584:
farmers worried that various social restrictions in
Icelandic society (for instance, on free labour and free migration) would be abolished. Historian Gunnar Karlsson expresses some support for this theory but notes that "there is hardly sufficient evidence to conclude that social conservatism was the major force behind the nationalism of Icelandic farmers". The failure of liberal nationalist parties (the Icelandic National Front), which stood for liberal, democratic and social-radical (not socialist) positions, similar to those of leftist parties in Norway and Denmark to take root and lead the Icelandic independence movement can be seen as evidence of this theory.
588:
half of the 19th century, but also among their Danish colleagues. Both groups considered the nation-state, unified on the basis of common culture and language, as the state form of the future while complex monarchies, mixing people of various cultural backgrounds under one government, were linked to absolutism and the reactionary politics of the past." However, many Danes were skeptical of
Icelandic independence in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, characterizing the nation as too small to govern itself, too dependent on financial aid from Denmark, and worried that a successful Icelandic independence would give credence to German nationalist claims in
45:
703:
512:
1231:
717:
731:
568:. In 1843, a royal decree re-established a national parliament, the Althing, as a consultative assembly. It claimed continuity with the Althing of the Icelandic Commonwealth, which had remained for centuries as a judicial body and had been abolished in 1800. The advocates of Icelandic independence pursued their aims peacefully, soliciting Danish officials via legal means.
648:
with the Danish king. Iceland established its own flag and asked
Denmark to represent its foreign affairs and defense interests. The Act would be up for revision in 1940 and could be revoked three years later if agreement was not reached. The Act was approved by 92.6% of Icelandic voters (turnout at
587:
The historian Guðmundur Hálfdanarson ties
Icelandic nationalism to the state of Danish politics in the first half of the 19th century. Hálfdanarson writes, "the Danish composite or conglomerate monarchy – den danske helstat – lost its legitimacy not only among Icelandic intellectuals in the first
583:
Historian Guðmundur Hálfdanarson theorizes that
Icelandic farmers allied with Icelandic liberal academics, such as Jón Sigurðsson, in the cause for national freedom because they wanted to decrease the influence of Danish liberalism on their own privileged position in Icelandic society. Icelandic
625:, Denmark granted Iceland home rule. By the end of the 19th century, the various efforts made on behalf of Iceland had their desired result. The constitution, written in 1874, was revised in 1903, and a minister for Icelandic affairs, residing in Reykjavík, was made responsible to the Althing.
532:
Around the middle of the 19th century a new national consciousness was revived in
Iceland, led by Danish-educated Icelandic intellectuals who had been inspired by romantic and nationalist ideas from continental Europe. The most notable of these were the so-called
595:
The
Icelandic independence movement was peaceful from its start in the post-Napoleonic period to the accomplishment of independence in 1944. Common explanations for the peaceful nature of Iceland's independence struggle include:
561:. According to historian Guðmundur Hálfdanarson, the first calls for autonomy in Iceland were in the early 1830s. The demand for autonomy become dominant in Icelandic domestic discourse by the middle of the 19th century.
571:
The struggle for independence reached its height in 1851 when the Danes tried to pass new legislation which ignored the comments and requests made by the
Icelanders. The Icelandic delegates, under the leadership of
609:
The unwillingness of
Denmark to respond violently, in part due to a respect for Icelandic culture but also an unwillingness to shoulder the costs of quelling the Icelandic independence movement.
453:
Iceland received a constitution and limited home rule in 1874. A minister for
Icelandic affairs was appointed to the Danish cabinet in 1904. Full independence was granted in 1918 through the
576:, passed their own proposal, much to the displeasure of the King's agent, who dissolved the meeting. This caused Sigurðsson to rise up with his fellow delegates and utter the phrase
508:
While attempts have been made to find evidence of pre-19th century nationalist sentiments, not much comprehensive evidence has been found of nationalism as it is understood today.
653:
on 19 October 1918. Historian Guðmundur Hálfdanarson interprets this low turnout as a sign that Icelandic voters did not consider the referendum of importance.
1738:
1088:
417:
977:
Hálfdanarson, GuÐmundur (1995-11-01). "Social distinctions and national unity: On politics of nationalism in nineteenth-century Iceland".
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311:
273:
1778:
774:
650:
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1459:
873:
Hálfdanarson, Guðmundur (2006-09-01). "Severing the Ties – Iceland's Journey from a Union with Denmark to a Nation‐State".
1404:
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684:
458:
169:
1308:
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640:, signed on 1 December 1918 by Icelandic and Danish authorities, recognized Iceland as a fully sovereign state (the
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Jakobsson, Sverrir (1999-03-01). "Defining a Nation: Popular and Public Identity in the Middle Ages".
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33:
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to abolish the Union with Denmark was approved by 99.5% of voters in a 98.4% turnout.
1667:
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831:
486:
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535:
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266:
16:
19th and 20th century efforts to achieve Icelandic independence from Denmark
1533:
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660:
was established in 1920, which meant that Icelanders were in charge of all
494:
44:
1637:
702:
485:
Iceland remained under Norwegian kingship until 1380, when the death of
1599:
934:
Hálfdanarson, Guðmundur (2000-06-01). "Iceland: A Peaceful Secession".
439:
457:. This was followed by the severance of all ties to Denmark with the
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1211:
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The peaceful trends in the Nordic region after the Napoleonic Wars.
293:
1454:
1230:
1084:
502:
498:
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The accommodating responses of Denmark to Icelandic demands.
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Consistent with the transfer of sovereignty in 1918, the
621:
In 1874, a thousand years after the first acknowledged
698:
671:
was finally abolished altogether in 1944 during the
564:
Meanwhile, an independence movement developed under
493:. Norway (and thus Iceland) then became part of the
1765:
1069:
616:
477:, Icelanders had relinquished sovereignty to
411:
1041:
976:
933:
915:
872:
848:
450:throughout the 19th and early 20th century.
505:, in which Denmark was the dominant power.
473:in 1262, following the civil strife of the
1076:
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662:three branches of the Icelandic government
633:from 31 January 1904 until 31 March 1909.
418:
404:
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780:Icelandic constitutional referendum, 1944
1044:Íslenska þjóðríkið - uppruni og endamörk
1026:
1011:
918:Íslenska þjóðríkið - uppruni og endimörk
851:Íslenska þjóðríkið – uppruni og endimörk
798:
510:
265:
527:
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775:Icelandic sovereignty referendum, 1918
1057:
1083:
929:
927:
868:
866:
864:
862:
860:
438:) was the collective effort made by
685:founding of the Republic of Iceland
539:—poets and writers for the journal
459:declaration of the republic in 1944
13:
14:
1800:
924:
857:
603:Iceland's homogeneous population.
600:Iceland's distance to Copenhagen.
1229:
1042:Hálfdanarson, Guðmundur (2001).
916:Hálfdanarson, Guðmundur (2001).
849:Hálfdanarson, Guðmundur (2001).
729:
715:
701:
432:Icelandic Independence movement
43:
1035:
936:Scandinavian Journal of History
875:Scandinavian Journal of History
816:Scandinavian Journal of History
770:Norwegian independence movement
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970:
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792:
1:
785:
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455:Danish-Icelandic Act of Union
436:Sjálfstæðisbarátta Íslendinga
55:Timeline of Icelandic history
1774:Political history of Iceland
991:10.1016/0191-6599(95)00068-2
689:referendum on 20–23 May 1944
644:), joined with Denmark in a
258:Allied occupation of Iceland
7:
694:
469:Through the signing of the
249:British invasion of Iceland
10:
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1217:2008–2011 financial crisis
617:Home rule and independence
446:and independence from the
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1027:Karlsson, Gunnar (2000).
1012:Karlsson, Gunnar (2000).
979:History of European Ideas
948:10.1080/03468750050115609
887:10.1080/03468750600930878
828:10.1080/03468759950115863
799:Karlsson, Gunnar (2000).
737:Kingdom of Denmark portal
491:Norwegian male royal line
1405:Administrative divisions
760:Greenlandic independence
658:Supreme Court of Iceland
1789:19th century in Iceland
755:Constitution of Denmark
284:Iceland in the Cold War
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83:Icelandic Commonwealth
1784:Icelandic nationalism
1187:Independence Movement
1182:Danish trade monopoly
673:occupation of Denmark
514:
356:Icelandic nationality
267:Invader relationships
203:Independence movement
170:Danish trade monopoly
72:Settlement of Iceland
765:Faroese independence
629:served as the first
580:("We all protest").
547:Brynjólfur Pétursson
528:Nationalist movement
475:Age of the Sturlungs
301:
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274:Founding of republic
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140:
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101:
92:
1031:. pp. 267–268.
631:Minister of Iceland
1605:Icelandic Language
1029:History of Iceland
1014:History of iceland
801:History of Iceland
745:Kingdom of Iceland
667:Union through the
642:Kingdom of Iceland
590:Schleswig-Holstein
578:Vér mótmælum allir
551:Jónas Hallgrímsson
525:
517:Jónas Hallgrímsson
448:Kingdom of Denmark
444:self-determination
223:Kingdom of Iceland
1761:
1760:
1721:
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1483:
1482:
1460:Political parties
1425:Foreign relations
1387:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1225:
1224:
519:, contributor to
489:extinguished the
487:Olav IV of Norway
428:
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322:COVID-19 pandemic
1796:
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922:
921:
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881:(3–4): 237–254.
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559:Tómas Sæmundsson
420:
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366:Military history
351:Economic history
312:Financial crisis
179:Eruption of Laki
103:Christianization
89:
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19:
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942:(1–2): 87–100.
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910:
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1046:. p. 143.
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1016:. p. 232.
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822:(1): 91–101.
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683:declared the
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26:
21:
20:
1663:Coat of arms
1643:Architecture
1585:Demographics
1534:Nordic model
1430:Human rights
1415:Constitution
1197:World War II
1186:
1172:Sturlung Era
1157:Commonwealth
1043:
1037:
1028:
1022:
1013:
1007:
982:
978:
972:
939:
935:
920:. p. 8.
917:
911:
878:
874:
850:
844:
819:
815:
809:
800:
794:
750:Danish Realm
677:Nazi Germany
666:
655:
649:43.8%) in a
638:Act of Union
635:
620:
594:
586:
582:
577:
570:
563:
540:
534:
531:
515:Portrait of
507:
495:Kalmar Union
471:Old Covenant
468:
452:
435:
434:(Icelandic:
431:
429:
320:
310:
282:
272:
239:World War II
237:
233:Act of Union
221:
211:
202:
201:
177:
149:
142:Old Covenant
130:
112:Sturlung era
110:
81:
70:
1501:Agriculture
1445:LGBT rights
1264:Earthquakes
1177:Reformation
1167:Aristocracy
1129:Prohibition
1124:Nationality
679:, when the
669:Danish king
536:Fjölnismenn
442:to achieve
346:Aristocracy
213:Prohibition
161:Reformation
151:Danish rule
65:Middle ages
34:History of
1768:Categories
1713:Television
1683:Mass media
1678:Literature
1600:Icelanders
1595:Healthcare
1518:(currency)
1455:Parliament
1365:Localities
1329:Waterfalls
1152:Settlement
786:References
651:referendum
623:settlement
465:Background
440:Icelanders
326:2020–2022
316:2008–2011
297:1948–1976
288:1947–1991
261:1940–1945
243:1939–1944
227:1918–1944
217:1915–1989
207:1809–1847
196:Modern era
183:1783–1785
173:1602–1874
164:1536–1627
155:1380–1918
136:1262–1380
125:1178–1297
122:Staðamálin
116:1180–1264
1610:Languages
1590:Education
1554:Transport
1539:Outvasion
1465:President
1420:Elections
1360:Farthings
1343:Political
1324:Volcanoes
1294:Highlands
1240:Geography
999:0191-6599
964:143707310
956:0346-8755
903:144496705
895:0346-8755
836:0346-8755
479:Haakon IV
106:999–1118
94:Farthings
87:930–1262
1748:Category
1615:Religion
1580:Abortion
1544:Taxation
1450:Military
1393:Politics
1355:Counties
1334:Wildlife
1289:Glaciers
1212:Cod Wars
1207:Cold War
1202:Invasion
1144:Timeline
1119:Military
1114:Economic
1106:By topic
1089:articles
695:See also
386:Category
294:Cod Wars
76:870–930
25:a series
23:Part of
1732:Outline
1668:Cuisine
1630:Culture
1568:Society
1549:Tourism
1506:Banking
1489:Economy
1410:Cabinet
1375:Regions
1319:Valleys
1299:Islands
1284:Geology
1279:Forests
1259:Climate
1252:Natural
1192:Kingdom
1097:History
1085:Iceland
542:Fjölnir
521:Fjölnir
503:Denmark
36:Iceland
1753:Portal
1658:Cinema
1638:Anthem
1524:Energy
1516:Króna
1314:Rivers
1274:Fjords
1134:Rulers
1087:
997:
962:
954:
901:
893:
834:
681:Alþing
499:Sweden
391:Portal
371:Rulers
27:on the
1739:Index
1708:Sport
1693:Names
1688:Music
1653:Chess
1620:Women
1304:Lakes
960:S2CID
899:S2CID
497:with
306:1949
278:1944
252:1940
145:1262
1673:Flag
995:ISSN
952:ISSN
891:ISSN
832:ISSN
687:. A
636:The
557:and
501:and
430:The
97:965
1648:Art
1435:Law
987:doi
944:doi
883:doi
824:doi
675:by
545:—
481:,
1770::
993:.
983:21
981:.
958:.
950:.
940:25
938:.
926:^
897:.
889:.
879:31
877:.
859:^
830:.
820:24
818:.
664:.
592:.
553:,
549:,
461:.
1077:e
1070:t
1063:v
1001:.
989::
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946::
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885::
853:.
838:.
826::
803:.
523:.
419:e
412:t
405:v
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