Roman calendar - Knowledge

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XX). This was a lunar year of 354 days but, because of the Roman superstition about even numbers, an additional day was added to January to make the calendar 355 days long. Auspiciously, each month now had an odd number of days: Martius (March), Maius (May), Quinctilis (July), and October continued to have 31; the other months, 29, except for February, which had 28 days. Considered unlucky, it was devoted to rites of purification (februa) and expiation appropriate to the last month of the year. (Although these legendary beginnings attest to the venerability of the lunar calendar of the Roman Republic, its historical origin probably was the publication of a revised calendar by the Decemviri in

1734:(355 days), leap year with 23-day February followed by 27-day Mercedonius (377 days), common year, leap year with 23-day February followed by 28-day Mercedonius (378 days), and so on for the first 16 years of a 24-year cycle. In the last 8 years, the intercalation took place with the month of Mercedonius only 27 days, except the last intercalation which did not happen. Hence, there would be a typical common year followed by a leap year of 377 days for the next 6 years and the remaining 2 years would sequentially be common years. The result of this twenty-four-year pattern was of great precision for the time: 365.25 days, as shown by the following calculation: 47: 3977:, the details of which are unclear, but it appears to have successfully regulated intercalation for over a century. The second breakdown was in the middle of the first century BC and may have been related to the increasingly chaotic and adversarial nature of Roman politics at the time. The position of Pontifex Maximus was not a full-time job; it was held by a member of the Roman elite, who would almost invariably be involved in the machinations of Roman politics. Because the term of office of elected 2401: 463: 8125: 8115: 65: 4393: 4017: 3865:

was inserted between them. In such years, the days between the ides and the Regifugium were counted down to either the Intercalary Kalends or to the Terminalia. The intercalary month counted down to nones and ides on its 5th and 13th day in the manner of the other short months. The remaining days of

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who divided the year into twelve lunar months (History of Rome, I.19). Fifty days, says Censorinus, were added to the calendar and a day taken from each month of thirty days to provide for the two winter months: Januarius (January) and Februarius (February), both of which had 28 days (The Natal Day,

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of 365.25 days led to a shortfall over four years of (10.25 × 4) = 41 days. Theoretically, 22 days were interpolated into the calendar in the second year of the four-year cycle and 23 days in the fourth. This produced an excess of four days over the four years in line with the normal one day excess

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The names of Roman months originally functioned as adjectives (e.g., the January kalends occur in the January month) before being treated as substantive nouns in their own right (e.g., the kalends of January occur in January). Some of their etymologies are well-established: January and March honor

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because the god faced both ways, suggesting it had been instituted as a first month. It was, however, usually said to have been instituted along with February, whose nature and festivals suggest it had originally been considered the last month of the year. The consuls' term of office—and thus the

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in alternate years; the intercalation was placed after February 23 and the remaining five days of February followed. To avoid the nones falling on a nundine, where necessary an intercalary day was inserted "in the middle of the Terminalia, where they placed the intercalary month". This appears to

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According to the later writers Censorinus and Macrobius, to correct the mismatch of the correspondence between months and seasons due to the excess of one day of the Roman average year over the tropical year, the insertion of the intercalary month was modified according to the scheme: common year

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Modern historians dispute various points of this account. It is possible the original calendar was agriculturally based, observational of the seasons and stars rather the moon, with ten months of varying length filling the entire year. If this ever existed, it would have changed to the lunisolar

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Given the paucity of records regarding the state of the calendar and its intercalation, historians have reconstructed the correspondence of Roman dates to their Julian and Gregorian equivalents from disparate sources. There are detailed accounts of the decades leading up to the Julian reform,

1841:, introduced a series of reforms in 304 BC. Their exact nature is uncertain, although he is thought to have begun the custom of publishing the calendar in advance of the month, depriving the priests of some of their power but allowing for a more consistent calendar for official business. 2015:

an official holiday in 321. Consular dating became obsolete following the abandonment of appointing nonimperial consuls in AD 541. The Roman method of numbering the days of the month never became widespread in the Hellenized eastern provinces and was eventually abandoned by the

1948:

assumed control of Rome and, finding the priests had (owing to their inclusive counting) been intercalating every third year instead of every fourth, suspended the addition of leap days to the calendar for one or two decades until its proper position had been restored. See

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tied to the nones and ides of various months. However, because the dates at the ends of the month all counted forward to the next kalends, they were all shifted by one or two days by the change. This created confusion with regard to certain anniversaries. For instance,

963:'s calendar had been solar but adhered to the general principle that the year should last for 360 days. Months were employed secondarily and haphazardly, with some counted as 20 days and others as 35 or more. Plutarch records that while one tradition is that 679:

claims the 10-month calendar was fixed and allowed to shift until the summer months were completely misplaced, at which time additional days belonging to no month were simply inserted into the calendar until it seemed things were restored to their proper place.

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The Pontifex Maximus determined when an intercalary month was to be inserted. On average, this happened in alternate years. The system of aligning the year through intercalary months broke down at least twice: the first time was during and after the

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as the last day of the first month and simultaneously the first day of the next month. The system is usually said to have left the remaining two to three months of the year as an unorganized "winter", since they were irrelevant to the farming cycle.

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were required to wait another three-week period if their proposals could not receive a vote before dusk on the day they were introduced. Superstitions arose concerning the bad luck that followed a nundinae on the nones of a month or, later, on the

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but the uncertainty as to the end of lunar dating and the irregularity of Roman intercalation means that dates which can be independently verified are invariably weeks to months outside of their "proper" place. Two astronomical events dated by

967:

added two new months to a ten-month calendar, another version is that January and February were originally the last two months of the year and Numa just moved them to the start of the year, so that January (named after a peaceful ruler called

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days, which meant that it would quickly unsynchronize from the solar year, causing, for example, agricultural festivals to occur out of season. The Roman solution to this problem was to periodically lengthen the calendar by adding extra days

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BC, says "the twelfth month was February, and when intercalations take place the five last days of this month are removed." Since all the days after the Ides of Intercalaris were counted down to the beginning of March, the month had either

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The Romans themselves usually described their first organized year as one with ten fixed months, a decimal division fitting general Roman practice. There were four months of "31" days—March, May, Quintilis, and October—called "full months"

710:, his supposed birthplace. Some scholars doubt the existence of this calendar at all, as it is only attested in late Republican and Imperial sources and supported only by the misplaced names of the months from September to December. 1812: 1067:

over one year. The method of correction was to truncate February by five days and follow it with the intercalary month which thus commenced (normally) on the day after February 23 and had either 27 or 28 days. February 23 was the

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and Intercalaris had 27. No date is offered for the Regifugium in 378-day years. Macrobius describes a further refinement whereby, in one 8-year period within a 24-year cycle, there were only three intercalary years, each of

401:. In order to avoid interfering with Rome's religious ceremonies, the reform distributed the unassigned days among the months (towards their ends) and did not adjust any nones or ides, even in months which came to have 31 4114:'s date for this was 753 BC but other writers used different dates, varying by several decades. Such dating was, however, never widespread. After the consuls waned in importance, most Roman dating was regnal or followed 1889:

every fourth year to bring the Roman calendar into close agreement with the solar year. The year 46 BC was the last of the old system and included three intercalary months, the first inserted in February and two

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was defined in terms of a Roman calendar year, a Pontifex Maximus had an incentive to lengthen a year in which he or his allies were in power or shorten a year in which his political opponents held office.

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Apparently because of the confusion of these changes or uncertainty as to whether an intercalary month would be ordered, dates after the February ides are attested as sometimes counting down towards the

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The Romans did not have records of their early calendars but, like modern historians, assumed the year originally began in March on the basis of the names of the months following June. The consul

4094:, regnal dates based on the emperors' terms in office became more common. Some historians of the later republic and early imperial eras dated from the legendary founding of the city of Rome ( 4002:

synodic month short. Obviously, the month beginning shifts forward (from the new moon, to the third quarter, to the full moon, to the first quarter, back the new moon) after intercalation.

435:) leap day every three years due to their inclusive counting. In order to bring the calendar back to its proper place, Augustus was obliged to suspend intercalation for one or two decades. 5664: 4671:

In leap years early period after the Julian reform, February had 29 days but was reckoned as a 28 day month by treating the sixth day before the March Kalends as lasting for 48 hours.

2220:, reflecting the increasing use of such date phrases as an absolute phrase able to function as the object of another preposition, or simply originated in a mistaken agreement of 2454:, they were reckoned as "ninth days" although they actually occurred every eighth day. Because the republican and Julian years were not evenly divisible into eight-day periods, 637:

that were dependent on local conditions. Michels suggests this was the original state of all ancient festivals, marking divisions between the seasons and occasions within them.

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Dates after the ides count forward to the kalends of the next month and are expressed as such. For example, March 19 was expressed as "the 14th day before the April Kalends" (

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These are thought to reflect a prehistoric lunar calendar, with the kalends proclaimed after the sighting of the first sliver of the new crescent moon a day or two after the

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to maintain its alignment with Rome's.) A few emperors altered the names of the months after themselves or their family, but such changes were abandoned by their successors.

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The 31-day months of prior to the Julian reform, March, May, Quintilis (July), and October, continued using the old system with their Nones on the 9th and Ides on the 15th.

366:—political considerations continued to interfere with its regular application. Notably, intercalation had to be personally announced by the chief pontiff in Rome so, when 5674: 3905:, so that the civil year should correspond to the natural (solar) year, this intercalation was in preference made in February, between the Terminalia and Regifugium . 4341:, the leap years were not applied correctly by the Roman priests, meaning dates are a few days out of their "proper" place until a few decades into Augustus's reign. 3866:

the month counted down towards the March Kalends, so that the end of Mercedonius and the second part of February were indistinguishable to the Romans, one ending on

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Thus the dates of the festivals of the last five days of February were preserved on account of them being actually named and counted inclusively in days before the

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The 31-day months established by the Julian reform, January, Sextilis (August), and December, used a new system with their Nones on the 7th and Ides on the 13th.

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also finds the coincidence of the length of the supposed "Romulan" year with the length of the first ten months of the Julian calendar to indicate that it is an

529:, this was presumably avoided through some form of arbitrary curtailment or intercalation or through the suspension of the calendar during winter. Against this, 8274: 2551:) an official day of rest in AD 321. The hebdomadal week was also reckoned as a cycle of letters from A to G; these were adapted for Christian use as the 1739: 5629: 4333:

BC") actually began on March 15, 205BC, and ended on March 14, 204 BC, according to the Roman calendar but may have begun as early as November or December 206

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It is clear that, for a variety of reasons, the intercalation necessary for the system's accuracy was not always observed. Astronomical events recorded in

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and the Roman M. Flavius. Its main lines involved the insertion of ten additional days throughout the calendar and regular intercalation of a single

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The consuls' terms of office were not always a modern calendar year, but ordinary consuls were elected or appointed annually. The traditional

8161: 1122:, as were the two new months of the calendar. Most sources thought he had established intercalation with the rest of his calendar. Although 10671: 10347: 8703: 7975: 2299: 6305: 4122:

tax cycle. These cycles were not distinguished, however, so that "year 2 of the indiction" may refer to any of 298, 313, 328, &c. The

2263:, which designated the religious and legal character of each month's days. The Romans marked each day of such calendars with the letters: 8745: 8733: 1181:

BC to respond to a rebellion in Hispania. Plutarch believed Numa was responsible for placing January and February first in the calendar;

8792: 2200:). In classical Latin, this use continued for the three principal days of the month but other days were idiomatically expressed in the 533:

has argued that the early calendars used by Rome and its neighbors were more probably observational of seasonal markers in nature (the

157:, beginning in spring with March and leaving winter as an unassigned span of days before the next year. These months each had 30 or 31 2591:, their position in the calendar when it began around the spring equinox in March. Others are uncertain. February may derive from the 3841:

February. February was broken into two parts, each with an odd number of days. The first part ended with the Terminalia on the 23rd (

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There are some documents which state the month had been renamed as early as 26 or 23 BC, but the date of the Lex Pacuvia is certain.

1126:'s Numa instituted a lunar calendar, the author claimed the king had instituted a 19-year system of intercalation equivalent to the 8708: 4713: 6157: 5639: 10080: 8718: 4146: 6406: 5388:: " In the five hundred and ninety-eighth year after the founding of the city, the consuls began to enter upon their office on 1 3789:

The anomalous status of the new 31-day months under the Julian calendar was an effect of Caesar's desire to avoid affecting the

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order of the years under the republic—seems to have changed several times. Their inaugurations were finally moved to January 1(

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can lead to the mistaken belief that Roman dates correspond to Julian or Gregorian ones. In fact, the essentially complete

3778:), without a mention of March itself. The day after a kalends, nones, or ides was also often expressed as the "day after" ( 613:

until at least the end of the 4th century. Although most Roman festivals in the historical record were closely tied to the

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and took on an important role in Roman legislation, which was supposed to be announced for three nundinal weeks (between

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for another example). The Roman superstitions concerning the numbering and order of the months seem to have arisen from

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of March; they were traditionally part of the celebration for the new year. There was occasionally a delay of one day (a

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At 365.25 days, the Julian calendar remained slightly longer than the solar year (365.24 days). By the 16th century, the

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and Roman dating counted down inclusively towards the next such day in any month. (For example, the year-end festival of

6348: 6332: 5417: 2583:; and the months Quintilis, Sextilis, September, October, November, and December are archaic adjectives formed from the 10465: 8337: 7793: 4322: 518:

and, without adjustment, such a year would have quickly rotated out of alignment with the seasons in the manner of the

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After the Julian reform until late in the imperial period, this day was reckoned to last 48 hours during a leap year.

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during an unorganized winter period. The unattested but almost certain lunar year and the pre-Julian civil year were

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days. This refinement brings the calendar back in line with the seasons and averages the length of the year to 365.25

983:, who used it as the schedule of royal audiences. It was presumably a part of the early calendar and was credited in 10973: 10302: 10020: 8693: 8342: 8269: 7452: 2380:, "halved") on days when most political and religious activities were prohibited in the morning and evening due to 6429: 4662:

In leap years late in the imperial period, February was reckoned as a 29 day month with all days lasting 24 hours.

2535:. The system was originally used for private worship and astrology but had replaced the nundinal week by the time 2462:

from A to H marking its place in the cycle of market days. Each year, the letter used for the markets would shift

1096: 8286: 8219: 6813: 6788:, vol. II, Part 2, translated by Stokes, Felix, Stuttgart: J.B. Metzlersche Buchhandlung, pp. 2313–2344 6241: 4585:

The NP days are sometimes thought to mark days when political and judicial activities were prohibited only until

298: 17: 5385: 5093: 546: 9040: 8965: 8723: 6678: 6096: 5994: 1921: 656:) and six months of "30" days—April, June, Sextilis, September, November, and December—called "hollow months" ( 6682: 6444: 2503:. Intercalation was supposedly used to avoid such coincidences, even after the Julian reform of the calendar. 10712: 10460: 9536: 2381: 1197:

continued to treat January and February as the last months of the calendar throughout the Republican period.

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reports this tradition while claiming that the months had more probably predated or originated with Romulus.

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long, with the difference from the solar year more or less corrected by an irregular intercalary month. The

10455: 9376: 8980: 8432: 8147: 7798: 7736: 7529: 3974: 2529: 118:. Although the term is primarily used for Rome's pre-Julian calendars, it is often used inclusively of the 6246:, Loeb Classical Library, vol. 283, Cato vol. III, translated by Hooper, William Davis; et al., 5373: 1095:) for the purpose of avoiding a clash between a particular festival and a particular day of the week (see 684:'s lost history apparently similarly stated that even the earliest Roman calendar employed intercalation. 10645: 10515: 10075: 10000: 9759: 8815: 8698: 8244: 7636: 6964: 542: 260: 10855: 10835: 10035: 9699: 9591: 9361: 9133: 8955: 8863: 8728: 8671: 7970: 7775: 7611: 7120: 6631: 6501: 6488: 6336: 4150: 4135: 530: 349: 6415:, vol. I, translated by Roberts, Canon; et al., London: J.M. Dent & Sons, archived from 5321: 5021: 4785: 4723: 10845: 10817: 10650: 10429: 10055: 9148: 9103: 9030: 8950: 8898: 8888: 8840: 8187: 7740: 6601: 6291: 4931: 4895: 2483: 6543: 1999:

cycles beginning from the AD 297 census; these became the required format for official dating under

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states January began as the first month and February the last, with its present order owing to the

702:, although this was common with other practices and traditions whose origin had been lost to them. 359: 316:. Even when the nundinal cycles had completely departed from correlation with the moon's phases, a 3849:), which was considered the end of the religious year; the five remaining days beginning with the 3818:

under the new system. The ambiguity caused honorary festivals to be held on either or both dates.

450:

ordered a further correction to the calendar method, resulting in the establishment of the modern

30:"Roman month" redirects here. For the unit of military contribution in the Holy Roman Empire, see 10963: 10850: 10800: 10587: 10434: 10065: 10045: 9985: 9975: 9965: 9371: 9060: 8960: 8940: 8855: 8845: 8550: 8490: 8470: 8182: 7621: 7490: 6908: 4913: 4576:

The original 31-day months of the Roman calendar were March, May, Quintilis or July, and October.

4261: 2536: 2519: 1950: 1882: 1830: 1600: 1155: 1135: 1018: 873: 526: 422: 7053: 255:, shortened most other months accordingly, and brought everything into rough alignment with the 10978: 10750: 10551: 10297: 10196: 10070: 10060: 10010: 9990: 9804: 9779: 9744: 9626: 9351: 8998: 8760: 8291: 7447: 7071: 6809: 6794: 6577: 6391: 4504: 4453: 2632: 2577: 2217: 1838: 1693: 1662: 1194: 1131: 1110:

These Pythagorean-based changes to the Roman calendar were generally credited by the Romans to

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kept Caesar out of the city for years at a time, the calendar was repeatedly left unadjusted.

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January. The cause of this change in the date of the elections was a rebellion in Hispania."

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The 30-day months established by the Julian reform were April, June, September, and November.

4441: 4297: 4123: 4083: 4021: 4011: 3894:(February 21), or the Terminalia (February 23) rather than the intercalary or March kalends. 2500: 2491: 2004: 1865: 1817: 1631: 1068: 891: 375: 217: 147: 2514:

in the early imperial period, as practitioners and converts to eastern religions introduced

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attempted to add themselves to the calendar after Augustus, but without enduring success.

2276:, "permissible") on days when it was legal to initiate action in the courts of civil law ( 1033:(368.75 days), which align every fourth year after two additions of an intercalary month ( 651: 8: 10812: 10707: 10625: 10615: 10390: 10307: 10287: 10277: 10104: 9980: 9829: 9631: 9501: 9451: 8770: 8367: 8037: 7808: 7770: 7606: 7556: 7406: 7384: 7379: 7325: 7255: 7223: 4398: 1861: 1807:{\displaystyle {\frac {355\cdot 13+377\cdot 7+378\cdot 4}{24}}={\frac {8766}{24}}=365.25} 476:, containing the months of January, March, April, and December and a portion of February. 312:

but the calendar and its rituals were otherwise very conservatively maintained until the

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and honorary consuls were sometimes elected or appointed but were not used in dating.)

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being prepared or offered but were acceptable for a period in the middle of the day

2240:, this idiom was sometimes abandoned in favor of again using the ablative of time. 2185: 2162: 2017: 1941: 1870: 1538: 1510: 1403: 1289: 835: 820: 799: 756: 519: 379: 355: 287: 189: 6073: 2388:

Each day was also marked by a letter from A to H to indicate its place within the

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As mentioned above, Rome's legendary 10-month calendar notionally lasted for 304

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When it was thought necessary to add (every two years) an intercalary month of

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in 46 BC. This was undertaken by a group of scholars apparently including the

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show the civil calendar had varied from the solar year by an entire season in

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BC. Beyond that, dates are roughly known based on clues such as the dates of

4197:). There is reason to believe the inauguration date had been May 1during the 4190: 4131: 4074:, from 509 BC, years were most commonly described in terms of their reigning 4063: 2573: 2532: 1875: 1857: 1151: 1127: 1119: 1063: 1056: 1030: 695: 443: 389:

in 46 BC, coincidentally making the year of his third consulship last for 446

386: 363: 313: 130: 126: 111: 8069: 4698: 3985:

Although there are many stories to interpret the intercalation, a period of

670:. The months were kept in alignment with the moon, however, by counting the 10770: 10568: 10282: 10257: 10242: 10208: 10168: 9889: 9749: 9194: 9143: 9098: 9093: 8945: 8755: 8641: 8585: 8580: 8352: 8236: 8170: 8025: 8000: 7875: 7803: 7293: 4859: 4249:). Under the Julian calendar, the year began on January 1 but years of the 4091: 4075: 4059: 2443: 2350: 1976: 1929: 1470: 1142:'s account claims he ended the former chaos of the calendar by employing 12 1100: 984: 793: 699: 692: 606: 321: 309: 294: 291: 144: 6875: 4313:

show the calendar four months out of alignment with the Julian date in 190

3948:

There is another theory which says that in intercalary years February had

324:, to claim that he had observed the new moon, and to offer a sacrifice to 10470: 10367: 10329: 10312: 10247: 10228: 10161: 10141: 9684: 9306: 9128: 9018: 8412: 8005: 7931: 7900: 7895: 7813: 7303: 6852:, translated by Mackail, John William, London: Longmans, Green, & Co. 6716:

The Roman Calendar from Numa to Constantine: Time, History, and the Fasti

6618:

The Fourteen Books of Palladius Rutilius Taurus Aemilianus on Agriculture

6166:, vol. X, New York: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1911, pp. 192–193 5173: 4488: 4277: 4269: 4154: 4067: 3923: 3862: 3827: 2565: 2511: 2447: 2000: 1980: 1925: 1358: 1240: 1163: 1040: 1022: 589:

invariably date their practices based on suitable conditions or upon the

503: 31: 7651: 6651:, translated by Bostock, John; et al., London: Taylor & Francis 6023: 10237: 10232: 10127: 9909: 9849: 9814: 9606: 9541: 9531: 9426: 9311: 9199: 8782: 8750: 8495: 8422: 8254: 8249: 8020: 8015: 7950: 7940: 7935: 7760: 7125: 6562: 6376: 6271: 6256: 5199: 5083: 5033: 4814: 4464: 4139: 4115: 4032: 3887: 3850: 2592: 2569: 2507: 2487: 2479: 2237: 1992: 1954: 1879: 1329: 1104: 1026: 1014: 707: 703: 634: 566: 515: 426: 367: 256: 252: 8139: 6280:, translated by Maude, William, New York: Cambridge Encyclopedia Press 4986: 4984: 4982: 4980: 4365:—are used to generate contested chronologies back to the start of the 4337:

BC owing to its misalignment. Even following the establishment of the

4051:

doubled in length every fourth year, almost equivalent to the present

3786:) owing to their special status as particularly unlucky "black days". 972:) would come before March (which was named for Mars, the god of war). 557:. She considers that this more sensibly accounts for later legends of 231: 10927: 10907: 10640: 10600: 10337: 10146: 9939: 9934: 9894: 9819: 9789: 9769: 9646: 9586: 9496: 9446: 9441: 9366: 9326: 9214: 9184: 8993: 8868: 8661: 8545: 8520: 8399: 8098: 8062: 8030: 7926: 7905: 7885: 7009: 6477:

People, Personal Expression, and Social Relations in Late Antiquity,

6440: 6425: 6301: 6286: 5351: 5037: 4890: 4618:, to stand for "Permissible when the King Has Entered the Comitium" ( 4525: 4250: 4119: 3910: 2638:

In classical Latin, the days of each month were usually reckoned as:

2612: 2467: 2369: 2243:

The kalends were the day for payment of debts and the account books (

2154: 1996: 1437: 1253: 1186: 1170: 1010: 980: 868: 777: 676: 582: 554: 248: 205: 87: 6611: 6011: 5999: 5327: 5099: 5050: 228: 10922: 10760: 10404: 10317: 9899: 9884: 9874: 9859: 9774: 9764: 9734: 9724: 9719: 9709: 9611: 9526: 9406: 9391: 9321: 9301: 9291: 9286: 9266: 9065: 8646: 8610: 8500: 8427: 8259: 8093: 7890: 6924: 6832: 6674: 6657: 6035: 5533: 4977: 4877: 4537: 4362: 4048: 3795: 2580: 2522: 2435: 2421: 2253: 2146: 2044:

forward to the next one of three principal days within each month:

1945: 1886: 1139: 950: 922: 904: 717: 671: 499: 488: 406: 197: 133: 107: 91: 7646: 5704: 5218: 4503:, which usually dated the Roman months in the simple count of the 2322:) on days when political and judicial activities were prohibited ( 2141:

day of hollow ones, one day earlier than the middle of each month.

1046:

According to Livy, it was Numa Pompilius, the second king of Rome

10932: 10156: 10151: 9919: 9914: 9904: 9869: 9864: 9854: 9799: 9784: 9601: 9596: 9581: 9551: 9506: 9486: 9466: 9421: 9153: 9008: 8787: 8595: 8590: 8480: 6300: 4374: 3891: 2608: 2603:("purifications, expiatory offerings"), whose name may be either 2439: 2412: 2049: 2035: 1115: 1080: 988: 960: 886: 688: 558: 534: 185: 150: 64: 6596: 6047: 5521: 4357:

and a few known synchronisms—e.g., a Roman date in terms of the

3945:

days (making 377 for the year) or 28 (making 378 for the year).

565:

and the great irregularity in Italian month lengths recorded in

522:. Given the seasonal aspects of the calendar and its associated 9929: 9809: 9739: 9679: 9674: 9641: 9401: 9386: 9336: 9316: 8738: 8615: 8510: 6843: 6828: 6362: 5557: 5135: 4872: 4346: 4175: 2540: 2471: 2012: 850: 602: 578: 506:

is about 29.5 days long, such months would have varied between

275: 6491:(1949), "The 'Calendar of Numa' and the Pre-Julian Calendar", 6121: 2631:

or derive from archaic terms for "senior" and "junior". A few

2184:

The days of the month were expressed in early Latin using the

10357: 10096: 9714: 9436: 9163: 8455: 7880: 6307:

Of Husbandry in Twelve Books and His Book Concerning Trees...

6285: 5617: 4854: 4428: 4260:, some provinces maintained their records using a local era. 4111: 4087: 3933: 2455: 2259: 1295: 1009:

was quite different. It had twelve months, already including

969: 766: 745: 610: 574: 154: 6893: 6690:, Loeb Classical Library, translated by Perrin, Bernadotte, 1173:, the beginning of the consular year changed from March to 1 10291: 10173: 9924: 9491: 9431: 9013: 8389: 8010: 6573: 6558: 6402: 6387: 4586: 4310: 4206: 4016: 2466:

along the cycle. As a day when the city swelled with rural

2429: 2216:). This anomaly may have followed the treatment of days in 2208:, and took the form "6th day before the December Kalends" ( 2008: 1975:

In large part, this calendar continued unchanged under the

1476: 1182: 1123: 830: 809: 550: 332: 302: 184:. In particular, the most important days of each month—its 166: 4606:

The QRCF days are sometimes supposed, on the basis of the

4287: 2188:, denoting points in time, in the contracted form "the 6th 1543:

Fifth Month (from the earlier calendar starting in March)

1062:

The inequality between the lunar year of 355 days and the

10191: 8485: 5680: 4967: 4965: 4729: 4349:, which permit an established chronology back to about 58 788: 158: 6582:, translated by Kline, Anthony S., Poetry in Translation 5993:, 20.28, tr. William Maude, New York 1900, available at 5001: 4999: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4031:

days but was usually thought to make up the rest of the

1820:

used by the Romans to date their years began in 509 BC.

1089:

being inserted between February 23 and the start of the

405:

days. The Julian calendar was designed to have a single

1097:

Hebrew calendar § Rosh Hashanah postponement rules

6842: 6808: 6785:

Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft

6641: 5692: 5545: 5509: 5497: 4962: 4950: 4149:(r. 189 BC) wrote a commentary on the calendar at his 2103:

days—i.e. the ninth day—before the Ides in every month

949:

Other traditions existed alongside this one, however.

687:

Later Roman writers usually credited this calendar to

409:

every fourth year by repeating February 24 (a doubled

177:. This fixed calendar bore traces of its origin as an 60:, a painted wall-calendar from the late Roman Republic 5454: 5452: 5450: 5339: 5111: 5062: 4996: 4791: 3926:

began on the second day after February 23 and, in 167

2236:

once it moved to the beginning of the expression. In

1742: 354:

or before, control of intercalation was given to the

27:

Calendar used by the Roman Kingdom and Roman Republic

6883:"Theological commentary on the daily Gospel Reading" 6878:

The North American Institute of Living Latin Studies

6549:

The Period Anterior to the Abolition of the Monarchy

6133: 4388: 3861:) formed the second part; and the intercalary month 2450:, and some other parts of Roman territory. By Roman 593:, with only occasional supplementary mention of the 282:

system later credited to Numa during the kingdom or

10672:

Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP)

6865:

Chris Bennett's reconstruction of early Roman dates

6236: 6187: 6179:

Latin Syntax, Chiefly from the German of C.G. Zumpt

6078: 6072:, 6.13, tr. Roland Kent, London 1938, available at 5423: 5395: 5224: 4938: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4491:, which continued the unique months of that land's 597:of their times until the 4th or 5th century author 6827: 6793: 5447: 5266: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5258: 1806: 6538: 6324:The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic 5435: 5317: 5017: 4781: 4719: 2458:included a column giving every day of the year a 1225: 1222: 1219: 666:). These "304" days made up exactly 38 86:, with the seventh and eighth months still named 10955: 6368:Mélanges de l'École Française de Rome: Antiquité 4741: 3882:and bearing the normal festivals of such dates. 2416:), showing its nundinal letters on the left side 706:considered him to have borrowed the system from 569:. Roman works on agriculture including those of 6221: 6200:Le Calendrier Romain: Recherches Chronologiques 6197: 5710: 5255: 393:days. This new Julian calendar was an entirely 6739:Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic 6621:, translated by Owen, Thomas, London: J. White 5079: 5077: 4292:The continuity of names from the Roman to the 4186:, before which they had occurred on March 15 ( 2298:days during which the Roman people could hold 642: 247:that divided winter between the two months of 212:formally proclaimed each of these days on the 10112: 8155: 6909: 6182:, Boston: Charles C. Little & James Brown 6107: 6105: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5233: 6704:(in Latin), Milan: Società Editrice Libraria 6456:, No. 510, translated by Kaster, Robert A., 5152: 5150: 4524:Two days in a row were given the same date. 2438:were the market days which formed a kind of 2165:. The day before each was known as its eve ( 6719:, translated by Richardson, D.M.B., Wiley, 6353:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities 5650: 5648: 5074: 4620: 4612: 4591: 4243: 4235: 4227: 4219: 4211: 4188: 4160: 4096: 3930:BC, it began on the day after February 23. 3876: 3868: 3855: 3843: 3812: 3804: 3780: 3772: 2617: 2597: 2545: 2486:sometimes exploited this fact as a kind of 2374: 2362: 2324: 2304: 2278: 2245: 2230: 2222: 2210: 2194: 2175: 2167: 2157:. The kalends of each month were sacred to 2127: 2119: 2111: 2085: 2077: 2063: 2055: 1966: 1934: 1928:had Caesar's birth month Quintilis renamed 1900: 1892: 1090: 1084: 1073: 1034: 722:interpretation by late Republican writers. 715: 658: 649: 626: 468: 430: 416: 410: 347: 225: 70: 52: 10119: 10105: 8162: 8148: 8114: 6916: 6902: 6887:Apostolic Movement (Roman Catholic Church) 6529:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6360: 6270: 6212:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6155: 6102: 5839: 5837: 5515: 5483: 5481: 5479: 5477: 5475: 5473: 5471: 5469: 5467: 5296: 5230: 4704: 4528:continued well into the sixteenth century. 4300:allows general certainty of years back to 4209:mentions earlier inaugurations on May 15 ( 3973:. It led to the reform of the 191 BC 3897:The third-century writer Censorinus says: 2478:) in advance of its coming to a vote. The 1103:superstitions concerning the luckiness of 37:For the Catholic liturgical calendar, see 6493:Transactions & Proceedings of the APA 6482:, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press 6474: 6111: 5578: 5576: 5574: 5572: 5487: 5147: 4345:particularly the speeches and letters of 4321:BC. Thus, "the year of the consulship of 4317:BC and two months out of alignment in 168 236:, the 6th day before the March kalends.) 173:—and ending with religious rituals and a 10667:Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA) 6733: 6363:"À Propos de la Carrière de Cn. Flavius" 6064: 6062: 5686: 5645: 5603: 5601: 5599: 5597: 5595: 4549:This equivalence was first described by 4276:38. This dating system continued as the 4153:that claimed January had been named for 4132:those based on Diocletian's persecutions 4015: 2642:Days of the month in the Roman Calendar 2399: 2149:, the nones occurring on the day of the 594: 461: 68:Another reproduction of the fragmentary 63: 45: 8169: 6774: 6762: 6699: 6542:(1864), Dickson, William Purdie (ed.), 6500: 6487: 6401: 6361:Lanfranchi, Thibaud (October 3, 2013), 6355:, London: John Murray, pp. 223–233 6188:Blackburn, Bonnie; et al. (1999), 6139: 6127: 6084: 5834: 5551: 5503: 5464: 5369: 5357: 4971: 4956: 4944: 4802: 4777: 4775: 4773: 4771: 4769: 4767: 4765: 4735: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4288:Conversion to Julian or Gregorian dates 4130:used various Christian eras, including 2181:) was considered particularly unlucky. 1158:—and a biennial intercalary month of 22 510:. Twelve such months would have fallen 482: 171:counted inclusively in the Roman manner 14: 10956: 6673: 6439: 6318: 6255: 5569: 5458: 5429: 5345: 5270: 5141: 5117: 5068: 5005: 4264:dated its records sequentially from 39 2257:. The public Roman calendars were the 2251:) kept for them gave English its word 1000: 498:whose months ended and began from the 98:("INTER") in the far right-hand column 10100: 8143: 6897: 6750: 6709: 6572: 6424: 6330: 6059: 6029: 6017: 6005: 5698: 5670: 5635: 5592: 5563: 5539: 5441: 5413: 5333: 5311: 5302: 5156: 5129: 5105: 5056: 4990: 4756: 2348:(uncertain) on days when the "king" ( 1714: 1228: 939: 418:ante diem bis sextum Kalendas Martias 274:and other activities in their proper 6656: 6613:Rutilius Taurus Aemilianus Palladius 6598:Rutilius Taurus Aemilianus Palladius 6171: 5654: 5607: 5582: 5286: 5245: 4762: 4565: 3832:The Republican calendar only had 355 2623:("to open"). May and June may honor 2516:Hellenistic and Babylonian astrology 1130:centuries before its development by 1017:during the winter. It also followed 491:is usually believed to have been an 6849:The Eclogues and Georgics of Virgil 6346: 5045: 4070:was common in antiquity. Under the 3918:have been generally correct. In 170 3354:ante diem septimum decimum Kalendas 633:, "proclaimed festivals") like the 425:, the priests mistakenly added the 165:, each forming a kind of eight-day 24: 10466:Adoption of the Gregorian calendar 6889:(in English, French, and Spanish). 6507:The Calendar of the Roman Republic 4323:Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus 3913:says that the Romans intercalated 3460:ante diem tertium decimum Kalendas 3434:ante diem quartum decimum Kalendas 3408:ante diem quintum decimum Kalendas 1987:, which Augustus had adapted from 208:respectively. To a late date, the 139:According to most Roman accounts, 122:established by the reforms of the 25: 10990: 6858: 6626: 6591:, Oxford: Oxford University Press 6302:Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella 6287:Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella 6192:, Oxford: Oxford University Press 5527: 4553:in his history of ancient Greece. 3382:ante diem sextum decimum Kalendas 3326:ante diem duodevicesimum Kalendas 2153:, and the ides on the day of the 2137:day of "full months" and the 13th 1906:—before the kalends of December. 1825: 609:, continued to be the focus of a 442:had shifted so far away from the 243:was then usually credited with a 8124: 8123: 8113: 6557: 6386: 6341:, Chicago: University of Chicago 6190:The Oxford Companion to the Year 6053: 6041: 5623: 5401: 4391: 3821: 3399: 3370: 3361: 3339: 3308: 3298:ante diem undevicesimum Kalendas 3068: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3056: 2925: 2922: 2919: 2916: 2607:or preserve an archaic word for 2336:(uncertain) on public holidays ( 1989:their wandering ancient calendar 1951:Julian calendar: Leap year error 1909: 1846: 611:prestigious dedicated priesthood 537:of trees), animal behavior (the 385:Victorious in civil war, Caesar 339:and was still two months off in 10348:English and British regnal year 7976:English and British regnal year 6867:in terms of the Julian calendar 6326:, New York: Macmillan & Co. 6277:De Die Natali ("The Natal Day") 6090: 5983: 5970: 5951: 5932: 5913: 5894: 5875: 5856: 5811: 5792: 5773: 5754: 5735: 5716: 5379: 5280: 5192: 5166: 5132:, Book I, Ch. 12, §§5 & 38. 5027: 4920: 4902: 4884: 4866: 4848: 4830: 4674: 4665: 4656: 4647: 4638: 4629: 4600: 4579: 4556: 4543: 4531: 4090:. After the institution of the 3535:The 10th day before the Kalends 3509:The 11th day before the Kalends 3483:The 12th day before the Kalends 3457:The 13th day before the Kalends 3431:The 14th day before the Kalends 3405:The 15th day before the Kalends 3379:The 16th day before the Kalends 3351:The 17th day before the Kalends 3323:The 18th day before the Kalends 3295:The 19th day before the Kalends 2212:ante diem VI Kalendas Decembres 2007:formally established the 7-day 1940:) in his honor. After Antony's 1118:'s successor and the second of 549:) combined with observation of 263:. This is a typical element of 196:—seem to have derived from the 10126: 6871:Early Roman Calendar – History 6441:Macrobius Ambrosius Theodosius 6426:Macrobius Ambrosius Theodosius 6097:Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum 4808: 4518: 4483:The term does not include the 4477: 3936:, writing in the first century 3717:The 3rd day before the Kalends 3691:The 4th day before the Kalends 3665:The 5th day before the Kalends 3639:The 6th day before the Kalends 3613:The 7th day before the Kalends 3587:The 8th day before the Kalends 3561:The 9th day before the Kalends 267:and was necessary to keep the 13: 1: 10461:Old Style and New Style dates 6923: 6757:, New York: American Book Co. 4687: 4140:the supposed age of the world 3743:On the day before the Kalends 3486:ante diem duodecimum Kalendas 1444:Apru might have been derived 1209: 1202: 1059:, Rome's first code of law.) 1005:The attested calendar of the 299:establishment of the Republic 78: 10413:Pre-Julian / Julian 8734:Frontiers and fortifications 6769:, London: J. & R. Tonson 6754:A Greek Grammar for Colleges 6751:Smyth, Herbert Weir (1920), 6702:Leges Publicae Populi Romani 6475:Mathieson, Ralph W. (2003), 6460:: Harvard University Press, 4692: 4253:cycle began on September 1. 3975:Acilian Law on Intercalation 3874:and the other picking up at 3741: 3715: 3689: 3663: 3637: 3611: 3585: 3559: 3533: 3512:ante diem undecimum Kalendas 3507: 3481: 3455: 3429: 3403: 3377: 3349: 3321: 3293: 3254: 3228: 3202: 3176: 3150: 3124: 3098: 3072: 3046: 3007: 2981: 2955: 2931:The 3rd day before the Nones 2929: 2905:The 4th day before the Nones 2903: 2879:The 5th day before the Nones 2877: 2853:The 6th day before the Nones 2851: 2812: 2786: 2470:, they were overseen by the 2206:expressed a duration of time 2095:day of "full months" and 5th 2069:), the 1st day of each month 1958:Lex Pacuvia de Mense Augusto 1071:and in a normal year it was 562: 140: 136:in the late 1st century BC. 7: 10646:Geological history of Earth 10516:Astronomical year numbering 8793:Decorations and punishments 6502:Michels, Agnes Kirsopp Lake 6489:Michels, Agnes Kirsopp Lake 6347:Key, Thomas Hewitt (1875), 4384: 4066:is uncertain but dating by 3748: 3745: 3742: 3722: 3719: 3716: 3696: 3693: 3690: 3670: 3667: 3664: 3644: 3641: 3638: 3618: 3616:ante diem septimum Kalendas 3615: 3612: 3592: 3589: 3586: 3566: 3563: 3560: 3540: 3537: 3534: 3514: 3511: 3508: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3462: 3459: 3456: 3436: 3433: 3430: 3410: 3407: 3404: 3384: 3381: 3378: 3356: 3353: 3350: 3328: 3325: 3322: 3300: 3297: 3294: 3260: 3255: 3235: 3232: 3229: 3209: 3206: 3203: 3183: 3180: 3178:The 3rd day before the Ides 3177: 3157: 3154: 3152:The 4th day before the Ides 3151: 3131: 3128: 3126:The 5th day before the Ides 3125: 3105: 3102: 3100:The 6th day before the Ides 3099: 3079: 3076: 3074:The 7th day before the Ides 3073: 3053: 3050: 3048:The 8th day before the Ides 3047: 3013: 3008: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2962: 2959: 2957:On the day before the Nones 2956: 2936: 2933: 2930: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2884: 2881: 2878: 2858: 2855: 2852: 2818: 2813: 2793: 2790: 2787: 2668:Months before Julian reform 2354:) could convene an assembly 1876:reformation of the calendar 1201:Roman Republican calendar ( 643:Legendary 10-month calendar 328:to solemnize each kalends. 286:under the influence of the 10: 10995: 9700:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 8275:historiography of the fall 6822:: Harvard University Press 6800:Rerum Rusticarum Libri III 6776:Wissowa, Georg Otto August 6745:: Cornell University Press 6700:Rotondi, Giovanni (1912), 6694:: Harvard University Press 6250:: Harvard University Press 6148: 6044:, Book XLIII, Ch. 11, §13. 6032:, Book I, Ch. 13, §16, 19. 5225:Blackburn & al. (1999) 4151:Temple of Hercules Musarum 4020:A fragment of an imperial 4009: 3825: 3720:ante diem tertium Kalendas 3694:ante diem quartum Kalendas 3668:ante diem quintum Kalendas 3590:ante diem octavum Kalendas 3538:ante diem decimum Kalendas 3204:On the day before the Ides 2711:Months after Julian reform 2611:. April may relate to the 2419: 2033: 1913: 1850: 457: 36: 29: 10900: 10884: 10868: 10826: 10818:Thermoluminescence dating 10736: 10725: 10713:Samarium–neodymium dating 10680: 10659: 10633: 10624: 10586: 10524: 10479: 10443: 10412: 10403: 10366: 10328: 10207: 10182: 10134: 10081:External wars and battles 9948: 9842: 9655: 9247: 9240: 9162: 9074: 8979: 8854: 8806: 8684: 8634: 8573: 8564: 8446: 8398: 8318: 8235: 8205: 8196: 8178: 8109: 8050: 7914: 7868: 7857: 7827: 7784: 7719: 7522: 7468: 7435: 7029: 7018: 6957: 6931: 6589:Oxford English Dictionary 6552:, London: Richard Bentley 5204:Dictionary.com Unabridged 5178:Dictionary.com Unabridged 5144:, pp. 137 & 155. 4622:Quando Rex Comitiavit Fas 4258:Egypt's separate calendar 3909:The fifth-century writer 3642:ante diem sextum Kalendas 2815:The day after the Kalends 2709: 2666: 2646: 2615:goddess Apru or the verb 2558: 1697: 1692: 1686: 1666: 1661: 1655: 1635: 1630: 1624: 1604: 1599: 1593: 1573: 1568: 1562: 1542: 1537: 1531: 1508: 1503: 1497: 1474: 1469: 1463: 1435: 1430: 1424: 1401: 1396: 1390: 1327: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1293: 1288: 1282: 1268: 1259: 1246: 1233: 739: 736: 733: 730: 621:, there remained several 618: 244: 143:was established by their 10532:Chinese sexagenary cycle 6763:Stanyan, Temple (1707), 6668:] (in Ancient Greek) 6315:, anonymous translation. 6198:Brind'Amour, P. (1983), 6163:Encyclopaedia Britannica 5318:Mommsen & al. (1864) 5018:Mommsen & al. (1864) 4782:Mommsen & al. (1864) 4720:Mommsen & al. (1864) 4470: 4329:" (usually given as "205 4327:Publius Licinius Crassus 4005: 3810:in the old calendar but 3564:ante diem nonum Kalendas 2572:; July and August honor 2510:began to be observed in 2410:for the month of April ( 2395: 360:active political leaders 358:but—as these were often 320:was obliged to meet the 10974:Culture of ancient Rome 10746:Amino acid racemisation 10076:Roman–Iranian relations 8551:Optimates and populares 7044:Assamese (Bhāshkarābda) 6174:"Of the Roman Calendar" 6056:, Book XLV, Ch. 44, §3. 4505:ancient Greek calendars 3798:'s birthday on the 23rd 3077:ante diem septimum Idus 3010:The day after the Nones 2934:ante diem tertium Nonas 2908:ante diem quartum Nonas 2882:ante diem quintum Nonas 2576:and his successor, the 2196:VI Kalendis Decembribus 2173:); the day after each ( 2029: 1150:days—the length of the 975:Rome's 8-day week, the 295:Southern Italian Greeks 141:their original calendar 10751:Archaeomagnetic dating 10263:Era of Caesar (Iberia) 10086:Civil wars and revolts 9352:Sextus Pompeius Festus 8999:Conflict of the Orders 8358:Legislative assemblies 8075:Dungeons & Dragons 7481:Ethiopian and Eritrean 6844:Publius Vergilius Maro 6829:Publius Vergilius Maro 6810:Marcus Terentius Varro 6795:Marcus Terentius Varro 6735:Scullard, Howard Hayes 6643:Gaius Plinius Secundus 6628:Gaius Plinius Secundus 6454:Loeb Classical Library 6172:Beck, Charles (1838), 6020:, Book I, Ch. 13, §15. 6008:, Book I, Ch. 13, §12. 5530:, Book XVIII, Ch. 211. 5336:, Book I, Ch. 12, §34. 5108:, Book I, Ch. 13, §20. 5059:, Book I, Ch. 12, §39. 4621: 4613: 4592: 4456:of the Catholic Church 4454:General Roman Calendar 4244: 4236: 4228: 4220: 4212: 4189: 4161: 4097: 4086:were displayed on the 4024: 3907: 3877: 3869: 3856: 3844: 3813: 3805: 3781: 3773: 3257:The day after the Ides 3181:ante diem tertium Idus 3155:ante diem quartum Idus 3129:ante diem quintum Idus 3051:ante diem octavum Idus 2856:ante diem sextum Nonas 2618: 2598: 2546: 2417: 2375: 2363: 2325: 2305: 2279: 2246: 2231: 2223: 2211: 2195: 2176: 2168: 2128: 2120: 2112: 2086: 2078: 2064: 2056: 1967: 1935: 1922:Caesar's assassination 1901: 1893: 1808: 1091: 1085: 1074: 1039:), sometimes known as 1035: 979:, was shared with the 716: 659: 650: 627: 477: 469: 448:Pope Gregory XIII 431: 423:Caesar's assassination 417: 411: 348: 226: 153:. It consisted of ten 99: 72:Fasti Antiates Maiores 71: 61: 55:Fasti Antiates Maiores 53: 50:A reproduction of the 39:General Roman Calendar 10651:Geological time units 9795:Simplicius of Cilicia 9547:Quintus Curtius Rufus 8776:Siege in Ancient Rome 8385:Executive magistrates 8087:The Lord of the Rings 7794:Hanke–Henry Permanent 6876:Roman Date Calculator 6579:On the Roman Calendar 6545:The History of Rome, 6331:Grout, James (2023), 6070:On the Latin language 5542:, Book I, Ch. 14, §2. 5418:Book II, Introduction 5360:, Book I, Ch. 19, §6. 4993:, Book I, Ch. 12, §3. 4442:List of Roman consuls 4298:list of Roman consuls 4062:before and under the 4019: 4012:List of Roman consuls 3899: 3802:day of September was 3103:ante diem sextum Idus 2492:tribunes of the plebs 2403: 2228:with the preposition 2099:day of hollow ones, 8 1818:list of Roman consuls 1809: 1357:Intercalaris Mensis ( 465: 387:reformed the calendar 67: 49: 10703:Law of superposition 10698:Isotope geochemistry 9805:Stephanus Byzantinus 9710:Eusebius of Caesaria 9572:Sidonius Apollinaris 9262:Ammianus Marcellinus 8601:Tribune of the plebs 6684:The Parallel Lives, 6574:Publius Ovidius Naso 6559:Publius Ovidius Naso 6338:Encyclopaedia Romana 6333:"The Roman Calendar" 5640:Book I, Introduction 5626:, Book I, ll. 55–56. 4485:Alexandrian calendar 4241:), and December 15 ( 4136:Christ's incarnation 1985:Alexandrian calendar 1839:App. Claudius Caecus 1740: 1169:According to Livy's 1146:months totalling 354 940:Length of the year: 726:Calendar of Romulus 483:Prehistoric calendar 239:Romulus's successor 224:February was called 10836:Fluorine absorption 10813:Luminescence dating 10708:Luminescence dating 10616:Milankovitch cycles 10456:Proleptic Gregorian 10288:Hindu units of time 9981:Distinguished women 9632:Velleius Paterculus 9472:Nicolaus Damascenus 9452:Marcellus Empiricus 8841:Republican currency 7799:International Fixed 7737:Proleptic Gregorian 7358:Slavic Native Faith 6648:The Natural History 6408:The History of Rome 6238:Marcus Porcius Cato 6223:Marcus Porcius Cato 6202:(in French), Ottawa 5713:, pp. 256–275. 4738:, pp. 323–324. 4424:Gregorian calendars 4399:Ancient Rome portal 4379:religious festivals 4172:Q. Fulvius Nobilior 4147:M. Fulvius Nobilior 3890:(February 17), the 3870:a.d. VII Kal. Mart. 3845:a.d. VII Kal. Mart. 3806:a.d. VIII Kal. Oct. 2767:Day name in English 2643: 2192:December Kalends" ( 2042:counted inclusively 1868:and in his role as 1216: 1092:mensis intercalaris 1075:a.d. VII Kal. Mart. 1036:mensis intercalaris 1025:of 29.5 days and a 1001:Republican calendar 727: 541:of birds), and the 487:The original Roman 466:The remains of the 265:lunisolar calendars 210:College of Pontiffs 10938:Terminus post quem 10918:Synchronoptic view 10885:Linguistic methods 10846:Obsidian hydration 10781:Radiometric dating 10766:Incremental dating 10688:Chronostratigraphy 9755:Phlegon of Tralles 9562:Seneca the Younger 9036:Naming conventions 8766:Personal equipment 8299:Later Roman Empire 7469:Christian variants 6679:"The Life of Numa" 6633:Historia Naturalis 6413:Everyman's Library 6377:10.4000/mefra.1322 5711:Brind'Amour (1983) 4610:which gives it as 4509:Gregorian calendar 4501:later Roman Empire 4497:Byzantine calendar 4294:Gregorian calendar 4047:days long, with a 4025: 3878:a.d. VI Kal. Mart. 3857:a.d. VI Kal. Mart. 3774:a.d. XIV Kal. Apr. 2820:postridie Kalendas 2641: 2452:inclusive counting 2418: 2404:A fragment of the 2151:first-quarter moon 1995:began the 15-year 1916:Byzantine calendar 1894:Intercalaris Prior 1804: 1351:Intercalary Month 1200: 1120:Rome's seven kings 725: 629:feriae conceptivae 543:agricultural cycle 478: 452:Gregorian calendar 259:by some system of 202:first-quarter moon 100: 62: 10951: 10950: 10864: 10863: 10721: 10720: 10582: 10581: 10537:Geologic Calendar 10399: 10398: 10094: 10093: 10056:Pontifices maximi 9838: 9837: 9695:Diogenes Laërtius 9517:Pliny the Younger 9272:Asconius Pedianus 9232:Romance languages 9104:Civil engineering 8846:Imperial currency 8719:Political control 8680: 8679: 8314: 8313: 8137: 8136: 8119:List of calendars 8046: 8045: 7745:historiographical 7612:French Republican 7518: 7517: 7276:Manipuri (Meitei) 6726:978-0-470-65508-5 6564:Fastorum Libri VI 6419:on April 29, 2017 6371:, vol. 125, 5701:, pp. 26–27. 5689:, pp. 44–45. 5566:, Book I, Ch. 12. 5516:Lanfranchi (2013) 5206:. Randomhouse Inc 5180:. Randomhouse Inc 4433:menologia rustica 4407:List of calendars 4302:the establishment 3979:Roman magistrates 3814:a.d. IX Kal. Oct. 3768: 3767: 2770:Day name in Latin 2762: 2755: 2748: 2735: 2724: 2705: 2698: 2681: 2595:or its eponymous 2553:dominical letters 2407:Fasti Praenestini 2284:, "allowed days") 2040:Roman dates were 1983:used the related 1960:renamed Sextilis 1796: 1783: 1731: 1730: 1440:– from which the 1324:Mensis Februarius 1275: 1266: 1257: 1244: 1136:Greek astronomers 1086:dies intercalaris 947: 946: 839:Mensis Quinctilis 545:(the ripening of 471:Fasti Praenestini 421:) but, following 306:began to be dated 96:intercalary month 16:(Redirected from 10986: 10943:ASPRO chronology 10892:Glottochronology 10808:Tephrochronology 10756:Dendrochronology 10734: 10733: 10631: 10630: 10430:Proleptic Julian 10420:Pre-Julian Roman 10410: 10409: 10205: 10204: 10121: 10114: 10107: 10098: 10097: 10046:Magistri equitum 9961:Cities and towns 9954: 9880:Constantinopolis 9690:Diodorus Siculus 9622:Valerius Maximus 9557:Seneca the Elder 9477:Nonius Marcellus 9245: 9244: 8798:Hippika gymnasia 8761:Infantry tactics 8667:Consular tribune 8657:Magister equitum 8606:Military tribune 8571: 8570: 8531:Pontifex maximus 8526:Princeps senatus 8516:Magister militum 8282:Byzantine Empire 8203: 8202: 8164: 8157: 8150: 8141: 8140: 8127: 8126: 8117: 8116: 7981:Human (Holocene) 7966:Chinese Imperial 7866: 7865: 7786:Reform proposals 7741:Proleptic Julian 7503:Eastern Orthodox 7133:Germanic heathen 7111:Earthly Branches 7027: 7026: 6918: 6911: 6904: 6895: 6894: 6890: 6853: 6838: 6823: 6804: 6789: 6770: 6758: 6746: 6729: 6705: 6695: 6669: 6652: 6637: 6622: 6607: 6592: 6583: 6568: 6553: 6540:Mommsen, Theodor 6534: 6528: 6520: 6496: 6483: 6470: 6435: 6420: 6397: 6383: 6379: 6356: 6342: 6327: 6320:Fowler, W. Warde 6314: 6296: 6281: 6266: 6251: 6232: 6217: 6211: 6203: 6193: 6183: 6167: 6143: 6137: 6131: 6125: 6119: 6112:Mathieson (2003) 6109: 6100: 6094: 6088: 6082: 6076: 6066: 6057: 6051: 6045: 6039: 6033: 6027: 6021: 6015: 6009: 6003: 5997: 5987: 5981: 5979: 5974: 5968: 5966: 5955: 5949: 5947: 5936: 5930: 5928: 5917: 5911: 5909: 5898: 5892: 5890: 5879: 5873: 5871: 5860: 5854: 5852: 5841: 5832: 5830: 5815: 5809: 5807: 5796: 5790: 5788: 5777: 5771: 5769: 5758: 5752: 5750: 5739: 5733: 5731: 5720: 5714: 5708: 5702: 5696: 5690: 5684: 5678: 5668: 5662: 5652: 5643: 5633: 5627: 5621: 5615: 5605: 5590: 5580: 5567: 5561: 5555: 5549: 5543: 5537: 5531: 5525: 5519: 5513: 5507: 5501: 5495: 5488:Mathieson (2003) 5485: 5462: 5456: 5445: 5439: 5433: 5427: 5421: 5411: 5405: 5399: 5393: 5391: 5383: 5377: 5367: 5361: 5355: 5349: 5343: 5337: 5331: 5325: 5315: 5309: 5300: 5294: 5284: 5278: 5268: 5253: 5243: 5228: 5222: 5216: 5215: 5213: 5211: 5196: 5190: 5189: 5187: 5185: 5170: 5164: 5154: 5145: 5139: 5133: 5127: 5121: 5115: 5109: 5103: 5097: 5081: 5072: 5066: 5060: 5054: 5048: 5031: 5025: 5015: 5009: 5003: 4994: 4988: 4975: 4969: 4960: 4954: 4948: 4942: 4936: 4924: 4918: 4906: 4900: 4888: 4882: 4870: 4864: 4852: 4846: 4834: 4828: 4812: 4806: 4800: 4789: 4779: 4760: 4754: 4739: 4733: 4727: 4717: 4711: 4702: 4681: 4678: 4672: 4669: 4663: 4660: 4654: 4651: 4645: 4642: 4636: 4633: 4627: 4624: 4616: 4608:Fasti Viae Lanza 4604: 4598: 4595: 4583: 4577: 4574: 4563: 4560: 4554: 4547: 4541: 4535: 4529: 4522: 4516: 4481: 4401: 4396: 4395: 4394: 4372: 4352: 4336: 4332: 4320: 4316: 4275: 4267: 4247: 4239: 4231: 4223: 4215: 4204: 4200: 4195: 4184:Celtiberian Wars 4169: 4164: 4128:Byzantine Empire 4126:subjects of the 4109: 4108: 4102: 4088:public calendars 4076:ordinary consuls 4053:Gregorian system 4046: 4038: 4030: 4001: 3998: 3997: 3993: 3988: 3971:Second Punic War 3964: 3960: 3956: 3951: 3944: 3939: 3929: 3921: 3916: 3904: 3880: 3872: 3859: 3847: 3835: 3816: 3808: 3801: 3784: 3776: 3359: 3331: 3303: 2761: 2758: 2754: 2751: 2747: 2738: 2734: 2727: 2723: 2714: 2704: 2701: 2697: 2688: 2680: 2671: 2644: 2640: 2621: 2601: 2590: 2549: 2477: 2465: 2392:of market days. 2378: 2366: 2328: 2308: 2282: 2249: 2234: 2226: 2214: 2204:, which usually 2198: 2191: 2186:ablative of time 2179: 2171: 2161:and the ides to 2140: 2136: 2131: 2123: 2115: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2089: 2081: 2067: 2059: 2018:Byzantine Empire 1972:) in his honor. 1970: 1942:defeat at Actium 1938: 1904: 1896: 1871:pontifex maximus 1860:, following his 1813: 1811: 1810: 1805: 1797: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1744: 1601:Mensis September 1539:Mensis Quintilis 1290:Mensis Ianuarius 1273: 1264: 1251: 1238: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1207: 1204: 1199: 1180: 1176: 1161: 1149: 1145: 1094: 1088: 1077: 1054: 1049: 1038: 874:Mensis September 836:Mensis Quintilis 728: 724: 721: 664: 655: 632: 520:Islamic calendar 513: 509: 474: 434: 420: 414: 404: 397:, influenced by 392: 356:pontifex maximus 353: 346: 342: 338: 245:revised calendar 235: 223: 85: 83: 80: 74: 58: 21: 10994: 10993: 10989: 10988: 10987: 10985: 10984: 10983: 10954: 10953: 10952: 10947: 10896: 10880: 10876:Molecular clock 10869:Genetic methods 10860: 10841:Nitrogen dating 10828:Relative dating 10822: 10791:Potassium–argon 10738:Absolute dating 10728: 10717: 10676: 10655: 10620: 10596:Cosmic Calendar 10588:Astronomic time 10578: 10520: 10475: 10439: 10425:Original Julian 10395: 10362: 10324: 10223:Ab urbe condita 10201: 10178: 10130: 10125: 10095: 10090: 9952: 9950: 9944: 9834: 9670:Aëtius of Amida 9651: 9637:Verrius Flaccus 9617:Valerius Antias 9577:Silius Italicus 9512:Pliny the Elder 9457:Marcus Aurelius 9332:Cornelius Nepos 9282:Aurelius Victor 9236: 9158: 9070: 9004:Secessio plebis 8975: 8850: 8802: 8676: 8630: 8560: 8442: 8394: 8310: 8231: 8192: 8174: 8168: 8138: 8133: 8105: 8042: 7996:Nirayana system 7922:Ab urbe condita 7910: 7862: 7860: 7853: 7832: 7830: 7823: 7780: 7731:anthropological 7715: 7514: 7498:Liturgical year 7464: 7431: 7023: 7021: 7014: 6953: 6927: 6922: 6881: 6861: 6856: 6766:Grecian History 6727: 6662:Βίοι Παράλληλοι 6587: 6522: 6521: 6518: 6468: 6393:Ab Urbe Condita 6381: 6228:De Agri Culture 6205: 6204: 6151: 6146: 6138: 6134: 6126: 6122: 6110: 6103: 6095: 6091: 6083: 6079: 6067: 6060: 6052: 6048: 6040: 6036: 6028: 6024: 6016: 6012: 6004: 6000: 5988: 5984: 5977: 5975: 5971: 5957: 5956: 5952: 5938: 5937: 5933: 5919: 5918: 5914: 5900: 5899: 5895: 5881: 5880: 5876: 5862: 5861: 5857: 5843: 5842: 5835: 5817: 5816: 5812: 5798: 5797: 5793: 5779: 5778: 5774: 5760: 5759: 5755: 5741: 5740: 5736: 5722: 5721: 5717: 5709: 5705: 5697: 5693: 5687:Scullard (1981) 5685: 5681: 5669: 5665: 5653: 5646: 5634: 5630: 5622: 5618: 5606: 5593: 5581: 5570: 5562: 5558: 5550: 5546: 5538: 5534: 5526: 5522: 5514: 5510: 5502: 5498: 5486: 5465: 5457: 5448: 5440: 5436: 5428: 5424: 5412: 5408: 5400: 5396: 5389: 5386:47.13 and 47.14 5384: 5380: 5368: 5364: 5356: 5352: 5344: 5340: 5332: 5328: 5316: 5312: 5301: 5297: 5285: 5281: 5269: 5256: 5244: 5231: 5223: 5219: 5209: 5207: 5198: 5197: 5193: 5183: 5181: 5172: 5171: 5167: 5155: 5148: 5140: 5136: 5128: 5124: 5116: 5112: 5104: 5100: 5082: 5075: 5067: 5063: 5055: 5051: 5032: 5028: 5016: 5012: 5004: 4997: 4989: 4978: 4970: 4963: 4955: 4951: 4943: 4939: 4925: 4921: 4914:Natural History 4907: 4903: 4889: 4885: 4871: 4867: 4853: 4849: 4835: 4831: 4813: 4809: 4801: 4792: 4780: 4763: 4755: 4742: 4734: 4730: 4718: 4714: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4684: 4679: 4675: 4670: 4666: 4661: 4657: 4652: 4648: 4643: 4639: 4634: 4630: 4605: 4601: 4593:nefastus priore 4589:, standing for 4584: 4580: 4575: 4566: 4561: 4557: 4548: 4544: 4536: 4532: 4523: 4519: 4493:former calendar 4482: 4478: 4473: 4460:Roman festivals 4447:ab urbe condita 4437:Calendar of 354 4397: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4370: 4367:First Punic War 4350: 4339:Julian calendar 4334: 4330: 4318: 4314: 4290: 4273: 4265: 4256:In addition to 4202: 4198: 4167: 4106: 4105: 4099:ab urbe condita 4044: 4037:354 or 355 days 4036: 4028: 4014: 4008: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3990: 3986: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3949: 3942: 3937: 3927: 3919: 3914: 3902: 3833: 3830: 3824: 3799: 3746:Pridie Kalendas 3357: 3330:a.d. XVIII Kal. 3329: 3301: 3015:postridie Nonas 2759: 2752: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2710: 2702: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2667: 2593:Februa festival 2588: 2585:ordinal numbers 2561: 2475: 2463: 2460:nundinal letter 2456:Roman calendars 2432: 2426:Planetary hours 2420:Main articles: 2398: 2306:dies comitiales 2202:accusative case 2189: 2138: 2134: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2038: 2032: 1953:. In 8 BC, the 1918: 1912: 1855: 1853:Julian calendar 1849: 1833:, a secretary ( 1828: 1788: 1745: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1737: 1694:Mensis December 1663:Mensis November 1570:Mensis Sextilis 1367:Month of Wages 1272: 1270: 1263: 1261: 1250: 1248: 1237: 1235: 1229:Length in days 1212: 1205: 1191:W. Warde Fowler 1178: 1174: 1159: 1147: 1143: 1055:as part of the 1052: 1047: 1019:Greek calendars 1003: 993:Servius Tullius 928:Mensis December 910:Mensis November 856:Mensis Sextilis 838: 776:Month of Apru ( 740:Length in days 668:nundinal cycles 645: 623:moveable feasts 605:, formal Roman 591:rising of stars 511: 507: 485: 460: 402: 390: 344: 340: 336: 269:Roman religious 221: 214:Capitoline Hill 163:nundinal cycles 161:and ran for 38 120:Julian calendar 94:("SEX") and an 81: 76: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Ides (calendar) 15: 12: 11: 5: 10992: 10982: 10981: 10976: 10971: 10966: 10964:Roman calendar 10949: 10948: 10946: 10945: 10940: 10935: 10930: 10925: 10920: 10915: 10913:New Chronology 10910: 10904: 10902: 10901:Related topics 10898: 10897: 10895: 10894: 10888: 10886: 10882: 10881: 10879: 10878: 10872: 10870: 10866: 10865: 10862: 10861: 10859: 10858: 10853: 10848: 10843: 10838: 10832: 10830: 10824: 10823: 10821: 10820: 10815: 10810: 10805: 10804: 10803: 10798: 10793: 10788: 10778: 10776:Paleomagnetism 10773: 10768: 10763: 10758: 10753: 10748: 10742: 10740: 10731: 10723: 10722: 10719: 10718: 10716: 10715: 10710: 10705: 10700: 10695: 10690: 10684: 10682: 10678: 10677: 10675: 10674: 10669: 10663: 10661: 10657: 10656: 10654: 10653: 10648: 10643: 10637: 10635: 10628: 10622: 10621: 10619: 10618: 10613: 10608: 10603: 10598: 10592: 10590: 10584: 10583: 10580: 10579: 10577: 10576: 10574:New Earth Time 10571: 10566: 10565: 10564: 10559: 10549: 10544: 10539: 10534: 10528: 10526: 10522: 10521: 10519: 10518: 10513: 10503: 10498: 10483: 10481: 10477: 10476: 10474: 10473: 10468: 10463: 10458: 10453: 10447: 10445: 10441: 10440: 10438: 10437: 10435:Revised Julian 10432: 10427: 10422: 10416: 10414: 10407: 10401: 10400: 10397: 10396: 10394: 10393: 10388: 10383: 10378: 10372: 10370: 10364: 10363: 10361: 10360: 10355: 10353:Lists of kings 10350: 10345: 10343:Canon of Kings 10340: 10334: 10332: 10326: 10325: 10323: 10322: 10321: 10320: 10315: 10310: 10305: 10295: 10285: 10280: 10275: 10270: 10268:Before present 10265: 10260: 10255: 10250: 10245: 10240: 10235: 10226: 10219: 10213: 10211: 10202: 10200: 10199: 10194: 10189: 10183: 10180: 10179: 10177: 10176: 10171: 10166: 10165: 10164: 10154: 10149: 10144: 10138: 10136: 10132: 10131: 10124: 10123: 10116: 10109: 10101: 10092: 10091: 10089: 10088: 10083: 10078: 10073: 10068: 10063: 10058: 10053: 10048: 10043: 10038: 10033: 10028: 10023: 10018: 10013: 10008: 10003: 9998: 9993: 9988: 9983: 9978: 9973: 9968: 9963: 9957: 9955: 9946: 9945: 9943: 9942: 9937: 9932: 9927: 9922: 9917: 9912: 9907: 9902: 9897: 9892: 9887: 9882: 9877: 9872: 9867: 9862: 9857: 9852: 9846: 9844: 9840: 9839: 9836: 9835: 9833: 9832: 9827: 9822: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9792: 9787: 9782: 9777: 9772: 9767: 9762: 9757: 9752: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9732: 9727: 9722: 9717: 9712: 9707: 9702: 9697: 9692: 9687: 9682: 9677: 9672: 9667: 9661: 9659: 9653: 9652: 9650: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9634: 9629: 9624: 9619: 9614: 9609: 9604: 9599: 9594: 9589: 9584: 9579: 9574: 9569: 9564: 9559: 9554: 9549: 9544: 9539: 9534: 9529: 9524: 9522:Pomponius Mela 9519: 9514: 9509: 9504: 9499: 9494: 9489: 9484: 9479: 9474: 9469: 9464: 9459: 9454: 9449: 9444: 9439: 9434: 9429: 9424: 9419: 9414: 9409: 9404: 9399: 9394: 9389: 9384: 9379: 9374: 9369: 9364: 9359: 9354: 9349: 9344: 9339: 9334: 9329: 9324: 9319: 9314: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9289: 9284: 9279: 9274: 9269: 9264: 9259: 9257:Aelius Donatus 9253: 9251: 9242: 9238: 9237: 9235: 9234: 9229: 9228: 9227: 9225:Ecclesiastical 9222: 9217: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9187: 9179: 9174: 9168: 9166: 9160: 9159: 9157: 9156: 9151: 9146: 9141: 9136: 9131: 9126: 9121: 9116: 9111: 9106: 9101: 9096: 9091: 9086: 9080: 9078: 9072: 9071: 9069: 9068: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9027: 9026: 9016: 9011: 9006: 9001: 8996: 8991: 8985: 8983: 8977: 8976: 8974: 8973: 8968: 8966:Toys and games 8963: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8937: 8936: 8926: 8921: 8916: 8911: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8860: 8858: 8852: 8851: 8849: 8848: 8843: 8838: 8833: 8828: 8823: 8818: 8812: 8810: 8804: 8803: 8801: 8800: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8779: 8778: 8773: 8768: 8763: 8758: 8748: 8743: 8742: 8741: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8690: 8688: 8682: 8681: 8678: 8677: 8675: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8638: 8636: 8632: 8631: 8629: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8577: 8575: 8568: 8562: 8561: 8559: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8506:Vigintisexviri 8503: 8498: 8493: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8466:Cursus honorum 8463: 8458: 8452: 8450: 8444: 8443: 8441: 8440: 8435: 8430: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8404: 8402: 8396: 8395: 8393: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8381: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8365: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8324: 8322: 8316: 8315: 8312: 8311: 8309: 8308: 8307: 8306: 8296: 8295: 8294: 8289: 8279: 8278: 8277: 8272: 8265:Western Empire 8262: 8257: 8252: 8247: 8241: 8239: 8233: 8232: 8230: 8229: 8224: 8223: 8222: 8212: 8206: 8200: 8194: 8193: 8191: 8190: 8185: 8179: 8176: 8175: 8167: 8166: 8159: 8152: 8144: 8135: 8134: 8132: 8131: 8121: 8110: 8107: 8106: 8104: 8103: 8091: 8079: 8067: 8054: 8052: 8048: 8047: 8044: 8043: 8041: 8040: 8035: 8034: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8018: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7971:Chinese Minguo 7968: 7963: 7961:Before Present 7958: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7929: 7924: 7918: 7916: 7912: 7911: 7909: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7872: 7870: 7863: 7858: 7855: 7854: 7852: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7835: 7833: 7828: 7825: 7824: 7822: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7790: 7788: 7782: 7781: 7779: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7767: 7766: 7758: 7757: 7756: 7748: 7747: 7746: 7734: 7733: 7732: 7723: 7721: 7717: 7716: 7714: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7655: 7654: 7649: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7614: 7609: 7604: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7553: 7552: 7547: 7537: 7532: 7526: 7524: 7520: 7519: 7516: 7515: 7513: 7512: 7507: 7506: 7505: 7495: 7494: 7493: 7483: 7478: 7472: 7470: 7466: 7465: 7463: 7462: 7461: 7460: 7458:Calendar round 7455: 7445: 7439: 7437: 7433: 7432: 7430: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7388: 7387: 7382: 7372: 7367: 7366: 7365: 7360: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7329: 7328: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7307: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7247: 7246: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7220: 7219: 7214: 7204: 7203: 7202: 7194: 7193: 7192: 7187: 7186: 7185: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7161: 7160: 7155: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7129: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7116:Heavenly Stems 7113: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7087: 7086: 7076: 7075: 7074: 7069: 7061: 7060: 7059: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7030: 7024: 7019: 7016: 7015: 7013: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6961: 6959: 6955: 6954: 6952: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6935: 6933: 6929: 6928: 6921: 6920: 6913: 6906: 6898: 6892: 6891: 6879: 6873: 6868: 6860: 6859:External links 6857: 6855: 6854: 6840: 6825: 6815:On Agriculture 6806: 6791: 6772: 6760: 6748: 6731: 6725: 6707: 6697: 6671: 6666:Parallel Lives 6654: 6639: 6624: 6609: 6594: 6585: 6570: 6555: 6536: 6516: 6498: 6485: 6472: 6466: 6437: 6422: 6399: 6384: 6358: 6344: 6328: 6316: 6298: 6283: 6268: 6253: 6243:On Agriculture 6234: 6219: 6195: 6185: 6169: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6144: 6140:Roberts (1905) 6132: 6128:Roberts (1905) 6120: 6101: 6089: 6085:Michels (1967) 6077: 6058: 6046: 6034: 6022: 6010: 5998: 5982: 5969: 5950: 5931: 5912: 5893: 5874: 5855: 5833: 5810: 5791: 5772: 5753: 5734: 5715: 5703: 5691: 5679: 5663: 5644: 5628: 5616: 5591: 5568: 5556: 5554:, p. 441. 5552:Rotondi (1912) 5544: 5532: 5520: 5508: 5506:, p. 340. 5504:Michels (1949) 5496: 5463: 5446: 5434: 5422: 5406: 5394: 5378: 5370:Stanyan (1707) 5362: 5358:Roberts (1905) 5350: 5348:, p. 153. 5338: 5326: 5310: 5295: 5279: 5254: 5252:section XVIII. 5229: 5227:, p. 669. 5217: 5191: 5165: 5146: 5134: 5122: 5120:, p. 165. 5110: 5098: 5073: 5071:, p. 155. 5061: 5049: 5026: 5010: 5008:, p. 137. 4995: 4976: 4974:, p. 331. 4972:Michels (1949) 4961: 4959:, p. 322. 4957:Michels (1949) 4949: 4945:Wissowa (1896) 4937: 4919: 4901: 4883: 4865: 4847: 4842:On Agriculture 4829: 4807: 4805:, p. 330. 4803:Michels (1949) 4790: 4761: 4740: 4736:Michels (1949) 4728: 4712: 4710:, p. 193. 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4683: 4682: 4673: 4664: 4655: 4646: 4637: 4628: 4599: 4578: 4564: 4555: 4542: 4530: 4517: 4475: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4468: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4451: 4439: 4426: 4409: 4403: 4402: 4386: 4383: 4359:Attic calendar 4355:nundinal cycle 4289: 4286: 4282:medieval Spain 4199:3rd century BC 4084:Consular lists 4072:Roman Republic 4010:Main article: 4007: 4004: 3915:22 and 23 days 3826:Main article: 3823: 3820: 3766: 3765: 3762: 3759: 3756: 3753: 3750: 3747: 3744: 3740: 3739: 3736: 3733: 3730: 3727: 3724: 3721: 3718: 3714: 3713: 3710: 3707: 3704: 3701: 3698: 3695: 3692: 3688: 3687: 3684: 3681: 3678: 3675: 3672: 3669: 3666: 3662: 3661: 3658: 3655: 3652: 3649: 3646: 3643: 3640: 3636: 3635: 3632: 3629: 3626: 3623: 3620: 3617: 3614: 3610: 3609: 3606: 3603: 3600: 3597: 3594: 3593:a.d. VIII Kal. 3591: 3588: 3584: 3583: 3580: 3577: 3574: 3571: 3568: 3565: 3562: 3558: 3557: 3554: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3542: 3539: 3536: 3532: 3531: 3528: 3525: 3522: 3519: 3516: 3513: 3510: 3506: 3505: 3502: 3499: 3496: 3493: 3490: 3487: 3484: 3480: 3479: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3467: 3464: 3463:a.d. XIII Kal. 3461: 3458: 3454: 3453: 3450: 3447: 3444: 3441: 3438: 3435: 3432: 3428: 3427: 3424: 3421: 3418: 3415: 3412: 3409: 3406: 3402: 3401: 3398: 3395: 3392: 3389: 3386: 3383: 3380: 3376: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3366: 3363: 3360: 3358:a.d. XVII Kal. 3355: 3352: 3348: 3347: 3344: 3341: 3338: 3335: 3332: 3327: 3324: 3320: 3319: 3316: 3313: 3310: 3307: 3304: 3299: 3296: 3292: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3264: 3262:postridie Idus 3259: 3253: 3252: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3240: 3237: 3234: 3231: 3227: 3226: 3223: 3220: 3217: 3214: 3211: 3208: 3205: 3201: 3200: 3197: 3194: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3182: 3179: 3175: 3174: 3171: 3168: 3165: 3162: 3159: 3156: 3153: 3149: 3148: 3145: 3142: 3139: 3136: 3133: 3130: 3127: 3123: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3107: 3104: 3101: 3097: 3096: 3093: 3090: 3087: 3084: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3071: 3070: 3067: 3064: 3061: 3058: 3055: 3054:a.d. VIII Eid. 3052: 3049: 3045: 3044: 3039: 3034: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3017: 3012: 3006: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2996: 2993: 2990: 2987: 2984: 2980: 2979: 2976: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2961: 2958: 2954: 2953: 2950: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2935: 2932: 2928: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2902: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2876: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2854: 2850: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2824: 2822: 2817: 2811: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2795: 2792: 2789: 2788:On the Kalends 2785: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2771: 2768: 2764: 2763: 2756: 2749: 2736: 2725: 2712: 2707: 2706: 2699: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2669: 2664: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2654: 2651: 2648: 2560: 2557: 2476:17 and 24 days 2397: 2394: 2390:nundinal cycle 2386: 2385: 2355: 2343: 2331: 2311: 2285: 2143: 2142: 2104: 2070: 2034:Main article: 2031: 2028: 1914:Main article: 1911: 1908: 1851:Main article: 1848: 1845: 1831:Gnaeus Flavius 1827: 1826:Flavian reform 1824: 1803: 1800: 1795: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1729: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1712: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1681: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1650: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1632:Mensis October 1629: 1626: 1623: 1619: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1605:Seventh Month 1603: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1588: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1557: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1526: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1507: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1492: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1473: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1458: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1434: 1432:Mensis Aprilis 1429: 1426: 1423: 1419: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1400: 1398:Mensis Martius 1395: 1392: 1389: 1385: 1384: 1379: 1376: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1345: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1326: 1321: 1318: 1315: 1311: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1292: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1277: 1276: 1267: 1258: 1245: 1231: 1230: 1227: 1224: 1221: 1177:January in 153 1112:Numa Pompilius 1031:synodic months 1021:in assuming a 1007:Roman Republic 1002: 999: 977:nundinal cycle 959:recounts that 956:Parallel Lives 945: 944: 941: 937: 936: 933: 930: 925: 919: 918: 915: 912: 907: 901: 900: 897: 894: 892:Mensis October 889: 883: 882: 879: 878:Seventh Month 876: 871: 865: 864: 861: 858: 853: 847: 846: 843: 840: 833: 827: 826: 823: 817: 812: 806: 805: 802: 796: 791: 785: 784: 781: 774: 772:Mensis Aprilis 769: 763: 762: 759: 753: 751:Mensis Martius 748: 742: 741: 738: 735: 732: 682:Licinius Macer 644: 641: 619:later calendar 615:nundinal cycle 595:civil calendar 508:29 and 30 days 496:lunar calendar 484: 481: 459: 456: 444:vernal equinox 440:date of Easter 412:VI. Kal. Mart. 284:early Republic 241:Numa Pompilius 116:Roman Republic 104:Roman calendar 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10991: 10980: 10979:Time in Italy 10977: 10975: 10972: 10970: 10967: 10965: 10962: 10961: 10959: 10944: 10941: 10939: 10936: 10934: 10931: 10929: 10926: 10924: 10921: 10919: 10916: 10914: 10911: 10909: 10906: 10905: 10903: 10899: 10893: 10890: 10889: 10887: 10883: 10877: 10874: 10873: 10871: 10867: 10857: 10854: 10852: 10849: 10847: 10844: 10842: 10839: 10837: 10834: 10833: 10831: 10829: 10825: 10819: 10816: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10806: 10802: 10799: 10797: 10794: 10792: 10789: 10787: 10784: 10783: 10782: 10779: 10777: 10774: 10772: 10769: 10767: 10764: 10762: 10759: 10757: 10754: 10752: 10749: 10747: 10744: 10743: 10741: 10739: 10735: 10732: 10730: 10727:Chronological 10724: 10714: 10711: 10709: 10706: 10704: 10701: 10699: 10696: 10694: 10693:Geochronology 10691: 10689: 10686: 10685: 10683: 10679: 10673: 10670: 10668: 10665: 10664: 10662: 10658: 10652: 10649: 10647: 10644: 10642: 10639: 10638: 10636: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10626:Geologic time 10623: 10617: 10614: 10612: 10611:Metonic cycle 10609: 10607: 10606:Galactic year 10604: 10602: 10599: 10597: 10594: 10593: 10591: 10589: 10585: 10575: 10572: 10570: 10567: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10555: 10554: 10553: 10550: 10548: 10547:ISO week date 10545: 10543: 10540: 10538: 10535: 10533: 10530: 10529: 10527: 10523: 10517: 10514: 10511: 10507: 10504: 10502: 10499: 10496: 10492: 10488: 10485: 10484: 10482: 10478: 10472: 10469: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10459: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10449: 10448: 10446: 10442: 10436: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10423: 10421: 10418: 10417: 10415: 10411: 10408: 10406: 10402: 10392: 10389: 10387: 10384: 10382: 10379: 10377: 10374: 10373: 10371: 10369: 10365: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10341: 10339: 10336: 10335: 10333: 10331: 10327: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10311: 10309: 10306: 10304: 10301: 10300: 10299: 10296: 10293: 10289: 10286: 10284: 10281: 10279: 10276: 10274: 10271: 10269: 10266: 10264: 10261: 10259: 10256: 10254: 10253:Byzantine era 10251: 10249: 10246: 10244: 10241: 10239: 10236: 10234: 10230: 10227: 10225: 10224: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10214: 10212: 10210: 10209:Calendar eras 10206: 10203: 10198: 10195: 10193: 10190: 10188: 10185: 10184: 10181: 10175: 10172: 10170: 10167: 10163: 10160: 10159: 10158: 10155: 10153: 10150: 10148: 10145: 10143: 10140: 10139: 10137: 10133: 10129: 10122: 10117: 10115: 10110: 10108: 10103: 10102: 10099: 10087: 10084: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10074: 10072: 10069: 10067: 10064: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10019: 10017: 10014: 10012: 10009: 10007: 10004: 10002: 9999: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9987: 9984: 9982: 9979: 9977: 9974: 9972: 9969: 9967: 9964: 9962: 9959: 9958: 9956: 9947: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9926: 9923: 9921: 9918: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9908: 9906: 9903: 9901: 9898: 9896: 9893: 9891: 9888: 9886: 9883: 9881: 9878: 9876: 9873: 9871: 9868: 9866: 9863: 9861: 9858: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9847: 9845: 9841: 9831: 9828: 9826: 9823: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9773: 9771: 9768: 9766: 9763: 9761: 9758: 9756: 9753: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9703: 9701: 9698: 9696: 9693: 9691: 9688: 9686: 9683: 9681: 9678: 9676: 9673: 9671: 9668: 9666: 9663: 9662: 9660: 9658: 9654: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9615: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9570: 9568: 9565: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9555: 9553: 9550: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9480: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9445: 9443: 9440: 9438: 9435: 9433: 9430: 9428: 9425: 9423: 9420: 9418: 9415: 9413: 9412:Julius Paulus 9410: 9408: 9405: 9403: 9400: 9398: 9395: 9393: 9390: 9388: 9385: 9383: 9380: 9378: 9375: 9373: 9370: 9368: 9365: 9363: 9360: 9358: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9348: 9347:Fabius Pictor 9345: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9335: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9325: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9255: 9254: 9252: 9250: 9246: 9243: 9239: 9233: 9230: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9182: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9173: 9170: 9169: 9167: 9165: 9161: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9085: 9084:Amphitheatres 9082: 9081: 9079: 9077: 9073: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9025: 9022: 9021: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8986: 8984: 8982: 8978: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8935: 8932: 8931: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8861: 8859: 8857: 8853: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8821:Deforestation 8819: 8817: 8814: 8813: 8811: 8809: 8805: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8771:Siege engines 8769: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8753: 8752: 8749: 8747: 8744: 8740: 8737: 8736: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8704:Establishment 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8691: 8689: 8687: 8683: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8639: 8637: 8635:Extraordinary 8633: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8621:Promagistrate 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8578: 8576: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8563: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8453: 8451: 8449: 8445: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8408:Twelve Tables 8406: 8405: 8403: 8401: 8397: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8360: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8325: 8323: 8321: 8317: 8305: 8302: 8301: 8300: 8297: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8284: 8283: 8280: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8267: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8242: 8240: 8238: 8234: 8228: 8225: 8221: 8218: 8217: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8207: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8195: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8180: 8177: 8172: 8165: 8160: 8158: 8153: 8151: 8146: 8145: 8142: 8130: 8122: 8120: 8112: 8111: 8108: 8101: 8100: 8095: 8092: 8089: 8088: 8083: 8080: 8077: 8076: 8071: 8068: 8065: 8064: 8059: 8056: 8055: 8053: 8049: 8039: 8036: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8013: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7946:Anno Martyrum 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7919: 7917: 7913: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7873: 7871: 7867: 7864: 7861:and numbering 7856: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7836: 7834: 7826: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7791: 7789: 7787: 7783: 7777: 7776:'Pataphysical 7774: 7772: 7769: 7764: 7763: 7762: 7759: 7754: 7753: 7752: 7749: 7744: 7743: 7742: 7738: 7735: 7730: 7729: 7728: 7725: 7724: 7722: 7718: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7691: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7644: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7545:Tōnalpōhualli 7543: 7542: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7527: 7525: 7521: 7511: 7508: 7504: 7501: 7500: 7499: 7496: 7492: 7489: 7488: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7473: 7471: 7467: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7450: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7440: 7438: 7434: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7377: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7355: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7327: 7324: 7323: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7299:Vikram Samvat 7297: 7295: 7292: 7291: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7245: 7242: 7241: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7209: 7208: 7205: 7200: 7199: 7198: 7195: 7191: 7188: 7183: 7182: 7181: 7178: 7177: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7153:Vikram Samvat 7151: 7150: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7108: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7085: 7082: 7081: 7080: 7077: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7064: 7062: 7057: 7056: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7031: 7028: 7025: 7017: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6962: 6960: 6956: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6936: 6934: 6930: 6926: 6919: 6914: 6912: 6907: 6905: 6900: 6899: 6896: 6888: 6884: 6880: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6866: 6863: 6862: 6851: 6850: 6845: 6841: 6836: 6835: 6830: 6826: 6821: 6817: 6816: 6811: 6807: 6802: 6801: 6796: 6792: 6787: 6786: 6781: 6777: 6773: 6768: 6767: 6761: 6756: 6755: 6749: 6744: 6740: 6736: 6732: 6728: 6722: 6718: 6717: 6712: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6689: 6688: 6685: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6650: 6649: 6644: 6640: 6635: 6634: 6629: 6625: 6620: 6619: 6614: 6610: 6605: 6604: 6603:De Re Rustica 6599: 6595: 6590: 6586: 6581: 6580: 6575: 6571: 6566: 6565: 6560: 6556: 6551: 6550: 6546: 6541: 6537: 6532: 6526: 6519: 6517:9781400849789 6513: 6510:, Princeton, 6509: 6508: 6503: 6499: 6494: 6490: 6486: 6481: 6478: 6473: 6469: 6467:9780674996496 6463: 6459: 6455: 6451: 6450: 6447: 6442: 6438: 6433: 6432: 6427: 6423: 6418: 6414: 6410: 6409: 6404: 6400: 6395: 6394: 6389: 6385: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6350: 6349:"Calendarium" 6345: 6340: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6312:Andrew Millar 6309: 6308: 6303: 6299: 6294: 6293: 6292:De Re Rustica 6288: 6284: 6279: 6278: 6273: 6269: 6264: 6263: 6262:De Die Natali 6258: 6254: 6249: 6245: 6244: 6239: 6235: 6230: 6229: 6224: 6220: 6215: 6209: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6153: 6141: 6136: 6130:, Book XLVII. 6129: 6124: 6117: 6113: 6108: 6106: 6098: 6093: 6086: 6081: 6074: 6071: 6065: 6063: 6055: 6050: 6043: 6038: 6031: 6026: 6019: 6014: 6007: 6002: 5995: 5992: 5991:The Natal Day 5986: 5973: 5965: 5961: 5954: 5946: 5942: 5935: 5927: 5923: 5916: 5908: 5904: 5897: 5889: 5885: 5878: 5870: 5866: 5859: 5851: 5847: 5840: 5838: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5814: 5806: 5802: 5795: 5787: 5783: 5776: 5768: 5764: 5757: 5749: 5745: 5738: 5730: 5726: 5719: 5712: 5707: 5700: 5695: 5688: 5683: 5676: 5672: 5667: 5660: 5656: 5651: 5649: 5641: 5637: 5632: 5625: 5620: 5613: 5609: 5604: 5602: 5600: 5598: 5596: 5588: 5584: 5579: 5577: 5575: 5573: 5565: 5560: 5553: 5548: 5541: 5536: 5529: 5524: 5517: 5512: 5505: 5500: 5493: 5489: 5484: 5482: 5480: 5478: 5476: 5474: 5472: 5470: 5468: 5460: 5459:Kaster (2011) 5455: 5453: 5451: 5443: 5438: 5431: 5430:Fowler (1899) 5426: 5419: 5415: 5410: 5403: 5398: 5387: 5382: 5375: 5371: 5366: 5359: 5354: 5347: 5346:Kaster (2011) 5342: 5335: 5330: 5323: 5319: 5314: 5308: 5304: 5299: 5292: 5288: 5283: 5276: 5272: 5271:Perrin (1914) 5267: 5265: 5263: 5261: 5259: 5251: 5247: 5242: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5226: 5221: 5205: 5201: 5195: 5179: 5175: 5169: 5162: 5158: 5153: 5151: 5143: 5142:Kaster (2011) 5138: 5131: 5126: 5119: 5118:Kaster (2011) 5114: 5107: 5102: 5095: 5091: 5090: 5089:The Natal Day 5085: 5080: 5078: 5070: 5069:Kaster (2011) 5065: 5058: 5053: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5030: 5023: 5019: 5014: 5007: 5006:Kaster (2011) 5002: 5000: 4992: 4987: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4973: 4968: 4966: 4958: 4953: 4946: 4941: 4934: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4916: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4898: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4880: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4862: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4844: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4826: 4822: 4821: 4820:The Natal Day 4816: 4811: 4804: 4799: 4797: 4795: 4787: 4783: 4778: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4758: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4737: 4732: 4725: 4721: 4716: 4709: 4707: 4701: 4697: 4677: 4668: 4659: 4650: 4641: 4632: 4625: 4623: 4617: 4615: 4609: 4603: 4596: 4594: 4588: 4582: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4559: 4552: 4546: 4539: 4534: 4527: 4526:This practice 4521: 4514: 4513:tropical year 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4480: 4476: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4455: 4452: 4449: 4448: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4404: 4400: 4389: 4382: 4380: 4377:and seasonal 4376: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4348: 4342: 4340: 4328: 4324: 4312: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4285: 4283: 4279: 4271: 4263: 4259: 4254: 4252: 4248: 4246: 4240: 4238: 4233:), October 1( 4232: 4230: 4225:), August 1 ( 4224: 4222: 4216: 4214: 4208: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4165: 4163: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4143: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4103: 4101: 4100: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4056: 4054: 4050: 4042: 4034: 4023: 4022:consular list 4018: 4013: 4003: 3987:22 or 23 days 3983: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3966: 3950:23 or 24 days 3946: 3935: 3931: 3925: 3912: 3906: 3903:22 or 23 days 3898: 3895: 3893: 3889: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3873: 3871: 3864: 3860: 3858: 3853:on the 24th ( 3852: 3848: 3846: 3840: 3829: 3822:Intercalation 3819: 3817: 3815: 3809: 3807: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3777: 3775: 3763: 3760: 3757: 3754: 3751: 3737: 3734: 3731: 3728: 3725: 3723:a.d. III Kal. 3711: 3708: 3705: 3702: 3699: 3685: 3682: 3679: 3676: 3673: 3659: 3656: 3653: 3650: 3647: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3624: 3621: 3619:a.d. VII Kal. 3607: 3604: 3601: 3598: 3595: 3581: 3578: 3575: 3572: 3569: 3555: 3552: 3549: 3546: 3543: 3529: 3526: 3523: 3520: 3517: 3503: 3500: 3497: 3494: 3491: 3489:a.d. XII Kal. 3477: 3474: 3471: 3468: 3465: 3451: 3448: 3445: 3442: 3439: 3437:a.d. XIV Kal. 3425: 3422: 3419: 3416: 3413: 3396: 3393: 3390: 3387: 3385:a.d. XVI Kal. 3373: 3367: 3364: 3345: 3342: 3336: 3333: 3317: 3314: 3311: 3305: 3302:a.d. XIX Kal. 3290: 3287: 3285: 3282: 3280: 3277: 3275: 3272: 3270: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3258: 3250: 3247: 3244: 3241: 3238: 3224: 3221: 3218: 3215: 3212: 3198: 3195: 3192: 3189: 3186: 3184:a.d. III Eid. 3172: 3169: 3166: 3163: 3160: 3146: 3143: 3140: 3137: 3134: 3120: 3117: 3114: 3111: 3108: 3094: 3091: 3088: 3085: 3082: 3080:a.d. VII Eid. 3043: 3040: 3038: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3028: 3025: 3023: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3011: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2977: 2974: 2971: 2968: 2965: 2951: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2939: 2937:a.d. III Non. 2913: 2899: 2896: 2893: 2890: 2887: 2873: 2870: 2867: 2864: 2861: 2848: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2830: 2828: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2816: 2808: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2772: 2769: 2766: 2765: 2757: 2750: 2737: 2726: 2713: 2708: 2700: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2670: 2665: 2661: 2658: 2655: 2652: 2649: 2647:Days in month 2645: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2620: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2600: 2594: 2586: 2582: 2579: 2575: 2574:Julius Caesar 2571: 2567: 2556: 2554: 2550: 2548: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2531: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2504: 2502: 2498: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2473: 2469: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2415: 2414: 2409: 2408: 2402: 2393: 2391: 2383: 2379: 2377: 2371: 2367: 2365: 2364:endotercissus 2359: 2356: 2353: 2352: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2340: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2327: 2321: 2320: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2307: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2281: 2275: 2274: 2269: 2266: 2265: 2264: 2262: 2261: 2256: 2255: 2250: 2248: 2241: 2239: 2235: 2233: 2227: 2225: 2219: 2215: 2213: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2197: 2187: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2172: 2170: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2132: 2130: 2124: 2122: 2116: 2114: 2108: 2105: 2090: 2088: 2082: 2080: 2074: 2071: 2068: 2066: 2060: 2058: 2052: 2051: 2047: 2046: 2045: 2043: 2037: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2019: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1963: 1959: 1956: 1952: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1937: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1917: 1910:Later reforms 1907: 1905: 1903: 1897: 1895: 1888: 1884: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1872: 1867: 1866:his civil war 1863: 1859: 1858:Julius Caesar 1854: 1847:Julian reform 1844: 1842: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1823: 1821: 1819: 1814: 1801: 1798: 1793: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1735: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1695: 1689: 1683: 1682: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1664: 1658: 1652: 1651: 1647: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1636:Eighth Month 1633: 1627: 1621: 1620: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1602: 1596: 1590: 1589: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1571: 1565: 1559: 1558: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1540: 1534: 1528: 1527: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1506: 1505:Mensis Iunius 1500: 1494: 1493: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1472: 1466: 1460: 1459: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1439: 1433: 1427: 1421: 1420: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1399: 1393: 1387: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1346: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328:Month of the 1325: 1312: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1291: 1285: 1279: 1278: 1255: 1242: 1232: 1218: 1213: 450 BC 1206: 700 BC 1198: 1196: 1195:Roman priests 1193:believed the 1192: 1188: 1184: 1172: 1167: 1165: 1157: 1153: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1128:Metonic cycle 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1093: 1087: 1082: 1078: 1076: 1070: 1065: 1064:tropical year 1060: 1058: 1057:Twelve Tables 1048:(715–673 BC), 1044: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 998: 996: 994: 990: 987:variously to 986: 982: 978: 973: 971: 966: 962: 958: 957: 952: 942: 938: 934: 931: 929: 926: 924: 921: 920: 916: 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 902: 898: 896:Eighth Month 895: 893: 890: 888: 885: 884: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 866: 862: 859: 857: 854: 852: 849: 848: 844: 841: 837: 834: 832: 829: 828: 824: 822: 818: 816: 815:Mensis Iunius 813: 811: 808: 807: 803: 801: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 786: 782: 779: 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 764: 760: 758: 754: 752: 749: 747: 744: 743: 729: 723: 720: 719: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 694: 690: 685: 683: 678: 673: 669: 665: 663: 662: 654: 653: 640: 638: 636: 631: 630: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 525: 521: 517: 514:short of the 512:10 or 11 days 505: 501: 497: 494: 493:observational 490: 480: 475: 473: 472: 464: 455: 453: 449: 445: 441: 436: 433: 428: 424: 419: 413: 408: 400: 396: 388: 383: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 352: 351: 334: 329: 327: 323: 319: 315: 314:Late Republic 311: 307: 304: 300: 296: 293: 289: 285: 279: 277: 273: 270: 266: 262: 261:intercalation 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 237: 234: 233: 230: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 180: 179:observational 176: 175:public market 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 149: 146: 142: 137: 135: 132: 128: 127:Julius Caesar 125: 121: 117: 113: 112:Roman Kingdom 109: 105: 97: 93: 89: 75: 73: 66: 59: 57: 56: 48: 44: 40: 33: 19: 10856:Stratigraphy 10801:Uranium–lead 10771:Lichenometry 10569:Winter count 10552:Mesoamerican 10480:Astronomical 10419: 10298:Mesoamerican 10283:Sothic cycle 10258:Seleucid era 10243:Bosporan era 10231: / 10221: 10169:Paleontology 10026:Institutions 9890:Leptis Magna 9843:Major cities 9750:Philostratus 9537:Quadrigarius 9357:Rufus Festus 9220:Contemporary 8941:Romanization 8878: 8864:Architecture 8471:Collegiality 8320:Constitution 8171:Ancient Rome 8097: 8085: 8082:Middle-earth 8073: 8061: 7831:applications 7829:Displays and 7739: / 7720:By specialty 7689: 7683: 7550:Xiuhpōhualli 7448:Mesoamerican 7294:Nepal Sambat 6965:Astronomical 6886: 6848: 6833: 6814: 6799: 6783: 6765: 6753: 6738: 6715: 6701: 6687: 6683: 6665: 6661: 6647: 6632: 6617: 6602: 6588: 6578: 6563: 6548: 6544: 6506: 6492: 6480: 6476: 6453: 6449: 6446:Saturnalia, 6445: 6430: 6417:the original 6412: 6407: 6403:Titus Livius 6392: 6388:Titus Livius 6367: 6352: 6337: 6323: 6306: 6290: 6276: 6260: 6242: 6227: 6199: 6189: 6178: 6162: 6135: 6123: 6092: 6080: 6069: 6049: 6037: 6025: 6013: 6001: 5990: 5989:Censorinus, 5985: 5980:inscription. 5972: 5963: 5959: 5953: 5944: 5940: 5934: 5925: 5921: 5915: 5906: 5902: 5896: 5887: 5883: 5877: 5868: 5864: 5858: 5849: 5845: 5844:"September, 5827: 5823: 5819: 5813: 5804: 5800: 5799:"†quintile, 5794: 5785: 5781: 5775: 5766: 5762: 5756: 5747: 5743: 5737: 5728: 5724: 5718: 5706: 5699:Rüpke (2011) 5694: 5682: 5671:Smyth (1920) 5666: 5636:Kline (2004) 5631: 5619: 5559: 5547: 5535: 5523: 5511: 5499: 5437: 5432:, p. 5. 5425: 5414:Kline (2004) 5409: 5397: 5381: 5365: 5353: 5341: 5329: 5313: 5303:Rüpke (2011) 5298: 5291:Life of Numa 5290: 5282: 5250:Life of Numa 5249: 5220: 5208:. Retrieved 5203: 5194: 5182:. Retrieved 5177: 5168: 5157:Rüpke (2011) 5137: 5125: 5113: 5101: 5087: 5064: 5052: 5029: 5013: 4952: 4940: 4930: 4922: 4912: 4904: 4894: 4886: 4876: 4868: 4858: 4850: 4840: 4832: 4818: 4810: 4757:Grout (2023) 4731: 4715: 4705: 4700: 4676: 4667: 4658: 4649: 4640: 4631: 4619: 4614:Q. Rex C. F. 4611: 4607: 4602: 4590: 4581: 4558: 4545: 4533: 4520: 4479: 4445: 4435:, & the 4343: 4291: 4255: 4242: 4234: 4226: 4218: 4210: 4187: 4170:BC to allow 4159: 4144: 4095: 4092:Roman Empire 4068:regnal years 4060:calendar era 4057: 4026: 3984: 3967: 3961:days over 24 3947: 3932: 3924:Intercalaris 3908: 3900: 3896: 3884: 3875: 3867: 3854: 3842: 3838: 3831: 3811: 3803: 3788: 3779: 3771: 3769: 3697:a.d. IV Kal. 3645:a.d. VI Kal. 3567:a.d. IX Kal. 3515:a.d. XI Kal. 3411:a.d. XV Kal. 3288: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3268: 3261: 3256: 3158:a.d. IV Eid. 3106:a.d. VI Eid. 3041: 3036: 3031: 3026: 3021: 3014: 3009: 2983:On the Nones 2960:Pridie Nonas 2911:a.d. IV Non. 2859:a.d. VI Non. 2846: 2841: 2836: 2831: 2826: 2819: 2814: 2637: 2616: 2596: 2562: 2544: 2505: 2490:, since the 2433: 2411: 2405: 2387: 2373: 2370:archaic form 2361: 2357: 2351:rex sacrorum 2349: 2345: 2337: 2333: 2326:dies nefasti 2323: 2317: 2313: 2303: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2277: 2271: 2267: 2258: 2252: 2244: 2242: 2229: 2221: 2209: 2193: 2183: 2174: 2166: 2144: 2126: 2118: 2117:, variously 2110: 2106: 2084: 2076: 2072: 2062: 2054: 2048: 2039: 2026: 2022:its calendar 1977:Roman Empire 1974: 1965: 1957: 1933: 1919: 1899: 1891: 1874:, ordered a 1869: 1856: 1843: 1837:) to censor 1834: 1829: 1822: 1815: 1736: 1732: 1715:Whole year: 1698:Tenth Month 1667:Ninth Month 1574:Sixth Month 1471:Mensis Maius 1381: 1373: 1168: 1162:days called 1109: 1072: 1061: 1045: 1004: 997: 985:Roman legend 974: 954: 948: 932:Tenth Month 914:Ninth Month 860:Sixth Month 842:Fifth Month 794:Mensis Maius 700:culture hero 686: 657: 652:pleni menses 646: 639: 607:ornithomancy 563:decimal year 502:. Because a 486: 479: 467: 437: 384: 330: 297:. After the 280: 238: 138: 110:used by the 103: 101: 90:("QVI") and 69: 51: 43: 10796:Radiocarbon 10471:Dual dating 10330:Regnal year 10308:Short Count 10248:Bostran era 10229:Anno Domini 10162:Big History 10142:Archaeology 10021:Geographers 9705:Dioscorides 9685:Cassius Dio 9307:Cassiodorus 9210:Renaissance 8816:Agriculture 8788:Auxiliaries 8729:Engineering 8566:Magistrates 8418:Citizenship 8413:Mos maiorum 8348:Late Empire 7932:Anno Domini 7901:Regnal year 7896:Regnal name 7869:Terminology 7859:Year naming 7814:Symmetry454 7664:Pentecontad 7587:Culāsakaraj 7572:Cappadocian 7304:Yele Sambat 7190:Zoroastrian 7084:Bangladeshi 7022:limited use 7000:Solar Hijri 6995:Lunar Hijri 6958:In wide use 6711:Rüpke, Jörg 6382:(in French) 5920:"February, 5901:"December, 5882:"November, 5675:§§1582–1587 5655:Beck (1838) 5608:Beck (1838) 5583:Beck (1838) 5293:section XIX 5273:, pp. 5044:, cited in 4489:Roman Egypt 4416:Alexandrian 4278:Spanish era 4217:), July 1 ( 4182:during the 4118:'s 15-year 4064:Roman kings 4041:Julian year 3863:Mercedonius 3828:Mercedonius 3671:a.d. V Kal. 3541:a.d. X Kal. 3230:On the Ides 3207:Pridie Idus 3132:a.d. V Eid. 2885:a.d. V Non. 2537:Constantine 2464:2–5 letters 2376:intercissus 2133:), the 15th 2005:Constantine 1926:Mark Antony 1880:Alexandrian 1359:Mercedonius 1164:Mercedonius 1156:Greek years 1105:odd numbers 1101:Pythagorean 1041:Mercedonius 1023:lunar cycle 661:cavi menses 504:lunar cycle 322:sacred king 310:consulships 292:Pythagorean 169:—nine days 32:Roman Month 10958:Categories 10391:Vietnamese 10303:Long Count 10238:Anno Mundi 10233:Common Era 10135:Key topics 10128:Chronology 9910:Mediolanum 9850:Alexandria 9815:Themistius 9780:Porphyrius 9607:Tertullian 9542:Quintilian 9532:Propertius 9427:Lactantius 9377:Fulgentius 9312:Censorinus 9134:Sanitation 9119:Metallurgy 9076:Technology 9041:Demography 8989:Patricians 8956:Spectacles 8914:Literature 8909:Hairstyles 8746:Technology 8496:Praefectus 8448:Government 8438:Litigation 8423:Auctoritas 8368:Centuriate 8255:Principate 8250:Pax Romana 8210:Foundation 8038:Vietnamese 7951:Anno Mundi 7941:Anno Lucis 7936:Common Era 7839:Electronic 7809:Positivist 7771:Discordian 7761:Dreamspell 7696:Sexagenary 7637:Macedonian 7607:Florentine 7557:Babylonian 7523:Historical 7453:Long Count 7407:Vietnamese 7363:Macedonian 7326:Nanakshahi 7256:Lithuanian 7126:Solar term 6837:(in Latin) 6803:(in Latin) 6636:(in Latin) 6606:(in Latin) 6567:(in Latin) 6434:(in Latin) 6431:Saturnalia 6396:(in Latin) 6310:, London: 6295:(in Latin) 6272:Censorinus 6265:(in Latin) 6257:Censorinus 6231:(in Latin) 6114:, p. 6099:I, CIL VI. 5863:"October, 5818:"sextile, 5723:"January, 5657:, p. 5610:, p. 5585:, p. 5490:, p. 5404:, Book II. 5372:, p. 5320:, p. 5305:, p. 5210:January 9, 5184:January 9, 5159:, p. 5084:Censorinus 5046:Key (1875) 5034:Censorinus 5020:, p. 4932:On Farming 4896:On Farming 4815:Censorinus 4784:, p. 4722:, p. 4706:Enc. Brit. 4688:References 4507:; and the 4465:Undecimber 4174:to attack 4116:Diocletian 4033:solar year 3989:is always 3888:Quirinalia 3851:Regifugium 3749:Prid. Kal. 3210:Prid. Eid. 2963:Prid. Non. 2547:dies Solis 2533:Lord's Day 2528:, and the 2508:7-day week 2488:filibuster 2482:and their 2480:patricians 2382:sacrifices 2300:assemblies 2292:comitialis 2280:dies fasti 2247:kalendaria 2238:late Latin 2091:), the 7th 2011:by making 1993:Diocletian 1955:plebiscite 1594:September 1132:Babylonian 1069:Terminalia 1027:solar year 708:Alba Longa 704:Censorinus 696:first king 635:Sementivae 567:Censorinus 516:solar year 432:bis sextum 427:bissextile 350:Lex Acilia 257:solar year 218:Terminalia 204:, and the 148:first king 10969:Calendars 10928:Year zero 10908:Chronicle 10851:Seriation 10786:Lead–lead 10660:Standards 10641:Deep time 10601:Ephemeris 10487:Lunisolar 10451:Gregorian 10444:Gregorian 10405:Calendars 10368:Era names 10338:Anka year 10217:Human Era 10147:Astronomy 10066:Quaestors 9996:Empresses 9986:Dynasties 9976:Dictators 9951:and other 9940:Volubilis 9935:Vindobona 9895:Londinium 9820:Theodoret 9790:Procopius 9770:Polyaenus 9745:Pausanias 9647:Vitruvius 9592:Symmachus 9587:Suetonius 9497:Petronius 9482:Obsequens 9447:Macrobius 9442:Lucretius 9367:Frontinus 9342:Eutropius 9327:Columella 9277:Augustine 9267:Appuleius 9215:Neo-Latin 9190:Classical 9181:Versions 9089:Aqueducts 9031:Patronage 8951:Sexuality 8924:Mythology 8899:Education 8889:Cosmetics 8714:Campaigns 8709:Structure 8662:Decemviri 8521:Imperator 8220:overthrow 8099:Star Trek 8063:Discworld 8058:Discworld 8051:Fictional 7927:Anka year 7906:Year zero 7886:Leap year 7844:Perpetual 7567:Byzantine 7286:Mongolian 7266:Malayalam 7010:Unix time 6985:Gregorian 6980:Ethiopian 6944:Lunisolar 6925:Calendars 6820:Cambridge 6780:"Augures" 6692:Cambridge 6458:Cambridge 6248:Cambridge 6030:Macrobius 6018:Macrobius 6006:Macrobius 5780:"August, 5564:Macrobius 5540:Macrobius 5442:Macrobius 5334:Macrobius 5130:Macrobius 5106:Macrobius 5057:Macrobius 5038:Macrobius 4991:Macrobius 4927:Palladius 4891:Columella 4693:Citations 4420:Byzantine 4251:Indiction 4245:Eid. Dec. 4237:Kal. Oct. 4229:Kal. Sex. 4221:Kal. Qui. 4213:Eid. Mai. 4201:until 222 4191:Eid. Mart 4162:Kal. Ian. 4120:Indiction 4080:Temporary 3911:Macrobius 3791:festivals 3782:postridie 2609:sulphuric 2564:the gods 2530:Christian 2497:first day 2468:plebeians 2177:postridie 2155:full moon 2001:Justinian 1997:indiction 1981:Egyptians 1902:Posterior 1883:Sosigenes 1774:⋅ 1762:⋅ 1750:⋅ 1687:December 1656:November 1509:Month of 1475:Month of 1438:Aphrodite 1436:Month of 1402:Month of 1317:February 1294:Month of 1215:– 46 BC) 1187:Decemvirs 1171:Periochae 981:Etruscans 869:September 819:Month of 798:Month of 778:Aphrodite 755:Month of 693:legendary 677:Macrobius 599:Palladius 583:Columella 555:night sky 539:migration 527:festivals 524:religious 395:solar one 376:civil war 343:. By the 288:Etruscans 272:festivals 206:full moon 182:lunar one 145:legendary 88:Quintilis 82: 60 10923:Timeline 10761:Ice core 10634:Concepts 10381:Japanese 10313:Tzolk'in 10278:Egyptian 10071:Tribunes 10061:Praetors 10011:Generals 9991:Emperors 9900:Lugdunum 9885:Eboracum 9875:Carthage 9860:Aquileia 9775:Polybius 9765:Plutarch 9735:Libanius 9725:Josephus 9720:Herodian 9612:Tibullus 9527:Priscian 9502:Phaedrus 9462:Manilius 9407:Jordanes 9392:Hydatius 9322:Claudian 9302:Catullus 9292:Boëthius 9287:Ausonius 9205:Medieval 9177:Alphabet 9149:Theatres 9124:Numerals 9109:Concrete 9099:Circuses 9066:Bagaudae 9056:Adoption 9051:Marriage 9024:Assembly 8929:Religion 8904:Folklore 8884:Clothing 8879:Calendar 8836:Currency 8826:Commerce 8724:Strategy 8686:Military 8672:Triumvir 8652:Dictator 8647:Interrex 8626:Governor 8611:Quaestor 8574:Ordinary 8556:Province 8546:Tetrarch 8536:Augustus 8501:Vicarius 8491:Officium 8428:Imperium 8378:Plebeian 8338:Republic 8260:Dominate 8227:Republic 8188:Timeline 8129:Category 8094:Stardate 8070:Greyhawk 8001:Seleucid 7986:Japanese 7956:Assyrian 7891:New Year 7727:Holocene 7679:Rapa Nui 7652:Tzolkʼin 7617:Germanic 7597:Egyptian 7333:Romanian 7311:Nisg̱a'a 7271:Mandaean 7261:Maithili 7234:Javanese 7229:Japanese 7184:medieval 7138:Georgian 7049:Assyrian 7039:Armenian 6970:Buddhist 6846:(1910), 6834:Georgica 6812:(1934), 6778:(1896), 6737:(1981), 6713:(2011), 6677:(1914), 6675:Plutarch 6658:Plutarch 6645:(1855), 6615:(1807), 6576:(2004), 6525:citation 6504:(1967), 6443:(2011), 6405:(1905), 6322:(1899), 6304:(1745), 6274:(1900), 6240:(1934), 6208:citation 5742:"March, 5287:Plutarch 5246:Plutarch 4878:Georgics 4825:Ch. XXII 4538:Plutarch 4422:, & 4385:See also 4375:harvests 4363:Olympiad 4353:BC. The 4306:republic 4280:used in 4166:) in 153 4124:Orthodox 4049:leap day 3796:Augustus 2791:Kalendis 2633:emperors 2613:Etruscan 2581:Augustus 2523:Saturday 2436:nundinae 2422:Nundinae 2319:nefastus 2254:calendar 2147:new moon 2057:Kalendae 1968:Augustus 1946:Augustus 1887:leap day 1625:October 1442:Etruscan 1283:January 1226:Meaning 1220:English 1140:Plutarch 1029:of 12.5 1015:February 951:Plutarch 923:December 905:November 737:Meaning 731:English 718:a priori 691:, their 672:new moon 500:new moon 489:calendar 407:leap day 378:against 253:February 198:new moon 134:Augustus 124:Dictator 108:calendar 106:was the 92:Sextilis 10933:Floruit 10681:Methods 10542:Iranian 10510:Islamic 10376:Chinese 10187:Periods 10157:History 10152:Geology 10041:Legions 10001:Fiction 9971:Consuls 9966:Climate 9920:Ravenna 9915:Pompeii 9905:Lutetia 9870:Bononia 9865:Berytus 9855:Antioch 9830:Zosimus 9825:Zonaras 9800:Sozomen 9785:Priscus 9760:Photius 9602:Terence 9597:Tacitus 9582:Statius 9567:Servius 9552:Sallust 9507:Plautus 9487:Orosius 9467:Martial 9422:Juvenal 9397:Hyginus 9382:Gellius 9241:Writers 9172:History 9154:Thermae 9144:Temples 9094:Bridges 9061:Slavery 9009:Equites 8981:Society 8961:Theatre 8934:Deities 8894:Cuisine 8874:Bathing 8856:Culture 8831:Finance 8808:Economy 8699:Borders 8694:History 8596:Tribune 8591:Praetor 8481:Legatus 8476:Emperor 8363:Curiate 8333:Kingdom 8328:History 8304:History 8287:decline 8245:History 8215:Kingdom 8198:History 8183:Outline 8026:Dvapara 8006:Spanish 7915:Systems 7765:New Age 7755:Martian 7711:Turkmen 7706:Swedish 7592:Coligny 7530:Arabian 7491:Revised 7397:Tripuri 7392:Tibetan 7348:Sesotho 7321:Punjabi 7281:Melanau 7251:Kurdish 7217:Tabular 7207:Islamic 7175:Iranian 7106:Chinese 7101:Burmese 7079:Bengali 7067:Pawukon 7020:In more 6975:Chinese 6932:Systems 6547:Vol. I: 6479:Vol. II 6149:Sources 6068:Varro, 5958:"June, 5761:"July, 5174:"April" 5042:Solinus 4860:Farming 4551:Stanyan 4499:of the 4304:of the 4272:from AD 4205:BC and 4043:was 365 3994:⁄ 3965:years. 3892:Feralia 3374: 3346: 3318: 2900: 2874: 2694:Sep Nov 2692:Jun Aug 2690:Jan Apr 2619:aperire 2589:5 to 10 2578:emperor 2526:sabbath 2501:January 2484:clients 2472:aediles 2440:weekend 2413:Aprilis 2163:Jupiter 2050:Kalends 2036:Kalends 1862:victory 1563:August 1378: 1370: 1116:Romulus 1081:calends 1011:January 989:Romulus 961:Romulus 887:October 689:Romulus 617:of the 559:Romulus 553:in the 535:leafing 531:Michels 458:History 399:Egypt's 368:his war 318:pontiff 290:and of 276:seasons 249:January 186:kalends 151:Romulus 131:Emperor 10729:dating 10525:Others 10491:Hebrew 10386:Korean 10197:Epochs 10051:Nomina 10036:Legacy 10016:Gentes 9953:topics 9949:Lists 9930:Smyrna 9810:Strabo 9740:Lucian 9730:Julian 9680:Arrian 9675:Appian 9665:Aelian 9642:Vergil 9417:Justin 9402:Jerome 9387:Horace 9372:Fronto 9362:Florus 9337:Ennius 9317:Cicero 9297:Caesar 9195:Vulgar 9019:Tribes 8946:Romans 8756:Legion 8739:castra 8616:Aedile 8586:Censor 8581:Consul 8541:Caesar 8511:Lictor 8433:Status 8373:Tribal 8353:Senate 8343:Empire 8237:Empire 8173:topics 7991:Korean 7751:Darian 7701:Soviet 7674:Qumran 7659:Muisca 7577:Celtic 7562:Bulgar 7510:Saints 7486:Julian 7476:Coptic 7422:Yoruba 7353:Slavic 7343:Somali 7290:Nepal 7239:Korean 7201:Gaelic 7180:Jalali 7143:Hebrew 7121:Minguo 7096:Borana 7091:Berber 7054:Baháʼí 6743:Ithaca 6723: 6686:Vol. I 6514: 6464: 6448:Vol. I 5978: 5939:"May, 5390: 5275:368 ff 5094:Ch. 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