 8545: 8539:, archived from 8514: 8481: 8450: 8432: 8431: 8429: 8408:Sardar, Ziauddin 8403: 8379: 8378: 8376: 8350: 8349: 8347: 8308: 8307: 8305: 8296:, archived from 8293:Harvard Magazine 8283: 8248: 8219: 8178: 8158: 8125: 8109: 8081: 8072: 8042: 8015: 7979: 7953: 7917: 7899: 7871: 7853: 7851: 7820: 7810: 7782: 7754: 7737: 7726:Science magazine 7712: 7695: 7672: 7650: 7620: 7619: 7617: 7596: 7595: 7593: 7569: 7568: 7566: 7543: 7542: 7540: 7531:, archived from 7513:, Penerbit UTM, 7503: 7485: 7484: 7482: 7463: 7454: 7428: 7392: 7377: 7369: 7368: 7339: 7326: 7325: 7323: 7286: 7251: 7220: 7211: 7187:(10): 1189–201, 7175: 7139: 7112: 7111: 7109: 7086:(1 April 1997), 7084:Highfield, Roger 7079: 7059: 7058: 7056: 7051:on 22 March 2016 7047:, archived from 7015: 7014: 7012: 7006: 6996:, Buenos Aires: 6995: 6983: 6982: 6980: 6971:, archived from 6954: 6943: 6915: 6902: 6901: 6899: 6876: 6839: 6838: 6836: 6815: 6802: 6786: 6766:Sherrard, Philip 6753: 6733: 6732: 6730: 6725:on 15 March 2009 6721:, archived from 6707: 6677: 6657: 6637: 6606: 6577: 6544: 6505: 6477: 6441: 6423: 6405: 6383: 6361: 6356:, archived from 6355: 6336: 6321: 6285: 6276: 6266: 6245: 6225: 6216: 6187: 6168: 6132: 6105: 6067: 6053: 6047: 6040:Shmuel Sambursky 6032: 6026: 6005: 5999: 5995:, pp. 8–9; 5990: 5984: 5978: 5972: 5971: 5969: 5967: 5953: 5947: 5946: 5944: 5942: 5927: 5921: 5920: 5918: 5916: 5910: 5903: 5895: 5889: 5888: 5886: 5884: 5869: 5863: 5862: 5860: 5854:. Archived from 5848: 5842: 5836: 5830: 5820: 5814: 5813: 5811: 5809: 5790: 5784: 5783: 5739: 5733: 5727: 5721: 5715: 5709: 5699: 5693: 5683: 5677: 5671: 5665: 5659: 5653: 5647: 5641: 5635: 5629: 5607:& Grant 1974 5600: 5594: 5588: 5582: 5581:, Pt. II, p. 465 5576: 5570: 5564: 5558: 5551: 5545: 5539: 5533: 5532:, Pt. II, p. 464 5527: 5521: 5502: 5496: 5483: 5477: 5471: 5465: 5460: 5451: 5443: 5437: 5434: 5428: 5422: 5416: 5410: 5401: 5395: 5389: 5388: 5357: 5351: 5345: 5339: 5333: 5322: 5321: 5319: 5317: 5289: 5283: 5277: 5271: 5265: 5259: 5253: 5247: 5241: 5235: 5229: 5223: 5217: 5211: 5206: 5200: 5194: 5188: 5182: 5176: 5170: 5164: 5158: 5149: 5146:Gondhalekar 2001 5139: 5133: 5127: 5121: 5115: 5109: 5103: 5097: 5091: 5082: 5061: 5055: 5049: 5040: 5034: 5028: 5027: 5025: 5023: 5017: 5010: 4991: 4985: 4974: 4965: 4948: 4942: 4936: 4930: 4924: 4918: 4917:, pp. 9–10. 4912: 4906: 4900: 4894: 4888: 4882: 4877: 4868: 4862: 4856: 4850: 4844: 4843: 4823: 4817: 4816: 4796: 4790: 4789: 4769: 4763: 4762: 4742: 4736: 4735: 4726: 4720: 4719:, pp. 91–94 4714: 4708: 4702: 4696: 4690: 4684: 4683: 4675: 4669: 4663: 4646: 4640: 4634: 4628: 4618: 4612: 4606: 4600: 4599: 4594:, archived from 4580:(1 April 1997), 4578:Highfield, Roger 4574: 4568: 4567: 4527: 4521: 4520: 4508: 4502: 4501: 4474: 4468: 4462: 4456: 4450: 4444: 4434: 4428: 4427: 4425: 4423: 4395: 4389: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4356: 4350: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4317: 4311: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4278: 4272: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4227: 4221: 4215: 4209: 4203: 4197: 4196:, pp. 80–85 4191: 4185: 4179: 4173: 4167: 4161: 4155: 4149: 4143: 4132: 4126: 4120: 4110: 4104: 4099: 4093: 4087: 4081: 4075: 4069: 4063: 4054: 4048: 4042: 4041:, pp. 76–78 4036: 4030: 4024: 4018: 4012: 4006: 4000: 3994: 3988: 3979: 3978:, p. lxxix. 3973: 3967: 3961: 3955: 3949: 3943: 3942: 3941: 3939: 3922: 3916: 3910: 3895: 3889: 3883: 3877: 3871: 3865: 3858: 3852: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3832: 3826: 3815: 3809: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3789: 3783: 3772:Carl Brockelmann 3769: 3763: 3753: 3747: 3741: 3732: 3731: 3721: 3681: 3675: 3670:, p. 70), ( 3664: 3658: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3625: 3619: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3586: 3580: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3560: 3554: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3521: 3515: 3511: 3505: 3502: 3496: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3463: 3457: 3452: 3446: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3413: 3407: 3401: 3395: 3368: 3362: 3355: 3349: 3344: 3338: 3333: 3327: 3316: 3310: 3300: 3294: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3283: 3268: 3259: 3253: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3239:. Archived from 3233: 3227: 3207: 3201: 3187: 3181: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3148: 3142: 3136: 3127: 3126: 3108: 3076: 3070: 3064: 3055: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3022: 3013: 3012: 3010: 3008: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2944:. Archived from 2934: 2932: 2930: 2903: 2897: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2872: 2863: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2839: 2833: 2832: 2817:Medicinski Arhiv 2808: 2802: 2783: 2774: 2772: 2764: 2758: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2740:"Ibn al-Haytham" 2736: 2730: 2711: 2705: 2699: 2693: 2687: 2681: 2675: 2669: 2663: 2657: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2634: 2614: 2603: 2450:(رسالة في الضوء) 2374:(كيفيات الإظلال) 2366:On the Milky Way 2320:(إكمال المخاريط) 2284:(رسالة في الشفق) 2194:. In episode 5 ( 2181:in the episode. 2086:Geoffrey Chaucer 1999:Kitab al-Manazir 1987:Banu Hud dynasty 1958:Kitab al-Manazir 1946:Kitāb al-Manāẓir 1804:space perception 1670:Wilson's theorem 1627:lunes of Alhazen 1547:Thabit ibn Qurra 1483: 1257:Risala fi l-Daw' 1203:Kitab al-Manazir 1181: 1154: 1146: 1093:Kitab al-Manazir 938:Peter M. Neumann 815:His research in 781:Kitāb al-Manāẓir 594:Theory of optics 580:Bodleian Library 564:Friedrich Risner 528:Kitab al-Manazir 338: 337: 326:Kitāb al-Manāẓir 298: 294: 291: 287: 286: 282: 276: 275: 272: 271: 268: 265: 262: 259: 256: 253: 127:(aged around 75) 126: 124: 121: 117: 115: 109: 88: 86: 80: 76: 74: 68: 57: 48: 47: 38: 28: 27: 14092: 14091: 14087: 14086: 14085: 14083: 14082: 14081: 13957: 13956: 13955: 13943: 13933: 13931: 13921: 13919: 13907: 13897: 13895: 13883: 13871: 13861: 13859: 13851: 13849: 13844: 13813: 13787: 13761: 13652: 13627: 13611: 13575: 13556:Dawud al-Antaki 13529: 13478: 13392: 13333:Ibn Abi Usaibia 13281: 13180: 13171:Jonah ibn Janah 13069: 12960:Aayon Ibn Aayon 12943: 12924:Shapur ibn Sahl 12852: 12831: 12787:Abu Hafsa Yazid 12766: 12761: 12731: 12718: 12684:Fouad Zakariyya 12679:Mohammed Arkoun 12634:Frithjof Schuon 12600: 12594: 12580:Qazi Sa’id Qumi 12533: 12467: 12406: 12345: 12294: 12224: 12202: 12116: 12075:Illuminationism 12041: 12035: 12017: 12002: 11985:(jurisprudence) 11984: 11974: 11937: 11926: 11902: 11897: 11867: 11862: 11834:Arabic numerals 11817: 11791: 11765: 11741:House of Wisdom 11714: 11693: 11615: 11608: 11595: 11564: 11508: 11494:Ibn al-Durayhim 11472: 11391: 11357:Jabir ibn Aflah 11345: 11276:Abu Nasr Mansur 11264: 11160:Ahmad ibn Yusuf 11128: 11023: 11018: 10988: 10975: 10944: 10913: 10904: 10897: 10890: 10876:House of Wisdom 10854: 10810:Spherical Earth 10643: 10574:Equatorial ring 10554:Celestial globe 10529:Analog computer 10506: 10501:Sullam al-sama' 10446: 10382: 10363: 10332: 10296: 10235: 10174: 10073: 10059:Jabir ibn Aflah 10002: 9933:Abu Nasr Mansur 9921: 9902:Abolfadl Harawi 9837:Ahmad ibn Yusuf 9790: 9694: 9665:Ahmad Nahavandi 9653: 9638: 9625: 9620: 9583:Wayback Machine 9535: 9533: 9524: 9519:Wayback Machine 9495:Wayback Machine 9471: 9442: 9437: 9419: 9417: 9410: 9343: 9341: 9334: 9307: 9305: 9301: 9294: 9279: 9265:El-Bizri, Nader 9249:Oriens Occidens 9245:El-Bizri, Nader 9234:Belting, Hans, 9230: 9225: 9221:Wayback Machine 9210:Wayback Machine 9169:Wayback Machine 9158:Wayback Machine 9117:Wayback Machine 9103:Wayback Machine 9070: 9069: 9019: 9014: 9012:Further reading 9009: 9004: 8983: 8981: 8964:Whitaker, Brian 8954: 8952: 8909:(10): 1157–77, 8883: 8881: 8857: 8855: 8848: 8765:10.2307/3620392 8741: 8711:Wayback Machine 8697:Wayback Machine 8665:Wayback Machine 8651:Wayback Machine 8619:Wayback Machine 8605:Wayback Machine 8543: 8512: 8502:Wayback Machine 8491:Wayback Machine 8471: 8448: 8427: 8425: 8401: 8374: 8372: 8345: 8343: 8303: 8301: 8238: 8209: 8156: 8099: 8062: 8031: 7997:10.1068/p050377 7977: 7915: 7869: 7849: 7818: 7670: 7640: 7615: 7613: 7591: 7589: 7564: 7562: 7538: 7536: 7521: 7501: 7480: 7478: 7444: 7366:10.1038/518164a 7321: 7319: 7304: 7276: 7256:Katz, Victor J. 7241:10.2307/2691411 7225:Katz, Victor J. 7193:10.1068/p251189 7157:10.1068/p251203 7151:(10): 1203–17, 7128: 7107: 7105: 7077: 7054: 7052: 7037: 7010: 7008: 7004: 6993: 6978: 6976: 6933: 6897: 6895: 6866: 6834: 6832: 6831:on 17 June 2008 6796:Clarendon Press 6776: 6751: 6728: 6726: 6704: 6682:El-Bizri, Nader 6666:Oriens Occidens 6662:El-Bizri, Nader 6646:Oriens Occidens 6642:El-Bizri, Nader 6611:El-Bizri, Nader 6596: 6582:El-Bizri, Nader 6567: 6549:El-Bizri, Nader 6510:El-Bizri, Nader 6439: 6421: 6390:Iranian Studies 6381: 6360:on 7 March 2012 6353:10.1.1.433.9727 6335:on 7 March 2012 6184: 6121: 6076: 6071: 6070: 6057:Ibn Abi Usaibia 6054: 6050: 6033: 6029: 6016:Wayback Machine 6006: 6002: 5991: 5987: 5979: 5975: 5965: 5963: 5955: 5954: 5950: 5940: 5938: 5929: 5928: 5924: 5914: 5912: 5908: 5901: 5897: 5896: 5892: 5882: 5880: 5871: 5870: 5866: 5858: 5850: 5849: 5845: 5837: 5833: 5821: 5817: 5807: 5805: 5800:. 14 May 2018. 5792: 5791: 5787: 5740: 5736: 5728: 5724: 5716: 5712: 5700: 5696: 5684: 5680: 5672: 5668: 5660: 5656: 5648: 5644: 5636: 5632: 5601: 5597: 5589: 5585: 5577: 5573: 5565: 5561: 5552: 5548: 5544:, pp. 8–9. 5540: 5536: 5528: 5524: 5503: 5499: 5484: 5480: 5472: 5468: 5461: 5454: 5444: 5440: 5435: 5431: 5423: 5419: 5411: 5404: 5396: 5392: 5377:10.2307/2691411 5361:Katz, Victor J. 5358: 5354: 5346: 5342: 5334: 5325: 5315: 5313: 5306: 5290: 5286: 5278: 5274: 5266: 5262: 5254: 5250: 5242: 5238: 5230: 5226: 5222:, pp. 8–9. 5218: 5214: 5207: 5203: 5195: 5191: 5183: 5179: 5175:, pp. 8–10 5173:Langermann 1990 5171: 5167: 5159: 5152: 5142:Langermann 1990 5140: 5136: 5128: 5124: 5118:Langermann 1990 5116: 5112: 5104: 5100: 5092: 5085: 5078:Wayback Machine 5062: 5058: 5050: 5043: 5035: 5031: 5021: 5019: 5015: 5008: 4993: 4992: 4988: 4975: 4968: 4962:Wayback Machine 4949: 4945: 4937: 4933: 4925: 4921: 4915:Hershenson 1989 4913: 4909: 4901: 4897: 4889: 4885: 4878: 4871: 4863: 4859: 4851: 4847: 4840: 4824: 4820: 4813: 4797: 4793: 4786: 4770: 4766: 4759: 4743: 4739: 4728: 4727: 4723: 4715: 4711: 4703: 4699: 4691: 4687: 4676: 4672: 4647: 4643: 4635: 4631: 4619: 4615: 4607: 4603: 4575: 4571: 4528: 4524: 4509: 4505: 4475: 4471: 4463: 4459: 4451: 4447: 4435: 4431: 4421: 4419: 4412: 4396: 4392: 4382: 4380: 4373: 4357: 4353: 4343: 4341: 4334: 4318: 4314: 4304: 4302: 4295: 4279: 4275: 4265: 4263: 4248:10.2307/3657357 4228: 4224: 4216: 4212: 4204: 4200: 4192: 4188: 4180: 4176: 4168: 4164: 4156: 4152: 4144: 4135: 4127: 4123: 4111: 4107: 4100: 4096: 4088: 4084: 4076: 4072: 4064: 4057: 4049: 4045: 4037: 4033: 4025: 4021: 4013: 4009: 4001: 3997: 3989: 3982: 3974: 3970: 3966:, p. xxii. 3962: 3958: 3950: 3946: 3937: 3935: 3924: 3923: 3919: 3899:Enrico Narducci 3896: 3892: 3884: 3880: 3874:Al-Khalili 2015 3872: 3868: 3859: 3855: 3845: 3843: 3834: 3833: 3829: 3816: 3812: 3802: 3800: 3791: 3790: 3786: 3770: 3766: 3754: 3750: 3742: 3735: 3682: 3678: 3665: 3661: 3651: 3649: 3642: 3626: 3622: 3612: 3610: 3603: 3587: 3583: 3573: 3571: 3562: 3561: 3557: 3547: 3545: 3538: 3522: 3518: 3512: 3508: 3503: 3499: 3489: 3487: 3480: 3464: 3460: 3453: 3449: 3439: 3437: 3430: 3414: 3410: 3402: 3398: 3385:Wayback Machine 3369: 3365: 3356: 3352: 3345: 3341: 3334: 3330: 3317: 3313: 3301: 3297: 3287: 3285: 3281: 3266: 3260: 3256: 3246: 3244: 3235: 3234: 3230: 3224:Wayback Machine 3208: 3204: 3188: 3184: 3174: 3172: 3165: 3149: 3145: 3141:, p. 1817. 3137: 3130: 3077: 3073: 3065: 3058: 3048: 3046: 3039: 3023: 3016: 3006: 3004: 2997: 2974: 2972: 2959: 2951: 2949: 2936: 2928: 2926: 2913: 2904: 2900: 2890: 2888: 2873: 2866: 2856: 2854: 2841: 2840: 2836: 2809: 2805: 2784: 2777: 2765: 2761: 2751: 2749: 2737: 2733: 2712: 2708: 2700: 2696: 2688: 2684: 2676: 2672: 2664: 2660: 2650: 2648: 2635: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2617: 2604: 2600: 2595: 2590: 2581:Fatima al-Fihri 2519: 2497: 2492: 2235: 2229:, series 2003. 2211:1001 Inventions 2186:Jacob Bronowski 2173:, presented by 2105: 2102: 2100: 2055:The Revision of 2035:Johannes Kepler 2023:Galileo Galilei 1955:His main work, 1937: 1830:Ziauddin Sardar 1822: 1808:epistemological 1765: 1757:feigned madness 1717: 1705: 1698: 1686: 1643:perfect numbers 1635: 1570: 1527: 1503: 1474: 1398: 1349: 1342: 1328: 1309:laws of physics 1305:Ptolemaic model 1293: 1249: 1244: 1182: 1179: 1171: 1165: 1089: 1074:color constancy 1070: 1068:Color constancy 1064: 1062:Color constancy 1049: 1043: 1034: 1028: 958:ancient Chinese 950: 870: 864: 855: 849: 626:emission theory 602: 596: 521: 515: 472:feigned madness 431: 353:Galileo Galilei 345:Johannes Kepler 296: 292: 250: 246: 137: 128: 122: 113: 111: 106: 98: 89: 81: 72: 70: 65: 39: 33: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 14090: 14080: 14079: 14074: 14069: 14064: 14059: 14054: 14049: 14044: 14039: 14034: 14029: 14024: 14019: 14014: 14009: 14004: 13999: 13994: 13989: 13984: 13979: 13974: 13969: 13967:Ibn al-Haytham 13954: 13953: 13941: 13929: 13917: 13905: 13893: 13881: 13869: 13846: 13845: 13843: 13842: 13837: 13832: 13827: 13821: 13819: 13815: 13814: 13812: 13811: 13806: 13801: 13795: 13793: 13789: 13788: 13786: 13785: 13780: 13775: 13769: 13767: 13763: 13762: 13760: 13759: 13752: 13745: 13738: 13731: 13724: 13717: 13710: 13703: 13696: 13689: 13684: 13677: 13670: 13662: 13660: 13654: 13653: 13651: 13650: 13645: 13639: 13637: 13633: 13632: 13629: 13628: 13626: 13625: 13619: 13617: 13613: 13612: 13610: 13609: 13604: 13599: 13594: 13589: 13583: 13581: 13577: 13576: 13574: 13573: 13568: 13563: 13561:Hakim-e-Gilani 13558: 13553: 13548: 13543: 13541:Rostam Gorgani 13537: 13535: 13531: 13530: 13528: 13527: 13522: 13517: 13512: 13507: 13502: 13497: 13492: 13486: 13484: 13480: 13479: 13477: 13476: 13471: 13466: 13461: 13456: 13451: 13446: 13441: 13436: 13431: 13426: 13421: 13416: 13411: 13406: 13400: 13398: 13394: 13393: 13391: 13390: 13385: 13383:Sa'ad al-Dawla 13380: 13375: 13370: 13365: 13360: 13355: 13350: 13345: 13340: 13335: 13330: 13325: 13320: 13315: 13310: 13305: 13300: 13295: 13289: 13287: 13283: 13282: 13280: 13279: 13274: 13269: 13264: 13259: 13254: 13252:Ibn al-Tilmīdh 13249: 13244: 13239: 13234: 13229: 13224: 13219: 13214: 13209: 13204: 13199: 13194: 13188: 13186: 13182: 13181: 13179: 13178: 13173: 13168: 13163: 13161:Ibn al-Kattani 13158: 13156:Ibn al-Haytham 13153: 13148: 13143: 13138: 13136:Ibn Al-Thahabi 13133: 13128: 13123: 13118: 13113: 13108: 13106:Ali ibn Ridwan 13103: 13098: 13093: 13088: 13083: 13077: 13075: 13071: 13070: 13068: 13067: 13065:Qusta ibn Luqa 13062: 13057: 13052: 13047: 13042: 13037: 13032: 13027: 13022: 13017: 13012: 13007: 13002: 12997: 12992: 12987: 12982: 12977: 12972: 12967: 12962: 12957: 12951: 12949: 12945: 12944: 12942: 12941: 12939:Yusuf al-Khuri 12936: 12931: 12926: 12921: 12916: 12911: 12906: 12901: 12896: 12891: 12886: 12881: 12876: 12871: 12866: 12860: 12858: 12854: 12853: 12851: 12850: 12848:Ja'ar al-Sadiq 12845: 12839: 12837: 12833: 12832: 12830: 12829: 12824: 12819: 12814: 12809: 12804: 12799: 12794: 12789: 12783: 12781: 12774: 12768: 12767: 12760: 12759: 12752: 12745: 12737: 12728: 12727: 12724: 12723: 12720: 12719: 12717: 12716: 12711: 12706: 12701: 12696: 12691: 12686: 12681: 12676: 12671: 12666: 12661: 12656: 12651: 12646: 12641: 12636: 12631: 12626: 12621: 12616: 12614:Muhammad Iqbal 12611: 12605: 12603: 12596: 12595: 12593: 12592: 12590:Hādī Sabzavārī 12587: 12582: 12577: 12572: 12567: 12562: 12557: 12552: 12550:Mir Fendereski 12547: 12541: 12539: 12535: 12534: 12532: 12531: 12526: 12521: 12516: 12511: 12506: 12501: 12496: 12491: 12486: 12481: 12475: 12473: 12469: 12468: 12466: 12465: 12460: 12455: 12450: 12445: 12440: 12435: 12430: 12425: 12420: 12414: 12412: 12408: 12407: 12405: 12404: 12399: 12394: 12389: 12384: 12379: 12374: 12369: 12364: 12359: 12353: 12351: 12347: 12346: 12344: 12343: 12338: 12333: 12328: 12323: 12318: 12313: 12308: 12302: 12300: 12296: 12295: 12293: 12292: 12287: 12282: 12277: 12275:Ikhwan al-Safa 12272: 12267: 12262: 12257: 12252: 12247: 12242: 12236: 12234: 12226: 12225: 12208: 12207: 12204: 12203: 12201: 12200: 12195: 12190: 12185: 12180: 12175: 12170: 12165: 12160: 12155: 12150: 12145: 12140: 12135: 12130: 12124: 12122: 12118: 12117: 12115: 12114: 12109: 12107:Traditionalist 12104: 12099: 12098: 12097: 12092: 12087: 12077: 12072: 12067: 12062: 12057: 12051: 12049: 12043: 12042: 12040: 12039: 12031: 12026: 12021: 12011: 12006: 11998: 11993: 11988: 11978: 11968: 11963: 11958: 11957: 11956: 11951: 11941: 11930: 11920: 11914: 11912: 11904: 11903: 11896: 11895: 11888: 11881: 11873: 11864: 11863: 11861: 11860: 11855: 11850: 11845: 11831: 11825: 11823: 11819: 11818: 11816: 11815: 11810: 11805: 11799: 11797: 11793: 11792: 11790: 11789: 11784: 11779: 11773: 11771: 11767: 11766: 11764: 11763: 11758: 11753: 11748: 11743: 11738: 11733: 11728: 11722: 11720: 11716: 11715: 11713: 11712: 11707: 11701: 11699: 11695: 11694: 11692: 11691: 11684: 11677: 11674:Toledan Tables 11670: 11663: 11656: 11649: 11646:Book of Optics 11642: 11635: 11628: 11620: 11618: 11610: 11609: 11602: 11600: 11597: 11596: 11594: 11593: 11588: 11583: 11578: 11572: 11570: 11566: 11565: 11563: 11562: 11557: 11552: 11547: 11542: 11537: 11532: 11527: 11522: 11516: 11514: 11510: 11509: 11507: 11506: 11501: 11496: 11491: 11486: 11480: 11478: 11474: 11473: 11471: 11470: 11465: 11460: 11455: 11450: 11445: 11440: 11435: 11430: 11425: 11420: 11415: 11410: 11405: 11399: 11397: 11393: 11392: 11390: 11389: 11387:Ibn al-Yasamin 11384: 11379: 11374: 11369: 11364: 11359: 11353: 11351: 11347: 11346: 11344: 11343: 11338: 11333: 11328: 11323: 11318: 11313: 11308: 11303: 11298: 11293: 11288: 11286:Kushyar Gilani 11283: 11278: 11272: 11270: 11266: 11265: 11263: 11262: 11257: 11252: 11247: 11242: 11237: 11232: 11230:Nazif ibn Yumn 11227: 11222: 11217: 11212: 11207: 11202: 11197: 11192: 11187: 11182: 11177: 11172: 11167: 11162: 11157: 11152: 11147: 11142: 11136: 11134: 11130: 11129: 11127: 11126: 11121: 11116: 11111: 11109:Na'im ibn Musa 11106: 11101: 11099:Yusuf al-Khuri 11096: 11091: 11086: 11081: 11076: 11071: 11069:Qusta ibn Luqa 11066: 11061: 11056: 11051: 11046: 11040: 11038: 11031: 11029:Mathematicians 11025: 11024: 11017: 11016: 11009: 11002: 10994: 10985: 10984: 10981: 10980: 10977: 10976: 10974: 10973: 10968: 10963: 10958: 10952: 10950: 10946: 10945: 10943: 10942: 10937: 10932: 10927: 10921: 10919: 10915: 10914: 10912: 10911: 10910: 10909: 10902: 10895: 10883: 10878: 10873: 10868: 10862: 10860: 10856: 10855: 10853: 10852: 10847: 10842: 10837: 10832: 10827: 10822: 10817: 10812: 10807: 10802: 10797: 10792: 10787: 10782: 10777: 10772: 10767: 10762: 10757: 10752: 10747: 10742: 10737: 10732: 10727: 10722: 10720:Elliptic orbit 10717: 10712: 10707: 10702: 10697: 10695:Circular orbit 10692: 10687: 10682: 10677: 10672: 10667: 10662: 10657: 10651: 10649: 10645: 10644: 10642: 10641: 10636: 10631: 10626: 10621: 10616: 10611: 10606: 10601: 10596: 10591: 10586: 10581: 10576: 10571: 10566: 10561: 10556: 10551: 10546: 10541: 10536: 10531: 10526: 10520: 10518: 10512: 10511: 10508: 10507: 10505: 10504: 10497: 10490: 10483: 10481:Toledan Tables 10478: 10471: 10464: 10458: 10456: 10448: 10447: 10445: 10444: 10437: 10430: 10423: 10416: 10409: 10404: 10398: 10392: 10384: 10383: 10373: 10372: 10369: 10368: 10365: 10364: 10362: 10361: 10356: 10351: 10346: 10344:Yang Guangxian 10340: 10338: 10334: 10333: 10331: 10330: 10325: 10320: 10315: 10310: 10304: 10302: 10298: 10297: 10295: 10294: 10289: 10284: 10279: 10274: 10269: 10264: 10259: 10254: 10249: 10243: 10241: 10237: 10236: 10234: 10233: 10228: 10223: 10218: 10213: 10208: 10203: 10198: 10193: 10188: 10182: 10180: 10176: 10175: 10173: 10172: 10167: 10162: 10157: 10152: 10147: 10142: 10137: 10132: 10127: 10122: 10117: 10112: 10107: 10102: 10097: 10092: 10087: 10081: 10079: 10075: 10074: 10072: 10071: 10066: 10061: 10056: 10051: 10046: 10041: 10036: 10031: 10026: 10021: 10016: 10010: 10008: 10004: 10003: 10001: 10000: 9998:Ali ibn Khalaf 9995: 9990: 9985: 9980: 9975: 9973:Kushyar Gilani 9970: 9965: 9960: 9955: 9950: 9945: 9943:Ali ibn Ridwan 9940: 9935: 9929: 9927: 9923: 9922: 9920: 9919: 9914: 9909: 9907:Haseb-i Tabari 9904: 9899: 9894: 9889: 9884: 9879: 9874: 9869: 9864: 9859: 9854: 9849: 9844: 9839: 9834: 9829: 9824: 9819: 9814: 9809: 9804: 9798: 9796: 9792: 9791: 9789: 9788: 9783: 9778: 9776:Sahl ibn Bishr 9773: 9768: 9763: 9758: 9753: 9748: 9743: 9738: 9733: 9728: 9723: 9718: 9713: 9708: 9702: 9700: 9696: 9695: 9693: 9692: 9687: 9682: 9677: 9672: 9667: 9661: 9659: 9655: 9654: 9652: 9651: 9640: 9639: 9627: 9626: 9619: 9618: 9611: 9604: 9596: 9590: 9589: 9570: 9564: 9558: 9552: 9547: 9542: 9522: 9512: 9507: 9502: 9497: 9485: 9480: 9469: 9452: 9441: 9440:External links 9438: 9436: 9435: 9425: 9408: 9390:Saliba, George 9386: 9379: 9376: 9370: 9357: 9352:Graham, Mark. 9350: 9332: 9313: 9282: 9277: 9261: 9241: 9231: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9223: 9171: 9119: 9083:2 vols: . ( 9045: 9039:, ed. (2002), 9033: 9027:, ed. (1983), 9020: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9007: 9002: 8989: 8960: 8934: 8898: 8889: 8863: 8847:978-9004161214 8846: 8827: 8819: 8816:10.1086/349914 8792: 8744: 8739: 8714: 8686:Book 7 (2010) 8668: 8640:Book 6 (2008) 8622: 8576: 8548: 8505: 8469: 8451: 8446: 8433: 8404: 8399: 8380: 8351: 8309: 8284: 8267:(3): 288–330, 8249: 8236: 8220: 8207: 8193:, London: The 8185:, ed. (1989), 8179: 8159: 8154: 8130: 8110: 8097: 8082: 8073: 8060: 8043: 8029: 8016: 7980: 7975: 7954: 7918: 7913: 7900: 7872: 7867: 7854: 7811: 7783: 7755: 7713: 7673: 7668: 7651: 7638: 7621: 7597: 7570: 7544: 7519: 7504: 7499: 7486: 7464: 7455: 7442: 7429: 7410:10.1086/350266 7393: 7378: 7370: 7340: 7327: 7302: 7296:, Birkhäuser, 7287: 7274: 7266:Addison-Wesley 7252: 7221: 7212: 7176: 7140: 7126: 7113: 7080: 7075: 7060: 7035: 7016: 6984: 6975:on 26 May 2008 6955: 6944: 6931: 6916: 6903: 6877: 6864: 6840: 6816: 6803: 6787: 6774: 6754: 6749: 6734: 6708: 6702: 6678: 6658: 6638: 6607: 6594: 6578: 6565: 6545: 6506: 6478: 6442: 6437: 6424: 6419: 6406: 6384: 6379: 6362: 6337: 6322: 6286: 6246: 6226: 6188: 6182: 6169: 6133: 6119: 6106: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6069: 6068: 6066:(vol.1), p.xv. 6048: 6027: 6000: 5985: 5983:, p. 773. 5973: 5961:en.numista.com 5948: 5922: 5890: 5864: 5843: 5831: 5815: 5785: 5750:(1): 190–210. 5734: 5722: 5710: 5706:El-Bizri 2005a 5694: 5690:Nader El-Bizri 5678: 5666: 5654: 5642: 5630: 5625:, and also as 5615:Book of Optics 5595: 5583: 5571: 5559: 5557:, p. 139. 5555:Sambursky 1974 5546: 5534: 5522: 5497: 5478: 5466: 5452: 5438: 5429: 5417: 5402: 5390: 5352: 5340: 5323: 5304: 5284: 5280:Rozenfeld 1988 5272: 5260: 5248: 5236: 5224: 5212: 5201: 5189: 5177: 5165: 5150: 5134: 5122: 5110: 5098: 5083: 5056: 5041: 5029: 4986: 4976:El-Bizri 4966: 4943: 4931: 4919: 4907: 4895: 4883: 4869: 4857: 4855:, p. 695. 4845: 4838: 4818: 4811: 4791: 4784: 4764: 4757: 4737: 4721: 4709: 4697: 4685: 4670: 4641: 4629: 4625:Book of Optics 4613: 4601: 4569: 4522: 4503: 4469: 4457: 4445: 4441:Weisstein 2008 4429: 4410: 4390: 4371: 4351: 4332: 4312: 4293: 4273: 4242:(5): 339–819. 4222: 4210: 4198: 4186: 4184:, p. 689. 4174: 4172:, p. 691. 4162: 4150: 4133: 4121: 4105: 4094: 4082: 4070: 4055: 4043: 4031: 4019: 4007: 3995: 3980: 3968: 3956: 3954:, p. xxi. 3944: 3917: 3890: 3878: 3866: 3853: 3827: 3810: 3784: 3764: 3748: 3746:, p. 149. 3733: 3676: 3659: 3640: 3620: 3601: 3581: 3555: 3536: 3516: 3506: 3497: 3478: 3458: 3447: 3428: 3408: 3396: 3394: 3393: 3388: 3363: 3361:, p. 149. 3350: 3339: 3328: 3311: 3295: 3254: 3228: 3202: 3182: 3163: 3143: 3128: 3091:(4): 357–364. 3071: 3069:, p. 445. 3056: 3037: 3014: 2995: 2898: 2864: 2834: 2823:(3): 183–188. 2803: 2775: 2759: 2731: 2729:, p. 788) 2706: 2694: 2682: 2670: 2658: 2625: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2616: 2615: 2597: 2596: 2594: 2591: 2589: 2588: 2583: 2578: 2573: 2568: 2563: 2558: 2553: 2548: 2543: 2538: 2533: 2528: 2520: 2518: 2515: 2514: 2513: 2508: 2503: 2496: 2493: 2491: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2457: 2451: 2445: 2439: 2434: 2428: 2422: 2416: 2415:(اتجاه القبلة) 2410: 2404: 2398: 2393: 2387: 2381: 2375: 2369: 2363: 2357: 2351: 2345: 2344:(تكوين العالم) 2339: 2333: 2327: 2326:(رؤية الكواكب) 2321: 2315: 2309: 2303: 2297: 2291: 2285: 2279: 2273: 2267: 2261: 2260:(ميزان الحكمة) 2255: 2249: 2248:(كتاب المناظر) 2245:Book of Optics 2240: 2234: 2231: 2163:In 2014, the " 2097: 2031:René Descartes 1963:Book of Optics 1936: 1933: 1875:Book of Optics 1821: 1818: 1813:Book of Optics 1779:, and he used 1764: 1761: 1725:civil engineer 1716: 1713: 1704: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1685: 1682: 1634: 1631: 1623:right triangle 1569: 1566: 1559:conic sections 1526: 1523: 1502: 1499: 1473: 1468: 1397: 1392: 1348: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1327: 1324: 1314:He also wrote 1292: 1289: 1253:Book of Optics 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1235:Book of Optics 1177: 1164: 1161: 1088: 1085: 1066:Main article: 1063: 1060: 1045:Main article: 1042: 1039: 1030:Main article: 1027: 1024: 1001:camera obscura 993:camera obscura 986:camera obscura 954:camera obscura 949: 948:Camera Obscura 946: 936:mathematician 926:conic sections 905:billiard table 866:Main article: 863: 860: 851:Main article: 848: 845: 697:Book of Optics 662:Book of Optics 614:Book of Optics 595: 592: 532:Book of Optics 519:Book of Optics 517:Main article: 514: 512:Book of Optics 509: 477:Book of Optics 430: 427: 230: 229: 226: 225: 212: 208: 207: 201: 200: 147:Book of Optics 143: 142:Known for 139: 138: 129: 104: 100: 99: 90: 63: 59: 58: 50: 49: 41: 40: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14089: 14078: 14075: 14073: 14070: 14068: 14065: 14063: 14060: 14058: 14055: 14053: 14050: 14048: 14045: 14043: 14040: 14038: 14035: 14033: 14030: 14028: 14025: 14023: 14020: 14018: 14015: 14013: 14010: 14008: 14005: 14003: 14000: 13998: 13995: 13993: 13990: 13988: 13985: 13983: 13980: 13978: 13975: 13973: 13970: 13968: 13965: 13964: 13962: 13952: 13947: 13942: 13940: 13930: 13928: 13918: 13916: 13911: 13906: 13904: 13894: 13892: 13887: 13882: 13880: 13875: 13870: 13868: 13858: 13857: 13854: 13841: 13838: 13836: 13833: 13831: 13828: 13826: 13823: 13822: 13820: 13816: 13810: 13807: 13805: 13802: 13800: 13797: 13796: 13794: 13790: 13784: 13781: 13779: 13776: 13774: 13771: 13770: 13768: 13764: 13758: 13757: 13753: 13751: 13750: 13746: 13744: 13743: 13739: 13737: 13736: 13732: 13730: 13729: 13728:Adab al-Tabib 13725: 13723: 13722: 13718: 13716: 13715: 13711: 13709: 13708: 13704: 13702: 13701: 13697: 13695: 13694: 13690: 13688: 13685: 13683: 13682: 13678: 13676: 13675: 13671: 13669: 13668: 13664: 13663: 13661: 13659: 13655: 13649: 13646: 13644: 13643:Ophthalmology 13641: 13640: 13638: 13634: 13624: 13621: 13620: 13618: 13614: 13608: 13605: 13603: 13600: 13598: 13595: 13593: 13590: 13588: 13585: 13584: 13582: 13578: 13572: 13569: 13567: 13564: 13562: 13559: 13557: 13554: 13552: 13549: 13547: 13546:ʽImad Shirazi 13544: 13542: 13539: 13538: 13536: 13532: 13526: 13523: 13521: 13518: 13516: 13513: 13511: 13508: 13506: 13503: 13501: 13498: 13496: 13493: 13491: 13488: 13487: 13485: 13481: 13475: 13472: 13470: 13467: 13465: 13462: 13460: 13457: 13455: 13452: 13450: 13447: 13445: 13442: 13440: 13437: 13435: 13432: 13430: 13427: 13425: 13424:Ibn al-Khatib 13422: 13420: 13419:Ibn al-Akfani 13417: 13415: 13412: 13410: 13407: 13405: 13402: 13401: 13399: 13395: 13389: 13386: 13384: 13381: 13379: 13376: 13374: 13371: 13369: 13366: 13364: 13361: 13359: 13358:Ibn al‐Raqqam 13356: 13354: 13351: 13349: 13346: 13344: 13343:Ibn al-Baitar 13341: 13339: 13336: 13334: 13331: 13329: 13326: 13324: 13321: 13319: 13316: 13314: 13311: 13309: 13308:Al-Shahrazuri 13306: 13304: 13301: 13299: 13296: 13294: 13291: 13290: 13288: 13284: 13278: 13275: 13273: 13270: 13268: 13265: 13263: 13260: 13258: 13255: 13253: 13250: 13248: 13245: 13243: 13240: 13238: 13235: 13233: 13230: 13228: 13225: 13223: 13220: 13218: 13215: 13213: 13210: 13208: 13205: 13203: 13200: 13198: 13195: 13193: 13190: 13189: 13187: 13183: 13177: 13174: 13172: 13169: 13167: 13164: 13162: 13159: 13157: 13154: 13152: 13149: 13147: 13144: 13142: 13139: 13137: 13134: 13132: 13131:Ibn Abi Sadiq 13129: 13127: 13124: 13122: 13119: 13117: 13114: 13112: 13109: 13107: 13104: 13102: 13099: 13097: 13094: 13092: 13089: 13087: 13084: 13082: 13079: 13078: 13076: 13072: 13066: 13063: 13061: 13058: 13056: 13053: 13051: 13048: 13046: 13043: 13041: 13038: 13036: 13035:Ibn al-Jazzar 13033: 13031: 13028: 13026: 13023: 13021: 13018: 13016: 13013: 13011: 13008: 13006: 13003: 13001: 12998: 12996: 12993: 12991: 12988: 12986: 12983: 12981: 12978: 12976: 12973: 12971: 12968: 12966: 12963: 12961: 12958: 12956: 12953: 12952: 12950: 12946: 12940: 12937: 12935: 12932: 12930: 12927: 12925: 12922: 12920: 12917: 12915: 12912: 12910: 12907: 12905: 12902: 12900: 12897: 12895: 12892: 12890: 12887: 12885: 12882: 12880: 12877: 12875: 12872: 12870: 12867: 12865: 12862: 12861: 12859: 12855: 12849: 12846: 12844: 12841: 12840: 12838: 12834: 12828: 12825: 12823: 12820: 12818: 12815: 12813: 12810: 12808: 12805: 12803: 12800: 12798: 12795: 12793: 12790: 12788: 12785: 12784: 12782: 12778: 12775: 12773: 12769: 12765: 12758: 12753: 12751: 12746: 12744: 12739: 12738: 12735: 12715: 12712: 12710: 12707: 12705: 12702: 12700: 12697: 12695: 12692: 12690: 12687: 12685: 12682: 12680: 12677: 12675: 12672: 12670: 12667: 12665: 12662: 12660: 12657: 12655: 12652: 12650: 12647: 12645: 12642: 12640: 12637: 12635: 12632: 12630: 12627: 12625: 12622: 12620: 12617: 12615: 12612: 12610: 12607: 12606: 12604: 12597: 12591: 12588: 12586: 12583: 12581: 12578: 12576: 12573: 12571: 12568: 12566: 12563: 12561: 12558: 12556: 12553: 12551: 12548: 12546: 12543: 12542: 12540: 12536: 12530: 12527: 12525: 12522: 12520: 12517: 12515: 12512: 12510: 12507: 12505: 12502: 12500: 12497: 12495: 12492: 12490: 12487: 12485: 12482: 12480: 12477: 12476: 12474: 12470: 12464: 12461: 12459: 12456: 12454: 12451: 12449: 12446: 12444: 12441: 12439: 12436: 12434: 12431: 12429: 12426: 12424: 12421: 12419: 12416: 12415: 12413: 12409: 12403: 12402:Shams Tabrizi 12400: 12398: 12395: 12393: 12390: 12388: 12385: 12383: 12380: 12378: 12375: 12373: 12370: 12368: 12365: 12363: 12360: 12358: 12355: 12354: 12352: 12348: 12342: 12339: 12337: 12336:Nasir Khusraw 12334: 12332: 12329: 12327: 12324: 12322: 12319: 12317: 12314: 12312: 12311:Ibn Miskawayh 12309: 12307: 12304: 12303: 12301: 12297: 12291: 12288: 12286: 12283: 12281: 12278: 12276: 12273: 12271: 12268: 12266: 12263: 12261: 12258: 12256: 12253: 12251: 12248: 12246: 12243: 12241: 12238: 12237: 12235: 12231: 12227: 12222: 12218: 12213: 12209: 12199: 12196: 12194: 12191: 12189: 12186: 12184: 12181: 12179: 12176: 12174: 12171: 12169: 12166: 12164: 12161: 12159: 12156: 12154: 12151: 12149: 12146: 12144: 12141: 12139: 12136: 12134: 12131: 12129: 12126: 12125: 12123: 12119: 12113: 12110: 12108: 12105: 12103: 12100: 12096: 12093: 12091: 12088: 12086: 12083: 12082: 12081: 12078: 12076: 12073: 12071: 12068: 12066: 12063: 12061: 12058: 12056: 12053: 12052: 12050: 12048: 12044: 12038: 12032: 12030: 12027: 12025: 12022: 12020: 12016: 12012: 12010: 12007: 12005: 11999: 11997: 11994: 11992: 11989: 11987: 11983: 11979: 11977: 11973: 11969: 11967: 11964: 11962: 11959: 11955: 11952: 11950: 11947: 11946: 11945: 11942: 11940: 11936: 11931: 11929: 11925: 11921: 11919: 11916: 11915: 11913: 11909: 11905: 11901: 11894: 11889: 11887: 11882: 11880: 11875: 11874: 11871: 11859: 11856: 11854: 11851: 11849: 11846: 11843: 11839: 11835: 11832: 11830: 11827: 11826: 11824: 11820: 11814: 11811: 11809: 11806: 11804: 11801: 11800: 11798: 11794: 11788: 11785: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11774: 11772: 11768: 11762: 11759: 11757: 11754: 11752: 11749: 11747: 11744: 11742: 11739: 11737: 11734: 11732: 11729: 11727: 11724: 11723: 11721: 11717: 11711: 11708: 11706: 11703: 11702: 11700: 11696: 11690: 11689: 11685: 11683: 11682: 11678: 11676: 11675: 11671: 11669: 11668: 11664: 11662: 11661: 11657: 11655: 11654: 11650: 11648: 11647: 11643: 11641: 11640: 11636: 11634: 11633: 11629: 11627: 11626: 11622: 11621: 11619: 11617: 11611: 11606: 11592: 11589: 11587: 11584: 11582: 11579: 11577: 11574: 11573: 11571: 11567: 11561: 11558: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11548: 11546: 11543: 11541: 11538: 11536: 11533: 11531: 11528: 11526: 11523: 11521: 11518: 11517: 11515: 11511: 11505: 11502: 11500: 11497: 11495: 11492: 11490: 11489:Ibn al-Shatir 11487: 11485: 11482: 11481: 11479: 11475: 11469: 11466: 11464: 11463:Ibn al-Banna' 11461: 11459: 11456: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11444: 11441: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11431: 11429: 11426: 11424: 11421: 11419: 11416: 11414: 11411: 11409: 11408:Ahmad al-Buni 11406: 11404: 11401: 11400: 11398: 11394: 11388: 11385: 11383: 11380: 11378: 11375: 11373: 11370: 11368: 11365: 11363: 11360: 11358: 11355: 11354: 11352: 11348: 11342: 11339: 11337: 11334: 11332: 11329: 11327: 11324: 11322: 11319: 11317: 11314: 11312: 11309: 11307: 11304: 11302: 11299: 11297: 11294: 11292: 11289: 11287: 11284: 11282: 11279: 11277: 11274: 11273: 11271: 11267: 11261: 11258: 11256: 11253: 11251: 11248: 11246: 11243: 11241: 11238: 11236: 11233: 11231: 11228: 11226: 11223: 11221: 11218: 11216: 11213: 11211: 11208: 11206: 11203: 11201: 11198: 11196: 11193: 11191: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11181: 11178: 11176: 11173: 11171: 11168: 11166: 11163: 11161: 11158: 11156: 11153: 11151: 11148: 11146: 11143: 11141: 11138: 11137: 11135: 11131: 11125: 11122: 11120: 11117: 11115: 11112: 11110: 11107: 11105: 11102: 11100: 11097: 11095: 11092: 11090: 11087: 11085: 11082: 11080: 11077: 11075: 11072: 11070: 11067: 11065: 11062: 11060: 11057: 11055: 11052: 11050: 11049:Sanad ibn Ali 11047: 11045: 11042: 11041: 11039: 11035: 11032: 11030: 11026: 11022: 11015: 11010: 11008: 11003: 11001: 10996: 10995: 10992: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10964: 10962: 10959: 10957: 10954: 10953: 10951: 10947: 10941: 10938: 10936: 10933: 10931: 10928: 10926: 10923: 10922: 10920: 10916: 10907: 10903: 10900: 10896: 10893: 10889: 10888: 10887: 10886:Observatories 10884: 10882: 10879: 10877: 10874: 10872: 10869: 10867: 10864: 10863: 10861: 10857: 10851: 10848: 10846: 10843: 10841: 10840:Triangulation 10838: 10836: 10833: 10831: 10828: 10826: 10823: 10821: 10818: 10816: 10813: 10811: 10808: 10806: 10803: 10801: 10798: 10796: 10793: 10791: 10788: 10786: 10783: 10781: 10778: 10776: 10773: 10771: 10768: 10766: 10763: 10761: 10758: 10756: 10753: 10751: 10750:Heliocentrism 10748: 10746: 10743: 10741: 10738: 10736: 10733: 10731: 10728: 10726: 10723: 10721: 10718: 10716: 10713: 10711: 10708: 10706: 10703: 10701: 10698: 10696: 10693: 10691: 10688: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10678: 10676: 10673: 10671: 10668: 10666: 10663: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10653: 10652: 10650: 10646: 10640: 10637: 10635: 10632: 10630: 10627: 10625: 10624:Shadow square 10622: 10620: 10617: 10615: 10612: 10610: 10607: 10605: 10602: 10600: 10597: 10595: 10592: 10590: 10587: 10585: 10582: 10580: 10577: 10575: 10572: 10570: 10567: 10565: 10562: 10560: 10557: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10537: 10535: 10532: 10530: 10527: 10525: 10522: 10521: 10519: 10517: 10513: 10503: 10502: 10498: 10496: 10495: 10494:Zij-i Sultani 10491: 10489: 10488: 10487:Zij-i Ilkhani 10484: 10482: 10479: 10477: 10476: 10472: 10470: 10469: 10465: 10463: 10460: 10459: 10457: 10455: 10454: 10449: 10443: 10442: 10438: 10436: 10435: 10431: 10429: 10428: 10424: 10422: 10421: 10417: 10415: 10414: 10410: 10408: 10405: 10403: 10400: 10399: 10396: 10393: 10389: 10385: 10378: 10374: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10352: 10350: 10347: 10345: 10342: 10341: 10339: 10335: 10329: 10326: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10311: 10309: 10306: 10305: 10303: 10299: 10293: 10290: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10280: 10278: 10275: 10273: 10270: 10268: 10265: 10263: 10262:Kadızade Rumi 10260: 10258: 10255: 10253: 10250: 10248: 10245: 10244: 10242: 10238: 10232: 10229: 10227: 10224: 10222: 10219: 10217: 10214: 10212: 10209: 10207: 10204: 10202: 10199: 10197: 10194: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10186:Ibn al-Shatir 10184: 10183: 10181: 10177: 10171: 10168: 10166: 10163: 10161: 10160:Ibn al‐Raqqam 10158: 10156: 10153: 10151: 10148: 10146: 10143: 10141: 10138: 10136: 10133: 10131: 10128: 10126: 10123: 10121: 10118: 10116: 10113: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10098: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10083: 10082: 10080: 10076: 10070: 10067: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10057: 10055: 10054:Ibn al-Kammad 10052: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10011: 10009: 10005: 9999: 9996: 9994: 9991: 9989: 9986: 9984: 9981: 9979: 9976: 9974: 9971: 9969: 9968:Ibn al-Saffar 9966: 9964: 9961: 9959: 9956: 9954: 9951: 9949: 9946: 9944: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9934: 9931: 9930: 9928: 9924: 9918: 9915: 9913: 9910: 9908: 9905: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9865: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9855: 9853: 9850: 9848: 9845: 9843: 9840: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9818: 9815: 9813: 9810: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9799: 9797: 9793: 9787: 9784: 9782: 9779: 9777: 9774: 9772: 9769: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9759: 9757: 9754: 9752: 9749: 9747: 9744: 9742: 9739: 9737: 9734: 9732: 9729: 9727: 9724: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9707: 9704: 9703: 9701: 9697: 9691: 9688: 9686: 9683: 9681: 9678: 9676: 9673: 9671: 9668: 9666: 9663: 9662: 9660: 9656: 9649: 9648: 9645: 9641: 9637: 9632: 9628: 9624: 9617: 9612: 9610: 9605: 9603: 9598: 9597: 9594: 9588: 9584: 9580: 9577: 9576: 9571: 9568: 9565: 9562: 9561:Over the Moon 9559: 9557:from BBC News 9556: 9553: 9551: 9548: 9546: 9543: 9531: 9527: 9523: 9520: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9492: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9481: 9478: 9472: 9466: 9462: 9458: 9453: 9451: 9447: 9444: 9443: 9434: 9430: 9426: 9415: 9411: 9405: 9401: 9397: 9396: 9391: 9387: 9384: 9380: 9377: 9374: 9373:Roshdi Rashed 9371: 9367: 9363: 9358: 9355: 9351: 9339: 9335: 9329: 9325: 9321: 9320: 9314: 9300: 9293: 9292: 9287: 9283: 9280: 9274: 9270: 9266: 9262: 9258: 9254: 9250: 9246: 9242: 9239: 9238: 9233: 9232: 9222: 9218: 9215: 9211: 9207: 9204: 9200: 9196: 9192: 9188: 9184: 9180: 9179:De aspectibus 9176: 9172: 9170: 9166: 9163: 9159: 9155: 9152: 9148: 9144: 9140: 9136: 9132: 9128: 9127:De aspectibus 9124: 9120: 9118: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9104: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9090: 9086: 9080: 9074: 9067: 9063: 9059: 9055: 9051: 9050:De Aspectibus 9046: 9042: 9038: 9034: 9030: 9026: 9022: 9021: 9005: 8999: 8995: 8990: 8979: 8975: 8974: 8969: 8965: 8961: 8950: 8946: 8942: 8941: 8935: 8932: 8928: 8924: 8920: 8916: 8915:10.1068/p3210 8912: 8908: 8904: 8899: 8895: 8890: 8879: 8875: 8874: 8869: 8864: 8853: 8849: 8843: 8839: 8838: 8833: 8828: 8825: 8820: 8817: 8813: 8810:(4): 463–65, 8809: 8805: 8801: 8797: 8796:Toomer, G. J. 8793: 8790: 8786: 8782: 8778: 8774: 8770: 8766: 8762: 8758: 8754: 8750: 8745: 8742: 8736: 8732: 8728: 8724: 8720: 8715: 8712: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8698: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8682: 8678: 8675:De aspectibus 8674: 8669: 8666: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8652: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8636: 8632: 8629:De aspectibus 8628: 8623: 8620: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8606: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8590: 8586: 8583:De aspectibus 8582: 8577: 8574: 8570: 8566: 8562: 8558: 8554: 8549: 8542: 8538: 8534: 8530: 8526: 8523:(2): 180–94, 8522: 8518: 8511: 8506: 8503: 8499: 8496: 8492: 8488: 8485: 8480: 8476: 8472: 8466: 8462: 8458: 8452: 8449: 8443: 8439: 8434: 8423: 8419: 8415: 8414: 8409: 8405: 8402: 8400:0-87663-712-8 8396: 8392: 8388: 8387: 8381: 8370: 8366: 8365: 8360: 8356: 8352: 8342: 8338: 8334: 8330: 8327:(2): 117–33, 8326: 8322: 8318: 8314: 8310: 8299: 8295: 8294: 8289: 8285: 8282: 8278: 8274: 8270: 8266: 8262: 8258: 8254: 8250: 8247: 8243: 8239: 8237:0-86078-435-5 8233: 8229: 8225: 8221: 8218: 8214: 8210: 8208:0-85481-072-2 8204: 8200: 8196: 8192: 8188: 8184: 8180: 8176: 8172: 8168: 8164: 8160: 8157: 8155:0-87773-731-2 8151: 8147: 8143: 8139: 8135: 8131: 8129: 8126:Reprinted in 8123: 8119: 8115: 8111: 8108: 8104: 8100: 8098:0-415-12410-7 8094: 8090: 8089: 8083: 8079: 8074: 8071: 8067: 8063: 8061:0-387-96458-4 8057: 8053: 8049: 8044: 8040: 8036: 8032: 8030:0-13-011584-3 8026: 8022: 8017: 8014: 8010: 8006: 8002: 7998: 7994: 7991:(4): 377–85, 7990: 7986: 7981: 7978: 7972: 7968: 7964: 7960: 7955: 7952: 7948: 7944: 7940: 7936: 7935:10.1068/p2937 7932: 7929:(7): 853–61, 7928: 7924: 7919: 7916: 7910: 7906: 7901: 7898: 7894: 7890: 7886: 7882: 7878: 7873: 7870: 7864: 7860: 7855: 7848: 7844: 7840: 7836: 7832: 7828: 7824: 7817: 7812: 7809: 7805: 7801: 7797: 7793: 7789: 7784: 7781: 7777: 7773: 7769: 7765: 7761: 7756: 7753: 7749: 7745: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7727: 7723: 7719: 7714: 7711: 7707: 7703: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7686:(5582): 773, 7685: 7681: 7680: 7674: 7671: 7665: 7661: 7657: 7652: 7649: 7645: 7641: 7639:0-88297-015-1 7635: 7631: 7627: 7622: 7611: 7607: 7603: 7598: 7587: 7583: 7579: 7575: 7571: 7560: 7556: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7534: 7530: 7526: 7522: 7520:983-52-0157-9 7516: 7512: 7511: 7505: 7502: 7496: 7492: 7487: 7476: 7472: 7471: 7465: 7461: 7456: 7453: 7449: 7445: 7443:0-226-48234-0 7439: 7435: 7430: 7427: 7423: 7419: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7404:(3): 321–41, 7403: 7399: 7394: 7390: 7386: 7385: 7379: 7376: 7371: 7367: 7362: 7358: 7354: 7350: 7346: 7341: 7337: 7333: 7328: 7317: 7313: 7309: 7305: 7303:0-387-95310-8 7299: 7295: 7294: 7288: 7285: 7281: 7277: 7275:0-321-01618-1 7271: 7267: 7263: 7262: 7257: 7253: 7250: 7246: 7242: 7238: 7235:(3): 163–74, 7234: 7230: 7226: 7222: 7218: 7213: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7198: 7194: 7190: 7186: 7182: 7177: 7174: 7170: 7166: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7141: 7137: 7133: 7129: 7123: 7119: 7114: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7094: 7089: 7085: 7081: 7078: 7076:0-231-10196-1 7072: 7068: 7067: 7061: 7050: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7036:0-8058-0121-9 7032: 7028: 7024: 7023: 7017: 7003: 6999: 6992: 6991: 6985: 6974: 6970: 6966: 6965: 6962: 6956: 6952: 6951: 6945: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6932:0-521-80316-0 6928: 6924: 6923: 6917: 6913: 6909: 6904: 6893: 6889: 6885: 6884: 6878: 6875: 6871: 6867: 6865:0-226-16921-9 6861: 6857: 6853: 6849: 6845: 6844:Duhem, Pierre 6841: 6830: 6826: 6822: 6817: 6813: 6809: 6804: 6801: 6797: 6793: 6788: 6785: 6781: 6777: 6775:0-7103-0416-1 6771: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6758:Corbin, Henry 6755: 6752: 6746: 6742: 6741: 6735: 6724: 6720: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6705: 6699: 6695: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6675: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6651: 6647: 6643: 6639: 6636: 6632: 6628: 6624: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6608: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6595:0-415-96692-2 6591: 6587: 6583: 6579: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6566:0-415-96930-1 6562: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6546: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6507: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6484: 6479: 6476: 6472: 6468: 6464: 6460: 6456: 6453:(4): 247–52, 6452: 6448: 6443: 6440: 6434: 6430: 6425: 6422: 6416: 6412: 6407: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6391: 6385: 6382: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6363: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6345: 6344: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6329: 6323: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6303:10.1068/p5940 6300: 6297:(4): 636–38, 6296: 6292: 6287: 6284: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6247: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6227: 6224: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6189: 6185: 6183:9780070165809 6179: 6175: 6170: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6122: 6116: 6112: 6107: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6084: 6079: 6078: 6065: 6062: 6058: 6052: 6045: 6042:, ed. (1975) 6041: 6037: 6031: 6024: 6020: 6017: 6013: 6010: 6004: 5998: 5997:Topdemir 2007 5994: 5989: 5982: 5977: 5962: 5958: 5952: 5936: 5932: 5926: 5907: 5900: 5894: 5878: 5874: 5868: 5857: 5853: 5847: 5840: 5835: 5828: 5824: 5819: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5789: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5738: 5731: 5726: 5720:, p. 12. 5719: 5718:El-Bizri 2010 5714: 5707: 5703: 5698: 5691: 5687: 5686:El-Bizri 2010 5682: 5675: 5670: 5663: 5658: 5651: 5646: 5639: 5638:Lindberg 1996 5634: 5628: 5624: 5623:De Aspectibus 5620: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5599: 5592: 5587: 5580: 5575: 5569:, p. 11. 5568: 5563: 5556: 5550: 5543: 5542:Topdemir 2007 5538: 5531: 5526: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5501: 5494: 5490: 5489: 5482: 5476:, p. 251 5475: 5470: 5464: 5459: 5457: 5448: 5442: 5433: 5426: 5421: 5414: 5413:El-Bizri 2007 5409: 5407: 5399: 5394: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5356: 5349: 5344: 5337: 5332: 5330: 5328: 5311: 5307: 5301: 5297: 5296: 5288: 5282:, p. 65. 5281: 5276: 5269: 5264: 5257: 5252: 5245: 5240: 5233: 5228: 5221: 5216: 5210: 5205: 5198: 5193: 5186: 5181: 5174: 5169: 5162: 5157: 5155: 5148:, p. 21. 5147: 5143: 5138: 5131: 5126: 5119: 5114: 5108:, p. 28. 5107: 5102: 5095: 5094:El-Bizri 2006 5090: 5088: 5079: 5075: 5072: 5071: 5065: 5060: 5054:, p. 465 5053: 5048: 5046: 5038: 5033: 5014: 5007: 5005: 5002: 4998: 4990: 4983: 4979: 4973: 4971: 4963: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4953:De aspectibus 4947: 4940: 4935: 4928: 4923: 4916: 4911: 4904: 4899: 4892: 4887: 4881: 4880:Khaleefa 1999 4876: 4874: 4866: 4861: 4854: 4849: 4841: 4835: 4832:. CRC Press. 4831: 4830: 4822: 4814: 4808: 4805:. CRC Press. 4804: 4803: 4795: 4787: 4781: 4777: 4776: 4768: 4760: 4754: 4750: 4749: 4741: 4733: 4732: 4725: 4718: 4713: 4706: 4701: 4694: 4689: 4681: 4674: 4667: 4661: 4657: 4651: 4645: 4638: 4633: 4626: 4622: 4617: 4610: 4605: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4588: 4583: 4579: 4573: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4543:(6): 523–28, 4542: 4538: 4537: 4532: 4526: 4518: 4515:(in German), 4514: 4507: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4485:(3): 194–99, 4484: 4480: 4473: 4466: 4461: 4454: 4449: 4442: 4438: 4433: 4417: 4413: 4407: 4403: 4402: 4394: 4378: 4374: 4368: 4364: 4363: 4355: 4339: 4335: 4329: 4325: 4324: 4316: 4300: 4296: 4290: 4287:. Routledge. 4286: 4285: 4277: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4226: 4219: 4214: 4207: 4202: 4195: 4194:Lindberg 1976 4190: 4183: 4178: 4171: 4166: 4159: 4154: 4147: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4130: 4125: 4118: 4114: 4109: 4103: 4098: 4091: 4086: 4079: 4074: 4067: 4062: 4060: 4053:, p. 86. 4052: 4051:Lindberg 1976 4047: 4040: 4039:Lindberg 1976 4035: 4028: 4027:Lindberg 1976 4023: 4016: 4015:Lindberg 1976 4011: 4004: 4003:Lindberg 1976 3999: 3993:, p. 73. 3992: 3991:Lindberg 1976 3987: 3985: 3977: 3972: 3965: 3960: 3953: 3948: 3933: 3929: 3928: 3921: 3914: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3894: 3887: 3882: 3875: 3870: 3863: 3857: 3841: 3837: 3831: 3824: 3820: 3814: 3798: 3794: 3788: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3768: 3762: 3758: 3752: 3745: 3740: 3738: 3729: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3696:(6): 464–67. 3695: 3691: 3687: 3680: 3673: 3669: 3663: 3647: 3643: 3637: 3633: 3632: 3624: 3608: 3604: 3598: 3595:. Routledge. 3594: 3593: 3585: 3569: 3565: 3559: 3543: 3539: 3533: 3529: 3528: 3520: 3510: 3501: 3485: 3481: 3475: 3471: 3470: 3462: 3456: 3451: 3435: 3431: 3425: 3421: 3420: 3412: 3405: 3404:Lindberg 1967 3400: 3392: 3389: 3386: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3375: 3373: 3367: 3360: 3354: 3348: 3343: 3337: 3332: 3325: 3321: 3318:According to 3315: 3308: 3304: 3303:Roshdi Rashed 3299: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3265: 3258: 3242: 3238: 3232: 3225: 3221: 3218: 3217: 3211: 3206: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3186: 3170: 3166: 3160: 3157:. CRC Press. 3156: 3155: 3147: 3140: 3135: 3133: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3107: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3075: 3068: 3063: 3061: 3044: 3040: 3034: 3030: 3029: 3021: 3019: 3002: 2998: 2992: 2988: 2987: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2911: 2907: 2902: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2871: 2869: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2838: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2807: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2782: 2780: 2770: 2763: 2747: 2746: 2741: 2735: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2710: 2703: 2698: 2691: 2686: 2679: 2678:El-Bizri 2010 2674: 2667: 2662: 2646: 2642: 2641: 2633: 2631: 2626: 2612: 2609: 2602: 2598: 2587: 2584: 2582: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2572: 2569: 2567: 2564: 2562: 2559: 2557: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2539: 2537: 2534: 2532: 2529: 2526: 2522: 2521: 2512: 2509: 2507: 2504: 2502: 2499: 2498: 2488: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2443: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2427:(نموذج الكون) 2426: 2423: 2420: 2417: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2386:(Minor Works) 2385: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2373: 2370: 2367: 2364: 2361: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2334: 2331: 2328: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2302:(خطوط الساعة) 2301: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2280: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2262: 2259: 2256: 2253: 2250: 2247: 2246: 2242: 2241: 2239: 2233:List of works 2230: 2228: 2223: 2221: 2216: 2212: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2197: 2193: 2192: 2187: 2182: 2180: 2179:Alfred Molina 2176: 2172: 2171: 2167:" episode of 2166: 2158: 2154: 2153: 2148: 2147: 2146:Selenographia 2142: 2138: 2134: 2132: 2127: 2125: 2121: 2120:59239 Alhazen 2118: 2114: 2111: 2110:impact crater 2104: 2095: 2093: 2092: 2087: 2081: 2076: 2074: 2069: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1959: 1953: 1948: 1947: 1941: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1921: 1915: 1913: 1907: 1902: 1900: 1895: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1879: 1877: 1876: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1817: 1815: 1814: 1809: 1805: 1800: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1760: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1712: 1710: 1703: 1693: 1691: 1681: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1662: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1639:number theory 1633:Number theory 1630: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1611: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1596: 1590: 1586: 1583: 1574: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1531: 1522: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1479: 1472: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1457: 1450: 1448: 1442: 1440: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1396: 1391: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1368: 1361: 1356: 1354: 1347: 1337: 1335: 1333: 1323: 1321: 1317: 1312: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1239: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1222: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1211:De aspectibus 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1176: 1170: 1160: 1158: 1150: 1142: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1128:Moon illusion 1124: 1122: 1121:psychophysics 1118: 1114: 1109: 1106: 1102: 1101:perpendicular 1098: 1094: 1083: 1078: 1075: 1069: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1038: 1033: 1032:Refractometer 1026:Refractometer 1023: 1019: 1017: 1012: 1010: 1004: 1002: 997: 994: 989: 987: 983: 979: 975: 974: 969: 966: 963: 959: 955: 945: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 914:fourth powers 911: 906: 902: 898: 897:circumference 894: 890: 886: 879: 874: 869: 859: 854: 844: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 813: 810: 808: 804: 800: 795: 786: 782: 778: 774: 769: 765: 761: 759: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 737: 732: 731:visual system 727: 725: 721: 717: 713: 708: 706: 702: 698: 694: 693:De Aspectibus 689: 685: 681: 675: 673: 669: 668: 663: 659: 655: 652:supported by 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 615: 611: 606: 601: 591: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 560: 558: 557:De li aspecti 554: 553:De aspectibus 550: 545: 543: 539: 535: 533: 529: 526: 520: 513: 508: 506: 502: 497: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 478: 473: 469: 464: 462: 458: 457: 452: 451:Buyid emirate 448: 444: 440: 436: 426: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 405: 401: 397: 393: 388: 386: 382: 378: 375:, writing on 374: 370: 366: 362: 356: 354: 350: 346: 342: 332: 328: 327: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 301:mathematician 281: 274: 244: 240: 236: 227: 224: 220: 216: 213: 209: 206: 202: 199: 195: 191: 187: 186:moon illusion 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 154: 149: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 123: 430 AH 105: 101: 97: 96:Buyid Emirate 93: 85: 64: 60: 56: 51: 42: 37: 29: 26: 22: 13939:Solar System 13754: 13747: 13740: 13733: 13726: 13719: 13712: 13705: 13698: 13691: 13679: 13672: 13665: 13616:18th century 13580:17th century 13534:16th century 13483:15th century 13474:Zayn-e-Attar 13397:14th century 13348:Ibn al-Nafis 13286:13th century 13185:12th century 13166:Ibn al-Wafid 13155: 13074:11th century 12948:10th century 12879:Ali al-Ridha 12714:Partawi Shah 12709:Javadi Amoli 12694:Ahmad Fardid 12639:Martin Lings 12489:Hajji Bayram 12463:Ibn Taymiyya 12392:Omar Khayyám 12377:Ayn-al-Quzat 12372:Ahmad Yasavi 12285:Ibn Masarrah 12219:by century ( 12217:Philosophers 12112:Contemporary 12014: 11981: 11971: 11934: 11923: 11686: 11679: 11672: 11665: 11658: 11651: 11644: 11637: 11630: 11623: 11614:Mathematical 11569:16th century 11520:Ibn al-Majdi 11513:15th century 11477:14th century 11396:13th century 11350:12th century 11336:Omar Khayyam 11280: 11269:11th century 11165:Aṣ-Ṣaidanānī 11133:10th century 11094:Al-Khwarizmi 10859:Institutions 10710:Eccentricity 10670:Astrophysics 10564:Compass rose 10499: 10492: 10485: 10473: 10466: 10451: 10439: 10432: 10425: 10418: 10411: 10277:Ibn al-Majdi 10252:Abd al‐Wajid 10211:Al-Wabkanawi 10206:Abū al‐ʿUqūl 10095:Jamal ad-Din 10064:Omar Khayyam 9957: 9892:Al-ʻIjliyyah 9867:Aṣ-Ṣaidanānī 9852:Ibn al-A'lam 9771:Al-Khwarizmi 9574: 9536:16 September 9534:. Retrieved 9530:the original 9460: 9450:Open Library 9429:How One Sees 9428: 9418:, retrieved 9394: 9361: 9353: 9342:. Retrieved 9318: 9306:, retrieved 9299:the original 9290: 9268: 9255:(1), Paris: 9252: 9248: 9236: 9195:Philadelphia 9190: 9186: 9182: 9178: 9174: 9143:Philadelphia 9138: 9134: 9130: 9126: 9122: 9107: 9093: 9085:Philadelphia 9061: 9057: 9056:, 2 vols.", 9053: 9049: 9040: 9028: 8993: 8984:16 September 8982:, retrieved 8973:The Guardian 8971: 8955:24 September 8953:, retrieved 8939: 8906: 8902: 8893: 8884:16 September 8882:, retrieved 8872: 8856:, retrieved 8836: 8823: 8807: 8803: 8799: 8752: 8748: 8718: 8701: 8687: 8676: 8672: 8655: 8641: 8630: 8626: 8609: 8595: 8584: 8580: 8556: 8552: 8541:the original 8520: 8516: 8455: 8437: 8426:, retrieved 8412: 8385: 8373:, retrieved 8362: 8355:Sabra, A. I. 8344:, retrieved 8324: 8320: 8313:Sabra, A. I. 8302:, retrieved 8298:the original 8292: 8288:Sabra, A. I. 8264: 8260: 8253:Sabra, A. I. 8227: 8224:Sabra, A. I. 8191:Sabra, A. I. 8186: 8183:Sabra, A. I. 8166: 8163:Sabra, A. I. 8141: 8134:Sabra, A. I. 8121: 8117: 8114:Sabra, A. I. 8087: 8077: 8047: 8020: 7988: 7984: 7958: 7926: 7922: 7904: 7880: 7876: 7858: 7826: 7822: 7791: 7787: 7763: 7759: 7721: 7717: 7683: 7677: 7655: 7625: 7616:20 September 7614:, retrieved 7605: 7592:20 September 7590:, retrieved 7581: 7565:21 September 7563:, retrieved 7552: 7537:, retrieved 7533:the original 7509: 7490: 7479:, retrieved 7469: 7459: 7433: 7401: 7397: 7388: 7382: 7374: 7348: 7344: 7335: 7331: 7320:, retrieved 7292: 7260: 7232: 7228: 7216: 7184: 7180: 7148: 7144: 7117: 7108:24 September 7106:, retrieved 7097: 7091: 7065: 7055:22 September 7053:, retrieved 7049:the original 7021: 7009:, retrieved 6989: 6979:16 September 6977:, retrieved 6973:the original 6964: 6960: 6949: 6921: 6911: 6907: 6896:, retrieved 6882: 6847: 6835:21 September 6833:, retrieved 6829:the original 6825:Al Shindagah 6824: 6811: 6791: 6761: 6739: 6729:21 September 6727:, retrieved 6723:the original 6716: 6689: 6672:(1), Paris: 6669: 6665: 6652:(1), Paris: 6649: 6645: 6618: 6614: 6585: 6552: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6486: 6482: 6450: 6446: 6428: 6410: 6394: 6388: 6370: 6358:the original 6342: 6333:the original 6327: 6294: 6290: 6254: 6251:SpringerPlus 6250: 6234: 6230: 6196: 6192: 6173: 6141: 6137: 6110: 6089:(1): 89–98, 6086: 6082: 6063: 6051: 6035: 6030: 6022: 6018: 6003: 5988: 5981:Rashed 2002a 5976: 5964:. Retrieved 5960: 5951: 5939:. Retrieved 5925: 5913:. Retrieved 5893: 5881:. Retrieved 5877:the original 5867: 5856:the original 5846: 5834: 5825:Appendix 3, 5818: 5806:. Retrieved 5797: 5788: 5747: 5743: 5737: 5725: 5713: 5697: 5681: 5669: 5657: 5650:Authier 2013 5645: 5633: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5598: 5586: 5574: 5562: 5549: 5537: 5525: 5516:(1): 7–55 , 5513: 5505: 5500: 5492: 5486: 5481: 5474:Bettany 1995 5469: 5446: 5441: 5432: 5420: 5393: 5368: 5364: 5355: 5343: 5314:. Retrieved 5294: 5287: 5275: 5263: 5251: 5246:, Chapter 1. 5244:Rottman 2000 5239: 5227: 5215: 5204: 5192: 5180: 5168: 5137: 5125: 5113: 5101: 5069: 5064:G. J. Toomer 5059: 5032: 5020:. Retrieved 5003: 5000: 4996: 4989: 4952: 4946: 4934: 4922: 4910: 4898: 4886: 4865:Russell 1996 4860: 4853:Russell 1996 4848: 4828: 4821: 4801: 4794: 4774: 4767: 4747: 4740: 4730: 4724: 4717:Raynaud 2016 4712: 4705:Raynaud 2016 4700: 4693:Raynaud 2016 4688: 4679: 4673: 4666:Raynaud 2016 4659: 4655: 4649: 4644: 4632: 4627:of Alhazen." 4624: 4616: 4604: 4596:the original 4591: 4585: 4572: 4540: 4534: 4525: 4516: 4512: 4506: 4482: 4478: 4472: 4460: 4448: 4432: 4420:. Retrieved 4400: 4393: 4381:. Retrieved 4361: 4354: 4342:. Retrieved 4322: 4315: 4303:. Retrieved 4283: 4276: 4264:. Retrieved 4239: 4235: 4225: 4220:, p. 14 4213: 4201: 4189: 4182:Russell 1996 4177: 4170:Russell 1996 4165: 4158:Raynaud 2003 4153: 4129:Lejeune 1958 4124: 4108: 4097: 4085: 4078:Heeffer 2003 4073: 4066:Al Deek 2004 4046: 4034: 4029:, p. 75 4022: 4017:, p. 76 4010: 4005:, p. 74 3998: 3971: 3959: 3947: 3936:, retrieved 3932:the original 3926: 3920: 3913:Raynaud 2020 3906: 3902: 3893: 3886:Crombie 1971 3881: 3869: 3861: 3856: 3844:. Retrieved 3830: 3813: 3801:. Retrieved 3797:the original 3787: 3775: 3767: 3751: 3693: 3689: 3679: 3662: 3650:. Retrieved 3630: 3623: 3611:. Retrieved 3591: 3584: 3572:. Retrieved 3558: 3546:. Retrieved 3530:. Springer. 3526: 3519: 3509: 3500: 3488:. Retrieved 3468: 3461: 3450: 3438:. Retrieved 3418: 3411: 3399: 3366: 3353: 3342: 3331: 3314: 3306: 3298: 3288:25 September 3286:. Retrieved 3277:(4): 53–55. 3274: 3270: 3257: 3245:. Retrieved 3241:the original 3231: 3215: 3210:G. J. Toomer 3205: 3185: 3173:. Retrieved 3153: 3146: 3088: 3084: 3074: 3047:. Retrieved 3027: 3005:. Retrieved 2985: 2973:. Retrieved 2964: 2950:. Retrieved 2946:the original 2941: 2929:12 September 2927:. Retrieved 2918: 2901: 2889:. Retrieved 2880: 2855:. Retrieved 2846: 2837: 2820: 2816: 2806: 2768: 2762: 2750:. Retrieved 2743: 2734: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2709: 2697: 2685: 2673: 2661: 2649:. Retrieved 2639: 2610: 2601: 2510: 2505: 2500: 2459: 2453: 2447: 2441: 2436: 2433:(حركة القمر) 2430: 2424: 2418: 2412: 2406: 2400: 2395: 2389: 2383: 2377: 2371: 2365: 2359: 2353: 2347: 2341: 2335: 2329: 2323: 2317: 2311: 2305: 2299: 2293: 2287: 2281: 2275: 2269: 2263: 2257: 2251: 2243: 2236: 2224: 2214: 2200: 2195: 2189: 2183: 2168: 2162: 2150: 2144: 2128: 2107: 2098: 2089: 2083: 2078: 2070: 2057: 2054: 2050: 2042: 1998: 1978: 1974: 1967:Muslim world 1962: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1944: 1929: 1925: 1919: 1917: 1911: 1909: 1904: 1898: 1896: 1883: 1880: 1873: 1869: 1853: 1845: 1823: 1811: 1801: 1796: 1792: 1789:Abd-el-latif 1784: 1768: 1766: 1718: 1708: 1706: 1701: 1687: 1673: 1663: 1646: 1636: 1612: 1594: 1587:, the fifth 1579: 1563: 1536: 1518: 1514: 1506: 1504: 1486: 1480:was written 1477: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1461: 1455: 1452: 1446: 1444: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1399: 1394: 1365: 1363: 1358: 1352: 1350: 1345: 1336: 1329: 1319: 1315: 1313: 1300: 1294: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1251:Besides the 1250: 1234: 1223: 1215:Perspectivae 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1186: 1184: 1173: 1156: 1125: 1110: 1092: 1090: 1080: 1071: 1055: 1050: 1035: 1020: 1015: 1013: 1008: 1005: 998: 990: 981: 971: 951: 940:. Recently, 883:His work on 882: 856: 823:mirrors and 814: 811: 790: 777:optic chiasm 762: 734: 728: 709: 692: 687: 683: 679: 676: 666: 661: 619: 613: 609: 567: 561: 556: 552: 546: 537: 536: 531: 527: 522: 511: 498: 489: 475: 465: 455: 432: 423:John Peckham 410: 406: 389: 357: 341:Isaac Newton 336:كتاب المناظر 324: 277:; full name 242: 234: 233: 204: 151: 145: 25: 13977:1040 deaths 13972:960s births 13927:Outer space 13879:Mathematics 13707:De Gradibus 13353:Ibn al-Quff 12857:9th century 12836:8th century 12812:Masarjawaih 12780:7th century 12629:René Guénon 12619:Gohar Shahi 12555:Mulla Sadra 12479:Ibn Khaldun 12090:metaphysics 12036:(mysticism) 12018:(education) 11996:Metaphysics 11975:(dialectic) 11961:Eschatology 11938:(intellect) 11632:De Gradibus 11586:Taqi ad-Din 11576:Al-Birjandi 11550:al-Qalaṣādī 11331:Al-Isfizari 11296:Ibn al-Samh 11225:Al-Isfahani 11205:al-Uqlidisi 11175:al-Khojandi 11140:Abu al-Wafa 11079:al-Dinawari 11037:9th century 10845:Tusi couple 10835:Trepidation 10800:Salah times 10735:Geocentrism 10609:Planisphere 10589:Graph paper 10516:Instruments 10468:Huihui Lifa 10349:Ehmedê Xanî 10308:Al-Birjandi 10287:al-Kubunani 10044:Abu al-Salt 9993:Al-Isfizari 9953:Ibn al-Samh 9832:Abu al-Wafa 9817:al-Khojandi 9721:Al-Farghani 9636:Astronomers 9477:PDF version 9185:, 2 vols: 9037:Sabra, A. I 9025:Sabra, A. I 8858:11 February 8721:, Chicago: 7630:Minneapolis 6914:(4): 391–96 6528:: 189–218, 6489:(1): 1–30, 6397:(1): 5–24, 5993:Rashed 2007 5941:27 November 5627:Perspectiva 5567:Rashed 2007 5463:Sardar 1998 5450:Ash'arites" 5232:Faruqi 2006 5220:Rashed 2007 5209:Eckart 2018 5197:Rashed 2007 5185:Sabra 1978b 5052:Toomer 1964 5037:Toomer 1964 4422:22 February 4383:22 February 4344:22 February 4305:22 February 4090:Howard 1996 3744:Corbin 1993 3359:Corbin 1993 3175:22 February 2799:Dallal 1999 2787:Vernet 1996 2727:Vernet 1996 2690:Rooney 2012 2227:Iraqi dinar 2003:Roger Bacon 1850:Hellenistic 1721:engineering 1715:Engineering 1696:Other works 1666:congruences 1539:mathematics 1388:Renaissance 1384:Middle Ages 1334:of a body. 1136:John Pecham 1132:Roger Bacon 1097:projectiles 962:Han Chinese 918:integration 839:power of a 549:Middle Ages 398:capital of 297: 1040 219:mathematics 82: 354 13961:Categories 13818:Influenced 13792:Influences 13778:Bimarestan 13648:Psychology 13602:Tunakabuni 13515:Nurbakhshi 13414:Ibn Shuayb 13404:Al-Nagawri 13338:Ibn Tumlus 13318:As-Suwaydi 13303:Al-Dakhwar 13242:Ibn Tufayl 13237:Ibn Jumay‘ 13141:Ibn Butlan 13030:Ibn Juljul 13005:Al-Kaŝkarī 12874:Albubather 12772:Physicians 12484:Yunus Emre 12428:Ibn Sab’in 12397:Suhrawardi 12387:Ibn Tufail 12306:Al-Ghazali 12260:Apharabius 12095:psychology 12065:Avicennism 11927:(theology) 11796:Influenced 11770:Influences 11540:Ali Qushji 11499:Al-Khalili 11367:Al-Khazini 11362:Al-Kharaqī 11321:al-Zarqālī 11311:al-Jayyānī 11255:al-Majriti 11240:Abu al-Jud 11210:Al-Battani 11185:Al-Saghani 11180:Al-Nayrizi 11119:al-Marwazi 11054:al-Jawharī 10949:Influenced 10918:Influences 10790:Precession 10770:Multiverse 10675:Axial tilt 10655:Almucantar 10639:Triquetrum 10579:Equatorium 10328:Takiyüddin 10201:al-Battiwi 10196:Ibn Shuayb 10191:Al-Khalili 10034:Al-Khazini 10029:Al-Kharaqī 10024:Ibn Tufail 10014:Al-Bitruji 9948:Al-Zarqālī 9912:al-Majriti 9862:Al-Saghani 9857:Al-Nayrizi 9842:al-Battani 9761:Iranshahri 9746:Al-Marwazi 9650:by century 9344:14 January 9308:23 January 9201:), 2010. 9091:), 2006 – 8903:Perception 8759:: 189–98, 8457:al-Manazir 8428:3 February 8375:28 October 8346:22 January 8304:23 January 8171:Ossolineum 8144:, Boston: 8128:Sabra 1994 7985:Perception 7923:Perception 7669:8120805518 7181:Perception 7145:Perception 7011:23 January 6898:23 January 6291:Perception 6120:0435312111 6061:Smith 2001 5915:10 October 5808:25 October 5613:notes the 5609:, p. 5603:Sabra 2007 5591:Sabra 2007 5579:Plott 2000 5530:Plott 2000 5425:Smith 2005 5398:Plott 2000 5161:Sabra 1998 5130:Lorch 2008 5106:Duhem 1969 5022:25 October 4662:: 155–169. 4519:(2): 65–70 4465:Smith 1992 4266:12 January 4206:Smith 2004 4146:Sabra 1989 3976:Smith 2001 3964:Smith 2001 3952:Smith 2001 3938:23 January 3846:4 November 3823:Sabra 1989 3819:Smith 2001 3761:1682060160 3455:Simon 2006 3378:Sabra 1994 3357:Disputed: 3139:Selin 2008 3067:Baker 2012 2906:Selin 2008 2791:Sabra 2008 2719:Avennathan 2702:Baker 2012 2651:14 January 2621:References 2608:Smith 2001 2495:Lost works 2300:Hour Lines 1983:al-Andalus 1977:al-Manāẓir 1763:Philosophy 1745:inundation 1690:paraboloid 1598:, using a 1476:Alhazen's 1434:Hypotheses 1285:catoptrics 1207:The Optics 1195:ilm tabi'i 1149:Posidonius 922:paraboloid 885:catoptrics 837:magnifying 833:refraction 817:catoptrics 749:Aguilonius 736:Perception 724:reflection 720:refraction 598:See also: 486:Apollonius 441:origin in 377:philosophy 305:astronomer 295: – c. 293: 965 166:Catoptrics 46:ابن الهيثم 13903:Astronomy 13867:Biography 13714:Al-Tasrif 13454:Nakhshabi 13232:Ibn Habal 13151:Ibn Jazla 13146:Ibn Hindu 13096:Al-Biruni 13010:Al-Natili 12914:Masawaiyh 12889:Bukhtishu 12869:Al-Ruhawi 12843:Bukhtishu 12807:Ibn Uthal 12797:Bukhtishu 12545:Mir Damad 12538:17th–19th 12472:14th–16th 12438:al-Abharī 12433:Ibn Arabi 12367:Ahi Evren 12326:Bahmanyār 12085:cosmology 12070:Averroism 12003:(physics) 11949:astrology 11944:Cosmology 11545:al-Wafa'i 11535:Ulugh Beg 11438:al-Abhari 11423:Ibn Adlan 11413:Ibn Munim 11377:al-Hassar 11316:al-Nasawī 11291:Al-Biruni 11260:al-Jabali 11250:Al-Karaji 11200:Ibn Yunus 11155:Abu Kamil 11150:Al-Qabisi 11145:al-Khazin 11074:Al-Mahani 10825:Supernova 10780:Obliquity 10765:Moonlight 10665:Astrology 10544:Astrolabe 10323:Piri Reis 10313:al-Khafri 10282:al-Wafa'i 10267:Ulugh Beg 10247:Ali Kuşçu 10221:al-Jadiri 10140:al-Abhari 9938:al-Biruni 9872:Ibn Yunus 9847:Al-Qabisi 9822:al-Khazin 9731:Al-Mahani 9400:MIT Press 9228:Secondary 9149:), 2008. 8945:Mathworld 8789:118597450 8773:0025-5572 8573:171003284 8479:163278528 8357:(2008) , 8281:117426616 8217:165564751 7897:214480449 7843:170650586 7808:231735113 7780:170934544 7744:0036-8075 7702:0036-8075 7539:30 August 7312:213887290 6969:Microsoft 6941:224074913 6846:(1969) , 6760:(1993) , 6635:170960993 6604:224371638 6575:218847614 6557:Routledge 6542:123057532 6503:171746839 6475:250826188 6348:CiteSeerX 6103:170628785 5883:4 January 5839:NASA 2006 5772:0008-8994 5744:Centaurus 5268:Katz 1998 5256:Eder 2000 4927:Ross 2000 4453:Katz 1995 4218:Wade 1998 4113:Wade 1998 3710:0256-4947 3440:16 August 3370:Noted by 3247:4 January 3198:1703-7603 3190:Haq, Syed 3123:145904123 3115:1631-0721 3049:3 October 3007:3 October 2975:9 October 2952:9 October 2129:The 2015 2062:cosmology 1991:Zaragossa 1773:Aristotle 1753:Aswan Dam 1672:. In his 1645:. In his 1593:Euclid's 1589:postulate 1582:Euclidean 1511:Milky Way 1491:epicycles 1326:Mechanics 1281:moonlight 1265:luminance 1231:apertures 1227:moonlight 1219:dioptrics 1141:Cleomedes 978:Aristotle 930:Descartes 821:parabolic 773:human eye 745:horopters 654:Aristotle 640:emitting 494:Aya Sofya 429:Biography 309:physicist 239:Latinized 223:astronomy 13809:Ayurveda 13636:Concepts 13429:Jaghmini 13409:Aqsara'i 13247:Ibn Zuhr 13227:Averroes 13222:Avempace 13176:Masawaih 13121:Avicenna 13055:Muvaffak 12864:Al-Kindi 12382:Averroes 12321:Ibn Hazm 12316:Avicenna 12270:Al Amiri 12240:Al-Kindi 12233:9th–10th 12143:ʼIjtihād 12128:ʻAṣabīya 12121:Concepts 12060:Farabism 12015:Madrasah 11698:Concepts 11530:al-Kāshī 11504:al-Umawi 11306:Avicenna 11245:Al-Sijzi 11195:Ibn Sahl 11064:Al-Kindi 10899:Maragheh 10850:Universe 10820:Sunlight 10785:Parallax 10775:Muwaqqit 10715:Ecliptic 10648:Concepts 10614:Quadrant 10534:Aperture 10049:Averroes 10019:Avempace 9963:Avicenna 9897:Nastulus 9887:al-Sijzi 9812:Al-Adami 9726:Al-Kindi 9579:Archived 9491:Archived 9420:18 April 9414:archived 9392:(2007), 9338:Archived 9259:: 201–26 9217:Archived 9206:Archived 9165:Archived 9154:Archived 9113:Archived 9099:Archived 9073:citation 8978:archived 8949:archived 8923:11721819 8878:archived 8852:archived 8707:Archived 8693:Archived 8661:Archived 8647:Archived 8615:Archived 8601:Archived 8537:15338543 8498:Archived 8487:Archived 8422:archived 8369:archived 8341:20617660 8315:(2007), 8255:(1998), 8246:29847104 8226:(1994), 8107:34731151 8070:15550634 8039:42960682 8013:23948158 7951:24967431 7943:11064807 7847:archived 7752:12161634 7724:(5582), 7710:12161634 7610:archived 7586:archived 7559:archived 7529:48759017 7481:6 August 7475:archived 7426:10792576 7316:archived 7284:38199387 7258:(1998), 7209:34431898 7173:20880413 7136:56876894 7102:archived 7045:20091171 7002:archived 6892:archived 6874:12429405 6784:22109949 6676:: 201–26 6656:: 171–84 6319:43532965 6311:18546671 6283:25674499 6243:18822953 6223:16410601 6166:39332483 6158:24737194 6129:27338645 6012:Archived 5935:Archived 5906:Archived 5802:Archived 5780:13209613 5316:19 March 5310:Archived 5074:Archived 5013:Archived 4958:Archived 4499:27968003 4416:Archived 4377:Archived 4338:Archived 4299:Archived 4260:Archived 3840:Archived 3728:18059131 3652:13 March 3646:Archived 3613:13 March 3607:Archived 3574:13 March 3568:Archived 3548:13 March 3542:Archived 3484:Archived 3434:Archived 3381:Archived 3320:Al-Qifti 3279:Archived 3220:Archived 3169:Archived 3043:Archived 3001:Archived 2969:Archived 2923:Archived 2885:Archived 2881:BBC News 2851:Archived 2829:18822953 2723:Avenetan 2645:Archived 2517:See also 2384:Opuscula 2141:Hevelius 2117:asteroid 2039:Averroes 1828:school. 1820:Theology 1806:and its 1785:al-makan 1781:geometry 1737:flooding 1684:Calculus 1674:Opuscula 1595:Elements 1568:Geometry 1555:geometry 1430:Almagest 1418:Almagest 1367:Almagest 1277:twilight 1273:eclipses 1178:— 982:Problems 968:Shen Kuo 965:polymath 658:al-Kindi 600:Horopter 468:Al-Hakim 411:al-Miṣrī 407:al-Baṣrī 390:Born in 385:medicine 381:theology 373:polymath 170:horopter 162:analysis 13951:Science 13891:Physics 13853:Portals 13766:Centers 13742:Al-Hawi 12601:present 12163:Maslaha 12047:Schools 12034:Sufism 11918:Alchemy 11822:Related 11751:Madrasa 11719:Centers 11525:al-Rūmī 11428:al-Urdi 11326:ibn Hud 11281:Alhazen 11235:al-Qūhī 10755:Inertia 10745:Gravity 10680:Azimuth 10629:Sundial 10619:Sextant 10569:Dioptra 10559:Compass 10524:Alidade 10135:al-Urdi 9958:Alhazen 9882:Ma Yize 9827:al-Qūhī 9802:al-Sufi 9517:at the 9017:Primary 8931:8185797 8781:3620392 8755:(475), 8727:Bibcode 8529:1558283 8175:Wrocław 8140:(ed.), 7963:Bibcode 7728:: 773, 7718:Science 7679:Science 7648:3328963 7452:1676198 7418:4867472 7391:: 79–86 7353:Bibcode 7322:7 April 7249:2691411 7201:9027922 7165:9027923 6961:Encarta 6856:Chicago 6810:(ed.), 6455:Bibcode 6274:4318829 6231:Med Arh 6214:1326979 6193:The BMJ 6074:Sources 6046:, p.137 5752:Bibcode 5385:2691411 4734:. 2011. 4565:1626185 4557:2589403 4256:3657357 3909:: 1–40. 3719:6074172 3514:optics" 3490:28 June 3093:Bibcode 2752:23 June 2715:Alhacen 2157:Galileo 2113:Alhazen 2075:wrote: 2073:physics 1975:Tanqīḥ 1866:Ptolemy 1826:Ash'ari 1767:In his 1739:of the 1551:algebra 1414:Ptolemy 1400:In his 1351:In his 1297:physics 1269:rainbow 1199:ta'alim 1187:i'tibar 1180:Alhazen 1105:oblique 1077:writes: 889:Ptolemy 758:Ptolemy 716:mirrors 705:retinal 634:Ptolemy 439:Persian 415:Ptolemy 396:Fatimid 311:of the 243:Alhazen 215:Physics 112: ( 71: ( 32:Alhazen 12193:Tawḥīd 12153:ʻIrfān 11966:Ethics 11924:Aqidah 11911:Fields 10730:Galaxy 10725:Equant 10660:Apogee 10604:Octant 10381:Topics 9467: 9406: 9330: 9275: 9000: 8929: 8921: 8844: 8787: 8779: 8771: 8737: 8571: 8535: 8527: 8477: 8467: 8444: 8397: 8339: 8279: 8244: 8234: 8215: 8205: 8152: 8105: 8095: 8068: 8058: 8037: 8027: 8011: 8005:794813 8003: 7973: 7949: 7941: 7911: 7895: 7865: 7841: 7806: 7778: 7750: 7742: 7708: 7700: 7666: 7646: 7636: 7527: 7517: 7497: 7450: 7440: 7424: 7416: 7345:Nature 7310: 7300: 7282: 7272: 7247: 7207: 7199: 7171: 7163: 7134: 7124: 7073: 7043: 7033: 6939: 6929: 6872: 6862: 6782: 6772: 6747: 6700: 6633: 6602: 6592: 6573: 6563: 6540: 6514:Optics 6501: 6473: 6435: 6417: 6377: 6350: 6317: 6309: 6281: 6271: 6241: 6221: 6211: 6180: 6164: 6156: 6127: 6117: 6101: 5966:28 May 5827:p. 129 5798:UNESCO 5778: 5770: 5383: 5302: 4955:Book 7 4836: 4809: 4782: 4755: 4563: 4555: 4497: 4408: 4369: 4330: 4291: 4254: 3803:27 May 3780:p. 469 3759: 3726: 3716: 3708: 3638: 3599: 3534: 3476: 3426: 3387:p. 197 3196: 3161: 3121: 3113: 3035: 2993: 2965:UNESCO 2919:UNESCO 2910:UNESCO 2891:2 June 2857:2 June 2847:UNESCO 2827: 2202:UNESCO 2066:Hebrew 2058:Optics 2043:Optics 2033:, and 2011:Witelo 1973:, the 1935:Legacy 1920:taqlid 1854:taqlid 1846:taqlid 1729:Caliph 1543:Euclid 1515:Doubts 1495:equant 1439:equant 1426:Optics 1424:, and 1372:Hebrew 1332:motion 1279:, and 1267:, the 1157:Optics 934:Oxford 901:normal 807:retina 722:, and 712:lenses 701:Kepler 680:Optics 667:Optics 630:Euclid 588:Bruges 584:Oxford 538:Optics 525:optics 503:, and 501:Semnan 490:Conics 456:vizier 404:byname 351:, and 331:Arabic 317:optics 307:, and 211:Fields 13915:Stars 13658:Works 13060:Qumri 12599:20th– 12198:Ummah 12188:Shūrā 12183:Qiyās 12173:Qadar 12158:Ijmāʿ 12138:Iʻjaz 12055:Early 12009:Peace 11991:Logic 11972:Kalam 11616:works 10795:Qibla 10584:Globe 10391:Works 9302:(PDF) 9295:(PDF) 8927:S2CID 8785:S2CID 8777:JSTOR 8569:S2CID 8544:(PDF) 8525:JSTOR 8513:(PDF) 8337:JSTOR 8277:S2CID 8009:S2CID 7947:S2CID 7893:S2CID 7850:(PDF) 7839:S2CID 7819:(PDF) 7804:S2CID 7776:S2CID 7422:S2CID 7384:Janus 7245:JSTOR 7205:S2CID 7169:S2CID 7005:(PDF) 6994:(PDF) 6631:S2CID 6538:S2CID 6524:(2), 6499:S2CID 6471:S2CID 6315:S2CID 6162:S2CID 6099:S2CID 6055:From 6021:Vol. 5909:(PDF) 5902:(PDF) 5859:(PDF) 5621:, as 5381:JSTOR 5016:(PDF) 5009:(PDF) 4982:2005b 4978:2005a 4553:JSTOR 4495:JSTOR 4252:JSTOR 3282:(PDF) 3267:(PDF) 3119:S2CID 2713:Also 2593:Notes 1981:. In 1892:salat 1888:Qibla 1655:Euler 1651:prime 1619:lunes 1447:hay'a 1376:Latin 1360:rest. 893:plane 799:Galen 684:as if 672:Galen 646:light 576:Paris 443:Basra 417:" by 400:Cairo 392:Basra 131:Cairo 92:Basra 12529:Jami 12411:13th 12350:12th 12299:11th 12178:Qalb 12168:Nafs 12148:ʻIlm 12080:Sufi 11982:Fiqh 10337:17th 10301:16th 10240:15th 10179:14th 10078:13th 10007:12th 9926:11th 9795:10th 9538:2008 9465:ISBN 9422:2017 9404:ISBN 9346:2022 9328:ISBN 9310:2008 9273:ISBN 9257:CNRS 9181:, , 9129:, , 9079:link 8998:ISBN 8986:2008 8957:2008 8919:PMID 8886:2008 8860:2016 8842:ISBN 8804:Isis 8769:ISSN 8735:ISBN 8533:PMID 8475:OCLC 8465:ISBN 8442:ISBN 8430:2008 8395:ISBN 8377:2010 8348:2014 8306:2008 8242:OCLC 8232:ISBN 8213:OCLC 8203:ISBN 8150:ISBN 8103:OCLC 8093:ISBN 8066:OCLC 8056:ISBN 8035:OCLC 8025:ISBN 8001:PMID 7971:ISBN 7939:PMID 7909:ISBN 7863:ISBN 7748:PMID 7740:ISSN 7706:PMID 7698:ISSN 7664:ISBN 7644:OCLC 7634:ISBN 7618:2008 7594:2008 7574:NASA 7567:2008 7541:2017 7525:OCLC 7515:ISBN 7495:ISBN 7483:2008 7448:OCLC 7438:ISBN 7414:PMID 7398:Isis 7324:2014 7308:OCLC 7298:ISBN 7280:OCLC 7270:ISBN 7197:PMID 7161:PMID 7132:OCLC 7122:ISBN 7110:2008 7071:ISBN 7057:2008 7041:OCLC 7031:ISBN 7013:2008 6981:2008 6937:OCLC 6927:ISBN 6900:2008 6870:OCLC 6860:ISBN 6837:2008 6780:OCLC 6770:ISBN 6745:ISBN 6731:2008 6698:ISBN 6674:CNRS 6654:CNRS 6600:OCLC 6590:ISBN 6571:OCLC 6561:ISBN 6433:ISBN 6415:ISBN 6375:ISBN 6307:PMID 6279:PMID 6239:PMID 6219:PMID 6178:ISBN 6154:PMID 6125:OCLC 6115:ISBN 5968:2024 5943:2014 5917:2017 5885:2015 5810:2021 5776:PMID 5768:ISSN 5318:2023 5300:ISBN 5024:2017 4834:ISBN 4807:ISBN 4780:ISBN 4753:ISBN 4424:2023 4406:ISBN 4385:2023 4367:ISBN 4346:2023 4328:ISBN 4307:2023 4289:ISBN 4268:2015 3940:2008 3848:2018 3805:2012 3757:ISBN 3724:PMID 3706:ISSN 3654:2023 3636:ISBN 3615:2023 3597:ISBN 3576:2023 3550:2023 3532:ISBN 3492:2023 3474:ISBN 3442:2019 3424:ISBN 3290:2008 3249:2015 3194:ISSN 3177:2023 3159:ISBN 3111:ISSN 3051:2016 3033:ISBN 3009:2016 2991:ISBN 2977:2017 2954:2017 2931:2019 2893:2018 2859:2018 2825:PMID 2754:2019 2653:2022 2108:The 1872:and 1777:void 1741:Nile 1553:and 1545:and 1517:and 1386:and 1374:and 1091:The 952:The 876:The 841:lens 831:and 803:lens 688:only 642:rays 632:and 540:was 447:Iraq 435:Arab 383:and 319:and 114:1041 110:1040 103:Died 73:0965 62:Born 12133:Ḥāl 11935:Aql 11688:Zij 10453:Zij 9807:Ibn 9699:9th 9658:8th 9448:at 9191:100 9187:100 8911:doi 8812:doi 8761:doi 8702:100 8688:100 8561:doi 8521:148 8329:doi 8269:doi 7993:doi 7931:doi 7885:doi 7831:doi 7796:doi 7768:doi 7730:doi 7722:297 7688:doi 7684:297 7406:doi 7361:doi 7349:518 7338:(2) 7237:doi 7189:doi 7153:doi 7098:676 6623:doi 6530:doi 6516:", 6491:doi 6463:doi 6399:doi 6299:doi 6269:PMC 6259:doi 6209:PMC 6201:doi 6197:332 6146:doi 6091:doi 5760:doi 5611:392 5518:doi 5373:doi 4592:676 4545:doi 4541:105 4487:doi 4244:doi 3714:PMC 3698:doi 3101:doi 3089:347 2152:sic 2143:'s 1989:of 1910:In 1749:dam 1719:In 1591:in 1537:In 1416:'s 1408:or 1322:). 1213:or 644:of 638:eye 582:at 574:in 437:or 241:as 180:of 69:965 13963:: 12221:CE 11840:, 9412:, 9402:, 9398:, 9336:. 9251:, 9197:: 9160:; 9145:: 9139:98 9135:98 9108:95 9105:; 9094:95 9087:: 9075:}} 9071:{{ 9062:95 9060:, 8976:, 8970:, 8947:, 8943:, 8925:, 8917:, 8907:30 8905:, 8850:, 8808:55 8806:, 8783:, 8775:, 8767:, 8753:76 8751:, 8733:, 8725:, 8699:; 8677:, 8656:98 8653:; 8642:98 8631:, 8610:95 8607:; 8596:95 8585:, 8567:, 8557:15 8555:, 8531:, 8519:, 8515:, 8493:; 8473:, 8420:, 8416:, 8393:, 8391:51 8361:, 8335:, 8325:12 8323:, 8319:, 8275:, 8263:, 8259:, 8240:, 8211:, 8201:, 8197:, 8173:, 8120:, 8101:, 8064:, 8054:, 8050:, 8033:. 8007:, 7999:, 7987:, 7969:, 7945:, 7937:, 7927:29 7925:, 7891:, 7881:30 7879:, 7845:, 7837:, 7827:19 7825:, 7821:, 7802:, 7792:13 7790:, 7774:, 7764:17 7762:, 7746:, 7738:, 7720:, 7704:, 7696:, 7682:, 7662:, 7658:, 7642:, 7628:, 7604:, 7580:, 7557:, 7551:, 7523:, 7473:, 7446:, 7420:, 7412:, 7402:58 7400:, 7389:47 7387:, 7359:, 7347:, 7336:16 7334:, 7314:, 7306:, 7278:, 7268:, 7264:, 7243:, 7233:68 7231:, 7203:, 7195:, 7185:25 7183:, 7167:, 7159:, 7149:25 7147:, 7130:, 7100:, 7096:, 7090:, 7039:, 7029:, 7025:, 7000:, 6967:, 6935:, 6910:, 6890:, 6886:, 6868:, 6858:, 6854:, 6850:, 6823:, 6798:, 6794:, 6778:, 6715:, 6668:, 6648:, 6629:, 6619:17 6617:, 6598:, 6569:, 6536:, 6522:15 6520:, 6497:, 6487:28 6485:, 6469:, 6461:, 6451:30 6449:, 6395:30 6393:, 6369:, 6313:, 6305:, 6295:37 6293:, 6277:, 6267:, 6253:, 6235:62 6233:, 6217:, 6207:, 6195:, 6160:, 6152:, 6142:24 6140:, 6123:. 6097:, 6085:, 6064:91 5959:. 5904:. 5796:. 5774:. 5766:. 5758:. 5746:. 5708:." 5692:." 5514:17 5512:, 5508:, 5493:18 5491:, 5455:^ 5405:^ 5379:. 5369:68 5367:. 5326:^ 5308:. 5153:^ 5086:^ 5066:. 5044:^ 5011:. 5004:32 4980:, 4969:^ 4872:^ 4660:46 4658:. 4652:: 4590:, 4584:, 4561:MR 4559:, 4551:, 4539:, 4517:31 4493:, 4483:58 4481:, 4439:, 4414:. 4375:. 4336:. 4297:. 4258:. 4250:. 4240:91 4238:. 4234:. 4136:^ 4058:^ 3983:^ 3905:. 3838:. 3774:, 3736:^ 3722:. 3712:. 3704:. 3694:27 3692:. 3688:. 3644:. 3605:. 3540:. 3482:. 3432:. 3322:. 3305:, 3273:. 3269:. 3212:. 3167:. 3131:^ 3117:. 3109:. 3099:. 3087:. 3083:. 3059:^ 3041:. 3017:^ 2999:. 2967:. 2963:. 2958:. 2940:. 2935:. 2917:. 2912:. 2883:. 2879:. 2867:^ 2849:. 2845:. 2821:62 2819:. 2815:. 2793:, 2778:^ 2742:. 2721:, 2717:, 2629:^ 2611:91 2222:. 2094:: 2029:, 2025:, 2021:, 2017:, 2013:, 2009:, 2005:, 1914:: 1901:: 1878:. 1731:, 1680:. 1661:. 1610:. 1482:c. 1420:, 1390:. 1287:. 1275:, 1271:, 1209:; 1153:c. 1145:c. 1134:, 843:. 718:, 714:, 590:. 559:. 488:' 463:. 445:, 387:. 379:, 355:. 347:, 343:, 333:: 303:, 290:c. 288:; 270:ən 245:; 221:, 217:, 196:, 192:, 188:, 184:, 176:, 172:, 168:, 164:, 160:, 156:, 150:, 133:, 120:c. 108:c. 94:, 84:AH 79:c. 67:c. 13855:: 12756:e 12749:t 12742:v 12223:) 11933:' 11892:e 11885:t 11878:v 11844:) 11836:( 11013:e 11006:t 10999:v 9615:e 9608:t 9601:v 9540:. 9479:) 9475:( 9473:. 9348:. 9253:7 9212:; 9081:) 8913:: 8814:: 8763:: 8729:: 8713:) 8684:( 8667:) 8638:( 8621:) 8592:( 8563:: 8504:) 8482:( 8331:: 8271:: 8265:6 8122:3 8041:. 7995:: 7989:5 7965:: 7933:: 7887:: 7833:: 7798:: 7770:: 7732:: 7690:: 7408:: 7363:: 7355:: 7239:: 7191:: 7155:: 6912:7 6706:. 6670:7 6650:5 6625:: 6532:: 6493:: 6465:: 6457:: 6401:: 6301:: 6261:: 6255:4 6203:: 6186:. 6148:: 6131:. 6093:: 6087:9 6023:5 5970:. 5945:. 5919:. 5887:. 5841:. 5829:. 5812:. 5782:. 5762:: 5754:: 5748:3 5593:. 5415:. 5387:. 5375:: 5350:. 5338:. 5320:. 5258:. 5199:. 5163:. 5132:. 5096:. 5026:. 4984:. 4941:. 4929:. 4905:. 4893:. 4867:. 4842:. 4815:. 4788:. 4761:. 4668:. 4611:. 4547:: 4489:: 4467:. 4443:. 4426:. 4387:. 4348:. 4309:. 4246:: 4160:. 4148:. 4131:. 4092:. 4080:. 4068:. 3907:4 3876:. 3850:. 3807:. 3782:. 3730:. 3700:: 3666:( 3656:. 3617:. 3578:. 3552:. 3494:. 3444:. 3326:. 3292:. 3275:2 3251:. 3179:. 3125:. 3103:: 3095:: 3053:. 3011:. 2979:. 2956:. 2933:. 2895:. 2861:. 2831:. 2756:. 2668:. 2655:. 2527:" 2523:" 2053:( 1961:( 1795:( 1318:( 1259:( 1205:( 1151:( 1143:( 695:( 530:( 329:( 273:/ 267:z 264:æ 261:h 258:ˈ 255:l 252:æ 249:/ 237:( 125:) 118:( 116:) 87:) 77:( 75:) 23:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index