Qocho - Knowledge

966: 1368: 505: 1377: 3198: 3210: 3270: 938:

largely played on the pipa and harp. They produce sables, fine white cotton cloth, and an embroidered cloth made from flower stamens. By custom they enjoy horseback riding and archery ... They use the calendar produced in the seventh year of the Kaiyuan reign (719). They fashion pipes of silver or brass and channel flowing water to shoot at each other; or they sprinkle water on each other as a game, which they call pressing out the sun's heat to chase off sickness. They like to take walks, and the strollers always carry a musical instrument with them. There are over fifty Buddhist temples here, the names inscribed over their gates all presented by the Tang court. The temples house copies of the Buddhist scriptures (

3246: 3222: 1090: 2680: 1546: 1063:

During the early Yuan dynasty, at least before the Princes' rebellions, the Yuan central government exercised a tight control over the Uighur state. Although the Mongol royal family maintained a marriage relationship with the Uighur Idu-qut family for almost a century, the women who were married into Uighurstan were not the daughters of the Yuan emperors, but were mostly descendants of Ogedei Khan who had lost the throne to the descendants of Tolui, his younger brother. At the same time, although the Mongol royal family continued to marry their Princesses to the Uighur Iduqut, not a single one of the Mongol Khans or Yuan Emperors married a Uighur Princess.

3182: 1392: 1677: 3234: 989: 1530:

cruel by nature and eat only meat from animals that they have just killed with their own hands. Even when fasting, they drink wine and eat without any sense of unease. There are Yilizhu (Christian) Uighurs who are quite weak and cowardly and dislike killing; when fasting, they do not eat meat. There are Yindu (Indian) Uighurs who have black skin and are simple and honest. There are too many other kinds for me to list them all. Their king selects his eunuchs from those of the Yindu (Indians) who are dark and ugly and uses fire to brand their faces.

1102: 629: 635: 958:. On spring nights the locals pass the time milling about between the temples. There's an "Imperial Writings Tower' which houses edicts written by the Tang emperor Taizong kept carefully secured. There's also a Manichaean temple, with Persian monks who keep their own religious law and call the Buddhist scriptures the 'foreign Way' ... In this land there are no poor people; anyone short of food is given public aid. People live to an advanced age, generally over one hundred years. No one dies young. 3170: 3158: 3146: 1308: 1404: 6779: 59: 1633:) undertook a campaign against Karakhodja and Turfan, two very important towns in China, and forced their inhabitants to become Muslims". The Chagatai Khanate also conquered Hami, where the Buddhist religion was also purged and replaced with Islam. Ironically after being converted to Islam, the descendants of the Uyghurs in Turpan failed to retain memory of their Buddhist legacy and were led to believe that the "infidel Kalmuks" ( 3258: 6791: 1473:

diviners beliefs and "national customs", he expressed towards Buddhism a hatred in his Diwan where he wrote the verse cycle on the war against Uyghur Buddhists. Buddhist origin words like toyin (a cleric or priest) and Burxān or Furxan (meaning Buddha, acquiring the generic meaning of "idol" in the Turkic language of Kashgari) had negative connotations to Muslim Turks.

909:). This occupation ended after the Jinshan Kingdom's loss to the Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom in 911. In 954, Ilig Bilgä Tengri rose to power. In 981, Arslan Bilgä Tengri ilig rose to power. From 981, the Idiqut of Qocho sent tribute missions to the Song dynasty under the title "Nephew Lion King Arslan Khan of the West Prefecture." The addition of the title "Nephew" ( 4987: 5003: 1081:. In 1322, Tämir Buqa iduq-qut rose to power. In 1330, Senggi iduq-qut succeeded Tämir Buqa iduq-qut. In 1332, Taipindu iduq-qut succeeded Senggi iduq-qut. In 1352, Ching Timür iduq-qut succeeded Taipindu iduq-qut and was the last known ruler governor of the kingdom. By the 1370s, the Kingdom of Qocho ceased to exist. 1044:) in an attempt to free his people from the rule of the Western Liao. It just so happened that Chinggis Khan's envoys arrived at this juncture, and fearing retaliation from the Liao, he immediately sent envoys to Mongolia to express his willingness to acknowledge allegiance to Chinggis in exchange from protection. 1225:

in his realm. Manichaean monks accompanied Uyghur embassies from 934–951 while between 965 and 1022, the accompanying monks were Buddhists. Manichaeism in Qocho probably reached its peak in 866 and was gradually replaced by Buddhism afterward. This shift was noticeable by 1008 when Manichaean temples

1529:

There are many varieties of people in that country. Their hair and beards are thick and curly like wool, and vary widely in shade from black to yellow. One sees only the eyes and noses on their faces . Their tastes and habits are also different from ours. There are Mosuluman (Muslim) Uighurs who are

1073:

In 1229, Barčuq Art iduq-qut succeeded Yur Temur. In, 1242 Kesmez iduq-qut succeeded Barčuq Art iduq-qut. In 1246, Salïndï Tigin iduq-qut succeeded Kesmez iduq-qut. In 1253, Ögrünch Tigin iduq-qut succeeded Salïndï Tigin iduq-qut. In, 1257 Mamuraq Tigin iduq-qut succeeded Ögrünch Tigin iduq-qut, who

1035:

In 1128, during the reign of Bilge Tekin, the Uighur Kingdom became a vassal state of the Western Liao established by the Khitan. Originally the Western Liao exercised only a loose control over the Uighur state, but soon started to extort excessive taxes and levies in the Uighur lands. In 1209, the

1646:

The Islamic conversion forced on the Buddhist city of Hami was the final blow to Uyghur Buddhism, although some Buddhist influence in the names of Turpan Muslims still remained. Since Islam reached them much after other cities in the Tarim Basin, personal names of pre-Islamic Old Uyghur origin are

1230:

reports that Manichaean clerics lived in great comfort, possessed estates with serfs and slaves, ate fine food, and wore expensive garments. One of the most important medieval Uyghur documents is a 9th century decree to a Manichaean monastery affixed with eleven seals in Chinese characters saying:

1472:

states that "just as the thorn should be cut at its root, so the Uighur should be struck on the eye". They also used the derogatory word "Tat" to describe the Buddhist Uyghurs, which means "infidels". Uyghurs were also called dogs. While al-Kashgari displayed a different attitude towards the Turk

1456:

They do not cremate their dead, but bury the dead without coffins. They always bury the dead with the head facing west. Their monks do not shave their heads, and there are no painted or sculpted images in their temples. The language of their scriptures is also unintelligible to us. Only in Hezhou

816:

The land of the Uighurs is very large, so large that to the west it appears boundless. In the fourth and fifth months, all vegetation dries up as if it were winter. The mountains are snow-covered even in summer. When the sun rises it becomes hot, but as soon as it sets, it grows cold. Even in the

1574:

eliminated Yuan influence over Qocho. When the Mongols placed the Uyghurs in control of the Koreans at court, the Korean king objected. Emperor Kublai Khan rebuked the Korean king, saying that the Uyghur king ranked higher than the Karluk Kara-Khanid ruler, who in turn was ranked higher than the

1062:

I must, however, point out that, although Chinggis Khan adopted the ruler of the Uighur state Barchukh Art Tegin as his "fifth son", the Uighur state never became the "fifth khanate", as has been suggested by some scholars. The Uighur state was not independent, but was part of the Mongol empire.

937:

There is no rain or snow here and it is extremely hot. Each year at the hottest time, the inhabitants dig holes in the ground to live in ... The earth here produces all the five grains except buckwheat. The nobility eat horseflesh, while the rest eat mutton, wild ducks and geese. Their music is

1288:

While Persian monks still maintained a Manichaean temple in the kingdom, there was continued respect for Tang dynasty legacies and Buddhism. There were over fifty Buddhist temples, the name inscriptions on their gates all presented by the Tang court. The edicts of Emperor Taizong of Tang were

817:

sixth lunar month (i.e., the peak of summer), people must use wadded coverlets to sleep. It does not rain in summer. The rain only starts to fall in autumn, and then the vegetation begins to sprout. Come winter, the rivers and plains are like our spring, with flowers in full bloom.

1647:

still used in Hami and Turpan while Uyghurs to the west use mostly Islamic names of Arabic origin. Cherrypicking of history of Xinjiang with the intention of projecting an image of either irreligiosity or piousness of Islam in Uyghur culture has been done for various reasons.

1575:

Korean King, who was ranked last, because the Uyghurs surrendered to the Mongols first, the Karluks surrendered after the Uyghurs, and the Koreans surrendered last, and that the Uyghurs surrendered peacefully without violently resisting. A hybrid court was used when

1561:

and the kingdom existed as a vassal state until 1335. After submitting to the Mongols, the Uyghurs served the Mongol rulers as bureaucrats, providing the expertise that the initially illiterate nomads lacked. Qocho continued exist as a vassal to the Mongols of the

1246:'s edicts stored in the "Imperial Writings Tower" and Chinese dictionaries like Jingyun, Yupian, Tang yun, and da zang jing (Buddhist scriptures) stored inside the Buddhist temples. Uyghur Buddhists studied the Chinese language and used Chinese books like the 1492:

of sentient beings, the eyes and mouths in particular were often gouged out. Pieces of murals were also broken off for use as fertilizer by the locals. The Islamic–Buddhist conflict from the 11th to 12th centuries is still recalled in the forms of the

3014:

The Kingdom of Qocho's rulers trace their lineage to Qutlugh of the Ediz dynasty of the Uyghur Khaganate. There are numerous gaps in our knowledge of the Uyghur rulers of Qocho prior to the thirteenth century. The title of the ruler of Qocho was

1172:

During the rule of the Qocho Kingdom, some of their subjects also began adopting Islam, as evident when the Idiqut threatened to retaliate against the Muslims of his lands and "destroy the mosques" if Manichaeans were persecuted in neighbouring

1231:"Seal of the cabinet minister and of the Il Ugasi ministers of the great, fortunate Uyghur government." The document details a dramatized dialogue between Mani and a prince, and testifies to the rich cultural life of the Qocho kingdom. 859:

On the southern end of the Altai Mountains is a city of the Uighurs, called Bieshiba (Beshbaliq). There is a Tang-era stele there that identifies it as the former Vast Sea (Hanhai) Military Prefecture. The Vast Sea is several hundred

1376: 1520:

by the Kara-Khanids. Imams and soldiers who died in the battles against the Uyghur Buddhists and Khotan are revered as saints. It is possible the Muslims drove some Uyghur Buddhist monks towards taking asylum in the Tangut

965: 1467:

The Buddhist Uyghurs frequently came into conflict with their western Muslim neighbors. Muslim Turks described the Uyghurs in a number of derogatory ways. For example, the "Compendium of the Turkic Dialects" by

5600: 1367: 1342:" (a term meaning "appearing ethnically Eastern or Inner Asian"), giving as an example the images of Uyghur patrons of Buddhism in Bezeklik, temple 9, until they began to mix with the Tarim Basin's original, 1074:

was executed for supporting the Ogodeid branch of the Genghisid family. In 1266, Qosqar Tigin iduq-qut succeeded Mamuraq Tigin iduq-qut. In 1280, Negüril Tigin iduq-qut succeeded Qosqar Tigin iduq-qut.

1457:(i.e., Gaochang/Qocho) and Shazhou (i.e., Dunhuang) are the temples and images like those of the Central Lands, and in those temples they recite Buddhist scriptures written in the Chinese (Han) script. 1008:. In 1024, Kül Bilgä Tengri Khan succeeded Alp Arsla Qutlugh Kül Bilgä Tengri Khan. In 1068, Tengri Bügü il Bilgä Arslan Tengri Uighur Tärkän succeeded Kül Bilgä Tengri Khan. By 1096, Qocho had lost 2641: 1181:

in Qocho were "more numerous" than Manichaeans under Islamic rule, and he was ultimately successful in staying the persecutions in Khorasan. This episode was recorded by Arab bibliographer

4546:

Conservation of ancient sites on the Silk Road: proceedings of the second International Conference on the Conservation of Grotto Sites, Mogao Grottoes, Dunhuang, People's Republic of China

5845: 923:, as "nephew" referred to the traditional relationship between the Uyghur Khans and the previous Tang dynasty, who referred to each other as uncle and nephew. Meanwhile, West Prefecture ( 1512:, one by unspecified Muslim Turks, and one inflicted upon "a city between the Tangut and China", Qatun Sini, at the hands of the Tangut Khan. The war against Buddhist, shamanist, and 1589:

or "Right Alan Guard", which was combined with "recently surrendered" soldiers, Mongols, and Chinese soldiers stationed in the area of the former kingdom of Qocho. In Beshbalik (now

6121: 2943: 1258:. It was written that "In Qocho city were more than fifty monasteries, all titles of which are granted by the emperors of the Tang dynasty, which keep many Buddhist texts as the 617:

name for Gaochang, the "Qocho Uyghurs" after their capital, the "Kucha Uyghurs" after another city they controlled, or the "Arslan ("Lion") Uyghurs" after their king's title.

5288:

History of civilizations of Central Asia Volume IV The age of achievement: A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century Part One The historical, social and economic setting

2634: 1643:

wrote "By then the Turks of the Turfan ... forgetting all the other highlights of their past, they attributed the Buddhist and other monuments to the 'infidel Kalmuks'."

876:

west of Gaochang is the city of Wuduan (Khotan), which was known as the kingdom of Yutian in the Tang. The two rivers that produce black and white jade are located there.

4544: 3759:

Rong, Xinjian (October 24, 2022). "Gaochang in the Second Half of the 5th Century and Its Relations with the Rouran Qaghanate and the Kingdoms of the Western Regions".

302: 288: 263: 249: 3456:

Cultural contact, history and ethnicity in inner Asia: papers presented at the Central and Inner Asian Seminar, University of Toronto, March 4, 1994 and March 3, 1995

504: 6842: 5607: 3181: 2627: 4524: 4471: 3197: 1281:

rime dictionary and developed their own pronunciations of Chinese characters. They viewed the Chinese script as "very prestigious" so when they developed the

1226:

were converted to Buddhist temples. Part of the reason for Manichaeism's decline may have been the lifestyle of the Manichaean clergy. A decree discovered in

3209: 3269: 3245: 3221: 1385:

Painted silk fragments of men in armour, from a Manichaean Temple near Qocho. Turkish, 8th century or 9th century CE. Museum für Asiatische Kunst, Berlin.

5353:

The Age of Achievement: A.D. 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century - Vol. 4, Part II : The Achievements (History of Civilizations of Central Asia)

4634: 4608: 1420:

The Uyghurs of Qocho were Buddhists whose religious identity were intertwined with their religion. Qocho was a Buddhist state with both state-sponsored

4030: 491: 4243: 4137: 1509: 1676: 1285:, based on the Syriac script, they deliberately switched it to vertical like Chinese writing from its original horizontal position in Syriac. 6221: 3001: 5128: 1242:

rule over Qocho and Turfan left a lasting Chinese Buddhist influence on the area. Tang names remained on more than 50 Buddhist temples with

6822: 1432:. Although they retained some of their culture, they were heavily influenced by the indigenous peoples of western China and abandoned the 929:) referred to Qocho's designation under Tang administration. In 984, Arslan Bilgä Tengri ilig became Süngülüg Khagan. In the same year, a 6732: 6356: 3308: 2954: 5822: 4428: 3275: 1271: 872:

south of this city (Beshbaliq) is Hezhou (Qocho), known as Gaochang in the Tang. It is also known as Yizhou. Three to four thousand

5593: 1408: 1267: 981: 5935: 5688: 3233: 2799: 3950:

Kamberi, Dolkun (1999). "A survey of Uyghur documents from Turpan and their importance for Asian and Central Eurasian history".

1027:

In 1123, Bilgä rose to power. He was succeeded by Yur Temur at some point. In 1128, the Kingdom of Qocho became a vassal of the

6535: 4498: 4563: 6827: 5887: 5486: 5323: 5192: 5165: 5111: 5080: 4966: 4907: 4880: 4841: 4802: 4775: 4729: 4698: 4671: 4618: 4591: 4557: 4508: 4481: 4454: 4412: 4347: 4283: 4228: 4201: 4174: 4094: 4044: 3988: 3866: 3778: 3535: 3508: 3437: 3410: 3358: 2719: 980:

in 762. Detail of Bögü Qaghan in a suit of armour, kneeling to a Manichean high priest. Eighth-century Manichean manuscript (

484: 3978: 6737: 5974: 5782: 3668: 2919: 4166:

Islamization and Native Religion in the Golden Horde: Baba TŸkles and Conversion to Islam in Historical and Epic Tradition

5882: 5646: 2715: 6727: 5516: 5247: 4897: 3323: 5025: 628: 6087: 5576: 5458: 5423: 4121: 3922: 3894: 3464: 3037:(Almaty, 1992), vol. 1, pp. 180–85. Named rulers based on various sources of other languages are also included. 2994: 5560: 4402: 3157: 890:

In 869 and 870 the Kingdom of Qocho attacked the Guiyi Circuit but was repelled. In 876 the Kingdom of Qocho seized

6234: 5788: 5235:

Marriage as Political Strategy and Cultural Expression: Mongolian Royal Marriages from World Empire to Yuan Dynasty

4956: 4856: 3169: 2747: 524: 477: 6560: 2968: 2318: 668: 5233: 6754: 6749: 6480: 6257: 6133: 6104: 6058: 4275:

Proceedings of the 38th Permanent International Altaistic Conference (PIAC): Kawasaki, Japan, August 7–12, 1995

3375: 3288: 2935: 2742: 1485: 901:

In 904, Zhang Chengfeng of the Guiyi Circuit (later renamed Jinshan Kingdom) attacked Qocho and seized Yizhou (

546: 1089: 6540: 6450: 6099: 6026: 5815: 4256: 2930: 2893: 2387: 2380: 1618: 2679: 864:

northwest of this city. In that sea is a small island covered with feathers shed by birds. Over two hundred

6832: 6759: 6525: 6510: 6211: 6068: 4940: 3313: 2987: 2659: 1146: 778: 6141: 3348: 1650:

After the conversion to Islam by Uyghurs, the term "Uyghur" fell out of use until it was revived in 1921.

6817: 6550: 6545: 6475: 6239: 6080: 2898: 1162: 168: 3454: 1501:

are an example of the religiously motivated vandalism against portraits of religious and human figures.

6764: 6392: 5451:

The Uighur Empire: According to the T'ang Dynastic Histories, A Study in Sino-Uighur Relations, 744–840

5047: 3145: 2838: 2795: 1639: 1248: 6795: 6555: 6440: 6171: 4337: 4316: 4300: 4273: 2964: 1545: 1484:

razed Qocho's Buddhist temples in the Minglaq province across the Ili region. Buddhist murals at the

4543:(2010). "A place of safekeeping? The vicissitudes of the Bezeklik murals". In Agnew, Neville (ed.). 58: 6837: 6520: 6351: 6053: 5921: 5917: 5808: 5776: 4761: 3298: 3024: 2882: 2772: 2767: 2582: 2228: 2207: 1481: 1391: 372: 364: 4875:. Vol. 6: Alien Regimes and Border States, 907–1368. Cambridge University Press. p. 29. 1289:

carefully stored in an "Imperial Writings Tower." Indeed, the 10th century Persian geography book

30:

This article is about the Old Uyghur-ruled kingdom. For the earlier kingdom in the same area, see

6515: 6430: 6335: 5925: 5132: 2777: 2236: 1343: 1243: 744: 388: 1165:, but also looked to the Sogdians as "mentors" while gradually replacing them in their roles as 6591: 5940: 5913: 5239: 4113:

Crowns, hats, turbans and helmets. The headgear in Iranian history volume I: Pre-Islamic Period

3481: 3303: 2762: 2533: 2398: 2199: 1428:. The Uyghurs sponsored the construction of many of the temple-caves in what is now called the 613:, also known as Tingzhou). Its population is referred to as the "Xizhou Uyghurs" after the old 356: 17: 5155: 4831: 4444: 4164: 4084: 3525: 3427: 6744: 6707: 6500: 6031: 5184:

Xinjiang and the Expansion of Chinese Communist Power: Kashgar in the Early Twentieth Century

5097: 5070: 4870: 4792: 4765: 4748: 4715: 4688: 4654: 4583:

Xinjiang and the Expansion of Chinese Communist Power: Kashgar in the Early Twentieth Century

4581: 4218: 4191: 3498: 3400: 2112: 793:

In 843, a group of Uyghurs migrated southward under the leadership of Pangtele, and occupied

5182: 1319: 1000:

In 1007, Alp Arsla Qutlugh Kül Bilgä Tengri Khan succeeded Bügü Bilgä Tengri ilig. In 1008,

6495: 6372: 5947: 4005: 3623: 3257: 2803: 1886: 1508:, the "infidel tribes" suffered three defeats, one at the hands of the Karakhanids in the 1145:

Kingdom of Qocho. Chinese were among the population of Qocho. Peter B. Golden writes that

8: 6681: 6646: 6626: 6530: 6505: 6465: 6229: 6063: 5969: 5854: 5694: 5315:

Community Matters in Xinjiang, 1880-1949: Towards a Historical Anthropology of the Uyghur

3318: 2819: 2668: 2366: 1976: 1571: 1477: 1476:

The Uyghurs were subjected to attacks by Muslim Turks, according to Kashgari's work. The

1441: 1433: 1282: 1114: 1021: 868:

west of this city is the county of Luntai, which also has a Tang-era stele. Five hundred

641: 428: 144: 136: 3402:

The Scripture on the Ten Kings: And the Making of Purgatory in Medieval Chinese Buddhism

1605:

The last Buddhist Uyghurs of Qocho and Turpan were converted to Islam by force during a

6460: 6455: 6402: 6277: 4794:

The Great State of White and High: Buddhism and State Formation in Eleventh-Century Xia

4383: 4322: 4131: 2483: 2354: 1554: 1489: 1469: 1106: 988: 5270: 3728:

Hua Tao (2015). "THE RELATIONS BETWEEN THE QOCHO UYGHURS AND THE QITAY-LIAO DYNASTY".

1444:. The Idiquts (the title of the Qocho rulers) ruled independently until they become a 1101: 6783: 6717: 6490: 6485: 6470: 6422: 6377: 6262: 6186: 6181: 6165: 5894: 5682: 5572: 5512: 5482: 5454: 5419: 5319: 5253: 5243: 5188: 5161: 5107: 5076: 4962: 4903: 4876: 4837: 4798: 4771: 4725: 4694: 4667: 4614: 4587: 4553: 4504: 4477: 4450: 4408: 4343: 4279: 4224: 4197: 4170: 4117: 4111: 4090: 4040: 3984: 3918: 3890: 3887:

The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History Between China and the Islamic World

3862: 3774: 3531: 3504: 3460: 3433: 3406: 3396: 3354: 2959: 2727: 2342: 2108: 2094: 2039: 1291: 1206: 1077:

In 1318, Negüril Tigin iduq-qut died. Later, the Kingdom of Qocho became part of the

1037: 766: 704: 420: 3023:. In 1308, Nolen Tekin was granted the title Prince of Gaochang by the Yuan Emperor 1497:

Imam Asim Sufi shrine celebration and other Sufi holy site celebrations. Bezeklik's

898:) but was repelled. By 887, they were settled under an agrarian lifestyle in Qocho. 6201: 6036: 5996: 5959: 5899: 5723: 5380:

Dislocating China: Reflections on Muslims, Minorities, and Other Subaltern Subjects

4375: 3959: 3766: 3376:"The Impact of the Silk Road Trade on a Local Community: The Turfan Oasis, 500–800" 2888: 2842: 2824: 2814: 2460: 2330: 2153: 2056: 1967: 1958: 1949: 1922: 1877: 1868: 1851: 1626: 1610: 1567: 1437: 1174: 1150: 1078: 973: 969: 586: 578: 436: 404: 295: 254: 148: 140: 106: 5585: 6676: 6631: 6445: 6206: 6196: 6021: 6016: 5753: 5747: 5313: 4540: 4034: 2925: 2867: 2856: 2709: 2547: 2519: 2217: 2030: 2021: 2003: 1940: 1913: 1904: 1134: 1110: 1005: 590: 6722: 6656: 6621: 6586: 6435: 6287: 6075: 6011: 5954: 5741: 5640: 4366:(January–March 1975). "Kāšġarī on the Beliefs and Superstitions of the Turks". 4363: 2852: 2809: 2540: 2139: 2129: 2012: 1994: 1985: 1931: 1895: 1689: 1665: 1634: 1429: 1218: 1130: 1122: 802: 634: 268: 3770: 882: 6811: 6666: 6636: 6611: 6397: 6176: 6151: 6109: 6092: 6043: 5986: 5909: 5759: 5652: 5634: 5549: 5257: 4899:

China Among Equals: The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10th–14th Centuries

4833:

China Among Equals: The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10th–14th Centuries

4006:"The Chinese Language in Turfan with a special focus on the Qieyun fragments" 3028: 2872: 2834: 2607: 2596: 2446: 2189: 1788: 1590: 1259: 1055: 848: 844: 610: 460: 412: 95: 5414:

Mackerras, Colin (1990), "Chapter 12 - The Uighurs", in Sinor, Denis (ed.),

3760: 6686: 6671: 6616: 6601: 6596: 6382: 6249: 6048: 5991: 5930: 4983: 4936: 3963: 2732: 2570: 2282: 2249: 2178: 1743: 1563: 1558: 1239: 1182: 930: 809: 724: 677: 614: 281: 102: 91: 84: 80: 6661: 6651: 6407: 6330: 6161: 6001: 5981: 5877: 5841: 5729: 5706: 5495: 3188: 2848: 2829: 2221: 1707: 1630: 1614: 1597:

established a Chinese military colony led by Chinese general Qi Kongzhi.

1576: 1522: 1513: 1449: 1425: 1202: 1194: 1154: 1028: 1001: 977: 840: 755: 159: 4305:. Éditions du Centre national de la recherche scientifique. p. 114. 1403: 1307: 1197:

until the early 11th century, although by the 960s, they also supported

6606: 6412: 6300: 5862: 5371:

Tang China And The Collapse Of The Uighur Empire: A Documentary History

4958:

Dust in the Wind: Retracing Dharma Master Xuanzang's Western Pilgrimage

4446:

Dust in the Wind: Retracing Dharma Master Xuanzang's Western Pilgrimage

4086:

Modern Chinese Religion I (2 vol.set): Song-Liao-Jin-Yuan (960-1368 AD)

2737: 2694: 2558: 2507: 2434: 2294: 1351: 1126: 916: 713: 582: 452: 333: 328: 4387: 4011:. Institute for Research in Humanities, Kyoto University. pp. 7–9 2306: 585:

influences. It was founded by refugees fleeing the destruction of the

396: 6712: 6641: 6191: 6155: 6146: 5561:"The Sha-Chou [Dunhuang] Uighurs and the West Uighur Kingdom" 3452: 3033: 2877: 2422: 2270: 2070: 1842: 1752: 1396: 1347: 1339: 1166: 1009: 993: 920: 836: 125: 6576: 6387: 6320: 6006: 5904: 5831: 5735: 5676: 5664: 5658: 4379: 3293: 2948: 2862: 2752: 2495: 2164: 2066: 1779: 1716: 1421: 1198: 1185:, although he referred to the Qocho Idiqut as the "King of China". 1158: 1094: 906: 895: 851:. The Uyghur capital was moved to Xizhou, which the Uyghurs called 832: 794: 594: 509: 163: 121: 31: 5800: 4869:

Twitchett, Denis C.; Franke, Herbert; King Fairbank, John (1994).

2084: 808:

In 856, this group of Uyghurs received royal recognition from the

6702: 6581: 6315: 6295: 6267: 5872: 4767:

Uyghur Nation: Reform and Revolution on the Russia–China Frontier

3624:"Huihe 回紇, Huihu 回鶻, Weiwur 維吾爾, Uyghurs (www.chinaknowledge.de)" 2704: 2471: 2258: 1833: 1797: 1761: 1734: 1725: 1698: 1594: 1263: 1222: 1214: 1178: 1142: 1013: 944: 686: 659: 650: 574: 444: 380: 827:

In 866, Pugu Jun declared himself khan and adopted the title of

6325: 6310: 6305: 5867: 4116:. Siedlce-Tehran: K. Maksymiuk & G. Karamian. p. 253. 2757: 2699: 1824: 1815: 1806: 1585:

were recruited into the Mongol forces with one unit called the

1494: 1445: 1254: 1227: 1193:

The Uyghur ruling family of Qocho were mainly practitioners of

1138: 950: 735: 606: 554: 519: 5335:

China's last Nomads: the history and culture of China's Kazaks

6272: 6116: 5670: 5628: 2098: 2080: 1770: 1606: 1582: 1517: 1017: 798: 323: 5213: 4868: 1637:) were the ones who built Buddhist monuments in their area. 5306:

The History of Central Asia: The Age of the Steppe Warriors

4433:. Harvard Ukrainian Research Instituteb. 1980. p. 159. 1586: 1338:

James A. Millward claimed that the Uyghurs were generally "

1210: 902: 891: 4639:. Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute. 1980. p. 151. 4529:. Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute. 1980. p. 160. 4261:. Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute. 1980. p. 160. 3762:

The Silk Road and Cultural Exchanges between East and West

962:

In 996, Bügü Bilgä Tengri ilig succeeded Süngülüg Khagan.

4110:

SKUPNIEWICZ, Patryk (Siedlce University, Poland) (2017).

3931: 3787: 3740: 4916: 4144: 4053: 3838: 3826: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3678: 894:

from the Guiyi Circuit. In 880, Qocho attacked Shazhou (

4329: 3814: 3346: 1488:

were damaged by local Muslim population whose religion

812:. At this time, their capital was in Karasahr (Yanqi). 5536:

Marriage as Political Strategy and Cultural Expression

5201: 4992:. Vol. X: T–U (new ed.). Brill. p. 677. 4945:. Vol. X: T–U (new ed.). Brill. p. 677. 4278:. Harrassowitz Verlag in Kommission. pp. 17, 27. 4065: 3804: 3802: 3559: 3459:. Joint Centre for Asia Pacific Studies. p. 137. 1277:

The Uyghurs of Qocho continued to produce the Chinese

4811: 4336:

Schmalzriedt, Egidius; Haussig, Hans Wilhelm (2004).

3709: 3699: 3697: 3675: 3642: 3630: 3549: 3547: 1054:

In 1209, the Kingdom of Qocho became a vassal of the

933:

envoy reached Qocho and gave an account of the city:

5157:

Situating the Uyghurs Between China and Central Asia

3663: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3340: 3072:

1068: Tngri Bügü il Bilgä Arslan Tngri Uighur Tärkän

3027:. The following list of rulers is drawn mostly from 573:, ("holy wealth"; "glory"; "lord of fortune") was a 5615: 5511:, United States of America: Scarecrow Press, Inc., 5407:

The Chinese, their history and culture, Volumes 1-2

5398:

Historical Atlas of the Medieval World, AD 600-1492

5231: 4862: 4335: 3799: 5129:"Viticulture and Viniculture in the Turfan Region" 4902:. University of California Press. pp. 255ff. 3694: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3544: 3088:1208/1229–1235/1241: Baurchuq (Barchukh) Art Tekin 4836:. University of California Press. p. 247ff. 3654: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3479: 3353:. École française d'Extrême-Orient. p. 299. 3347:Trombert, Éric; de La Vaissière, Étienne (2005). 1680:Court of Seljuk ruler Tughril III, circa 1200 CE. 27:843–1353 Uyghur kingdom in modern Xinjiang, China 6843:Vassal and tributary states of the Mongol Empire 6809: 5418:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 317–342, 5297:The Perilous Frontier: Nomadic Empires and China 3976: 3066:1007-1024: Alp Arsla Qutlugh Kül Bilgä Tngri Qan 1354:. Buddhist Uyghurs created the Bezeklik murals. 1295:called Qocho, the capital city, "Chinese town". 5147: 4975: 3861:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 47. 1600: 5558: 5068: 4686: 4652: 4271: 3571: 3496: 3453:Joint Centre for Asia Pacific Studies (1996). 1579:and Uyghurs were in involved in legal issues. 1153:and religious faiths of the Sogdians, such as 5816: 5601: 5095: 4928: 4823: 4713: 4339:Die Mythologie der mongolischen Volksreligion 4216: 4162: 3517: 3405:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 55ff. 3100:1253/1255–1257/1265: Oghrunzh (Ogrunch) Tekin 2995: 2944:Xinjiang Province, People's Republic of China 2635: 1557:declared his allegiance to the Mongols under 1209:began persecuting Manichaeans in what is now 924: 915:) was intended as a show of sincerity to the 910: 782:Qocho Kingdom and main neighbouring polities 529: 513: 485: 4784: 4573: 4302:Conte bouddhique du bon et du mauvais prince 4292: 4210: 4136:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4023: 3884: 3191:Elect depicted on a temple banner from Qocho 1549:Pranidhi scene, Turpan, 10th–12th centuries. 1040:ordered the death of the Khitan magistrate ( 5311: 5238:. Asian thought and culture. Vol. 60. 5219: 5153: 4889: 4770:. Harvard University Press. pp. 29ff. 4648: 4646: 4156: 4109: 3908: 3906: 3889:. Cambridge University Press. p. 177. 3527:Hinduism and Buddhism: An Historical Sketch 3483:Hinduism and Buddhism: An Historical Sketch 855:. Beshbalik became their summer residence. 569:'Gaochang Uyghurs'), also known as 564: 6733:East Turkistan National Awakening Movement 6357:Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps 5823: 5809: 5608: 5594: 5442:Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang 5404: 5174: 5062: 4797:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 54. 4754: 4680: 4356: 4183: 4089:. BRILL. December 8, 2014. pp. 895–. 3486:. Sai. pp. 1075ff. GGKEY:4TQAY7XLN48. 3446: 3309:Islamization and Turkification of Xinjiang 3203:Uyghur Princesses from the Bezeklik murals 3121:1327/1330–1331/1332: Sunggi (Senggi) Tekin 3002: 2988: 2642: 2628: 1653: 1566:, and were allied to the Yuan against the 609:) and summer capital in Beshbalik (modern 492: 478: 57: 5479:The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia 5448: 5416:The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia 5413: 5089: 4961:. Rhythms Monthly. 2006. pp. 480ff. 4539: 4533: 4265: 3970: 3912: 3752: 3389: 1407:Manichean Bema Scene, 8th–9th centuries ( 5453:. Australian National University Press. 5439: 5350: 5294: 5106:]. Psychology Press. pp. xvi–. 4922: 4744: 4707: 4643: 4437: 4368:Journal of the American Oriental Society 4298: 4071: 4059: 4029: 3903: 3880: 3878: 3844: 3832: 3746: 3565: 3473: 3106:1266–1276/1280: Qozhighar (Qosqar) Tekin 1544: 1409:Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 4979 1402: 1390: 1100: 1088: 987: 964: 831:. The Kingdom of Qocho captured Xizhou ( 503: 5936:Protectorate General to Pacify the West 5689:Protectorate General to Pacify the West 5509:Historical Dictionary of Medieval China 5395: 5377: 5207: 4895: 4829: 4790: 4724:]. Psychology Press. pp. xvi. 4606: 4496: 4469: 4400: 4362: 3949: 3727: 3490: 3215:Uyghur Princes from the Bezeklik murals 3124:1331/1332–1335/1352: Taypan (Taipingnu) 3118:1318/1322–1327/1330: Tomur (Tamir) Buqa 14: 6810: 5494: 5431: 5386: 5368: 5359: 5341: 5332: 5303: 5285: 5180: 4981: 4934: 4817: 4579: 4449:. Rhythms Monthly. 2006. p. 479. 4189: 4150: 3937: 3856: 3793: 3715: 3688: 3648: 3636: 3503:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 77ff. 3395: 3276:Mural from a Christian temple in Qocho 3251:Uyghur Manichaean clergymen from Qocho 3163:Uyghur Prince from the Bezeklik murals 3094:1235/1242–1245/1246: Qusmayin (Kesmez) 3078:1126–????: Bilge (Biliege/Bilgä) Tekin 1440:, which later came to be known as the 1415: 1213:, the ruler of Qocho sent a letter to 1036:Uighur Iduq-qut ("Lord of happiness") 753: 742: 5888:Chief Official of the Western Regions 5804: 5589: 5506: 5476: 5131:. Silkroad Foundation. Archived from 4760: 3983:. Otto Harrassowitz. pp. 180ff. 3875: 3523: 3480:Sir Charles Eliot (January 4, 2016). 3227:Uyghur donor from the Bezeklik murals 3175:Uyghur noble from the Bezeklik murals 3109:1276/1280–1318: Nolen (Neguril) Tekin 3097:1246–1253/1255: Salun (Salindi) Tekin 1357: 1350:" inhabitants, such as the so-called 733: 722: 702: 693: 684: 675: 666: 639: 6790: 5975:Turkic settlement of the Tarim Basin 5533: 5467: 4610:From Mahmud Kaşgari to Evliya Çelebi 4500:From Mahmud Kaşgari to Evliya Çelebi 4473:From Mahmud Kaşgari to Evliya Çelebi 4404:From Mahmud Kaşgari to Evliya Çelebi 4374:(1). American Oriental Society: 69. 4190:Herzig, Edmund (November 30, 2014). 3820: 3808: 3758: 3703: 3553: 3530:. Psychology Press. pp. 205ff. 3239:Uyghur Manichaean Electae from Qocho 3115:1309/1318-1326/1334: Köncök iduq-qut 2920:Xinjiang Province, Republic of China 1302: 764: 711: 657: 648: 593:. They made their winter capital in 577:kingdom created in 843, with strong 6823:Former countries in Chinese history 5883:Protectorate of the Western Regions 5830: 5647:Protectorate of the Western Regions 5524: 5344:An Historical Atlas of Central Asia 5069:Jiangping Wang (October 12, 2012). 4687:Jiangping Wang (October 12, 2012). 4666:]. Routledge. pp. xvi ff. 4653:Jiangping Wang (October 12, 2012). 4217:Edmund Herzig (November 30, 2014). 4169:. Penn State Press. pp. 152–. 3425: 1234: 1093:10th century Manichaean Electae in 24: 6728:East Turkistan Government in Exile 6536:2014 China–Vietnam border shootout 5542: 5405:Latourette, Kenneth Scott (1964), 5351:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2000), 5181:Dillon, Michael (August 1, 2014). 4580:Dillon, Michael (August 1, 2014). 4163:Devin DeWeese (November 1, 2010). 4003: 3373: 3324:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 3103:1257/1265–1265/1266: Mamuraq Tekin 1675: 1169:traders and purveyors of culture. 25: 6854: 5364:, Istanbul: Istanbul publications 5232:George Qingzhi Zhao (June 2008). 5072:Glossary of Chinese Islamic Terms 4791:Dunnell, Ruth W. (January 1996). 4690:Glossary of Chinese Islamic Terms 4656:Glossary of Chinese Islamic Terms 2955:Production and Construction Corps 1221:threatening to retaliate against 6789: 6778: 6777: 6235:Xinjiang Agricultural University 5789:Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 4299:Hamilton, James Russell (1971). 3268: 3256: 3244: 3232: 3220: 3208: 3196: 3180: 3168: 3156: 3144: 3137: 2949:Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 2790:Medieval and early modern period 2678: 1375: 1366: 1306: 839:, or Beiting), Changbaliq (near 633: 627: 525:Entrance of the foreign visitors 300: 286: 261: 247: 6561:Persecution of Uyghurs in China 5631:(5th century BC–5th century AD) 5616:Historical polities in Xinjiang 5369:Drompp, Michael Robert (2005), 5264: 5225: 5126: 5120: 5040: 5018: 4996: 4949: 4850: 4738: 4627: 4600: 4517: 4490: 4463: 4421: 4394: 4309: 4249: 4237: 4103: 4077: 3997: 3943: 3850: 3721: 3130:1352-1360: Ching Timür iduq-qut 3063:996-1007: Bügü Bilgä Tngri ilig 2969:Persecution of Uyghurs in China 1609:(holy war) at the hands of the 1570:. Eventually the Chagatai khan 110:(Late 13th to mid 14th century) 6481:September 2009 Xinjiang unrest 6105:Second East Turkestan Republic 6059:Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas 5481:, Cambridge University Press, 5075:. Routledge. pp. xvi ff. 4872:The Cambridge History of China 3426:Jin, Yijiu (January 9, 2017). 3419: 3367: 3289:Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves 1553:In 1209, the Kara-Khoja ruler 1540: 1486:Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves 1188: 589:after being driven out by the 559: 550: 162:(official initially 843–965), 13: 1: 6373:Apak Khoja and Xiang Fei Tomb 6100:First East Turkestan Republic 6027:Dzungar conquest of Altishahr 5534:Zhao, George Qingzhi (2008), 5470:Eighteen Lectures on Dunhuang 5389:Central Asia in World History 5362:The history of East Turkestan 4982:Soucek, Priscilia P. (2000). 4935:Soucek, Priscilia P. (2000). 4223:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 13ff. 3859:Central Asia in World History 3329: 3052:948–985: Arslan (Zhihai) Khan 3041:850–866: Pan Tekin (Pangtele) 1666:History of the Turkic peoples 1113:at the top and four lines of 992:Mural of Turkic cavalry from 783: 6828:History of Buddhism in China 6526:2013 Tiananmen Square attack 6511:Tianjin Airlines Flight 7554 6069:Holy War of the Seven Khojas 5502:, Cambridge University Press 5312:Bellér-Hann, Ildikó (2008). 5154:Bellér-Hann, Ildikó (2007). 5048:"The Encyclopaedia of Islam" 5026:"The Encyclopaedia of Islam" 5004:"The Encyclopaedia of Islam" 4586:. Routledge. pp. 17ff. 4342:. Klett-Cotta. p. 956. 3980:The Turfan Dialect of Uyghur 3334: 3314:History of the Uyghur people 3060:981: Arslan Bilgä Tngri ilig 1601:Conquest by Muslim Chagatais 1490:proscribed figurative images 1298: 1117:on either side at the bottom 166:(Later declared as official) 7: 6551:Assassination of Juma Tayir 6240:Xinjiang Medical University 5444:, Columbia University Press 5440:Millward, James A. (2007), 5242:. pp. 165–66, 174–76. 5187:. Routledge. pp. 4ff. 5160:. Ashgate. pp. 113ff. 4693:. Routledge. pp. xvi. 3765:. Brill. pp. 577–578. 3282: 3112:1309/1318: Kiräsiz iduq-qut 2936:2nd East Turkestan Republic 2931:1st East Turkestan Republic 2472:Cuman–Kipchak Confederation 2319:Kimek–Kipchak Confederation 1452:(Chinese: "Western Liao"). 1084: 445:Cuman–Kipchak confederation 63:Territory of Qocho c. 1000. 10: 6859: 6755:China–Kyrgyzstan relations 6750:China–Kazakhstan relations 6117:People's Republic of China 5304:Baumer, Christoph (2012), 5279: 4989:The Encyclopaedia of Islam 4942:The Encyclopaedia of Islam 4613:. Isis Press. p. 27. 4552:. Getty. pp. 95–106. 4503:. Isis Press. p. 35. 4476:. Isis Press. p. 35. 4407:. Isis Press. p. 79. 4196:. I.B.Tauris. p. 26. 2079:Chief gods and goddesses: 1640:The Encyclopaedia of Islam 1249:Thousand Character Classic 1141:were assimilated into the 1109:epitaph with two lines of 1004:temples were converted to 620: 29: 6773: 6695: 6569: 6556:Xinjiang internment camps 6421: 6365: 6344: 6286: 6248: 6220: 6132: 5853: 5839: 5769: 5716: 5621: 5449:Mackerras, Colin (1972). 5391:, Oxford University Press 5387:Golden, Peter B. (2011), 5295:Barfield, Thomas (1989), 4636:Harvard Ukrainian studies 4526:Harvard Ukrainian studies 4430:Harvard Ukrainian studies 4258:Harvard Ukrainian studies 3977:Abdurishid Yakup (2005). 3857:Golden, Peter B. (2011). 3771:10.1163/9789004512597_006 3069:1024: Kül Bilgä Tngri Qan 2965:Xinjiang internment camps 2500:11th century–13th century 1516:Uyghurs was considered a 1506:Three Turkic Verse Cycles 925: 911: 530: 514: 316: 226: 222: 212: 202: 198: 190: 182: 174: 155: 132: 117: 68: 56: 51: 41: 6760:China–Pakistan relations 6541:April 2014 Ürümqi attack 6521:June 2013 Shanshan riots 6451:1997 Ürümqi bus bombings 6212:Lanzhou–Xinjiang railway 5777:Xinjiang under Qing rule 5432:Mergid, Toqto'a (1344), 5104:Chinese Islamic Glossary 5098: 4896:Rossabi, Morris (1983). 4830:Rossabi, Morris (1983). 4722:Chinese Islamic Glossary 4716: 4664:Chinese Islamic Glossary 4658: 4607:Dankoff, Robert (2008). 4497:Dankoff, Robert (2008). 4470:Dankoff, Robert (2008). 4401:Dankoff, Robert (2008). 3915:New Light on Manichaeism 3500:Buddhism in Central Asia 2773:Eastern Turkic Khaganate 2768:Western Turkic Khaganate 2583:Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo) 2229:Eastern Turkic Khaganate 2208:Western Turkic Khaganate 2154:Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate 1504:According to Kashgari's 1482:Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan 437:Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate 373:Western Turkic Khaganate 365:Eastern Turkic Khaganate 6516:April 2013 Bachu unrest 6336:Chinese Islamic cuisine 5559:Moriyasu Takao (2004). 5525:Xue, Zongzheng (1992), 5500:A History of Inner Asia 5468:Rong, Xinjiang (2013), 4272:Giovanni Stary (1996). 3524:Eliot, Charles (1998). 3497:Baij Nath Puri (1987). 3151:Uyghur king from Turfan 2778:Second Turkic Khaganate 2237:Second Turkic Khaganate 1436:in favor of a modified 1244:Emperor Taizong of Tang 942:) and the dictionaries 801:, taking them from the 389:Second Turkic Khaganate 350:Early Turkic Khaganates 6765:China–Turkey relations 6546:May 2014 Ürümqi attack 6476:July 2009 Ürümqi riots 6081:Reconquest of Xinjiang 5941:Four Garrisons of Anxi 5507:Xiong, Victor (2008), 5396:Haywood, John (1998), 5333:Benson, Linda (1998), 5096:Jianping Wang (2001). 4714:Jianping Wang (2001). 4220:The Age of the Seljuqs 4193:The Age of the Seljuqs 3964:10.1080/02634939995588 3917:. BRILL. p. 143. 3432:. Brill. p. 105. 3304:Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom 3127:1335–1353: Yuelutiemur 3091:1229: Yue-er Tie-mu-er 2763:First Turkic Khaganate 2399:Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom 2200:First Turkic Khaganate 1681: 1550: 1538: 1465: 1412: 1400: 1118: 1098: 1071: 1052: 997: 985: 972:, third khagan of the 960: 888: 825: 535: 357:First Turkic Khaganate 214:• Disestablished 6745:World Uyghur Congress 6738:Independence movement 6708:Migration to Xinjiang 6501:Pishan hostage crisis 5551:Chotscho : vol.1 5477:Sinor, Denis (1990), 5378:Gladney, Dru (2004). 5360:Bughra, Imin (1983), 5342:Bregel, Yuri (2003), 5286:Asimov, M.S. (1998), 4318:Linguistica Brunensia 4039:. Brill. p. 49. 3885:Michal Biran (2005). 3383:Les Sogdiens en Chine 3350:Les sogdiens en Chine 3263:Manicheans from Qocho 3083:????–????: Isen Tomur 3057:954: Ilig Bilgä Tngri 3049:940–948: Irdimin Khan 2508:Atabegs of Azerbaijan 2140:Yenisei Kyrgyz People 1679: 1548: 1527: 1499:Thousand Buddha Caves 1454: 1406: 1399:book, mid-9th century 1394: 1177:. He emphasized that 1149:not only adopted the 1104: 1092: 1060: 1033: 991: 968: 935: 857: 814: 507: 133:Common languages 6496:2011 Kashgar attacks 6441:1992 Ürümqi bombings 6393:Grand Bazaar, Ürümqi 6172:Gurbantünggüt Desert 5948:Beiting Protectorate 5400:, Barnes & Noble 4569:on October 30, 2012. 3952:Central Asian Survey 3299:Ming–Turpan conflict 1619:Mirza Haidar Dughlat 1205:(r. 908–932) of the 905:/Kumul) and Xizhou ( 779:class=notpageimage| 6833:History of Xinjiang 6682:Ghulam Osman Yaghma 6531:2014 Kunming attack 6506:2012 Yecheng attack 6466:2008 Kashgar attack 6366:Visitor attractions 6230:Xinjiang University 6192:Karakoram Mountains 6064:Afaqi Khoja revolts 5970:Kara-Khanid Khanate 5695:Kara-Khanid Khanate 5355:, UNESCO Publishing 5290:, UNESCO Publishing 4325:. 2009. p. 66. 4246:harvard.edu p. 160. 3669:"Story Map Journal" 3319:History of Xinjiang 3044:866–871: Boko Tekin 2863:Ming ruled Kara Del 2820:Kara-Khanid Khanate 2388:Eastern Kara-Khanid 2381:Western Kara-Khanid 2367:Kara-Khanid Khanate 1572:Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq 1478:Kara-Khanid Khanate 1442:Old Uyghur alphabet 1434:Old Turkic alphabet 1416:Kara-Khanid Khanate 1283:Old Uyghur alphabet 1068:George Qingzhi Zhao 1049:George Qingzhi Zhao 1022:Kara-Khanid Khanate 429:Kara-Khanid Khanate 413:Karluk Yabghu State 204:• Established 6818:843 establishments 6461:2008 Uyghur unrest 6456:2007 Xinjiang raid 6431:1989 Ürümqi unrest 6278:Tocharian clothing 5050:. December 8, 2009 5028:. December 8, 2009 5006:. December 8, 2009 4323:Masaryk University 4153:, pp. 49, 79. 3940:, p. 315–316. 3913:BeDuhn, J (2009). 3823:, p. 164-165. 3796:, p. 315-316. 3397:Teiser, Stephen F. 2796:Tang Protectorates 2484:Khwarazmian Empire 2355:Karluk Yabgu State 2093:Epics and heroes: 1682: 1555:Baurchuk Art Tekin 1551: 1470:Mahmud al-Kashgari 1413: 1401: 1358:Religious conflict 1318:. You can help by 1119: 1107:Church of the East 1099: 998: 986: 643:KARAKHANID KHANATE 536: 169:Church of the East 128:(Beiting/Tingzhou) 6805: 6804: 6718:Chinese Turkestan 6491:2011 Hotan attack 6486:2010 Aksu bombing 6471:Shaoguan incident 6423:Xinjiang conflict 6378:Flaming Mountains 6268:Meshrep gathering 6187:Turpan Depression 6182:Taklamakan Desert 6166:Southern Xinjiang 6122:PRC incorporation 6088:Republic of China 6032:Dzungar–Qing Wars 5895:Kingdom of Khotan 5798: 5797: 5683:Kingdom of Khotan 5622:Pre-Mongol Empire 5488:978-0-521-24304-9 5325:978-90-04-16675-2 5299:, Basil Blackwell 5273:ihp.sinica.edu.tw 5194:978-1-317-64721-8 5167:978-0-7546-7041-4 5135:on August 7, 2018 5127:Lee, Adela C. Y. 5113:978-0-7007-0620-4 5082:978-1-136-10658-3 4968:978-986-81419-8-8 4909:978-0-520-04562-0 4882:978-0-521-24331-5 4843:978-0-520-04562-0 4804:978-0-8248-1719-0 4777:978-0-674-97046-5 4764:(April 4, 2016). 4731:978-0-7007-0620-4 4700:978-1-136-10658-3 4673:978-1-136-10650-7 4620:978-975-428-366-2 4593:978-1-317-64721-8 4559:978-1-60606-013-1 4510:978-975-428-366-2 4483:978-975-428-366-2 4456:978-986-81419-8-8 4414:978-975-428-366-2 4349:978-3-12-909814-1 4285:978-3-447-03801-0 4230:978-1-78076-947-9 4203:978-1-78076-947-9 4176:978-0-271-04445-3 4096:978-90-04-27164-7 4046:978-90-04-12307-6 3990:978-3-447-05233-7 3868:978-0-19-515947-9 3780:978-90-04-51259-7 3537:978-0-7007-0679-2 3510:978-81-208-0372-5 3439:978-90-474-2800-8 3412:978-0-8248-2776-2 3399:(April 1, 2003). 3374:Hansen, Valerie. 3360:978-2-85539-653-8 3133:1353–????: Sangge 3012: 3011: 2960:Xinjiang conflict 2728:Kingdom of Khotan 2652: 2651: 2617: 2616: 2613: 2588: 2576: 2564: 2559:Qarlughid Kingdom 2525: 2513: 2501: 2489: 2477: 2452: 2440: 2428: 2423:Pecheneg Khanates 2416: 2404: 2372: 2360: 2348: 2343:Oghuz Yabgu State 2336: 2324: 2312: 2307:Türgesh Khaganate 2300: 2288: 2276: 2264: 2241: 2233: 2212: 2204: 2170: 2145: 2120: 2119: 2047: 2046: 1859: 1858: 1670: 1535:Wugusun Zhongduan 1462:Wugusun Zhongduan 1422:Mahayana Buddhism 1336: 1335: 1207:Abbasid Caliphate 1115:Old Uyghur script 1038:Barchuk Art Tegin 822:Wugusun Zhongduan 567: 502: 501: 421:Oghuz Yabgu State 397:Türgesh Khaganate 342: 341: 312: 311: 308: 307: 274: 273: 75:Independent state 16:(Redirected from 6850: 6793: 6792: 6781: 6780: 6202:Kunlun Mountains 6037:Dzungar genocide 5997:Chagatai Khanate 5960:Uyghur Khaganate 5900:Sixteen Kingdoms 5825: 5818: 5811: 5802: 5801: 5724:Chagatai Khanate 5610: 5603: 5596: 5587: 5586: 5582: 5555: 5538: 5530: 5521: 5503: 5491: 5473: 5464: 5445: 5436: 5428: 5410: 5401: 5392: 5383: 5374: 5365: 5356: 5347: 5338: 5329: 5308: 5300: 5291: 5274: 5268: 5262: 5261: 5229: 5223: 5222:, p. 50-51. 5220:Bellér-Hann 2008 5217: 5211: 5205: 5199: 5198: 5178: 5172: 5171: 5151: 5145: 5144: 5142: 5140: 5124: 5118: 5117: 5093: 5087: 5086: 5066: 5060: 5059: 5057: 5055: 5044: 5038: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5022: 5016: 5015: 5013: 5011: 5000: 4994: 4993: 4979: 4973: 4972: 4953: 4947: 4946: 4932: 4926: 4925:, pp. 69ff. 4920: 4914: 4913: 4893: 4887: 4886: 4866: 4860: 4854: 4848: 4847: 4827: 4821: 4815: 4809: 4808: 4788: 4782: 4781: 4758: 4752: 4742: 4736: 4735: 4711: 4705: 4704: 4684: 4678: 4677: 4650: 4641: 4640: 4631: 4625: 4624: 4604: 4598: 4597: 4577: 4571: 4570: 4568: 4562:. Archived from 4551: 4541:Whitfield, Susan 4537: 4531: 4530: 4521: 4515: 4514: 4494: 4488: 4487: 4467: 4461: 4460: 4441: 4435: 4434: 4425: 4419: 4418: 4398: 4392: 4391: 4360: 4354: 4353: 4333: 4327: 4326: 4313: 4307: 4306: 4296: 4290: 4289: 4269: 4263: 4262: 4253: 4247: 4241: 4235: 4234: 4214: 4208: 4207: 4187: 4181: 4180: 4160: 4154: 4148: 4142: 4141: 4135: 4127: 4107: 4101: 4100: 4081: 4075: 4069: 4063: 4062:, pp. 49ff. 4057: 4051: 4050: 4031:Gorelova, Liliya 4027: 4021: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4010: 4001: 3995: 3994: 3974: 3968: 3967: 3947: 3941: 3935: 3929: 3928: 3910: 3901: 3900: 3882: 3873: 3872: 3854: 3848: 3847:, pp. 53ff. 3842: 3836: 3835:, pp. 47ff. 3830: 3824: 3818: 3812: 3806: 3797: 3791: 3785: 3784: 3756: 3750: 3749:, p. 48-49. 3744: 3738: 3737: 3730:Eurasian Studies 3725: 3719: 3713: 3707: 3701: 3692: 3686: 3673: 3672: 3665: 3652: 3646: 3640: 3634: 3628: 3627: 3620: 3569: 3563: 3557: 3551: 3542: 3541: 3521: 3515: 3514: 3494: 3488: 3487: 3477: 3471: 3470: 3450: 3444: 3443: 3423: 3417: 3416: 3393: 3387: 3386: 3380: 3371: 3365: 3364: 3344: 3272: 3260: 3248: 3236: 3224: 3212: 3200: 3184: 3172: 3160: 3148: 3004: 2997: 2990: 2889:Dzungar genocide 2843:Chagatai Khanate 2825:Kingdom of Qocho 2815:Uyghur Khaganate 2716:Han Protectorate 2682: 2672: 2654: 2653: 2644: 2637: 2630: 2611: 2586: 2574: 2562: 2523: 2511: 2499: 2487: 2475: 2461:Sultanate of Rum 2450: 2438: 2435:Ghaznavid Empire 2426: 2414: 2402: 2370: 2358: 2346: 2334: 2331:Uyghur Khaganate 2322: 2310: 2298: 2286: 2274: 2262: 2259:Khazar Khaganate 2239: 2231: 2210: 2202: 2168: 2143: 2135: 2134: 2130:Pre-14th century 2107:Major concepts: 2062: 2061: 2057:Turkic Mythology 1874: 1873: 1869:Turkic Languages 1852:Crimean Karaites 1789:Cherniye Klobuki 1695: 1694: 1669:pre–14th century 1668: 1662: 1661: 1623:Tarikh-i-Rashidi 1617:(r. 1389–1399). 1611:Chagatai Khanate 1568:Chagatai Khanate 1536: 1463: 1438:Sogdian alphabet 1379: 1370: 1331: 1328: 1310: 1303: 1235:Chinese Buddhism 1097:(Khocho), China. 1079:Chagatai Khanate 1069: 1050: 1006:Buddhist temples 976:, converting to 974:Uyghur Khaganate 928: 927: 914: 913: 886: 823: 788: 785: 773: 771: 762: 760: 751: 749: 740: 738: 731: 729: 720: 718: 709: 707: 700: 698: 691: 689: 682: 680: 673: 671: 664: 662: 655: 653: 646: 644: 637: 631: 587:Uyghur Khaganate 579:Chinese Buddhist 568: 565: 561: 552: 533: 532: 517: 516: 494: 487: 480: 465: 457: 453:Ghaznavid Empire 449: 441: 433: 425: 417: 409: 405:Uyghur Khaganate 401: 393: 385: 381:Khazar Khaganate 377: 369: 361: 344: 343: 304: 303: 296:Chagatai Khanate 290: 289: 278: 277: 265: 264: 255:Uyghur Khaganate 251: 250: 244: 243: 228: 227: 107:Chagatai Khanate 61: 52:843–14th century 39: 38: 21: 6858: 6857: 6853: 6852: 6851: 6849: 6848: 6847: 6838:Former kingdoms 6808: 6807: 6806: 6801: 6769: 6691: 6677:Shirzat Bawudun 6632:Saifuddin Azizi 6565: 6446:Ghulja incident 6417: 6361: 6352:Cotton industry 6340: 6282: 6244: 6216: 6207:Pamir Mountains 6197:Altai Mountains 6128: 6022:Dzungar Khanate 6017:Yarkent Khanate 5849: 5835: 5829: 5799: 5794: 5765: 5754:Dzungar Khanate 5748:Yarkent Khanate 5712: 5679:(?–9th century) 5637:(200 BC-709 AD) 5617: 5614: 5579: 5548: 5545: 5543:Further reading 5519: 5489: 5461: 5434:History of Liao 5426: 5326: 5282: 5277: 5269: 5265: 5250: 5230: 5226: 5218: 5214: 5206: 5202: 5195: 5179: 5175: 5168: 5152: 5148: 5138: 5136: 5125: 5121: 5114: 5100: 5094: 5090: 5083: 5067: 5063: 5053: 5051: 5046: 5045: 5041: 5031: 5029: 5024: 5023: 5019: 5009: 5007: 5002: 5001: 4997: 4980: 4976: 4969: 4955: 4954: 4950: 4933: 4929: 4921: 4917: 4910: 4894: 4890: 4883: 4867: 4863: 4855: 4851: 4844: 4828: 4824: 4816: 4812: 4805: 4789: 4785: 4778: 4759: 4755: 4745:Millward (2007) 4743: 4739: 4732: 4718: 4712: 4708: 4701: 4685: 4681: 4674: 4660: 4651: 4644: 4633: 4632: 4628: 4621: 4605: 4601: 4594: 4578: 4574: 4566: 4560: 4549: 4538: 4534: 4523: 4522: 4518: 4511: 4495: 4491: 4484: 4468: 4464: 4457: 4443: 4442: 4438: 4427: 4426: 4422: 4415: 4399: 4395: 4364:Dankoff, Robert 4361: 4357: 4350: 4334: 4330: 4315: 4314: 4310: 4297: 4293: 4286: 4270: 4266: 4255: 4254: 4250: 4242: 4238: 4231: 4215: 4211: 4204: 4188: 4184: 4177: 4161: 4157: 4149: 4145: 4129: 4128: 4124: 4108: 4104: 4097: 4083: 4082: 4078: 4070: 4066: 4058: 4054: 4047: 4028: 4024: 4014: 4012: 4008: 4004:Takata, Tokio. 4002: 3998: 3991: 3975: 3971: 3948: 3944: 3936: 3932: 3925: 3911: 3904: 3897: 3883: 3876: 3869: 3855: 3851: 3843: 3839: 3831: 3827: 3819: 3815: 3807: 3800: 3792: 3788: 3781: 3757: 3753: 3745: 3741: 3726: 3722: 3714: 3710: 3702: 3695: 3687: 3676: 3667: 3666: 3655: 3647: 3643: 3635: 3631: 3622: 3621: 3572: 3564: 3560: 3552: 3545: 3538: 3522: 3518: 3511: 3495: 3491: 3478: 3474: 3467: 3451: 3447: 3440: 3424: 3420: 3413: 3394: 3390: 3378: 3372: 3368: 3361: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3332: 3285: 3278: 3273: 3264: 3261: 3252: 3249: 3240: 3237: 3228: 3225: 3216: 3213: 3204: 3201: 3192: 3185: 3176: 3173: 3164: 3161: 3152: 3149: 3140: 3084: 3079: 3053: 3045: 3008: 2979: 2978: 2926:Xinjiang clique 2915: 2907: 2906: 2899:Qing reconquest 2868:Dzungar Khanate 2791: 2783: 2782: 2720:Chief Officials 2710:Western Regions 2690: 2670: 2663: 2648: 2619: 2618: 2548:Tughlaq dynasty 2520:Delhi Sultanate 2218:Tokhara Yabghus 2179:Tiele (Gaoche) 2144:202 BCE–13th CE 2132: 2122: 2121: 2065:Belief system: 2059: 2049: 2048: 2004:Karachay-Balkar 1871: 1861: 1860: 1692: 1660: 1654:List of kings ( 1603: 1543: 1537: 1534: 1464: 1461: 1418: 1389: 1388: 1387: 1386: 1382: 1381: 1380: 1372: 1371: 1360: 1332: 1326: 1323: 1316:needs expansion 1301: 1237: 1191: 1135:Iranian peoples 1087: 1070: 1067: 1051: 1048: 887: 880: 824: 821: 791: 790: 789: 786: 781: 775: 774: 769: 767: 765: 763: 758: 756: 754: 752: 747: 745: 743: 741: 736: 734: 732: 727: 725: 723: 721: 716: 714: 712: 710: 705: 703: 701: 696: 694: 692: 687: 685: 683: 678: 676: 674: 669: 667: 665: 660: 658: 656: 651: 649: 647: 642: 640: 638: 623: 591:Yenisei Kirghiz 498: 469: 468: 463: 455: 447: 439: 431: 423: 415: 407: 399: 391: 383: 375: 367: 359: 352: 351: 338: 301: 287: 262: 248: 215: 205: 167: 113: 109: 98: 87: 76: 64: 47: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6856: 6846: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6803: 6802: 6800: 6799: 6787: 6774: 6771: 6770: 6768: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6741: 6740: 6730: 6725: 6723:East Turkestan 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6699: 6697: 6693: 6692: 6690: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6657:Zhang Chunxian 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6622:Ehmetjan Qasim 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6587:Jahangir Khoja 6584: 6579: 6573: 6571: 6567: 6566: 6564: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6436:Barin uprising 6433: 6427: 6425: 6419: 6418: 6416: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6369: 6367: 6363: 6362: 6360: 6359: 6354: 6348: 6346: 6342: 6341: 6339: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6292: 6290: 6284: 6283: 6281: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6258:Doppa Festival 6254: 6252: 6246: 6245: 6243: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6226: 6224: 6218: 6217: 6215: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6159: 6149: 6144: 6138: 6136: 6130: 6129: 6127: 6126: 6125: 6124: 6114: 6113: 6112: 6102: 6097: 6096: 6095: 6085: 6084: 6083: 6078: 6076:General of Ili 6073: 6072: 6071: 6061: 6056: 6046: 6041: 6040: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6019: 6014: 6012:Turpan Khanate 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5978: 5977: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5955:Tibetan Empire 5952: 5951: 5950: 5945: 5944: 5943: 5928: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5891: 5890: 5885: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5859: 5857: 5851: 5850: 5840: 5837: 5836: 5828: 5827: 5820: 5813: 5805: 5796: 5795: 5793: 5792: 5786: 5783:Xinjiang (ROC) 5780: 5773: 5771: 5767: 5766: 5764: 5763: 5757: 5751: 5745: 5742:Turpan Khanate 5739: 5733: 5727: 5720: 5718: 5714: 5713: 5711: 5710: 5704: 5698: 5692: 5686: 5680: 5674: 5668: 5662: 5656: 5650: 5644: 5641:Loulan Kingdom 5638: 5632: 5625: 5623: 5619: 5618: 5613: 5612: 5605: 5598: 5590: 5584: 5583: 5577: 5556: 5544: 5541: 5540: 5539: 5531: 5527:Turkic peoples 5522: 5518:978-0810860537 5517: 5504: 5492: 5487: 5474: 5465: 5459: 5446: 5437: 5429: 5424: 5411: 5402: 5393: 5384: 5375: 5366: 5357: 5348: 5339: 5330: 5324: 5309: 5301: 5292: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5275: 5263: 5249:978-1433102752 5248: 5224: 5212: 5210:, p. 213. 5200: 5193: 5173: 5166: 5146: 5119: 5112: 5088: 5081: 5061: 5039: 5017: 4995: 4974: 4967: 4948: 4927: 4915: 4908: 4888: 4881: 4861: 4849: 4842: 4822: 4820:, p. 105. 4810: 4803: 4783: 4776: 4753: 4737: 4730: 4706: 4699: 4679: 4672: 4642: 4626: 4619: 4599: 4592: 4572: 4558: 4532: 4516: 4509: 4489: 4482: 4462: 4455: 4436: 4420: 4413: 4393: 4380:10.2307/599159 4355: 4348: 4328: 4308: 4291: 4284: 4264: 4248: 4236: 4229: 4209: 4202: 4182: 4175: 4155: 4143: 4122: 4102: 4095: 4076: 4064: 4052: 4045: 4036:Manchu Grammar 4022: 3996: 3989: 3969: 3958:(3): 276–401. 3942: 3930: 3923: 3902: 3895: 3874: 3867: 3849: 3837: 3825: 3813: 3811:, p. 166. 3798: 3786: 3779: 3751: 3739: 3720: 3718:, p. 312. 3708: 3693: 3691:, p. 314. 3674: 3653: 3651:, p. 313. 3641: 3639:, p. 198. 3629: 3570: 3558: 3556:, p. 163. 3543: 3536: 3516: 3509: 3489: 3472: 3465: 3445: 3438: 3418: 3411: 3388: 3366: 3359: 3338: 3336: 3333: 3331: 3328: 3327: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3291: 3284: 3281: 3280: 3279: 3274: 3267: 3265: 3262: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3231: 3229: 3226: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3195: 3193: 3186: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3167: 3165: 3162: 3155: 3153: 3150: 3143: 3139: 3136: 3135: 3134: 3131: 3128: 3125: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3107: 3104: 3101: 3098: 3095: 3092: 3089: 3086: 3081: 3076: 3073: 3070: 3067: 3064: 3061: 3058: 3055: 3050: 3047: 3042: 3010: 3009: 3007: 3006: 2999: 2992: 2984: 2981: 2980: 2977: 2976: 2975: 2974: 2973: 2972: 2957: 2946: 2941: 2940: 2939: 2933: 2928: 2916: 2913: 2912: 2909: 2908: 2905: 2904: 2903: 2902: 2896: 2891: 2880: 2875: 2870: 2865: 2860: 2846: 2832: 2827: 2822: 2817: 2812: 2810:Tibetan Empire 2807: 2792: 2789: 2788: 2785: 2784: 2781: 2780: 2775: 2770: 2765: 2760: 2755: 2750: 2745: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2725: 2724: 2723: 2707: 2702: 2697: 2691: 2689:Ancient period 2688: 2687: 2684: 2683: 2675: 2674: 2665: 2664: 2657: 2650: 2649: 2647: 2646: 2639: 2632: 2624: 2621: 2620: 2615: 2614: 2603: 2602: 2601: 2600: 2590: 2589: 2578: 2577: 2566: 2565: 2554: 2553: 2552: 2551: 2544: 2541:Khalji dynasty 2537: 2534:Mamluk dynasty 2527: 2526: 2515: 2514: 2503: 2502: 2496:Kerait Khanate 2491: 2490: 2479: 2478: 2467: 2466: 2465: 2464: 2454: 2453: 2442: 2441: 2430: 2429: 2418: 2417: 2406: 2405: 2394: 2393: 2392: 2391: 2384: 2374: 2373: 2362: 2361: 2350: 2349: 2338: 2337: 2326: 2325: 2314: 2313: 2302: 2301: 2290: 2289: 2278: 2277: 2266: 2265: 2254: 2253: 2245: 2244: 2243: 2242: 2234: 2214: 2213: 2205: 2194: 2193: 2185: 2184: 2183: 2182: 2172: 2171: 2160: 2159: 2158: 2157: 2147: 2146: 2133: 2128: 2127: 2124: 2123: 2118: 2117: 2115: 2104: 2103: 2101: 2090: 2089: 2087: 2076: 2075: 2073: 2060: 2055: 2054: 2051: 2050: 2045: 2044: 2042: 2036: 2035: 2033: 2027: 2026: 2024: 2018: 2017: 2015: 2009: 2008: 2006: 2000: 1999: 1997: 1991: 1990: 1988: 1982: 1981: 1979: 1973: 1972: 1970: 1964: 1963: 1961: 1955: 1954: 1952: 1946: 1945: 1943: 1937: 1936: 1934: 1928: 1927: 1925: 1919: 1918: 1916: 1910: 1909: 1907: 1901: 1900: 1898: 1892: 1891: 1889: 1883: 1882: 1880: 1872: 1867: 1866: 1863: 1862: 1857: 1856: 1854: 1848: 1847: 1845: 1839: 1838: 1836: 1830: 1829: 1827: 1821: 1820: 1818: 1812: 1811: 1809: 1803: 1802: 1800: 1794: 1793: 1791: 1785: 1784: 1782: 1776: 1775: 1773: 1767: 1766: 1764: 1758: 1757: 1755: 1749: 1748: 1746: 1740: 1739: 1737: 1731: 1730: 1728: 1722: 1721: 1719: 1713: 1712: 1710: 1704: 1703: 1701: 1693: 1690:Turkic peoples 1688: 1687: 1684: 1683: 1672: 1671: 1659: 1652: 1635:Dzungar people 1602: 1599: 1542: 1539: 1532: 1459: 1430:Bezeklik Caves 1417: 1414: 1384: 1383: 1374: 1373: 1365: 1364: 1363: 1362: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1334: 1333: 1313: 1311: 1300: 1297: 1292:Hudud al-'Alam 1236: 1233: 1219:Samanid Empire 1190: 1187: 1151:writing system 1086: 1083: 1065: 1046: 921:Central Plains 878: 843:) and Luntai ( 819: 803:Tibetan Empire 777: 776: 632: 626: 625: 624: 622: 619: 605:, near modern 560:Gāochāng Huíhú 500: 499: 497: 496: 489: 482: 474: 471: 470: 467: 466: 458: 450: 442: 434: 426: 418: 410: 402: 394: 386: 378: 370: 362: 353: 349: 348: 347: 340: 339: 337: 336: 331: 326: 320: 318: 314: 313: 310: 309: 306: 305: 298: 292: 291: 284: 275: 272: 271: 269:Tibetan Empire 266: 258: 257: 252: 240: 239: 234: 224: 223: 220: 219: 216: 213: 210: 209: 206: 203: 200: 199: 196: 195: 192: 188: 187: 184: 180: 179: 176: 172: 171: 157: 153: 152: 151:in early years 141:Middle Chinese 134: 130: 129: 119: 115: 114: 112: 111: 100: 89: 78: 72: 70: 66: 65: 62: 54: 53: 49: 48: 45: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6855: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6815: 6813: 6798: 6797: 6788: 6786: 6785: 6776: 6775: 6772: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6739: 6736: 6735: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6703:Uyghur people 6701: 6700: 6698: 6694: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6667:Salih Hudayar 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6637:Rebiya Kadeer 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6612:Sabit Damolla 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6574: 6572: 6568: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6428: 6426: 6424: 6420: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6398:Id Kah Mosque 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6370: 6368: 6364: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6349: 6347: 6343: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6293: 6291: 6289: 6285: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6255: 6253: 6251: 6247: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6227: 6225: 6223: 6219: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6177:Kumtag Desert 6175: 6173: 6170: 6167: 6163: 6160: 6157: 6153: 6152:Junggar Basin 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6139: 6137: 6135: 6131: 6123: 6120: 6119: 6118: 6115: 6111: 6110:Ili Rebellion 6108: 6107: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6094: 6093:Xinjiang Wars 6091: 6090: 6089: 6086: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6070: 6067: 6066: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6051: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6044:Kumul Khanate 6042: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6024: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5987:Mongol Empire 5985: 5983: 5980: 5976: 5973: 5972: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5949: 5946: 5942: 5939: 5938: 5937: 5934: 5933: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5880: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5860: 5858: 5856: 5852: 5847: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5826: 5821: 5819: 5814: 5812: 5807: 5806: 5803: 5790: 5787: 5784: 5781: 5778: 5775: 5774: 5772: 5768: 5761: 5760:Kumul Khanate 5758: 5755: 5752: 5749: 5746: 5743: 5740: 5737: 5734: 5731: 5728: 5725: 5722: 5721: 5719: 5715: 5708: 5705: 5702: 5699: 5696: 5693: 5690: 5687: 5684: 5681: 5678: 5675: 5672: 5669: 5666: 5663: 5660: 5657: 5654: 5653:Jushi Kingdom 5651: 5648: 5645: 5642: 5639: 5636: 5635:Shule Kingdom 5633: 5630: 5627: 5626: 5624: 5620: 5611: 5606: 5604: 5599: 5597: 5592: 5591: 5588: 5580: 5578:9780813535333 5574: 5570: 5566: 5565:Acta Asiatica 5562: 5557: 5553: 5552: 5547: 5546: 5537: 5532: 5528: 5523: 5520: 5514: 5510: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5490: 5484: 5480: 5475: 5471: 5466: 5462: 5460:0-7081-0457-6 5456: 5452: 5447: 5443: 5438: 5435: 5430: 5427: 5425:0-521-24304-1 5421: 5417: 5412: 5408: 5403: 5399: 5394: 5390: 5385: 5381: 5376: 5372: 5367: 5363: 5358: 5354: 5349: 5345: 5340: 5337:, M.E. Sharpe 5336: 5331: 5327: 5321: 5317: 5316: 5310: 5307: 5302: 5298: 5293: 5289: 5284: 5283: 5272: 5267: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5236: 5228: 5221: 5216: 5209: 5204: 5196: 5190: 5186: 5185: 5177: 5169: 5163: 5159: 5158: 5150: 5134: 5130: 5123: 5115: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5092: 5084: 5078: 5074: 5073: 5065: 5049: 5043: 5027: 5021: 5005: 4999: 4991: 4990: 4985: 4984:Bearman, Peri 4978: 4970: 4964: 4960: 4959: 4952: 4944: 4943: 4938: 4937:Bearman, Peri 4931: 4924: 4923:Millward 2007 4919: 4911: 4905: 4901: 4900: 4892: 4884: 4878: 4874: 4873: 4865: 4859:Haw 2014p. 4. 4858: 4853: 4845: 4839: 4835: 4834: 4826: 4819: 4814: 4806: 4800: 4796: 4795: 4787: 4779: 4773: 4769: 4768: 4763: 4762:David, Brophy 4757: 4750: 4746: 4741: 4733: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4710: 4702: 4696: 4692: 4691: 4683: 4675: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4649: 4647: 4638: 4637: 4630: 4622: 4616: 4612: 4611: 4603: 4595: 4589: 4585: 4584: 4576: 4565: 4561: 4555: 4548: 4547: 4542: 4536: 4528: 4527: 4520: 4512: 4506: 4502: 4501: 4493: 4485: 4479: 4475: 4474: 4466: 4458: 4452: 4448: 4447: 4440: 4432: 4431: 4424: 4416: 4410: 4406: 4405: 4397: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4359: 4351: 4345: 4341: 4340: 4332: 4324: 4320: 4319: 4312: 4304: 4303: 4295: 4287: 4281: 4277: 4276: 4268: 4260: 4259: 4252: 4245: 4240: 4232: 4226: 4222: 4221: 4213: 4205: 4199: 4195: 4194: 4186: 4178: 4172: 4168: 4167: 4159: 4152: 4147: 4139: 4133: 4125: 4123:9788362447190 4119: 4115: 4114: 4106: 4098: 4092: 4088: 4087: 4080: 4074:, p. 43. 4073: 4072:Millward 2007 4068: 4061: 4060:Millward 2007 4056: 4048: 4042: 4038: 4037: 4032: 4026: 4015:September 15, 4007: 4000: 3992: 3986: 3982: 3981: 3973: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3946: 3939: 3934: 3926: 3924:9789004172852 3920: 3916: 3909: 3907: 3898: 3896:9780521842266 3892: 3888: 3881: 3879: 3870: 3864: 3860: 3853: 3846: 3845:Millward 2007 3841: 3834: 3833:Millward 2007 3829: 3822: 3817: 3810: 3805: 3803: 3795: 3790: 3782: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3763: 3755: 3748: 3747:Millward 2007 3743: 3735: 3731: 3724: 3717: 3712: 3706:, p. 42. 3705: 3700: 3698: 3690: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3670: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3650: 3645: 3638: 3633: 3625: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3568:, p. 46. 3567: 3566:Millward 2007 3562: 3555: 3550: 3548: 3539: 3533: 3529: 3528: 3520: 3512: 3506: 3502: 3501: 3493: 3485: 3484: 3476: 3468: 3466:9781895296228 3462: 3458: 3457: 3449: 3441: 3435: 3431: 3430: 3422: 3414: 3408: 3404: 3403: 3398: 3392: 3384: 3377: 3370: 3362: 3356: 3352: 3351: 3343: 3339: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3300: 3297: 3295: 3292: 3290: 3287: 3286: 3277: 3271: 3266: 3259: 3254: 3247: 3242: 3235: 3230: 3223: 3218: 3211: 3206: 3199: 3194: 3190: 3183: 3178: 3171: 3166: 3159: 3154: 3147: 3142: 3141: 3138:Image gallery 3132: 3129: 3126: 3123: 3120: 3117: 3114: 3111: 3108: 3105: 3102: 3099: 3096: 3093: 3090: 3087: 3082: 3077: 3074: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3056: 3051: 3048: 3043: 3040: 3039: 3038: 3036: 3035: 3030: 3029:Turghun Almas 3026: 3022: 3018: 3005: 3000: 2998: 2993: 2991: 2986: 2985: 2983: 2982: 2970: 2966: 2963: 2962: 2961: 2958: 2956: 2952: 2951: 2950: 2947: 2945: 2942: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2929: 2927: 2923: 2922: 2921: 2918: 2917: 2914:Modern period 2911: 2910: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2894:Dungan Revolt 2892: 2890: 2886: 2885: 2884: 2881: 2879: 2876: 2874: 2873:Kumul Khanate 2871: 2869: 2866: 2864: 2861: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2835:Mongol Empire 2833: 2831: 2828: 2826: 2823: 2821: 2818: 2816: 2813: 2811: 2808: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2794: 2793: 2787: 2786: 2779: 2776: 2774: 2771: 2769: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2759: 2756: 2754: 2751: 2749: 2748:Western Liang 2746: 2744: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2712: 2711: 2708: 2706: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2696: 2693: 2692: 2686: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2676: 2673: 2667: 2666: 2661: 2656: 2655: 2645: 2640: 2638: 2633: 2631: 2626: 2625: 2623: 2622: 2610: 2609: 2608:Ottoman State 2605: 2604: 2599: 2598: 2597:Bahri dynasty 2594: 2593: 2592: 2591: 2585: 2584: 2580: 2579: 2573: 2572: 2568: 2567: 2561: 2560: 2556: 2555: 2550: 2549: 2545: 2543: 2542: 2538: 2536: 2535: 2531: 2530: 2529: 2528: 2522: 2521: 2517: 2516: 2510: 2509: 2505: 2504: 2498: 2497: 2493: 2492: 2486: 2485: 2481: 2480: 2474: 2473: 2469: 2468: 2463: 2462: 2458: 2457: 2456: 2455: 2449: 2448: 2447:Seljuk Empire 2444: 2443: 2437: 2436: 2432: 2431: 2425: 2424: 2420: 2419: 2413: 2412: 2408: 2407: 2401: 2400: 2396: 2395: 2390: 2389: 2385: 2383: 2382: 2378: 2377: 2376: 2375: 2369: 2368: 2364: 2363: 2357: 2356: 2352: 2351: 2345: 2344: 2340: 2339: 2333: 2332: 2328: 2327: 2321: 2320: 2316: 2315: 2309: 2308: 2304: 2303: 2297: 2296: 2292: 2291: 2285: 2284: 2280: 2279: 2273: 2272: 2268: 2267: 2261: 2260: 2256: 2255: 2252: 2251: 2250:Sabiri People 2247: 2246: 2238: 2235: 2230: 2227: 2226: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2209: 2206: 2201: 2198: 2197: 2196: 2195: 2192: 2191: 2187: 2186: 2181: 2180: 2176: 2175: 2174: 2173: 2167: 2166: 2162: 2161: 2156: 2155: 2151: 2150: 2149: 2148: 2142: 2141: 2137: 2136: 2131: 2126: 2125: 2116: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2105: 2102: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2091: 2088: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2077: 2074: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2052: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2037: 2034: 2032: 2029: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2011: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1993: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1929: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1920: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1884: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1875: 1870: 1865: 1864: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1849: 1846: 1844: 1841: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1685: 1678: 1674: 1673: 1667: 1664: 1663: 1657: 1651: 1648: 1644: 1642: 1641: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1625:(c. 1540, in 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1591:Jimsar County 1588: 1584: 1580: 1578: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1560: 1556: 1547: 1531: 1526: 1524: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1510:Irtysh Valley 1507: 1502: 1500: 1496: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1474: 1471: 1458: 1453: 1451: 1448:state of the 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1410: 1405: 1398: 1393: 1378: 1369: 1355: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1344:Indo-European 1341: 1330: 1321: 1317: 1314:This section 1312: 1309: 1305: 1304: 1296: 1294: 1293: 1286: 1284: 1280: 1275: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1256: 1251: 1250: 1245: 1241: 1232: 1229: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1186: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1103: 1096: 1091: 1082: 1080: 1075: 1064: 1059: 1057: 1056:Mongol Empire 1045: 1043: 1039: 1032: 1030: 1025: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 995: 990: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 957: 953: 952: 947: 946: 941: 934: 932: 922: 918: 908: 904: 899: 897: 893: 885: 884: 877: 875: 871: 867: 863: 856: 854: 850: 849:Guiyi Circuit 846: 842: 838: 835:), Tingzhou ( 834: 830: 818: 813: 811: 806: 804: 800: 796: 780: 772: 761: 750: 739: 730: 719: 708: 699: 690: 681: 679:KHITAN EMPIRE 672: 663: 654: 645: 636: 630: 618: 616: 612: 611:Jimsar County 608: 604: 600: 597:(also called 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 562: 556: 548: 544: 540: 534:, 937–976 CE) 527: 526: 521: 511: 506: 495: 490: 488: 483: 481: 476: 475: 473: 472: 462: 461:Seljuk Empire 459: 454: 451: 446: 443: 438: 435: 430: 427: 422: 419: 414: 411: 406: 403: 398: 395: 390: 387: 382: 379: 374: 371: 366: 363: 358: 355: 354: 346: 345: 335: 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 321: 319: 317:Today part of 315: 299: 297: 294: 293: 285: 283: 280: 279: 276: 270: 267: 260: 259: 256: 253: 246: 245: 242: 241: 238: 235: 233: 230: 229: 225: 221: 217: 211: 207: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 170: 165: 161: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 135: 131: 127: 123: 120: 116: 108: 104: 101: 97: 96:Mongol Empire 93: 90: 86: 82: 79: 74: 73: 71: 67: 60: 55: 50: 43:Qocho Kingdom 40: 37: 33: 19: 6794: 6782: 6687:Rahile Dawut 6672:Sattar Sawut 6617:Sheng Shicai 6602:Yang Zengxin 6597:Zuo Zongtang 6403:Karakul Lake 6383:Jiaohe ruins 6049:Qing dynasty 5992:Yuan dynasty 5964: 5931:Tang dynasty 5744:(1487-1660?) 5732:(1347–1680s) 5700: 5568: 5564: 5550: 5535: 5526: 5508: 5499: 5496:Souček, Svat 5478: 5469: 5450: 5441: 5433: 5415: 5406: 5397: 5388: 5379: 5370: 5361: 5352: 5343: 5334: 5314: 5305: 5296: 5287: 5266: 5234: 5227: 5215: 5208:Gladney 2004 5203: 5183: 5176: 5156: 5149: 5137:. Retrieved 5133:the original 5122: 5103: 5091: 5071: 5064: 5052:. Retrieved 5042: 5030:. Retrieved 5020: 5008:. Retrieved 4998: 4988: 4977: 4957: 4951: 4941: 4930: 4918: 4898: 4891: 4871: 4864: 4852: 4832: 4825: 4813: 4793: 4786: 4766: 4756: 4740: 4721: 4709: 4689: 4682: 4663: 4655: 4635: 4629: 4609: 4602: 4582: 4575: 4564:the original 4545: 4535: 4525: 4519: 4499: 4492: 4472: 4465: 4445: 4439: 4429: 4423: 4403: 4396: 4371: 4367: 4358: 4338: 4331: 4317: 4311: 4301: 4294: 4274: 4267: 4257: 4251: 4239: 4219: 4212: 4192: 4185: 4165: 4158: 4146: 4112: 4105: 4085: 4079: 4067: 4055: 4035: 4025: 4013:. Retrieved 3999: 3979: 3972: 3955: 3951: 3945: 3933: 3914: 3886: 3858: 3852: 3840: 3828: 3816: 3789: 3761: 3754: 3742: 3733: 3729: 3723: 3711: 3644: 3632: 3561: 3526: 3519: 3499: 3492: 3482: 3475: 3455: 3448: 3428: 3421: 3401: 3391: 3382: 3369: 3349: 3342: 3032: 3020: 3016: 3013: 2733:Former Liang 2606: 2595: 2581: 2571:Golden Horde 2569: 2557: 2546: 2539: 2532: 2518: 2506: 2494: 2482: 2470: 2459: 2445: 2433: 2421: 2410: 2409: 2397: 2386: 2379: 2365: 2353: 2341: 2329: 2317: 2305: 2293: 2283:Kangar Union 2281: 2269: 2257: 2248: 2215: 2188: 2177: 2163: 2152: 2138: 1655: 1649: 1645: 1638: 1622: 1604: 1581: 1564:Yuan dynasty 1559:Genghis Khan 1552: 1528: 1505: 1503: 1498: 1475: 1466: 1455: 1419: 1337: 1324: 1320:adding to it 1315: 1290: 1287: 1278: 1276: 1253: 1247: 1238: 1192: 1183:Ibn Al-Nadim 1171: 1163:Christianity 1137:such as the 1120: 1076: 1072: 1061: 1053: 1041: 1034: 1026: 999: 982:MIK III 4979 961: 955: 949: 943: 940:da zang jing 939: 936: 931:Song Chinese 900: 889: 881: 873: 869: 865: 861: 858: 852: 828: 826: 815: 810:Tang dynasty 807: 792: 695: 615:Tang Chinese 602: 598: 570: 558: 542: 538: 537: 523: 282:Western Liao 237:Succeeded by 236: 231: 218:14th century 103:Vassal state 92:Vassal state 85:Western Liao 81:Vassal state 36: 6662:Ilham Tohti 6652:Wang Lequan 6408:Kizil Caves 6162:Tarim Basin 6002:Moghulistan 5982:Qara Khitai 5878:Han dynasty 5785:(1912-1992) 5779:(1757-1912) 5762:(1696–1930) 5756:(1634–1758) 5750:(1514–1705) 5738:(1389–1513) 5730:Moghulistan 5726:(1225–1370) 5709:(1124–1218) 5707:Qara Khitai 5661:(77 BC–630) 5649:(60 BC–107) 5529:, 中国社会科学出版社 5409:, Macmillan 5382:. C. Hurst. 5271:西州回鶻統治者稱號研究 4857:Yuan Empire 4818:Souček 2000 4151:Souček 2000 3938:Baumer 2012 3794:Baumer 2012 3716:Baumer 2012 3689:Baumer 2012 3649:Baumer 2012 3637:Drompp 2005 3075:1123: Bilgä 3025:Ayurbarwada 2849:Moghulistan 2830:Qara Khitai 2743:Later Liang 2669:History of 2222:Turk Shahis 2169:71 BC–?? AD 1887:Azerbaijani 1708:Oghuz Turks 1631:Khizr Khoja 1629:) wrote, "( 1615:Khizr Khoja 1577:Han Chinese 1541:Mongol rule 1523:Western Xia 1450:Qara Khitai 1426:Manichaeism 1346:-speaking " 1203:Al-Muqtadir 1195:Manichaeism 1189:Manichaeism 1155:Manichaeism 1147:the Uyghurs 1129:, but also 1029:Qara Khitai 978:Manichaeism 970:Bögü Qaghan 883:Yelü Chucai 853:Idiqutshari 847:) from the 787: 1000 232:Preceded by 160:Manichaeism 99:(1209–1335) 88:(1132–1209) 6812:Categories 6607:Jin Shuren 6413:Niya ruins 6331:Tunurkawab 5863:Tocharians 5703:(843–1209) 5697:(840–1212) 5240:Peter Lang 3736:: 440–454. 3330:References 3189:Manichaean 2738:Former Qin 2695:Tocharians 2295:Turk Shahi 1977:Karakalpak 1514:Manichaean 1395:Leaf from 1352:Tocharians 1002:Manichaean 917:Han people 603:Qara-Khoja 543:Kara-Khoja 448:c.950–1241 334:Kyrgyzstan 329:Kazakhstan 175:Government 137:Old Uyghur 77:(843–1132) 6713:Altishahr 6642:Nur Bekri 6627:Wang Zhen 6592:Yaqub Beg 6222:Education 6156:Dzungaria 6147:Tian Shan 6134:Geography 6054:Qing rule 5691:(640-790) 5667:(460-640) 5643:(?–77 BC) 5318:. BRILL. 5258:192134589 5099:中国伊斯兰教词汇表 4717:中国伊斯兰教词汇表 4659:中国伊斯兰教词汇表 4132:cite book 3821:Zhao 2008 3809:Zhao 2008 3704:Rong 2013 3554:Zhao 2008 3335:Citations 3034:Uyghurlar 2883:Qing rule 2878:Yettishar 2612:1299–1922 2587:1250–1517 2575:1242–1502 2563:1224–1266 2524:1206–1526 2512:1136–1225 2488:1077–1231 2476:1067–1239 2451:1037–1194 2271:Xueyantuo 2113:Grey wolf 2095:Ergenekon 2071:Shamanism 1843:Krymchaks 1753:Kutrigurs 1525:dynasty. 1480:'s ruler 1397:Manichean 1348:Caucasoid 1340:Mongoloid 1327:July 2018 1299:Ethnicity 1260:Tripiṭaka 1167:Silk Road 1127:Tocharian 1042:shangjian 996:, 10th c. 994:Beshbalik 837:Beshbalik 748:CHALUKYAS 715:GHAZNAVID 583:Tocharian 464:1037–1194 156:Religion 145:Tocharian 126:Beshbalik 124:(Qocho), 6784:Category 6577:Amursana 6388:Gaochang 6321:Pamirdin 6007:Kara Del 5910:Göktürks 5905:Gaochang 5832:Xinjiang 5736:Kara Del 5685:(?–1006) 5665:Gaochang 5659:Shanshan 5498:(2000), 5139:June 22, 5054:July 18, 5032:July 18, 5010:July 18, 4033:(2002). 3294:Kara Del 3283:See also 3021:iduq qut 2753:Gaochang 2671:Xinjiang 2660:a series 2658:Part of 2439:963–1186 2427:860–1091 2415:856–1335 2403:848–1036 2371:840–1212 2347:750–1055 2323:743–1035 2263:618–1048 2190:Göktürks 2165:Dingling 2067:Tengrism 2040:Krymchak 1780:Kipchaks 1717:Saragurs 1533:— 1460:— 1252:and the 1199:Buddhism 1175:Khorasan 1159:Buddhism 1139:Sogdians 1095:Gaochang 1085:Religion 1066:— 1047:— 945:Tang yun 907:Gaochang 896:Dunhuang 879:— 833:Gaochang 820:— 795:Karasahr 599:Gaochang 510:Gaochang 456:977–1186 440:840–1207 432:840–1212 424:766–1055 178:Monarchy 164:Buddhism 122:Gaochang 32:Gaochang 6796:Commons 6696:Related 6582:Mingrui 6345:Economy 6316:Youtazi 6296:Dapanji 6288:Cuisine 6250:Culture 5922:Eastern 5918:Western 5873:Xiongnu 5855:History 5846:capital 5791:(1949-) 5673:(?–789) 5655:(?-460) 5472:, Brill 5373:, Brill 5346:, Brill 5280:Sources 4986:(ed.). 4939:(ed.). 3187:Uyghur 2857:Yarkent 2804:Beiting 2705:Xiongnu 2359:756–940 2335:744–840 2311:699–766 2299:665-850 2287:659–750 2275:628–646 2240:682–744 2232:581–650 2211:581–657 2203:552–581 1968:Qasgqai 1959:Chuvash 1950:Bashkir 1923:Turkmen 1878:Turkish 1834:Dolgans 1798:Uyghurs 1762:Karluks 1735:Bulgars 1726:Utigurs 1699:Onogurs 1656:idiquts 1627:Persian 1595:Mongols 1593:), the 1272:Jingyin 1264:Tangyun 1223:Muslims 1217:of the 1215:Nasr II 1201:. When 1179:Muslims 1131:Chinese 1121:Mainly 1020:to the 1014:Tumshuk 956:Jingyun 919:of the 746:WESTERN 661:KHAZARS 621:History 547:Chinese 508:Man of 416:756–840 408:744–840 400:699–766 392:682–744 384:650–969 376:581–742 368:581–645 360:552–603 191:History 149:Sogdian 143:; also 118:Capital 105:of the 94:of the 83:of the 6647:Li Zhi 6570:People 6306:Sangza 6142:Cities 5926:Second 5868:Yuezhi 5842:Ürümqi 5834:topics 5770:Modern 5717:Mongol 5575: 5515: 5485: 5457: 5422: 5322: 5256: 5246: 5191: 5164: 5110: 5079: 4965: 4906: 4879: 4840: 4801: 4774: 4728: 4697: 4670: 4617: 4590: 4556: 4507: 4480: 4453: 4411: 4388:599159 4386: 4346: 4282: 4244:Essays 4227: 4200: 4173: 4120: 4093: 4043: 3987: 3921: 3893: 3865: 3777: 3534: 3507: 3463: 3436: 3409: 3357: 3017:idiqut 2853:Turpan 2758:Rouran 2700:Yuezhi 2662:on the 2031:Karaim 2022:Gagauz 1941:Kyrgyz 1914:Uyghur 1905:Kazakh 1825:Yakuts 1816:Kumyks 1807:Tatars 1613:ruler 1495:Khotan 1446:vassal 1279:Qieyun 1274:etc." 1268:Yupuan 1255:Qieyun 1228:Turpan 1161:, and 1143:Uyghur 1123:Turkic 1111:Syriac 1016:, and 951:Yupian 892:Yizhou 841:Ürümqi 829:idiqut 770:YABGUS 759:EMPIRE 737:BUYIDS 728:SHAHIS 717:EMPIRE 706:KHOTAN 670:KIMEKS 652:CUMANS 607:Turpan 575:Uyghur 571:Idiqut 557:: 555:pinyin 549:: 520:Turfan 194: 186: 183:Idiqut 69:Status 18:Idiqut 6326:Xurpa 6311:Samsa 6273:Muqam 6263:Music 5965:Qocho 5914:First 5701:Qocho 5677:Yanqi 5671:Kucha 5629:Wusun 5102:[ 4749:p. 43 4720:[ 4662:[ 4567:(PDF) 4550:(PDF) 4384:JSTOR 4009:(PDF) 3429:Islam 3379:(PDF) 2411:Qocho 2109:Sheka 2099:Asena 2085:Ülgen 2081:Kayra 2013:Tuvan 1995:Kumyk 1986:Sakha 1932:Tatar 1896:Uzbek 1771:Kimek 1744:Sabir 1607:Jihad 1583:Alans 1518:jihad 1018:Kucha 845:Bugur 799:Kucha 768:OGHUZ 726:HINDU 697:QOCHO 595:Qocho 539:Qocho 531:番客入朝圖 522:) in 324:China 5924:and 5573:ISBN 5513:ISBN 5483:ISBN 5455:ISBN 5420:ISBN 5320:ISBN 5254:OCLC 5244:ISBN 5189:ISBN 5162:ISBN 5141:2016 5108:ISBN 5077:ISBN 5056:2022 5034:2022 5012:2022 4963:ISBN 4904:ISBN 4877:ISBN 4838:ISBN 4799:ISBN 4772:ISBN 4726:ISBN 4695:ISBN 4668:ISBN 4615:ISBN 4588:ISBN 4554:ISBN 4505:ISBN 4478:ISBN 4451:ISBN 4409:ISBN 4344:ISBN 4280:ISBN 4225:ISBN 4198:ISBN 4171:ISBN 4138:link 4118:ISBN 4091:ISBN 4041:ISBN 4017:2015 3985:ISBN 3919:ISBN 3891:ISBN 3863:ISBN 3775:ISBN 3532:ISBN 3505:ISBN 3461:ISBN 3434:ISBN 3407:ISBN 3355:ISBN 2839:Yuan 2800:West 2111:and 2097:and 2083:and 2069:and 1587:Asud 1424:and 1240:Tang 1211:Iraq 1133:and 1125:and 1010:Aksu 954:and 903:Hami 797:and 757:PALA 688:1000 581:and 566:lit. 551:高昌回鶻 147:and 46:高昌回鶻 6301:Nan 4376:doi 3960:doi 3767:doi 3734:III 3085:... 3080:... 3054:... 3046:... 3019:or 1621:'s 1322:. 601:or 541:or 515:高昌國 208:843 6814:: 5920:, 5916:, 5912:: 5571:. 5569:78 5567:. 5563:. 5252:. 4747:, 4645:^ 4382:. 4372:95 4370:. 4321:. 4134:}} 4130:{{ 3956:18 3954:. 3905:^ 3877:^ 3801:^ 3773:. 3732:. 3696:^ 3677:^ 3656:^ 3573:^ 3546:^ 3381:. 3031:, 2967:/ 2855:; 2841:; 2802:; 2718:; 2224:) 2220:, 1270:, 1266:, 1262:, 1157:, 1105:A 1058:. 1031:. 1024:. 1012:, 984:). 948:, 926:西州 912:外甥 874:li 870:li 866:li 862:li 805:. 784:c. 563:; 553:; 518:, 139:, 6168:) 6164:( 6158:) 6154:( 5848:) 5844:( 5824:e 5817:t 5810:v 5609:e 5602:t 5595:v 5581:. 5554:. 5463:. 5328:. 5260:. 5197:. 5170:. 5143:. 5116:. 5085:. 5058:. 5036:. 5014:. 4971:. 4912:. 4885:. 4846:. 4807:. 4780:. 4751:. 4734:. 4703:. 4676:. 4623:. 4596:. 4513:. 4486:. 4459:. 4417:. 4390:. 4378:: 4352:. 4288:. 4233:. 4206:. 4179:. 4140:) 4126:. 4099:. 4049:. 4019:. 3993:. 3966:. 3962:: 3927:. 3899:. 3871:. 3783:. 3769:: 3671:. 3626:. 3540:. 3513:. 3469:. 3442:. 3415:. 3385:. 3363:. 3003:e 2996:t 2989:v 2971:) 2953:( 2938:) 2924:( 2901:) 2887:( 2859:) 2851:( 2845:) 2837:( 2806:) 2798:( 2722:) 2714:( 2643:e 2636:t 2629:v 2216:( 1658:) 1411:) 1329:) 1325:( 545:( 528:( 512:( 493:e 486:t 479:v 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index