2609:
2193:
484:
609:
569:, states Naomi Janowitz, a professor of Religious Studies, has distorted the reality of Israelite religious practices and the historic use of images in Judaism. The direct material evidence is more reliable, such as that from the archaeological sites, and this suggests that the Jewish religious practices have been far more complex than what biblical polemics suggest. Judaism included images and cultic statues in the First Temple period, the Second Temple period, Late Antiquity (2nd to 8th century CE), and thereafter. Nonetheless, these sorts of evidence may be simply descriptive of Ancient Israelite practices in some—possibly deviant—circles, but cannot tell us anything about the mainstream religion of the Bible which proscribes idolatry.
3738:, Quote: "The worship which they pay to their images they cloak with the name of εἰδωλοδυλεία (idolodulia), and deny to be εἰδωλολατρεία (idolatria). So they speak, holding that the worship which they call dulia may, without insult to God, be paid to statues and pictures. (...) For the Greek word λατρεύειν having no other meaning than to worship, what they say is just the same as if they were to confess that they worship their images without worshipping them. They cannot object that I am quibbling upon words. (...) But how eloquent soever they may be, they will never prove by their eloquence that one and the same thing makes two. Let them show how the things differ if they would be thought different from ancient idolaters."
696:
1244:, building a structure over a grave, associating partners with God, giving his characteristics to others beside him, or not believing in his characteristics. 19th century Wahhabis regarded idolatry punishable with the death penalty, a practice that was "hitherto unknown" in Islam. However, Classical Orthodox Sunni thought used to be rich in Relics and Saint veneration, as well as pilgrimage to their shrines. Ibn Taymiyya, a medieval theologian that influenced modern days Salafists, was put in prison for his negation of veneration of relics and Saints, as well as pilgrimage to Shrines, which was considered unorthodox by his contemporary theologians.
687:
257:
755:
5603:, polytheism, and the association of God with other deities. The definition of Shirk differs in Islamic Schools, from Shiism and some classical Sunni Sufism accepting, sometimes, images, pilgrimage to shrines and veneration of relics and saints, to the more puritan Salafi-Wahhabi current, that condemns all the previous mentioned practices. The Quran stresses in many verses that God does not share his powers with any partner (sharik). It warns those who believe their idols will intercede for them that they, together with the idols, will become fuel for hellfire on the Day of Judgment (
2215:
material objects may decay or get destroyed, the emblem may crumble or substituted, but the spiritual idea that it represents to the heart and mind of an
African traditionalist remains unchanged. Sylvester Johnson – a professor of African American and Religious Studies, concurs with Awolalu, and states that the colonial era missionaries who arrived in Africa, neither understood the regional languages nor the African theology, and interpreted the images and ritualism as "epitome of idolatry", projecting the iconoclastic controversies in Europe they grew up with, onto Africa.
2585:
40:
2184:
1598:
1965:
957:
2219:
supported religious violence and demeaning caricature of the
African Traditional Religionists. The violence against idolaters and idolatry of Traditional Religion practicers of Africa started in the medieval era and continued into the modern era. The charge of idolatry by proselytizers, state Michael Wayne Cole and Rebecca Zorach, served to demonize and dehumanize local African populations, and justify their enslavement and abuse locally or far off plantations, settlements or for forced domestic labor.
1701:
456:, states Paul Kugler, an image is an appropriate mental intermediary that "bridges between the inner world of the mind and the outer world of material reality", the image is a vehicle between sensation and reason. Idols are useful psychological catalysts, they reflect sense data and pre-existing inner feelings. They are neither the origins nor the destinations of thought but the intermediary in the human inner journey. Fervid opposition to the idolatry of the Greeks and Romans was of
1607:
2086:
803:
forms of "veneration" such as in
Genesis 33:3, with the argument that "adoration is one thing, and that which is offered in order to venerate something of great excellence is another". These arguments assert, "the honor given to the image is transferred to its prototype", and that venerating an image of Christ does not terminate at the image itself – the material of the image is not the object of worship – rather it goes beyond the image, to the prototype.
5582:, Quote: "Over time, however, new religions developed whose basis is in Jewish belief – such as Christianity and Islam – which are based on belief in the Creator and whose adherents follow commandments that are similar to some Torah laws (see the uncensored Rambam in his Mishneh Torah, Hilkhot Melakhim 11:4). All of the rishonim agree that adherents of these religions are not idol worshippers and should not be treated as the pagans described in the Torah."
1710:
5762:, Quote: "in some verses it does appear to be suggested that Christians are guilty of both kufr and shirk. This is particularly the case in 5:72 ... In addition to 9:29, therefore, which has been discussed above and which refers to both Jews and Christians, other verses are extremely hostile to both Jews and Christians, other verses are extremely hostile to Christians in particular, suggesting that they both disbelieve (kafara) and are guilty of shirk."
2626:
888:
2356:
Traditional
Religion, but the Spanish colonialists destroyed this written history in their zeal to end what they considered as idolatry, and to convert the Aztecs to Catholicism. The Aztec Indians, however, preserved their religion and religious practices by burying their idols under the crosses, and then continuing their idol worship rituals and practices, aided by the syncretic composite of atrial crosses and their idols as before.
2608:
2285:
739:. John of Damascus wrote, "I venture to draw an image of the invisible God, not as invisible, but as having become visible for our sakes through flesh and blood", adding that images are expressions "for remembrance either of wonder, or an honor, or dishonor, or good, or evil" and that a book is also a written image in another form. He defended the religious use of images based on the Christian doctrine of Jesus as an
2228:
1123:
entail polytheism. It would be even incorrect to say God knows by his knowledge which is in his essence but God knows by his knowledge which is his essence. Also God has no physical form and he is insensible. The border between theoretical Tawhid and Shirk is to know that every reality and being in its essence, attributes and action are from him (from Him-ness), it is
1782:– a Hindu scripture, in verse 12.5, states that only a few have the time and mind to ponder and fix on the unmanifested Absolute (abstract formless Brahman), and it is much easier to focus on qualities, virtues, aspects of a manifested representation of god, through one's senses, emotions and heart, because the way human beings naturally are.
2539:
addiction, satanic, and cause of all incivility" is more a matter of subjective personal interpretation, rather than objective impersonal truth. Regina
Schwartz and some other contemporary scholars state allegations that idols only represent false gods, followed by iconoclastic destruction is only little more than religious intolerance. The
945:
than all others". The sub-list of erring practices have included among other things the veneration of Virgin Mary, the
Catholic mass, the invocation of saints, and the reverence expected for and expressed to pope himself. The charges of supposed idolatry against the Roman Catholics were leveled by a diverse group of Protestants, from
1930:(sages), who see and have the power of discerning the essence of all created things of manifested forms. They see their different characters, the divine and the demoniac, the creative and the destructive forces, in their eternal interplay. It is this vision of Rishis, of gigantic drama of cosmic powers in eternal conflict, which the
9176:
2584:
1317:, an early biographer of Muhammad, says the Ka'aba might have been itself addressed using a feminine grammatical form by the Quraysh. Circumambulation was often performed naked by men and almost naked by women. It is disputed whether al-Lat and Hubal were the same deity or different. Per a hypothesis by
2725:
Church it is housed, it is ritually cared for, cleaned and dressed by the sisters of the
Carmelites Church, changing the Infant Jesus' clothing to one of the approximately hundred costumes donated by the faithfuls as gift of devotion. The idol is worshipped with the faithful believing that it renders
2002:
The creation of idols, their consecration, the inclusion of Jaina layperson in idols and temples of
Jainism by the Jaina monks has been a historic practice. However, during the iconoclastic era of Islamic rule, between the 15th and 17th century, a Lonka sect of Jainism emerged that continued pursuing
1994:
prayers. Like other major Indian religions, Jainism has premised its spiritual practices on the belief that "all knowledge is inevitably mediated by images" and human beings discover, learn and know what is to be known through "names, images and representations". Thus, idolatry has been a part of the
1652:
According to Peter Harvey – a professor of
Buddhist Studies, Buddha idols and idolatry spread into northwest Indian subcontinent (now Pakistan and Afghanistan) and into Central Asia with Buddhist Silk Road merchants. The Hindu rulers of different Indian dynasties patronized both Buddhism and Hinduism
1106:
Those who say, “Allah is the
Messiah, son of Mary,” have certainly fallen into disbelief. The Messiah ˹himself˺ said, “O Children of Israel! Worship Allah—my Lord and your Lord.” Whoever associates others with Allah ˹in worship˺ will surely be forbidden Paradise by Allah. Their home will be the Fire.
802:
The Catholic defense mentions textual evidence of external acts of honor towards icons, arguing that there are a difference between adoration and veneration and that the veneration shown to icons differs entirely from the adoration of God. Citing the Old Testament, these arguments present examples of
431:
The earliest historic records confirming cult images are from the ancient Egyptian civilization, thereafter related to the Greek civilization. By the 2nd millennium BC two broad forms of cult image appear, in one images are zoomorphic (god in the image of animal or animal-human fusion) and in another
1621:
According to Eric Reinders, icons and idolatry have been an integral part of Buddhism throughout its later history. Buddhists, from Korea to Vietnam, Thailand to Tibet, Central Asia to South Asia, have long produced temples and idols, altars and malas, relics to amulets, images to ritual implements.
944:
The idolatry debate has been one of the defining differences between papal Catholicism and anti-papal Protestantism. The anti-papal writers have prominently questioned the worship practices and images supported by Catholics, with many Protestant scholars listing it as the "one religious error larger
2355:
Missionaries came to the Americas with the start of Spanish colonial era, and the Catholic Church did not tolerate any form of native idolatry, preferring that the icons and images of Jesus and Mary replace the native idols. Aztec, for example, had a written history which included those about their
831:
Idolatry not only refers to false pagan worship. It remains a constant temptation to faith. Idolatry consists in divinizing what is not God. Man commits idolatry whenever he honors and reveres a creature in place of God, whether this be gods or demons (for example, satanism), power, pleasure, race,
585:
and "wine standing for blood", for example, suggests that symbolism, making religious images, icon and index has been integral part of Judaism. Every religion has some objects that represent the divine and stand for something in the mind of the faithful, and Judaism too has had its holy objects and
436:
from 4,000 to 2,500 BC period discovered in France, Ireland through Ukraine, and in Central Asia through South Asia, suggest that the ancient anthropomorphic figures included zoomorphic motifs. In Nordic and Indian subcontinent, bovine (cow, ox, -*gwdus, -*g'ou) motifs or statues, for example, were
1895:
Christopher John Fuller states that an image in Hinduism cannot be equated with a deity and the object of worship is the divine whose power is inside the image, and the image is not the object of worship itself, Hindus believe everything is worthy of worship as it contains divine energy. The idols
1248:
1122:
Shia classical theology differs in the concept of Shirk. According to Twelver theologians, the attributes and names of God have no independent and hypostatic existence apart from the being and essence of God. Any suggestion of these attributes and names being conceived of as separate is thought to
816:
The Christian veneration of images is not contrary to the first commandment which proscribes idols. Indeed, "the honor rendered to an image passes to its prototype," and "whoever venerates an image venerates the person portrayed in it." The honor paid to sacred images is a "respectful veneration,"
2210:
Africa has numerous ethnic groups, and their diverse religious idea have been grouped as African Traditional Religions, sometimes abbreviated to ATR. These religions typically believe in a Supreme Being which goes by different regional names, as well as spirit world often linked to ancestors, and
1661:
which featured Buddha idols. From the 10th century, states Harvey, the raids into northwestern parts of South Asia by Muslim Turks destroyed Buddhist idols, given their religious dislike for idolatry. The iconoclasm was so linked to Buddhism, that the Islamic texts of this era in India called all
1022:
Churches, in contrast with some Protestant groups, which use only a simple cross. In Judaism, the reverence to the icon of Christ in the form of cross has been seen as idolatry. However, some Jewish scholars disagree and consider Christianity to be based on Jewish belief and not truly idolatrous.
2394:
such as John Williams, and others such as the Methodist Missionary Society, characterized these as idolatry, in the sense of islanders worshipping false gods. They sent back reports which primarily focussed on "overthrow of pagan idolatry" as evidence of their Christian sects triumph, with fewer
715:
in the 16th century. These debates have supported the inclusion of icons of Jesus Christ, the Virgin Mary, and the Apostles, the iconography expressed in stained glass, regional saints and other symbols of Christian faith. It has also supported the practices such as the Catholic mass, burning of
7896:, Quote: "By negating African religious practices, the pejorative characterizations of these works as objects of idolatry served in vital ways to both demonize and dehumanize local populations, thereby providing a moral buttress for European religious and human trade practices on the continent".
580:
and seals. As more material evidence emerged, one proposal has been that Judaism oscillated between idolatry and iconoclasm. However, the dating of the objects and texts suggest that the two theologies and liturgical practices existed simultaneously. The claimed rejection of idolatry because of
2214:
According to J.O. Awolalu, proselytizing Christians and Muslims have mislabelled idol to mean false god, when in the reality of most traditions of Africa, the object may be a piece of wood or iron or stone, yet it is "symbolic, an emblem and implies the spiritual idea which is worshipped". The
2538:
The accusations and presumption that all idols and images are devoid of symbolism, or that icons of one's own religion are "true, healthy, uplifting, beautiful symbolism, mark of devotion, divine", while of other person's religion are "false, an illness, superstitious, grotesque madness, evil
247:
The history of religions has been marked with accusations and denials of idolatry. These accusations have considered statues and images to be devoid of symbolism. Alternatively, the topic of idolatry has been a source of disagreements between many religions, or within denominations of various
2218:
First with the arrival of Islam in Africa, then during the Christian colonial efforts, the religiously justified wars, the colonial portrayal of idolatry as proof of savagery, the destruction of idols and the seizure of idolaters as slaves marked a long period of religious intolerance, which
750:
cited John 1:14, stating that "the Word became flesh" indicates that the invisible God became visible, that God's glory manifested in God's one and only Son as Jesus Christ, and therefore God chose to make the invisible into a visible form, the spiritual incarnated into the material form.
2522:
of the world. The claim to worship the "one and only true God" came to most of the world with the arrival of Abrahamic religions and is the distinguishing characteristic of their monotheistic worldview, whereas virtually all the other religions in the world have been and/or are still
976:, a professor of religious studies and history, but its meaning has been different to each and "one man's devotion was another man's idolatry". This was particularly true not only in the intra-Christian debate, states Eire, but also when soldiers of Catholic kings replaced "horrible
432:
anthropomorphic (god in the image of man). The former is more commonly found in ancient Egypt influenced beliefs, while the anthropomorphic images are more commonly found in Indo-European cultures. Symbols of nature, useful animals or feared animals may also be included by both. The
1350:(circa 2500 - 1500 BCE) may have produced some of the earliest murtis or vigrahas in India, as evidenced by various terracotta and bronze figurines found in the archaeological sites. Some of these figurines have been interpreted as representations of deities, such as the so-called
971:
Protestants did not abandon all icons and symbols of Christianity. They typically avoid the use of images, except the cross, in any context suggestive of veneration. The cross remained their central icon. Technically both major branches of Christianity have had their icons, states
1566:
and other scholars state that "there is no evidence for icons or images representing god(s)" in the ancient religions of India. Use of cult images developed among the Indian religions later, perhaps first in Buddhism, where large images of the Buddha appear by the 1st century AD.
710:
The Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church have traditionally defended the use of icons. The debate on what images signify and whether reverence with the help of icons in church is equivalent to idolatry has lasted for many centuries, particularly from the 7th century until the
581:
monotheism found in Jewish literature and therefrom in biblical Christian literature, states Janowitz, has been unreal abstraction and flawed construction of the actual history. The material evidence of images, statues and figurines taken together with the textual description of
236:, and this has long been accompanied with violence between religious groups that forbid idol worship and those who have accepted icons, images and statues for veneration. The definition of idolatry has been a contested topic within Abrahamic religions, with many Muslims and most
444:
was polytheistic, with large cult images that were either animals or included animal parts. Ancient Greek civilization preferred human forms, with idealized proportions, for divine representation. The Canaanites of West Asia incorporated a golden calf into their pantheon.
427:
around the world show humans began producing sophisticated images. However, because of a lack of historic texts describing these, it is unclear what, if any connection with religious beliefs, these figures had, or whether they had other meaning and uses, even as toys.
2043:), as stated in Adi Granth 287. Sikhism condemns worshipping images or statues as if it were God, but have historically challenged the iconoclastic policies and Hindu temple destruction activities of Islamic rulers in India. Sikhs house their scripture and revere the
2158:
amongst the citizens of North Korea, and this act is considered the only instance of a modern country deifying its ruler. As many citizens frequently bow before statues and portraits of him, scholars have considered the Juche state religion to be a form of idolatry.
822:
Religious worship is not directed to images in themselves, considered as mere things, but under their distinctive aspect as images leading us on to God incarnate. The movement toward the image does not terminate in it as image, but tends toward that whose image it
5852:, Quote: "In reference to Wahhabi strictness in applying their moral code, Corancez writes that the distinguishing feature of the Wahhabis was their intolerance, which they pursued to hitherto unknown extremes, holding idolatry as a crime punishable by death".
2762:, living on mountains, or controlling the weather. Thus, in this page's context, "Yahweh" is used to refer to God as conceived in the Ancient Hebrew religion, and should not be referenced when describing his later worship in today's Abrahamic religions.
541:
that occurs with the belief that God can be corporeal. In the Jewish belief, the only image of God is man, one who lives and thinks; God has no visible shape, and it is absurd to make or worship images; instead man must worship the invisible God alone.
2248:
Statues, images and temples have been a part of the Traditional Religions of the indigenous people of the Americas. The Incan, Mayan and Aztec civilizations developed sophisticated religious practices that incorporated idols and religious arts. The
1370:. However, these interpretations are not universally accepted, and some scholars have argued that the Indus Valley Civilization did not practice murti or vigraha worship, but rather used symbols and signs to express their religious beliefs.
643:
Ye shall make you no idols nor graven image, neither rear you up a standing image, neither shall ye set up any image of stone in your land, to bow down unto it: for I am the Lord your God. Ye shall keep my sabbaths, and reverence my
6340:
Hans Bakker's political history of the Vakataka dynasty observed that Ajanta caves belong to the Buddhist, not the Hindu tradition. That this should be so is already remarkable in itself. By all we know of Harisena he was a Hindu;
1253:
1250:
2614:
Bronze snake (formerly believed to be the one set up by Moses), in the main nave of Sant'Ambrogio basilica in Milan, Italy, a gift from Byzantine emperor Basil II (1007). It stands on an Ancient Roman granite pillar. Picture by
1249:
2726:
favors to those who pray to it. Such ritualistic caring of the image of baby Jesus is found in other churches and homes in Central Europe and Portugal / Spain influenced Christian communities with different names, such as
1896:
are neither random nor intended as superstitious objects, rather they are designed with embedded symbolism and iconographic rules which sets the style, proportions, the colors, the nature of items the images carry, their
1405:(the god of water and law) was installed in a temple and worshipped by the king. These examples suggest that murti or vigraha worship was not unknown in the Vedic period, but it was not widespread nor dominant.
564:
Biblical scholars have historically focused on the textual evidence to construct the history of idolatry in Judaism, a scholarship that post-modern scholars have increasingly begun deconstructing. This biblical
924:. This was triggered by the Byzantine Iconoclasm controversy that followed raging Christian-Muslim wars and a period of iconoclasm in West Asia. The defense of images and the role of the Syrian scholar
1252:
1666:. The desecration of idols in cave temples continued through the 17th century, states Geri Malandra, from the offense of "the graphic, anthropomorphic imagery of Hindu and Buddhist shrines".
2371:
became accepted as the Christian God, but the Andean rituals centered around idolatry of Incan deities have been retained and continued thereafter into the modern era by the Incan people.
1805:, it is assumed to be a manifestation of the essence or spirit of the deity, the worshipper's spiritual ideas and needs are meditated through it, yet the idea of ultimate reality – called
1789:
in Hinduism, states Jeaneane Fowler – a professor of Religious Studies specializing on Indian Religions, is itself not god, it is an "image of god" and thus a symbol and representation. A
1325:, a supreme god of individuals belonging to different tribes, while the pantheon of the gods of Quraysh was installed in Kaaba after they conquered Mecca a century before Muhammad's time.
134:
may regard the gods of various monotheistic religions as "false gods" because they do not believe that any real deity possesses the properties ascribed by monotheists to their sole deity.
1205:), with the general meaning of "to share". In the context of the Qur'an, the particular sense of "sharing as an equal partner" is usually understood as "attributing a partner to Allah".
3009:
1428:
and others. This period also saw the rise of murti or vigraha worship as a prominent feature of Hinduism, as evidenced by various literary and archaeological sources. For instance, the
1468:
made an image of this elephant and worshipped it. Moreover, many stone and metal sculptures of various deities and saints have been found from this period onwards, such as the famous
6751:
1520:(votive ritual using fire), but it does not mention images or their worship. The ancient Buddhist, Hindu and Jaina texts discuss the nature of existence, whether there is or is not a
448:
The ancient philosophy and practices of the Greeks, thereafter Romans, were imbued with polytheistic idolatry. They debate what is an image and if the use of image is appropriate. To
5673:, Quote: " They included those who practiced idolatry, did not accept the absolute oneness of God, denied that Muhammad was a prophet, ignored God's commandments and signs (singular
1309:, the High God. Allah was never represented by an idol. Once a year, tribes from all around the Arabian peninsula, whether Christian or pagan, would converge on Mecca to perform the
903:
literature, the proper and improper use of images is extensively discussed. Exegetical Orthodox literature points to icons and the manufacture by Moses (under God's commandment) of
1818:) practices centered on cultivating a deep and personal bond of love with God, often expressed and facilitated with one or more murti, and includes individual or community hymns,
2518:
have been and/or are still polytheistic, worshipping many diverse deities. Moreover, the material depiction of a deity or more deities has always played an eminent role in all
1677:), and such idolatry considered a part of the process of realizing one's Buddha nature. This process is more than meditation, it has traditionally included devotional rituals (
1236:. In practice, especially among strict conservative interpretations of Islam, the term has been greatly extended and means deification of anyone or anything other than the
6042:
1926:. Without the guidance of images, the mind of the devotee may go ashtray and form wrong imaginations. Images dispel false imaginations. (... ) It is in the mind of
1251:
1801:
is an image in Hinduism but not the real thing, but in both cases the image reminds of something of emotional and real value to the viewer. When a person worships a
248:
religions, with the presumption that icons of one's own religious practices have meaningful symbolism, while another person's different religious practices do not.
1578:
stating that not all scripture is authoritative, only scripture which "reveals the identity of the individual self and the supreme self as the non-dual Absolute".
1228:
is sin that can only be forgiven if the person who commits it asks God for forgiveness; if the person who committed it dies without repenting God may forgive any
7332:
Torkel Brekke (2014), Religion, War, and Ethics: A Sourcebook of Textual Traditions (Editors: Gregory M. Reichberg and Henrik Syse), Cambridge University Press,
7299:
2616:
2057:(temple), many Sikhs bow or prostrate before it on entering the gurdwara. Guru Granth Sahib is ritually installed every morning, and put to bed at night in many
1574:, Indian thought denied even dogmatic idolatry of its scriptures. Everything has been left to challenge, arguments and enquiry, with the medieval Indian scholar
2020:
is a monotheistic Indian religion, and Sikh temples are devoid of idols and icons for God. Yet, Sikhism strongly encourages devotion to God. Some scholars call
836:
The manufacture of images of Jesus, the Virgin Mary and Christian saints, along with prayers directed to these has been widespread among the Catholic faithful.
6639:
PK Acharya, A summary of the Mānsāra, a treatise on architecture and cognate subjects, PhD Thesis awarded by Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden, published by BRILL,
2689:
1305:
deity, and contained 360 idols that probably represented the days of the year. But by Muhammad's day, it seems that the Kaaba was venerated as the shrine of
716:
candles before pictures, Christmas decorations and celebrations, and festive or memorial processions with statues of religious significance to Christianity.
1669:
In East Asia and Southeast Asia, worship in Buddhist temples with the aid of icons and sacred objects has been historic. In Japanese Buddhism, for example,
1131:
in practice is to assume something as an end in itself, independent from God, not as a road to God (to Him-ness). Ismailis go deeper into the definition of
1918:
From the contemplation of images grows delight, from delight faith, from faith steadfast devotion, through such devotion arises that higher understanding (
2557:, tolerance, and acceptance of diverse representations of the divine, whereas Abrahamic monotheistic religions are intolerant, have attempted to destroy
2211:
mystical magical powers through divination. Idols and their worship have been associated with all three components in the African Traditional Religions.
460:
and later Islam, as evidenced by the widespread desecration and defacement of ancient Greek and Roman sculptures that have survived into the modern era.
9403:
7783:
Willis, John Ralph (1967). "Jihād fī Sabīl Allāh—its Doctrinal Basis in Islam and some Aspects of its Evolution in Nineteenth-Century West Africa".
6432:, Quote: "Some had been desecrated by zealous Muslims during their occupation of Maharashtra in the fifteenth, sixteenth and seventeenth centuries."
1377:(circa 1500 - 500 BCE) is traditionally considered as the origin of Hinduism proper, but it also did not emphasize murti or vigraha worship, as the
296:
769:
and documentary records. For example, the veneration of the tombs and statues of martyrs was common among early Christian communities. In 397 St.
537:) on idolatry. According to the Maimonidean interpretation, idolatry in itself is not a fundamental sin, but the grave sin is the denial of God's
2467:
were not monotheists but actively engaged in idolatry and worshipped many foreign, non-Jewish Gods besides Yahweh and/or instead of him, such as
1622:
The images or relics of Buddha are found in all Buddhist traditions, but they also feature gods and goddesses such as those in Tibetan Buddhism.
1534:, they describe meditation, they recommend the pursuit of simple monastic life and self-knowledge, they debate the nature of absolute reality as
876:
has been defined as veneration of religious images, statues or icons which is not only allowed but obligatory. This distinction was discussed by
6236:
Donald Swearer (2003), Buddhism in the Modern World: Adaptations of an Ancient Tradition (Editors: Heine and Prebish), Oxford University Press,
4892:
I Am with You Always: A Study of the History and Meaning of Personal Devotion to Jesus Christ for Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant Christians
515:
2940:
8665:
1797:
as idol is incorrect, when idol is understood as superstitious end in itself. Just like the photograph of a person is not the real person, a
8509:
6748:
1240:. In Salafi-Wahhabi interpretation, it may be used very widely to describe behaviour that does not literally constitute worship, including
1408:
The post-Vedic period (circa 500 BCE - 300 CE) witnessed the emergence and development of various religious movements and schools, such as
1995:
major sects of Jainism such as Digambara and Shvetambara. The earliest archaeological evidence of the idols and images in Jainism is from
6043:
https://www.oneindia.com/india/why-india-is-a-land-of-murti-and-vigraha-and-not-idols-and-idolators-as-perceived-by-the-west-3455405.html
5981:
5893:
3633:
1464:(circa 3rd century BCE - 3rd century CE), which mentions how Buddha's mother Maya dreamt of a white elephant entering her womb, and how
6766:
John Cort, Jains in the World : Religious Values and Ideology in India, Oxford University Press, ISBN, pages 64–68, 86–90, 100–112
2192:
7484:
3517:
1516:(pre-200 BC) traditions suggest no evidence of idolatry. The Vedic literature mentions many gods and goddesses, as well as the use of
561:
states that God has no shape or form, is utterly incomparable, is everywhere and cannot be represented in a physical form of an idol.
2889:
L'imaginaire du démoniaque dans la Septante: Une analyse comparée de la notion de "démon" dans la Septante et dans la Bible Hébraïque
241:
7228:
6966:
David Lorenzen (1995), Bhakti Religion in North India: Community Identity and Political Action, State University of New York Press,
1280:
representing deities of different aspects of nature and different tribes. Several heretical rituals were adopted in the Pilgrimage (
777:
6.2.2, tells the story of his mother making offerings for the tombs of martyrs and the oratories built in the memory of the saints.
5947:
7186:
6118:
Stephanie W. Jamison (2011), The Ravenous Hyenas and the Wounded Sun: Myth and Ritual in Ancient India, Cornell University Press,
6983:
Hardip Syan (2014), in The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies (Editors: Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech), Oxford University Press,
5985:
The text reads "O God, do not be afraid", the second footnote reads "The feminine form indicates the Ka'ba itself is addressed"
599:
9186:
9156:
9129:
9095:
9060:
8776:
8627:
8573:
8451:
8424:
8397:
8370:
8343:
8313:
8286:
8259:
8232:
8205:
8173:
8141:
8114:
8087:
8058:
8031:
8001:
7974:
7944:
7917:
7889:
7862:
7829:
7767:
7662:
7623:
7596:
7562:
7528:
7494:
7436:
7402:
7361:
7287:
7212:
7178:
7148:
7104:
7077:
7050:
6934:
6917:
6897:
6847:
6820:
6790:
6732:
6707:
6681:
6664:
6624:
6588:
6569:
6547:
6510:
6458:
6425:
6398:
6362:
6329:
6302:
6179:
6147:
6098:
6071:
5931:
5873:
5845:
5783:
5755:
5728:
5701:
5666:
5549:
5515:
5488:
5451:
5419:
5392:
5360:
5320:
5293:
5263:
5209:
5161:
5134:
5055:
5028:
5001:
4954:
4927:
4900:
4873:
4802:
4752:
4716:
4686:
4656:
4629:
4602:
4572:
4545:
4478:
4451:
4424:
4397:
4370:
4343:
4311:
4220:
4193:
4166:
4139:
4105:
4078:
4047:
3999:
3972:
3945:
3915:
3883:
3830:
3777:
3723:
3696:
3664:
3537:
3500:
3416:
3389:
3362:
3335:
3308:
3229:
3204:
3180:
3150:
3051:
2918:
2837:, Quote: "Idolatry (...) in the first commandment denotes the notion of worship, adoration, or reverence of an image of God."
2803:
2549:
1313:, marking the widespread conviction that Allah was the same deity worshipped by monotheists. Guillaume in his translation of
1003:
groups denounced all forms of religious objects, regardless of whether it was a statue or sculpture, or image, including the
765:
The early defense of images included exegesis of Old and New Testament. Evidence for the use of religious images is found in
608:
1127:. Every supernatural action of the prophets is by God's permission as Quran points to it. The border between the Tawhid and
7641:
J. O. Awolalu (1976), What is African Traditional Religion?, Studies in Comparative Religion, Vol. 10, No. 2, pages 8, 1–10
5109:
The Queen of Heaven: Màmma Schiavona (the Black Mother), the Madonna of the Pignasecea: a Delineation of the Great Idolatry
2963:
7315:
William Owen Cole and Piara Singh Sambhi (1995), The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, Sussex Academic Press,
8962:
3263:
533:
have elaborated on the issues of idolatry. One of the oft-cited discussions is the commentary of Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon (
2598:. The first commandment listed is interpreted as prohibiting idolatry, but the nature of the meaning of idolatry in the
126:, as well as other competing entities or objects to which particular importance is attributed. Conversely, followers of
9235:
9218:
9202:
8915:
8473:. Vol. XXIV (The Journal of civilization ed.). Society for the Advancement of Civilization. pp. 370–373.
7337:
7320:
7124:
7026:
7009:
6988:
6971:
6951:
6872:
6275:
6258:
6241:
6123:
4505:
3803:
3599:
3170:
2625:
7296:
6946:
W. Owen Cole and Piara Singh Sambhi (1997), A Popular Dictionary of Sikhism: Sikh Religion and Philosophy, Routledge,
4389:
Wiles of Women/The Wiles of Men, The: Joseph and Potiphar's Wife in Ancient Near Eastern, Jewish, and Islamic Folklore
1065:) can refer to "idolatry", though it is most widely used to denote "association of partners with God". The concept of
9008:
8878:
8690:
6021:
5994:
5903:
5236:
4829:
3107:
2864:
2849:
Iconoclasm and Iconoclash, Chapter 6. Idolatry and the Mirror: Iconoclasm As A Prerequisite For Inter-Human Relations
3734:
142:
even though that would encompass all deities from the atheist viewpoint. Usage of this term is generally limited to
9225:
3793:
2632:
2155:
928:
was pivotal during this period. The Eastern Orthodox Church has ever since celebrated the use of icons and images.
808:
9413:
9193:
8959:
3260:
179:
of spiritual ideas, or the embodiment of the divine. It is a means to focus one's religious pursuits and worship (
9434:
5228:
The Holy Orthodox Church: Or, The Ritual, Services and Sacraments of the Eastern Apostolic (Greek-Russian) Church
4993:
The Religious Paintings of Hendrick Ter Brugghen: Reinventing Christian Painting After the Reformation in Utrecht
1346:(Sanskrit) in India is not clear, as different sources have different opinions and interpretations. However, the
8548:
2847:
Poorthuis, Marcel (2007). "6. Idolatry and the Mirror: Iconoclasm as a Prerequisite for Inter-Human Relations".
304:
8827:
8727:
7279:
Ambiguous Gender in Early Modern Spain and Portugal: Inquisitors, Doctors and the Transgression of Gender Norms
7021:
Mahinder Gulati (2008), Comparative Religious And Philosophies : Anthropomorphism And Divinity, Atlantic,
2367:, where they overlay the Christian God and teachings over their original beliefs and practices. The male deity
929:
9270:
Brichto, Herbert Chanan (1983), "The Worship of the Golden Calf: A Literary Analysis of a Fable on Idolatry",
9178:
Hombres ciegos, ídolos huecos: fetichismo y alteridad en la crítica de la idolatría del Apocalipsis de Abrahán
2173:
382:, worship of planets and constellations) is not found in its early manuscripts. The later Jews used the term
276:
2746:
is indeed the most ancient predecessor to the Abrahamic god, this specifically refers to the ancient ideas
2599:
5411:
The Politics of Iconoclasm: Religion, Violence and the Culture of Image-Breaking in Christianity and Islam
907:
in Numbers 21:9, which had the grace and power of God to heal those bitten by real snakes. Similarly, the
9400:
7993:
Conflict in the Early Americas: An Encyclopedia of the Spanish Empire's Aztec, Incan, and Mayan Conquests
5476:
2959:
1555:
774:
6600:
Paul Thieme (1984), "Indische Wörter und Sitten," in Kleine Schriften (Wiesbaden), Vol. 2, pages 343–370
6253:
Karen Pechelis (2011), The Bloomsbury Companion to Hindu Studies (Editor: Jessica Frazier), Bloomsbury,
3798:
S Kalyanaraman (2007), Indus Script Cipher: Hieroglyphs of Indian Linguistic Area, Motilal Banarsidass,
704:
The veneration of Mary, Jesus Christ, and the Black Madonna are common practices in the Catholic Church.
695:
8760:
3748:
921:
221:. Moreover, the material depiction of a deity or more deities has always played an eminent role in all
94:
8950:
6676:
Alice Boner, Sadāśiva Rath Śarmā and Bettina Bäumer (2000), Vāstusūtra Upaniṣad, Motilal Banarsidass,
6659:
Alice Boner, Sadāśiva Rath Śarmā and Bettina Bäumer (2000), Vāstusūtra Upaniṣad, Motilal Banarsidass,
6063:
Hindu Iconoclasts: Rammohun Roy, Dayananda Sarasvati, and Nineteenth-Century Polemics against Idolatry
3251:
312:
8535:
7377:
7229:
Creating Selves: An Interdisciplinary Exploration of Self and Creativity in African American Religion
2391:
1509:
1378:
1347:
603:
441:
39:
8896:"The Rise of YHWH in Judahite and Israelite Religion: Methodological and Religio-Historical Aspects"
7394:
Prospect Theory and Foreign Policy Analysis in the Asia Pacific: Rational Leaders and Risky Behavior
6542:
Klaus Klostermaier (2007) Hinduism: A Beginner's Guide, 2nd Edition, Oxford: OneWorld Publications,
4708:
Gothic Arches, Latin Crosses: Anti-Catholicism and American Church Designs in the Nineteenth Century
1793:
is a form and manifestation, states Fowler, of the formless Absolute. Thus a literal translation of
1484:
The oldest forms of the ancient religions of India apparently made no use of cult images. While the
1094:
The Islamic concept of idolatry extends beyond polytheism, and includes some Christians and Jews as
727:
that began widespread destruction of religious images in the 8th century, with support from emperor
669:
churches that considerably restrict their use. However, many Protestants have used the image of the
228:
The opposition to the use of any icon or image to represent ideas of reverence or worship is called
97:
as if it were God. In these monotheistic religions, idolatry has been considered as the "worship of
8531:
4821:
Byzantine Iconoclasm During the Reign of Leo III: With Particular Attention to the Oriental Sources
2740:
1359:
981:
256:
4022:
2387:. The Polynesian people produced idols from wood, and congregated around these idols for worship.
1978:
Devotional idolatry has been a prevalent ancient practice in various Jaina sects, wherein learned
8862:
8495:
5184:
2751:
2500:
2292:(above) have been called as symbols of idolatry, but may have just been stone images of warriors.
845:
686:
662:
6390:
6106:
3381:
The Legend of Sergius Bahira: Eastern Christian Apologetics and Apocalyptic in Response to Islam
723:, in his "On the Divine Image", defended the use of icons and images, in direct response to the
545:
The commandments in the Hebrew Bible against idolatry forbade the practices and gods of ancient
9041:
The Glory of God in the Face of Jesus Christ: Deification of Jesus in Early Christian Discourse
8992:
8815:
8715:
7907:
5480:
4125:
2718:
2540:
2097:
996:
754:
572:
The history of Jewish religious practice has included cult images and figurines made of ivory,
198:
8850:
8807:
8707:
8660:
8468:
8360:
7991:
7854:
7518:
7351:
7277:
7094:
6500:
6415:
6292:
6011:
5773:
5539:
5382:
5350:
5199:
5151:
5124:
5047:
Images in Catholicism ...idolatry?: Discourse on the First Commandment With Biblical Citations
5018:
4971:
4863:
4676:
4646:
4562:
4468:
4360:
4271:
4210:
4183:
4156:
4095:
4068:
3566:
3495:. Vol. Judaism and the Challenges of Modern Life. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 105–112.
3490:
3379:
3352:
2342:– the benevolent female earth, weaving and pregnancy goddess. A deity with aspects similar to
1854:
is considered an act of devotion, but non-murti symbolism is also common wherein the aromatic
1476:(circa 7th century CE), which depict five chariots dedicated to different gods and goddesses.
1436:(circa 4th - 3rd century BCE) contain several references to murti or vigraha worship, such as
1321:
and Christian Robin, Hubal was only venerated by Quraysh and the Kaaba was first dedicated to
1214:
872:
to anyone or anything other than God is doctrinally forbidden by the Orthodox Church; however
483:
9119:
9085:
9036:
9000:
8895:
8744:
8595:
8021:
7964:
7879:
7392:
7138:
7067:
7040:
6837:
6614:
6319:
6169:
6137:
6061:
5745:
5718:
5691:
5505:
5310:
5226:
5045:
4991:
4944:
4890:
4769:
4706:
4619:
4441:
4414:
4129:
3905:
3767:
3713:
3686:
3406:
2558:
2315:
1587:
1381:
was mainly focused on fire sacrifices and hymns to various gods and goddesses. However, some
172:
7426:
6474:
5955:
4846:
3820:
3654:
3591:
2553:(1779) that the worship of different gods and cult images in Pagan religions is premised on
2201:
An Orisha deity (left) and an artwork depicting a kneeling female worshipper with child, by
8855:
The Origins of Biblical Monotheism: Israel's Polytheistic Background and the Ugaritic Texts
8335:
Ethnoarchaeology of Andean South America: Contributions to Archaeological Method and Theory
3529:
2504:
1575:
1563:
1559:
1551:
1512:
appears not to have used cult images up to around 500 BC at least. The early Buddhist and
1508:, and has been dated to have been composed over a period of centuries (1200 BC to 200 BC),
1229:
728:
724:
478:
7241:
Reinhardt, Steven G. (2008). "Review: La Nativité et le temps de Noël, XVIIe-XXe siècle".
5620:
Waldman, Marilyn Robinson (1968). "The Development of the Concept of Kufr in the Qur'ān".
3043:
2035:(qualities or form), but its scripture also accepts representations of God with formless (
1071:(k-f-r) can also include idolatry (among other forms of disbelief). The one who practices
86:
8:
8656:
8505:
8500:
6699:
6270:
Karel Werner (1995), Love Divine: Studies in Bhakti and Devotional Mysticism, Routledge,
3165:
Karel Werner (1995), Love Divine: Studies in Bhakti and Devotional Mysticism, Routledge,
2595:
2554:
2515:
2134:
2012:
1968:
1953:
1843:
as the manifestation of a revered guest, and the daily routine can include awakening the
1461:
1386:
1148:
1046:
908:
766:
747:
657:
The Christian view of idolatry may generally be divided into two general categories: the
474:
363:
347:
218:
202:
70:
5178:
4794:
4016:
3679:
3627:
423:
posture from Indus Valley civilization sites from the 3rd millennium BC, and much older
393:
Idolatry has also been called idolism, iconolatry or idolodulia in historic literature.
9383:
9355:
9327:
9307:
9279:
9259:
9194:
Idolatry and The Colonial Idea of India: Visions of Horror, Allegories of Enlightenment
9014:
8907:
8633:
8539:
7800:
7738:
7730:
7695:
7678:
Rubiés, Joan Pau (2006). "Theology, Ethnography, and the Historicization of Idolatry".
7258:
6383:
5637:
5469:
4253:
3468:
3192:
3113:
3075:
3001:
2977:
2492:
2070:
1630:
1241:
1221:(مشركون) "those who commit shirk" refers to the enemies of Islam (as in verse 9.1–15).
1042:
770:
612:
457:
31:
5384:
Catholic and Reformed: The Roman and Protestant Churches in English Protestant Thought
2856:
2795:
1139:
by the esoteric potential to have intuitive knowledge of the human being. Hence, most
9429:
9231:
9214:
9198:
9182:
9152:
9125:
9091:
9066:
9056:
9004:
8921:
8911:
8874:
8823:
8782:
8772:
8723:
8686:
8682:
8637:
8623:
8603:
8569:
8565:
8447:
8420:
8393:
8366:
8339:
8309:
8282:
8255:
8228:
8201:
8194:
8169:
8162:
8137:
8110:
8083:
8076:
8054:
8027:
7997:
7970:
7940:
7913:
7885:
7858:
7847:
7825:
7804:
7763:
7742:
7713:
Ranger, Terence O. (1986). "Religious Movements and Politics in Sub-Saharan Africa".
7699:
7658:
7619:
7592:
7558:
7524:
7490:
7432:
7398:
7378:"Shabad the Lord is One and His Word is True.. ਵਾਹਿਗੁਰੂ ਜੀ ਕੀ ਫ਼ਤਹ ॥ - SikhiToTheMax"
7357:
7333:
7316:
7283:
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7208:
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7120:
7100:
7073:
7046:
7022:
7005:
6984:
6967:
6947:
6930:
6913:
6893:
6868:
6843:
6816:
6786:
6728:
6703:
6677:
6660:
6640:
6620:
6584:
6565:
6543:
6526:
6506:
6454:
6421:
6394:
6358:
6325:
6298:
6271:
6254:
6237:
6175:
6143:
6119:
6094:
6067:
6017:
5990:
5927:
5899:
5869:
5841:
5816:
5808:
5779:
5751:
5724:
5697:
5662:
5545:
5511:
5484:
5447:
5415:
5388:
5356:
5316:
5289:
5259:
5232:
5205:
5157:
5130:
5051:
5024:
4997:
4950:
4923:
4896:
4869:
4825:
4798:
4748:
4744:
4712:
4682:
4652:
4625:
4598:
4568:
4541:
4501:
4474:
4447:
4420:
4393:
4366:
4339:
4307:
4257:
4216:
4189:
4162:
4135:
4101:
4074:
4043:
3995:
3968:
3941:
3911:
3879:
3826:
3799:
3773:
3719:
3692:
3660:
3647:
3595:
3584:
3533:
3496:
3472:
3412:
3385:
3358:
3331:
3304:
3225:
3200:
3176:
3166:
3146:
3117:
3103:
3047:
2993:
2914:
2860:
2799:
2653:
2562:
2297:
2289:
2183:
2066:
2044:
1597:
1571:
1398:
1394:
1144:
895:(above: Lithuania), a practice questioned in the majority of Protestant Christianity.
736:
649:
406:
6583:
Michael Willis (2009), The Archaeology of Hindu Ritual, Cambridge University Press,
6212:
Devotionalism Reclaimed: Re-mapping Sacred Geography in Contemporary Korean Buddhism
5471:
Puritanism in north-west England: a regional study of the diocese of Chester to 1642
4212:
The Church in the Shadow of the Mosque: Christians and Muslims in the World of Islam
3553:
3099:
3005:
1765:
956:
9375:
9347:
9299:
9251:
9052:
9032:
8866:
8764:
8678:
8674:
8615:
8611:
8561:
8557:
7792:
7722:
7687:
7250:
5629:
5599:, Encyclopædia Britannica, Quote: "Shirk, (Arabic: "making a partner "), in Islam,
4245:
3525:
3460:
3145:
Jeaneane D. Fowler (1996), Hinduism: Beliefs and Practices, Sussex Academic Press,
3095:
3091:
2985:
2967:
2904:
2900:
2852:
2828:
2591:
2496:
1839:). Acts of devotion, in major temples particularly, are structured on treating the
1757:
1681:) aided by the Buddhist clergy. These practices are also found in Korea and China.
1354:, which depicts a horned figure surrounded by animals and possibly identified with
925:
892:
720:
624:
587:
554:
526:
511:
268:
264:
150:
102:
3964:
The Mythical Zoo: An Encyclopedia of Animals in World Myth, Legend, and Literature
2891:. Supplements to the Journal for the Study of Judaism (in French). Vol. 197.
1964:
1910:
art is to inspire a devotee towards contemplating the Ultimate Supreme Principle (
1276:
gradually turned to polytheism and idolatry. Several idols were placed within the
9407:
9290:
Pfeiffer, Robert H. (1924), "The Polemic against Idolatry in the Old Testament",
9146:
8984:
8819:
8768:
8748:
8719:
8487:
8441:
8414:
8387:
8333:
8303:
8276:
8249:
8222:
8131:
8104:
8048:
7934:
7819:
7757:
7652:
7613:
7586:
7552:
7459:
7303:
7202:
7168:
6810:
6780:
6755:
6448:
6352:
6088:
5983:
Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah – The Life of Muhammad Translated by A. Guillaume.
5863:
5835:
5656:
5441:
5409:
5283:
5253:
5107:
4917:
4819:
4787:
4592:
4535:
4495:
4387:
4333:
4301:
4037:
3989:
3962:
3935:
3873:
3325:
3298:
3036:
2694:
2637:
2025:
1873:
1835:
1814:
1769:
1764:(idol). These traditions suggest that it is easier to dedicate time and focus on
1542:, yet the ancient Indian texts mention no use of images. Indologists such as the
1465:
1294:
1176:
1058:
1004:
670:
658:
546:
492:
339:
214:
206:
8870:
3323:
1539:
1338:
The first attested date in peer-reviewed academic literature for the worship of
8543:
5895:
Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah – The Life of Muhammad Translated by A. Guillaume
5507:
The Witches' Sabbath: An Exploration of History, Folklore & Modern Practice
4100:. Catholic University of America Press. pp. 212–213 with footnotes 25–26.
3656:
African Religion Defined: A Systematic Study of Ancestor Worship among the Akan
2360:
1945:
1525:
1351:
1018:
is an ancient symbol used within the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Anglican, and
933:
877:
794:
503:
402:
190:
8945:
8619:
7796:
7231:, PhD Thesis, Awarded by Rice University, Advisor: Anthony Pinn, pages 122–128
6865:
Sikhism and Christianity: A Comparative Study (Themes in Comparative Religion)
5071:
4824:. Corpus scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium: Subsidia. pp. 1–7, 44–45.
4249:
3246:
2909:
1653:
from 4th to 9th century, building Buddhist icons and cave temples such as the
1083:) in the Islamic scriptures. The Quran forbids idolatry. Over 500 mentions of
331:, which for the first time in mid 13th century English appears as "idolatry".
9423:
9070:
9018:
8846:
8803:
8756:
6107:
Other people's rituals: Ritual Eclecticism in early medieval Indian religious
5820:
5285:
Images of the Divine: The Theology of Icons at the Seventh Ecumenical Council
4848:
St. John Damascene on Holy Images: (pros Tous Diaballontas Tas Agias Eikonas)
4737:
4734:
4236:
King, G. R. D. (1985). "Islam, iconoclasm, and the declaration of doctrine".
3622:
3284:
2997:
2981:
2819:
DiBernardo, Sabatino (2008). "American Idol(atry): A Religious Profanation".
2788:
2785:
2503:). Judaism, the oldest Abrahamic religion, eventually shifted into a strict,
2460:
2384:
2332:
2311:
2307:
2264:
2202:
2003:
their traditional spirituality but without the Jaina arts, images and idols.
1778:
1649:
does exist in Buddhism and that it had its beginnings in the earliest days".
1521:
1517:
1473:
1469:
1385:
do mention the use of clay or wooden images for ritual purposes, such as the
1188:
1170:
1128:
1112:
1053:
1032:
856:
732:
530:
288:
237:
186:
47:
8925:
8301:
5541:
Idolatry and Representation: The Philosophy of Franz Rosenzweig Reconsidered
4678:
Idolatry and Representation: The Philosophy of Franz Rosenzweig Reconsidered
1934:(Silpins, murti and temple artists) drew the subject-matter for their work.
1847:
in the morning and making sure that it "is washed, dressed, and garlanded."
5335:
Patricia Crone (1980), Islam, Judeo-Christianity and Byzantine Iconoclasm,
3849:, The Annual of the British School at Athens, Vol. 69 (1974), pages 103–107
3448:
2887:
Angelini, Anna (2021). "Les dieux des autres: entre «démons» et «idoles»".
2456:
2348:
2062:
1700:
1658:
1654:
1638:
1374:
1237:
911:
was cited as evidence of the ritual object above which Yahweh was present.
636:
538:
518:. The worship of foreign gods in any form or through icons is not allowed.
414:
194:
82:
78:
20:
8663:. In Van der Toorn, Karel; Becking, Bob; Van der Horst, Pieter W. (eds.).
7691:
7654:
African American Religions, 1500–2000: Colonialism, Democracy, and Freedom
7254:
6644:
2832:
2717:
Such idol caring practices are found in other religions. For example, the
2031:
In Sikhism, "Nirguni Bhakti" is emphasised – devotion to a divine without
1606:
217:, and cult images have carried different meanings and significance in the
8491:
8023:
The Idol in the Age of Art: Objects, Devotions and the Early Modern World
7881:
The Idol in the Age of Art: Objects, Devotions and the Early Modern World
6806:
5596:
4564:
Judaism in Practice: From the Middle Ages Through the Early Modern Period
4064:
3449:"Good Jews Don't: Historical and Philosophical Constructions of Idolatry"
2380:
2274:
2250:
2235:
2151:
1999:, and has been dated to be from the first half of the 1st millennium AD.
1979:
1745:
1445:
1441:
1433:
1421:
1382:
1273:
1019:
1008:
973:
946:
916:
900:
758:
740:
712:
550:
522:
507:
27:
9366:
Orellana, Sandra L. (1981), "Idols and Idolatry in Highland Guatemala",
9331:
9283:
6211:
6198:, Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, Vol. 12, No. 2/3, pages 207–231
6195:
5865:
The Idea of Idolatry and the Emergence of Islam: From Polemic to History
5693:
The Idea of Idolatry and the Emergence of Islam: From Polemic to History
5604:
5566:
5443:
War Against the Idols: The Reformation of Worship from Erasmus to Calvin
5251:
4919:
St. John the Divine: The Deified Evangelist in Medieval Art and Theology
4594:
What the Bible Really Tells Us: The Essential Guide to Biblical Literacy
4439:
3859:
3846:
3769:
Interpreting Ancient Figurines: Context, Comparison, and Prehistoric Art
3637:. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 288.
2989:
2085:
1888:, correspond to ancient cultural practices for a beloved guest, and the
999:
such language was common to all Protestants. In some cases, such as the
502:
prohibits any form of idolatry even if they are used to worship the one
409:
era (35–40 ka onwards). Archaeological evidence from the islands of the
9359:
9311:
9263:
9209:
8305:
A History of Christianity in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, 1450-1990
6413:
6225:
Lay and Monastic Forms of Pure Land Devotionalism: Typology and History
6224:
6196:
Tathāgatagarbha Thought: A Basis of Buddhist Devotionalism in East Asia
2743:
2544:
2528:
2464:
2436:
2432:
2364:
2231:
2048:
1949:
1543:
1115:
988:
666:
573:
534:
424:
410:
351:
272:
233:
210:
131:
115:
93:) idolatry connotes the worship of something or someone other than the
62:
9387:
7734:
6785:. Oxford University Press. pp. 3, 8–12, 45–46, 219–228, 234–236.
5641:
5016:
3822:
Idols of the People: Miniature Images of Clay in the Ancient Near East
2363:, the Incan people retained their original beliefs in deities through
980:
idols" in the American colonies with "beautiful crosses and images of
665:
view which accepts the use of religious images, and the views of many
8955:
7966:
Practicing Catholic: Ritual, Body, and Contestation in Catholic Faith
6867:. Wallingford, United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 117–118.
5180:
England warned and counselled; 4 lectures on popery and tractarianism
5153:
The Incarnate Word: The Collected Works of Bernard Lonergan, Volume 8
4524:, MA Thesis, Advisor: Barry Gittlen, Towson University, United States
3256:
2755:
2679:
2563:
violently forced others to accept and worship their conception of God
2255:
1859:
1642:
1547:
1505:
1390:
1318:
1314:
1169:
strongly prohibits all form of idolatry, which is part of the sin of
950:
904:
616:
488:
453:
350:(e.g., bChul., 13b, Bar.), the Greek term itself is not found in the
229:
110:
98:
9351:
9303:
9255:
9043:. Journal of Pentecostal Theology: Supplement Series. Vol. 45.
8596:"The "God of Israel" and the Politics of Divinity in Ancient Israel"
7140:
The Grace of Playing: Pedagogies for Leaning into God's New Creation
5122:
4989:
4358:
2674:
1401:(circa 8th - 6th century BCE), which mentions how a wooden image of
887:
240:
condemning the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox practice of venerating
9379:
7726:
6090:
Homa Variations: The Study of Ritual Change Across the Longue Durée
5633:
4521:
3464:
2972:
2664:
2302:
2053:
1865:
1753:
1749:
1645:
Buddhism, and states, "there can be no doubt that deep devotion or
1501:
1497:
1489:
1429:
1425:
1417:
1409:
1389:(circa 8th - 6th century BCE), which describes how a clay image of
1302:
1015:
992:
964:
359:
158:
154:
123:
19:"Idol worship" redirects here. For the American hip hop group, see
9227:
The Religion of Israel: From its Beginnings to the Babylonin Exile
8786:
4440:
Frank L. Kidner; Maria Bucur; Ralph Mathisen; et al. (2007).
4335:
Leo Strauss and Judaism: Jerusalem and Athens Critically Revisited
2126:
1939:
Pippalada, Vāstusūtra Upaniṣad, Introduction by Alice Boner et al.
1709:
1673:(sacred objects) have been integral to the worship of the Buddha (
1272:'s death, his progeny and the local tribes who settled around the
1156:
1091:
are found in the Quran, and both concepts are strongly forbidden.
7000:
A Mandair (2011), Time and religion-making in modern Sikhism, in
6109:, Journal of Indian Philosophy, Volume 28, Issue 4, pages 399–424
2955:
2759:
2684:
2659:
2524:
2519:
2508:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2448:
2327:
2284:
2021:
2017:
1996:
1972:
1911:
1806:
1726:
1718:
1535:
1530:
1493:
1449:
1413:
1363:
1343:
1269:
1000:
577:
566:
499:
419:
222:
162:
138:, who do not believe in any deities, do not usually use the term
135:
127:
74:
58:
9242:
Faur, José; Faur, Jose (1978), "The Biblical Idea of Idolatry",
8530:
8019:
7877:
7207:(in French). Publ. de l'Université de Provence. pp. 87–95.
3862:, Antike Kunst, 8. Jahrg., H. 2. (1965), pages 72–86 (in German)
3711:
3215:
3213:
2359:
During and after the imposition of Catholic Christianity during
9338:
Siebert, Donald T. (1984), "Hume on Idolatry and Incarnation",
9144:
9048:
9044:
8996:
8903:
8858:
8670:
8607:
8553:
8220:
7905:
7486:
Rogue Regime: Kim Jong Il and the Looming Threat of North Korea
6782:
Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History
4670:
4668:
4443:
Making Europe: People, Politics, and Culture, Volume I: To 1790
4276:
1768: The Ten Commandments, copied in Amsterdam Jekuthiel Sofer
4070:
A Companion to the Archaeology of Religion in the Ancient World
3626:
3175:
John Cort (2011), Jains in the World, Oxford University Press,
3087:
3083:
3074:
Frohn, Elke Sophie; Lützenkirchen, H.-Georg (2007). "Idol". In
2896:
2892:
2747:
2722:
2511:
of Yahweh, the predecessor to the Abrahamic conception of God.
2495:, and more, and continued to do so until their return from the
2488:
2440:
2424:
2412:
2338:
2130:
1923:
1877:
1872:
may be represented as a masculine idol, or half-man half woman
1828:
1721:
statue during a contemporary festival (left), and Bhakti saint
1634:
1457:
1453:
1402:
1367:
1322:
1209:
is often translated as idolatry and polytheism. In the Qur'an,
1124:
1036:
865:
850:
582:
558:
452:, images can be a remedy or poison to the human experience. To
335:
319:
thus means "worship of idols", which in Latin appears first as
181:
146:, who choose to worship some deity or deities, but not others.
143:
8443:
Pacific Encounters: Art & Divinity in Polynesia, 1760–1860
8419:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 6–14, 37–38, 113, 323.
8274:
7962:
6929:
HS Singha (2009), The Encyclopedia of Sikhism, Hemkunt Press,
6862:
4540:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 99–100 with footnotes.
3488:
2244:– the sun deity. Offerings include round bread and maize beer.
2227:
1864:
is an aniconic reminder of the spiritualism in Vishnu. In the
6564:, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, pp. 67–68,
6417:
Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places
6294:
An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices
6013:
Arabia and Ethiopia. In The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity
3324:
Willem J. van Asselt; Paul Van Geest; Daniela Muller (2007).
3210:
2721:
is venerated in many countries of the Catholic world. In the
2669:
2532:
2484:
2444:
2420:
2416:
2408:
2383:
have had a range of polytheistic theologies found across the
2146:
2032:
1991:
1898:
1869:
1855:
1773:
1736:
1722:
1690:
1615:
Buddhists praying before a statue in Tibet (left) and Vietnam
1485:
1355:
1339:
1306:
1298:
1277:
1258:
1166:
1160:
1140:
977:
960:
449:
433:
355:
260:
232:. The destruction of images as icons of veneration is called
167:
119:
114:
is a derogatory term used in Abrahamic religions to indicate
90:
66:
9181:(Medellín: Fondo Editorial Universidad Católica Luis Amigó)
5677:) and rejected belief in a resurrection and final judgment."
4922:. University of California Press. pp. 3, 18–24, 30–31.
4665:
3296:
2535:
utilize statues of deities within their worship experience.
2330:. Other deities found at Mayan archaeological sites include
623:
Ideas on idolatry in Christianity are based on the first of
8851:"El, Yahweh, and the Original God of Israel and the Exodus"
7065:
7038:
6835:
6446:
6214:, Journal of Korean Religions, Vol. 3, No. 2, pages 153–171
5813:
Fundamentals of Islamic thought: God, man, and the universe
4700:
4698:
3871:
2468:
2428:
2269:
2240:
2122:
1881:
1819:
1513:
1437:
1282:
1262:
1196:
1192:
1152:
1067:
176:
8753:
The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Mediterranean Religions
5989:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 85 footnote 2.
5837:
Force and Fanaticism: Wahhabism in Saudi Arabia and Beyond
5176:
4735:
Moshe Halbertal; Avishai Margalit; Naomi Goldblum (1992).
3327:
Iconoclasm and Iconoclash: Struggle for Religious Identity
2786:
Moshe Halbertal; Avishai Margalit; Naomi Goldblum (1992).
1892:
is welcomed, taken care of, and then requested to retire.
9318:
Bakan, David (1961), "Idolatry in Religion and Science",
8302:
Klaus Koschorke; Frieder Ludwig; Mariano Delgado (2007).
7932:
7557:. Conflict studies. Institute for the Study of Conflict.
6912:
S Deol (1998), Japji: The Path of Devotional Meditation,
4946:
The Future of Protestant Worship: Beyond the Worship Wars
4597:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 164–165.
4042:. University of California Press. pp. 21–22, 50–51.
3818:
3411:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 71 with footnote 2.
2452:
2323:
1268:
According to Islamic tradition, over the millennia after
8352:
6616:
The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India
6562:
The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India
6505:. State University of New York Press. pp. 106–107.
6502:
Integral Psychology: Yoga, Growth, and Opening the Heart
6385:
Unfolding A Mandala: The Buddhist Cave Temples at Ellora
5312:
Satanic Christianity and the Creation of the Seventh Day
5231:. American Review of Eastern Orthodoxy. pp. 21–22.
4844:
4695:
396:
105:. Other monotheistic religions may apply similar rules.
26:"False idols" redirects here. For the Tricky album, see
7002:
Time, History and the Religious Imaginary in South Asia
6612:
6380:
5352:
Jesus in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia
366:. The original term used in early rabbinic writings is
171:) are considered as symbolism for the absolute but not
7510:
7452:
6354:
Ajanta: History and Development Volume 5: Cave by Cave
6142:. State University of New York Press. pp. 60–61.
6009:
4711:. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 79–81.
4412:
4392:. State University of New York Press. pp. 64–68.
4238:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
3691:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 42 see Bilderverehrung.
3652:
2398:
8416:
Religion and Social Organization in Central Polynesia
8389:
Religion and Social Organization in Central Polynesia
8247:
7762:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 15–21, 36–37.
7119:
Jane Bingham (2007), Sikhism, Atlas of World Faiths,
6453:. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 17–19, 23–24, 89–93.
5696:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 47–51, 67–70.
5252:
Ulrich Broich; Theo Stemmler; Gerd Stratmann (1984).
2690:
Perceptions of religious imagery in natural phenomena
1641:
notes that Bhakti has been a significant practice in
327:, therefrom it appears in 12th century Old French as
9151:. Stanford University Press. pp. 29–35, 60–74.
8412:
8385:
7912:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 1002–1003.
7650:
7615:
African Traditional Religion in Biblical Perspective
7588:
African Traditional Religion in Biblical Perspective
6414:
Trudy Ring; Noelle Watson; Paul Schellinger (2012).
6066:. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. pp. 15–17.
5833:
5537:
5348:
4915:
4416:
Heavenly Torah: As Refracted Through the Generations
4158:
New Idols of the Cave: On the Limits of Anti-realism
2314:, water, fertility and wind. The Mayan people built
2076:
9077:
8221:Patrick Taylor; Frederick I. Case (30 April 2013).
7476:
7384:
7196:
7194:
7170:
Encyclopedia of Occultism & Parapsychology: A-L
6442:
6440:
6438:
6376:
6374:
6321:
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6171:
Anthropology and Aesthetics, Volume 48: Autumn 2005
6163:
6161:
6159:
5868:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–6, 80–86.
5615:
5613:
5129:. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 211–212.
5073:
Catechism of the Catholic Church - Paragraph # 2132
4861:
4730:
4728:
2407:
is often used throughout the Abrahamic scriptures (
1393:(the creator god) was made and consecrated for the
1297:asserts that the Kaaba was officially dedicated to
735:during a period of religious war with the invading
8810:. In Freedman, David Noel; Myer, Allen C. (eds.).
8710:. In Freedman, David Noel; Myer, Allen C. (eds.).
8446:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 27, 65–71.
8331:
8227:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 560–562.
8193:
8161:
8075:
7871:
7846:
7824:. Oxford University Press. pp. 20–21, 85–89.
6887:
6492:
6382:
6286:
6284:
6093:. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–5, 143–148.
6055:
6053:
6051:
5898:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 88–9.
5685:
5683:
5654:
5468:
5281:
5224:
5105:
4969:
4786:
4736:
4493:
4208:
4154:
3994:. Routledge. pp. 124, 129–130, 134, 137–138.
3910:. University of California Press. pp. 50–52.
3583:
3290:
3224:. Vol. 11. Thomson Gale. pp. 7493–7495.
3073:
3035:
2787:
2463:itself recognizes and reports that originally the
2390:The Christian missionaries, particularly from the
2281:the goddess of the sea, lakes, rivers and waters.
9090:. Kensington Publishing Corporation. p. 24.
9087:Celtic Wicca: Ancient Wisdom for the 21st Century
8651:
8649:
8647:
8327:
8325:
8254:. Oxford University Press. pp. 24, 203–204.
8191:
8159:
8073:
7989:
7926:
7811:
7520:North Korean Human Rights: Activists and Networks
7204:La Nativité et le temps de Noël: XVIIe-XXe siècle
6962:
6960:
6839:Cultural and Religious Heritage of India: Jainism
5827:
5710:
5531:
5497:
5439:
5376:
5374:
5372:
5156:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 310–314.
5017:Horst Woldemar Janson; Anthony F. Janson (2003).
4888:
4306:. University Press of America. pp. 169–170.
4161:. Manchester University Press. pp. 106–110.
3899:
3897:
3895:
3765:
3317:
3038:Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions
2781:
2779:
1850:In Vaishnavism, the building of a temple for the
761:praying with a crucifix, painting by August Kraus
437:common. In Ireland, iconic images included pigs.
417:figures from 4th and 3rd millennium BC, idols in
374:, worship in strange service, or "pagan"), while
9421:
8900:The Triumph of Elohim: From Yahwisms to Judaisms
8308:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 323–325.
8187:
8185:
8155:
8153:
7817:
7755:
7418:
7191:
7166:
7136:
7092:
6888:Mark Juergensmeyer, Gurinder Singh Mann (2006).
6435:
6371:
6297:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 194–195.
6168:Eric Reinders (2005). Francesco Pellizzi (ed.).
6156:
6139:Problems and Perspectives in Religious Discourse
6037:
6035:
6033:
5716:
5610:
5387:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 186–195.
5149:
4985:
4983:
4784:
4725:
4681:. Princeton University Press. pp. 147–156.
4567:. Princeton University Press. pp. 290–291.
4303:Proceedings of the Academy for Jewish Philosophy
4295:
4293:
4215:. Princeton University Press. pp. 143–145.
4093:
3987:
3933:
3522:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions
2939:Leone, Massimo (Spring 2016). Asif, Agha (ed.).
1734:In Hinduism, an icon, image or statue is called
1633:, where offerings and group prayers are made to
987:Protestants often accuse Catholics of idolatry,
9210:God versus Gods: Judaism in the Age of Idolatry
9117:
7983:
7162:
7160:
6655:
6653:
6498:
6450:Buddhism and Iconoclasm in East Asia: A History
6389:. State University of New York Press. pp.
6281:
6048:
5921:
5765:
5737:
5680:
5123:Kathleen M. Ashley; Robert L. A. Clark (2001).
4990:Natasha T. Seaman; Hendrik Terbrugghen (2012).
4949:. Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 43–44.
4942:
4674:
4586:
4584:
4497:God versus Gods: Judaism in the Age of Idolatry
4359:Hava Tirosh-Samuelson; Aaron W. Hughes (2015).
4062:
4035:
3929:
3927:
3903:
3814:
3812:
3484:
3482:
3377:
3371:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3063:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2876:
1902:and the legends associated with the deity. The
1358:. Another example is the bronze statuette of a
635:This is expressed in the Bible in Exodus 20:3,
8939:
8937:
8935:
8841:
8839:
8798:
8796:
8644:
8589:
8587:
8585:
8358:
8322:
8136:. Rutgers University Press. pp. 239–240.
8109:. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 27–30.
8046:
7657:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 49–51.
7611:
7584:
7428:The Sun Tyrant: A Nightmare Called North Korea
7349:
7275:
7200:
6957:
6774:
6772:
6619:. Princeton University Press. pp. 58–61.
6608:
6606:
5855:
5648:
5558:
5380:
5369:
5308:
5096:, passage 2113, p. 460, Geoffrey Chapman, 1999
4789:America's Rome: Catholic and contemporary Rome
4767:
4644:
4466:
4385:
4134:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–79.
3892:
3772:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 11–12.
3568:An American Dictionary of the English Language
3442:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3428:
2776:
1990:have been venerated with offerings, songs and
1884:form. The worship rituals associated with the
516:Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image
8987:(2012). "Understanding Biblical Monotheism".
8666:Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible
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8439:
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8150:
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7618:. East African Publishers. pp. 189–190.
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7042:Sikhism and Christianity: A Comparative Study
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6030:
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5915:
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5689:
5435:
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5431:
5043:
4980:
4774:. Taylor & Taylor. pp. 21–26, 30–31.
4704:
4638:
4617:
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4014:
3878:. Societas Imprint Academic. pp. 10–11.
3552:Douglas Harper (2015), Etymology Dictionary,
3219:
3033:
2962:on behalf of the Semiosis Research Center at
1135:, declaring they don't recognize any sort of
251:
8736:
8600:The "God of Israel" in History and Tradition
8392:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 5–6.
8338:. Indiana University Press. pp. 45–47.
8106:Incan Mythology and Other Myths of the Andes
8096:
7958:
7956:
7637:
7635:
7591:. East African Publishers. pp. xi–xii.
7157:
6650:
6357:. Leiden: Brill Academic. pp. 179–180.
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6174:. Harvard University Press. pp. 61–63.
6087:Richard Payne (2015). Michael Witzel (ed.).
6059:
5743:
5592:
5590:
5588:
5510:. Llewellyn Worldwide, Limited. p. 24.
5446:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 5–7.
5277:
5275:
4817:
4761:
4581:
4560:
4338:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 72–73.
3940:. Routledge. pp. 44, 125–133, 544–545.
3924:
3809:
3715:Steward of God's Covenant: Selected Writings
3564:
3479:
3398:
3354:Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World
3344:
3161:
3159:
3060:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2873:
2069:wrote "I am idol-breaker" on line 95 of his
1200:
495:. Among other things, it prohibits idolatry.
299:), which itself is a compound of two words:
213:or statues has been a common practice since
9124:. Oxford University Press. pp. 32–34.
8977:
8932:
8836:
8793:
8582:
8053:. Cambridge University Press. p. 164.
8020:Michael Wayne Cole; Rebecca Zorach (2009).
7963:B. Morrill; J. Ziegler; S. Rodgers (2006).
7878:Michael Wayne Cole; Rebecca Zorach (2009).
7523:. Cambridge University Press. p. 262.
7099:. Cambridge University Press. p. 178.
6892:. US: Oxford University Press. p. 41.
6805:
6769:
6749:Mahima Dharma, Bhima Bhoi and Biswanathbaba
6603:
6206:
6204:
6135:
5840:. Oxford University Press. pp. 47–48.
5723:. Oxford University Press. pp. 88–89.
5544:. Princeton University Press. p. 145.
5407:
5197:
5099:
4778:
4533:
4331:
4299:
4123:
4073:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 379–384.
3712:John F. Thornton; Susan B. Varenne (2006).
3684:
3515:
3425:
3408:Conservative Islam: A Cultural Anthropology
3404:
3027:
2821:The Journal of Religion and Popular Culture
1362:, which some scholars have associated with
891:The veneration of images of Mary is called
9175:Juan Sebastián Hernández Valencia (2023).
9145:Josh Ellenbogen; Aaron Tugendhaft (2011).
8486:
8015:
8013:
7906:Patrick Taylor; Frederick I. Case (2013).
7844:
7838:
6923:
5968:Only god in Mecca not represented by idol.
5912:
5887:
5885:
5466:
5428:
4590:
4561:Kalman Bland (2001). Lawrence Fine (ed.).
4327:
4325:
4323:
4114:
4087:
3954:
3825:. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–15.
3659:. University Press of America. p. 4.
3586:Jewish Identity in Early Rabbinic Writings
3350:
3238:
3186:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3127:
2818:
1286:) including doing naked circumambulation.
16:Worship of an idol as though it were a god
8275:J. Gordon Melton; Martin Baumann (2010).
8102:
7953:
7632:
7240:
6863:W. Owen Cole; Piara Singh Sambhi (1993).
6778:
6760:
6577:
6538:
6536:
5979:
5891:
5585:
5288:. Brill Academic. pp. viii–ix, 1–3.
5272:
5087:
4029:
3960:
3860:DIE RELIGIÖSE BEDEUTUNG DER KYKLADENIDOLE
3489:Moshe Halbertal; Donniel Hartman (2007).
3156:
2971:
2941:"Smashing Idols: A Paradoxical Semiotics"
2927:
2908:
2846:
2713:
2711:
2395:mentions of actual converts and baptism.
1570:According to John Grimes, a professor of
1107:And the wrongdoers will have no helpers.
1011:were accused of idolatry by inquisitors.
275:' worship of the Golden Calf; woodcut by
9365:
9289:
9241:
8466:
8365:. Oxford University Press. p. 345.
8200:. Marshall Cavendish. pp. 843–844.
8168:. Marshall Cavendish. pp. 797–798.
8082:. Marshall Cavendish. pp. 726–729.
7516:
7489:. Oxford University Press. p. 182.
7297:Avessadas and the Infant Jesus of Prague
6311:
6201:
6045:(accessed: Wednesday September 27, 2023)
5807:
5750:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 28.
5622:Journal of the American Oriental Society
4621:The Shaw's Revised King James Holy Bible
4554:
3735:The Institutes of the Christian Religion
3621:
3446:
2886:
2283:
2226:
2162:
1963:
1944:Some Hindu movements founded during the
1460:. Another example, is the Buddhist text
1246:
955:
886:
753:
607:
482:
255:
244:in many churches as a form of idolatry.
101:" and is forbidden by texts such as the
38:
9337:
9269:
9083:
9037:"Monotheism in Paul's Rhetorical World"
9031:
8224:The Encyclopedia of Caribbean Religions
8010:
7936:Mythology: Myths, Legends and Fantasies
7909:The Encyclopedia of Caribbean Religions
6977:
6906:
6890:The Oxford Handbook of Global Religions
6696:The Arya Samaj Movement in South Africa
5948:"Allah – Oxford Islamic Studies Online"
5926:. Random House Publishing. p. 11.
5882:
5747:A History of Christian-Muslim Relations
5619:
4973:Mores Catholici : Or Ages of Faith
4419:. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 73–75.
4320:
3330:. BRILL Academic. pp. 8–9, 52–60.
3297:Marina Prusac; Kristine Kolrud (2014).
3124:
1629:in Pali) has been a common practice in
631:You shall have no other gods before me.
9422:
8742:
8549:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
8482:
8480:
7821:Jihad: The Origin of Holy War in Islam
7782:
7712:
7677:
7482:
7390:
7066:W.O. Cole; Piara Singh Sambhi (2016).
7039:W.O. Cole; Piara Singh Sambhi (2016).
6836:Suresh K. Sharma; Usha Sharma (2004).
6693:
6559:
6533:
6447:Fabio Rambelli; Eric Reinders (2012).
5973:
5720:Jihad: The Origin of Holy War in Islam
5567:"Introduction - Masechet Avodah Zarah"
5564:
5503:
5201:Walsingham and the English Imagination
4537:The Sense of Sight in Rabbinic Culture
3872:Colin Beckley; Elspeth Waters (2008).
3300:Iconoclasm from Antiquity to Modernity
3199:, State University of New York Press,
3015:from the original on 23 September 2017
2708:
2336:– the benevolent male rain deity, and
1432:(circa 5th - 4th century BCE) and the
967:on it, in a Lutheran Protestant church
600:Religious images in Christian theology
510:. According to the second word of the
463:
346:, (עבודת אלילים) which is attested in
9317:
8983:
8965:from the original on 11 November 2020
8943:
8893:
8845:
8802:
8593:
7424:
6856:
6350:
5337:Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam
5020:History of Art: The Western Tradition
4976:. Catholic Society. pp. 408–410.
4743:. Harvard University Press. pp.
3991:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
3937:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
3581:
3266:from the original on 11 November 2020
3244:
2938:
2794:. Harvard University Press. pp.
2550:Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion
2516:vast majority of religions in history
2346:in the Aztec culture has been called
2140:
1809:in Hinduism – is not confined in it.
397:Prehistoric and ancient civilizations
8898:. In Edelman, Diana Vikander (ed.).
8705:
7933:Janet Parker; Julie Stanton (2007).
7853:. Oxford University Press. pp.
7550:
7397:. Taylor & Francis. p. 62.
7282:. BRILL Academic. pp. 212–213.
6815:. Routledge. pp. 39–40, 48–53.
6722:
6527:"Bhagavad-Gita: Chapter 12, Verse 5"
6227:, Numen, Vol. 40, No. 1, pages 16–37
4235:
4018:Irish Druids and Old Irish Religions
3530:10.1093/acref/9780192800947.001.0001
3384:. BRILL Academic. pp. 204–205.
3357:. BRILL Academic. pp. 317–324.
2964:Hankuk University of Foreign Studies
2851:. BRILL Academic. pp. 125–140.
2594:on a monument on the grounds of the
2234:, a winter solstice festival of the
2080:
2051:of Sikhism. It is installed in Sikh
8944:Smart, Ninian (10 November 2020) .
8524:
8477:
8362:The Oxford Companion to Archaeology
8251:Handbook to Life in the Aztec World
7996:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 140–141, 251.
7759:Islam and Tribal Art in West Africa
5801:
5177:Rev. Robert William Dibdin (1851).
4868:. Abingdon. pp. 131–133, 367.
4624:. Trafford Publishing. p. 74.
4362:Arthur Green: Hasidism for Tomorrow
3847:A Prehistoric Figurine from Mycenae
3245:Smart, Ninian (10 November 2020) .
2399:Religious tolerance and intolerance
2121:In Japan, there are images of some
1637:and particularly images of Buddha.
1328:
1201:
1180:
1051:In Islamic sources, the concept of
817:not the adoration due to God alone:
787:incite people to piety and virtue.
521:Many Jewish scholars such as Rabbi
405:have been dated to the prehistoric
334:Although the Greek appears to be a
185:). In the traditional religions of
13:
9169:
9121:Loving Justice, Living Shakespeare
8470:Abolition of Idolatry in Polynesia
8133:The Aztec Image in Western Thought
7939:. Struik Publishers. p. 501.
7554:North Korea, Undermining the Truce
7431:. Biteback Publishing. p. 7.
7143:. Wipf and Stock. pp. 67–68.
7004:(Editor: Anne Murphy), Routledge,
5050:. St. Paul Press. pp. 11–14.
4793:. Yale University Press. pp.
3819:Peter Roger Stuart Moorey (2003).
2531:. Some Neopagan religions such as
839:
827:It also points out the following:
506:as occurred during the sin of the
44:Moses Indignant at the Golden Calf
30:. For the Veil of Maya album, see
14:
9446:
9394:
8546:, eds. (1971). "Idol, Idolatry".
7227:Margarita Simon Guillory (2011),
6727:. Sumit Publications. p. x.
6667:, pages 7–9, for context see 1–10
4845:Saint John (of Damascus) (1898).
3796:, New Delhi, Government of India;
3688:Dictionary of philosophical terms
2857:10.1163/ej.9789004161955.i-538.53
2077:Chinese and Sinosphere Traditions
1744:. Major Hindu traditions such as
832:ancestors, the state, money, etc.
9138:
9111:
9025:
8991:. The Open Yale Courses Series.
8887:
8812:Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible
8712:Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible
8699:
8683:10.1163/2589-7802_DDDO_DDDO_Godi
8566:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_DUM_1900
8460:
8433:
8406:
8379:
8295:
8281:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 2243–2244.
8268:
8241:
8214:
8123:
8040:
7899:
7776:
7749:
7706:
7671:
7644:
7605:
7578:
7370:
7343:
7326:
7309:
7269:
7221:
7130:
7113:
7086:
7059:
7032:
7015:
6994:
6940:
6881:
6829:
6799:
6741:
6716:
6687:
6670:
6633:
6613:Christopher John Fuller (2004).
6594:
6591:, pages 96–112, 123–143, 168–172
6553:
6519:
6467:
6407:
6381:Geri Hockfield Malandra (1993).
6344:
6264:
6247:
6230:
6217:
6188:
6129:
6112:
6080:
6003:
5940:
5792:
5094:Catechism of The Catholic Church
4851:. T. Baker. pp. 5–6, 12–17.
4522:Judean pillar figurines: a study
3875:Who Holds the Moral High Ground?
3080:The Brill Dictionary of Religion
2733:
2633:The Adoration of the Golden Calf
2624:
2607:
2583:
2575:Christian depictions of idolatry
2191:
2182:
2125:(i.e. deities) such as those of
2084:
1708:
1699:
1605:
1596:
1242:use of images of sentient beings
939:
809:Catechism of the Catholic Church
694:
685:
639:, Luke 4:8 and elsewhere, e.g.:
209:and elsewhere, the reverence of
9340:Journal of the History of Ideas
8706:Betz, Arnold Gottfried (2000).
8512:from the original on 4 May 2013
7680:Journal of the History of Ideas
6010:Christian Julien Robin (2012).
5778:. Routledge. pp. 144–146.
5460:
5401:
5342:
5329:
5302:
5245:
5218:
5191:
5170:
5143:
5116:
5064:
5037:
5010:
4963:
4936:
4909:
4882:
4855:
4838:
4811:
4611:
4527:
4514:
4487:
4473:. Routledge. pp. 112–113.
4460:
4433:
4413:Abraham Joshua Heschel (2005).
4406:
4379:
4365:. BRILL Academic. p. 231.
4352:
4264:
4229:
4202:
4175:
4148:
4131:The Cambridge Companion to Jung
4056:
4008:
3981:
3865:
3852:
3839:
3786:
3759:
3741:
3705:
3673:
3653:Anthony Ephirim-Donkor (2012).
3641:
3615:
3575:
3558:
3546:
3509:
3278:
3100:10.1163/1872-5287_bdr_SIM_00041
2253:, for example, has believed in
731:and continued by his successor
593:
311:(λατρεία "worship", related to
9292:Journal of Biblical Literature
8604:Vetus Testamentum: Supplements
8248:Manuel Aguilar-Moreno (2007).
8196:Gods, Goddesses, and Mythology
8164:Gods, Goddesses, and Mythology
8078:Gods, Goddesses, and Mythology
7785:The Journal of African History
7243:The Catholic Historical Review
5661:. Infobase. pp. 420–421.
5355:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 369–370.
5258:. Niemeyer. pp. 120–121.
5023:. Prentice Hall. p. 386.
4651:. Infobase. pp. 358–359.
4534:Rachel Neis (29 August 2013).
4470:Archaeology and World Religion
2840:
2812:
1914:). This text adds (abridged):
920:was codified in 787 AD by the
676:
65:or "idol" as though it were a
1:
8960:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
8413:Robert W. Williamson (2013).
8386:Robert W. Williamson (2013).
7651:Sylvester A. Johnson (2015).
6324:. Routledge. pp. 83–84.
6016:. OUP USA. pp. 304–305.
5834:Simon Ross Valentine (2014).
5538:Leora Faye Batnitzky (2000).
5349:James Leslie Houlden (2003).
4916:Jeffrey F. Hamburger (2002).
4865:A New History of Christianity
4021:. Griffith, Farran. pp.
3261:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
3222:Gale Encyclopedia of Religion
2769:
2310:, also revered as the god of
2174:Traditional African religions
1492:is extensive, in the form of
1333:
1213:and the related word (plural
491:with the Ten Commandments by
390:, meaning "foreign worship".
277:Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld
8769:10.1017/CCO9781139047784.007
7969:. Springer. pp. 79–80.
7072:. Springer. pp. 36–37.
7045:. Springer. pp. 34–35.
5980:Ibn Ishaq, Muhammad (1955).
5952:www.oxfordislamicstudies.com
5892:Ibn Ishaq, Muhammad (1955).
5315:. Dorrance. pp. 72–73.
4895:. Ignatius. pp. 58–60.
4862:Hans J. Hillerbrand (2012).
3967:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 48–49.
3794:Seated Male in Namaskar pose
3718:. Random House. p. 11.
2600:Biblical law in Christianity
2374:
1969:Gomateshwara Bahubali statue
1922:) that is the royal road to
932:also accepts icons in their
914:Veneration of icons through
783:Images function as the Bible
615:destroying a pagan idol, by
7:
9272:Hebrew Union College Annual
9244:The Jewish Quarterly Review
9224:Yechezkel Kaufmann (1960).
9207:Reuven Chaim Klein (2018).
8871:10.1093/019513480X.003.0008
8332:Lawrence A. Kuznar (2001).
8026:. Ashgate. pp. 77–81.
7517:Yeo, A.; Chubb, D. (2018).
6694:Naidoo, Thillayvel (1982).
5775:The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia
5655:Juan Eduardo Campo (2009).
5477:Manchester University Press
5282:Ambrosios Giakalis (2005).
5225:Sebastian Dabovich (1898).
5106:Thomas W. L. Jones (1898).
4996:. Ashgate. pp. 23–29.
4970:Kenelm Henry Digby (1841).
4648:Encyclopedia of Catholicism
4494:Reuven Chaim Klein (2018).
4209:Sidney H. Griffith (2012).
4188:. Wiley. pp. 275–276.
4155:Christopher Norris (1997).
3524:. Oxford University Press.
3220:Lindsay Jones, ed. (2005).
3042:. Merriam-Webster. p.
2960:University of Chicago Press
2697:– prayer ritual in Hinduism
2656:– prayer ritual in Buddhism
2647:
2267:and nature deities such as
2222:
2028:sect of Indian traditions.
1906:states that the aim of the
1725:singing before an image of
1684:
1581:
1556:Ramchandra Narayan Dandekar
1187:comes from the Arabic root
1016:body of Christ on the cross
848:has differentiated between
413:have yielded Neolithic era
364:Hellenistic Jewish writings
10:
9451:
9230:. Univ. of Chicago Press.
8761:Cambridge University Press
8594:Stahl, Michael J. (2021).
8542:; Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch.;
8192:C Scott Littleton (2005).
8160:C Scott Littleton (2005).
8074:C Scott Littleton (2005).
7990:Rebecca M. Seaman (2013).
7356:. Routledge. p. 211.
7173:. Gale. p. Idolatry.
6842:. Mittal. pp. 53–54.
6420:. Routledge. p. 256.
6105:; Phyllis Granoff (2000),
5571:The Coming Week's Daf Yomi
5467:Richardson, R. C. (1972).
5440:Carlos M. N. Eire (1989).
5414:. Tauris. pp. 31–37.
4889:Benedict Groschel (2010).
4185:Ancient Greek Civilization
4039:Moses and Multiculturalism
3907:Moses and Multiculturalism
3766:Richard G. Lesure (2011).
2568:
2326:'s position on the spring
2171:
2144:
2010:
2006:
1959:
1688:
1585:
1479:
1397:. Another example, is the
1040:
1030:
922:Seventh Ecumenical Council
597:
472:
468:
323:, then in Vulgar Latin as
252:Etymology and nomenclature
25:
18:
8989:Introduction to the Bible
8743:Gruber, Mayer I. (2013).
8620:10.1163/9789004447721_003
7818:Reuven Firestone (1999).
7797:10.1017/s0021853700007933
7756:René A. Bravmann (1980).
7391:He, K.; Feng, H. (2013).
7167:J. Gordon Melton (2001).
7137:Courtney T. Goto (2016).
7093:John F. Richards (1995).
6725:Swami Dayānanda Sarasvatī
6351:Spink, Walter M. (2006).
5717:Reuven Firestone (1999).
5150:Bernard Lonergan (2016).
4785:William L. Vance (1989).
4275:
4272:"UBA: Rosenthaliana 1768"
4250:10.1017/s0041977x00033346
4128:; Terence Dawson (eds.).
4094:Arthur P. Urbano (2013).
3988:Douglas Q. Adams (1997).
3934:Douglas Q. Adams (1997).
3571:. BL Hamlen. p. 857.
3303:. Ashgate. pp. 1–3.
3287:, Encyclopædia Britannica
2910:10.1163/9789004468474_008
2392:London Missionary Society
2167:
1510:historical Vedic religion
1348:Indus Valley Civilization
1151:, and with reverence for
1102:(infidels). For example:
963:with Christian Bible and
604:Aniconism in Christianity
442:Ancient Egyptian religion
383:
108:For instance, the phrase
9191:Swagato Ganguly (2017).
9118:Regina Schwartz (2016).
8749:Spaeth, Barbette Stanley
6499:Brant Cortright (2010).
5922:Karen Armstrong (2002).
5565:Steinsaltz, Rabbi Adin.
5204:. Ashgate. p. 153.
5183:. James Nisbet. p.
4943:Ronald P. Byars (2002).
4771:The Practice of Idolatry
4675:Leora Batnitzky (2009).
4063:Sylvia Estienne (2015).
4036:Barbara Johnson (2010).
3904:Barbara Johnson (2010).
3447:Janowitz, Naomi (2007).
3378:Barbara Roggema (2009).
2750:once encompassed in the
2701:
2116:
1026:
652:26:1–2, King James Bible
376:avodat kochavim umazalot
9414:Iconoclasm and idolatry
9406:12 January 2019 at the
9401:Idolatry and iconoclasm
8951:Encyclopædia Britannica
8894:Niehr, Herbert (1995).
8863:Oxford University Press
8359:Brian M. Fagan (1996).
8047:Alan L. Kolata (2013).
7884:. Ashgate. p. 17.
7612:Richard Gehman (2005).
7585:Richard Gehman (2005).
7350:Gerald Parsons (1993).
7276:Francois Soyer (2012).
7201:Régis Bertrand (2003).
6479:Encyclopædia Britannica
5475:. Manchester, England:
5381:Anthony Milton (2002).
5339:, Volume 2, pages 59–95
5309:Gabriel Balima (2008).
5255:Functions of Literature
4768:L. A. Craighen (1914).
4747:–40, 102–103, 116–119.
4645:Frank K. Flinn (2007).
4467:Timothy Insoll (2002).
4446:. Cengage. p. 40.
4386:Shalom Goldman (2012).
3732:See John Calvin (1537)
3634:Encyclopædia Britannica
3492:Monotheism and Violence
3252:Encyclopædia Britannica
2752:Ancient Hebrew religion
2501:Ancient Hebrew religion
2322:, aligning them to the
2133:at the Buddhist temple
1868:tradition of Hinduism,
1772:or non-anthropomorphic
1452:installing an image of
846:Eastern Orthodox Church
785:for the illiterate, and
401:The earliest so-called
9435:Judeo-Christian topics
8816:Grand Rapids, Michigan
8716:Grand Rapids, Michigan
8440:Steven Hooper (2006).
8278:Religions of the World
8130:Benjamin Keen (1990).
7715:African Studies Review
6812:The Jains, 2nd Edition
6560:Fuller, C. J. (2004),
6318:Richard Cohen (2006).
6223:Allan Andrews (1993),
6194:Minoru Kiyota (1985),
5924:Islam: A Short History
5862:G. R. Hawting (1999).
5772:Oliver Leaman (2006).
5690:G. R. Hawting (1999).
5044:Henry Ede Eze (2011).
4705:Ryan K. Smith (2011).
4618:Terrance Shaw (2010).
4520:Allen Shapiro (2011),
4182:David Sansone (2016).
4126:Polly Young-Eisendrath
4097:The Philosophical Life
4067:and Jörg Rüpke (ed.).
4015:James Bonwick (1894).
3858:JÜRGEN THIMME (1965),
3594:with footnotes 47–48.
3034:Wendy Doniger (1999).
2719:Infant Jesus of Prague
2541:Scottish Enlightenment
2293:
2245:
1975:
1942:
1291:Islam: A Short History
1265:
1232:except for committing
1120:
997:Protestant Reformation
968:
930:Eastern Rite Catholics
896:
834:
825:
819:
790:
762:
655:
633:
620:
496:
280:
132:polytheistic religions
51:
9416:, Columbia University
9320:The Christian Scholar
9001:Yale University Press
7692:10.1353/jhi.2006.0038
7255:10.1353/cat.2008.0002
6754:10 April 2009 at the
6291:Peter Harvey (2013).
6060:Noel Salmond (2006).
5744:Hugh Goddard (2000).
5658:Encyclopedia of Islam
4818:Stephen Gero (1973).
3749:"The Cave Art Debate"
3582:Stern, Sacha (1994).
3565:Noah Webster (1841).
2833:10.3138/jrpc.19.1.001
2559:freedom of expression
2306:has been the supreme
2287:
2230:
2163:Traditional religions
1967:
1916:
1588:Aniconism in Buddhism
1256:
1143:have no problem with
1104:
959:
890:
829:
820:
814:
780:
757:
641:
629:
611:
486:
259:
238:Protestant Christians
42:
9084:Raeburn, J. (2001).
8865:. pp. 133–148.
8822:. pp. 384–386.
8722:. pp. 916–917.
8677:. pp. 352–365.
8657:Van der Toorn, Karel
7849:Holy War, Holy Peace
7464:. Naewoe Press. 1982
7302:25 July 2018 at the
6647:, pages 49–56, 63–65
6475:"pratima (Hinduism)"
6136:John Grimes (1994).
5798:Momen (1985), p. 176
5408:James Noyes (2013).
5198:Gary Waller (2013).
4332:David Novak (1996).
4300:Barry Kogan (1992).
4124:Paul Kugler (2008).
3753:Smithsonian Magazine
3685:Elmar Waibl (1997).
3516:John Bowker (2005).
3453:History of Religions
3405:Erich Kolig (2012).
3197:A Survey of Hinduism
2903:. pp. 184–224.
2798:–8, 85–86, 146–148.
2505:exclusive monotheism
2455:. Nevertheless, the
2316:step pyramid temples
1560:Horace Hayman Wilson
1552:Pandurang Vaman Kane
725:Byzantine iconoclasm
586:symbols such as the
479:Aniconism in Judaism
263:breaks the original
8614:. pp. 52–144.
8506:Kopelman Foundation
8501:Jewish Encyclopedia
7845:Marc Gopin (2002).
7483:Becker, J. (2005).
6723:Lata, Prem (1990).
6700:Motilal Banarsidass
5958:on 19 December 2015
5504:Mankey, J. (2022).
4591:T. J. Wray (2011).
3845:S. Diamant (1974),
3351:André Wink (1997).
3076:von Stuckrad, Kocku
2596:Texas State Capitol
2555:religious pluralism
2547:wrote in his essay
2451:) as the only true
2361:Spanish colonialism
2013:Idolatry in Sikhism
1954:Satya Mahima Dharma
1904:Vāstusūtra Upaniṣad
1876:form, in an anicon
1760:favor the use of a
1462:Lalitavistara Sutra
1387:Shatapatha Brahmana
1217:active participle)
1047:Blasphemy and Islam
909:Ark of the Covenant
880:in section 3.25 of
767:Early Christian art
748:John the Evangelist
475:Idolatry in Judaism
464:Abrahamic religions
348:rabbinic literature
271:in response to the
267:inscribed with the
219:history of religion
71:Abrahamic religions
9410:, Tufts University
9055:. pp. 53–82.
9003:. pp. 15–28.
8910:. pp. 45–72.
8908:Peeters Publishers
8763:. pp. 76–94.
8103:Greg Roza (2008).
7425:Floru, JP (2017).
6779:John Cort (2010).
6747:Bhagirathi Nepak.
6210:Pori Park (2012),
3961:Boria Sax (2001).
3682:, Merriam Webster;
3650:, Merriam Webster;
3193:Klaus Klostermaier
2754:, such as being a
2617:Giovanni Dall'Orto
2294:
2246:
2156:worship of himself
2141:North Korean Juche
2096:. You can help by
1976:
1631:Theravada Buddhism
1266:
1043:Aniconism in Islam
969:
897:
771:Augustine of Hippo
763:
621:
497:
458:Early Christianity
307:"image/idol") and
281:
52:
32:False Idol (album)
9213:. Mosaica Press.
9187:978-958-8943-91-6
9158:978-0-8047-8181-7
9131:978-0-19-251460-8
9097:978-0-8065-2229-6
9062:978-90-04-39721-7
9033:Bernard, David K.
8778:978-0-521-11396-0
8629:978-90-04-44772-1
8606:. Vol. 187.
8575:978-90-04-16121-4
8536:van Donzel, E. J.
8467:J Mezies (1841).
8453:978-0-8248-3084-7
8426:978-1-107-62569-3
8399:978-1-107-62569-3
8372:978-0-19-507618-9
8345:978-1-879621-29-9
8315:978-0-8028-2889-7
8288:978-1-59884-204-3
8261:978-0-19-533083-0
8234:978-0-252-09433-0
8207:978-0-7614-7565-1
8175:978-0-7614-7565-1
8143:978-0-8135-1572-4
8116:978-1-4042-0739-4
8089:978-0-7614-7565-1
8060:978-0-521-86900-3
8033:978-0-7546-5290-8
8003:978-1-59884-777-2
7976:978-1-4039-8296-4
7946:978-1-77007-453-8
7919:978-0-252-09433-0
7891:978-0-7546-5290-8
7864:978-0-19-803348-6
7831:978-0-19-535219-1
7769:978-0-521-29791-2
7664:978-1-316-36814-5
7625:978-9966-25-354-5
7598:978-9966-25-354-5
7564:978-0-903366-43-4
7551:Rees, D. (1976).
7530:978-1-108-69284-7
7496:978-0-19-029099-3
7438:978-1-78590-288-8
7404:978-1-135-13119-7
7363:978-0-415-08326-3
7289:978-90-04-23278-5
7214:978-2-85399-552-8
7180:978-0-8103-9488-9
7150:978-1-4982-3300-2
7106:978-0-521-56603-2
7096:The Mughal Empire
7079:978-1-349-23049-5
7052:978-1-349-23049-5
6935:978-81-7010-301-1
6918:978-0-9661027-0-3
6899:978-0-19-513798-9
6849:978-81-7099-957-7
6822:978-0-415-26606-2
6792:978-0-19-045257-5
6734:978-81-7000-114-0
6709:978-81-208-0769-3
6682:978-81-208-0090-8
6665:978-81-208-0090-8
6626:978-0-691-12048-5
6589:978-0-521-51874-1
6571:978-0-691-12048-5
6548:978-1-85168-163-1
6512:978-0-7914-8013-7
6460:978-1-4411-8168-8
6427:978-1-136-63979-1
6400:978-0-7914-1355-5
6364:978-90-04-15644-9
6331:978-1-134-19205-2
6304:978-0-521-85942-4
6181:978-0-87365-766-2
6149:978-0-7914-1791-1
6100:978-0-19-935158-9
6073:978-1-55458-128-3
5933:978-0-8129-6618-3
5875:978-1-139-42635-0
5847:978-1-84904-464-6
5809:Motahari, Morteza
5785:978-0-415-32639-1
5757:978-1-56663-340-6
5730:978-0-19-535219-1
5703:978-1-139-42635-0
5668:978-1-4381-2696-8
5551:978-0-691-04850-5
5517:978-0-7387-6717-8
5490:978-0-7190-0477-3
5453:978-0-521-37984-7
5421:978-0-85772-288-1
5394:978-0-521-89329-9
5362:978-1-57607-856-3
5322:978-1-4349-9280-2
5295:978-90-04-14328-9
5265:978-3-484-40106-8
5211:978-1-4094-7860-7
5163:978-1-4426-3111-3
5136:978-0-8166-3576-4
5057:978-0-9827966-9-6
5030:978-0-13-182895-7
5003:978-1-4094-3495-5
4956:978-0-664-22572-8
4929:978-0-520-22877-1
4902:978-1-58617-257-2
4875:978-1-4267-1914-1
4804:978-0-300-04453-9
4754:978-0-674-44313-6
4718:978-0-8078-7728-9
4688:978-1-4008-2358-1
4658:978-0-8160-7565-2
4631:978-1-4251-1667-5
4604:978-1-4422-1293-0
4574:978-0-691-05787-3
4547:978-1-107-03251-4
4500:. Mosaica Press.
4480:978-1-134-59798-7
4453:978-0-618-00480-5
4426:978-0-8264-0802-0
4399:978-1-4384-0431-8
4372:978-90-04-30842-8
4345:978-0-8476-8147-1
4313:978-0-8191-7925-8
4222:978-1-4008-3402-0
4195:978-1-119-09814-0
4168:978-0-7190-5093-0
4141:978-1-139-82798-0
4107:978-0-8132-2162-5
4080:978-1-4443-5000-5
4049:978-0-520-26254-6
4001:978-1-884964-98-5
3974:978-1-57607-612-5
3947:978-1-884964-98-5
3917:978-0-520-26254-6
3885:978-1-84540-103-0
3832:978-0-19-726280-1
3792:National Museum,
3779:978-1-139-49615-5
3725:978-1-4000-9648-0
3698:978-3-11-097454-6
3666:978-0-7618-6058-7
3590:. BRILL. p.
3539:978-0-19-861053-3
3502:978-0-8264-9668-3
3418:978-0-7391-7424-1
3391:978-90-04-16730-8
3364:978-90-04-10236-1
3337:978-90-04-16195-5
3310:978-1-4094-7033-5
3231:978-0-02-865980-0
3205:978-0-7914-7082-4
3181:978-0-19-979664-9
3151:978-1-898723-60-8
3053:978-0-87779-044-0
2948:Signs and Society
2920:978-90-04-46847-4
2805:978-0-674-44313-6
2654:Buddhist devotion
2381:Polynesian people
2290:Atlantean statues
2114:
2113:
2067:Guru Gobind Singh
2045:Guru Granth Sahib
2039:) and with form (
1956:reject idolatry.
1572:Indian philosophy
1564:Stephanie Jamison
1399:Aitareya Brahmana
1395:agnicayana ritual
1254:
1145:religious symbols
984:and the saints".
806:According to the
487:A 1768 synagogue
407:Upper Paleolithic
368:oved avodah zarah
265:two stone tablets
122:of non-Abrahamic
9442:
9390:
9362:
9334:
9314:
9298:(3/4): 229–240,
9286:
9266:
9163:
9162:
9142:
9136:
9135:
9115:
9109:
9108:
9106:
9104:
9081:
9075:
9074:
9053:Brill Publishers
9029:
9023:
9022:
8985:Hayes, Christine
8981:
8975:
8974:
8972:
8970:
8941:
8930:
8929:
8891:
8885:
8884:
8843:
8834:
8833:
8800:
8791:
8790:
8740:
8734:
8733:
8703:
8697:
8696:
8675:Brill Publishers
8669:(2nd ed.).
8653:
8642:
8641:
8612:Brill Publishers
8591:
8580:
8579:
8558:Brill Publishers
8540:Heinrichs, W. P.
8528:
8522:
8521:
8519:
8517:
8488:Kohler, Kaufmann
8484:
8475:
8474:
8464:
8458:
8457:
8437:
8431:
8430:
8410:
8404:
8403:
8383:
8377:
8376:
8356:
8350:
8349:
8329:
8320:
8319:
8299:
8293:
8292:
8272:
8266:
8265:
8245:
8239:
8238:
8218:
8212:
8211:
8199:
8189:
8180:
8179:
8167:
8157:
8148:
8147:
8127:
8121:
8120:
8100:
8094:
8093:
8081:
8071:
8065:
8064:
8044:
8038:
8037:
8017:
8008:
8007:
7987:
7981:
7980:
7960:
7951:
7950:
7930:
7924:
7923:
7903:
7897:
7895:
7875:
7869:
7868:
7852:
7842:
7836:
7835:
7815:
7809:
7808:
7780:
7774:
7773:
7753:
7747:
7746:
7710:
7704:
7703:
7675:
7669:
7668:
7648:
7642:
7639:
7630:
7629:
7609:
7603:
7602:
7582:
7576:
7575:
7573:
7571:
7548:
7542:
7541:
7539:
7537:
7514:
7508:
7507:
7505:
7503:
7480:
7474:
7473:
7471:
7469:
7456:
7450:
7449:
7447:
7445:
7422:
7416:
7415:
7413:
7411:
7388:
7382:
7381:
7374:
7368:
7367:
7347:
7341:
7330:
7324:
7313:
7307:
7293:
7273:
7267:
7266:
7238:
7232:
7225:
7219:
7218:
7198:
7189:
7184:
7164:
7155:
7154:
7134:
7128:
7117:
7111:
7110:
7090:
7084:
7083:
7063:
7057:
7056:
7036:
7030:
7019:
7013:
6998:
6992:
6981:
6975:
6964:
6955:
6944:
6938:
6927:
6921:
6910:
6904:
6903:
6885:
6879:
6878:
6860:
6854:
6853:
6833:
6827:
6826:
6803:
6797:
6796:
6776:
6767:
6764:
6758:
6745:
6739:
6738:
6720:
6714:
6713:
6691:
6685:
6674:
6668:
6657:
6648:
6637:
6631:
6630:
6610:
6601:
6598:
6592:
6581:
6575:
6574:
6557:
6551:
6540:
6531:
6530:
6523:
6517:
6516:
6496:
6490:
6489:
6487:
6485:
6471:
6465:
6464:
6444:
6433:
6431:
6411:
6405:
6404:
6388:
6378:
6369:
6368:
6348:
6342:
6335:
6315:
6309:
6308:
6288:
6279:
6268:
6262:
6251:
6245:
6234:
6228:
6221:
6215:
6208:
6199:
6192:
6186:
6185:
6165:
6154:
6153:
6133:
6127:
6116:
6110:
6104:
6084:
6078:
6077:
6057:
6046:
6039:
6028:
6027:
6007:
6001:
6000:
5977:
5971:
5970:
5965:
5963:
5954:. Archived from
5944:
5938:
5937:
5919:
5910:
5909:
5889:
5880:
5879:
5859:
5853:
5851:
5831:
5825:
5824:
5805:
5799:
5796:
5790:
5789:
5769:
5763:
5761:
5741:
5735:
5734:
5714:
5708:
5707:
5687:
5678:
5672:
5652:
5646:
5645:
5617:
5608:
5594:
5583:
5581:
5579:
5577:
5562:
5556:
5555:
5535:
5529:
5528:
5526:
5524:
5501:
5495:
5494:
5474:
5464:
5458:
5457:
5437:
5426:
5425:
5405:
5399:
5398:
5378:
5367:
5366:
5346:
5340:
5333:
5327:
5326:
5306:
5300:
5299:
5279:
5270:
5269:
5249:
5243:
5242:
5222:
5216:
5215:
5195:
5189:
5188:
5174:
5168:
5167:
5147:
5141:
5140:
5126:Medieval Conduct
5120:
5114:
5113:
5103:
5097:
5091:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5080:
5068:
5062:
5061:
5041:
5035:
5034:
5014:
5008:
5007:
4987:
4978:
4977:
4967:
4961:
4960:
4940:
4934:
4933:
4913:
4907:
4906:
4886:
4880:
4879:
4859:
4853:
4852:
4842:
4836:
4835:
4815:
4809:
4808:
4792:
4782:
4776:
4775:
4765:
4759:
4758:
4742:
4732:
4723:
4722:
4702:
4693:
4692:
4672:
4663:
4662:
4642:
4636:
4635:
4615:
4609:
4608:
4588:
4579:
4578:
4558:
4552:
4551:
4531:
4525:
4518:
4512:
4511:
4491:
4485:
4484:
4464:
4458:
4457:
4437:
4431:
4430:
4410:
4404:
4403:
4383:
4377:
4376:
4356:
4350:
4349:
4329:
4318:
4317:
4297:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4283:
4278:] (in Dutch)
4277:
4268:
4262:
4261:
4233:
4227:
4226:
4206:
4200:
4199:
4179:
4173:
4172:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4121:
4112:
4111:
4091:
4085:
4084:
4060:
4054:
4053:
4033:
4027:
4026:
4012:
4006:
4005:
3985:
3979:
3978:
3958:
3952:
3951:
3931:
3922:
3921:
3901:
3890:
3889:
3869:
3863:
3856:
3850:
3843:
3837:
3836:
3816:
3807:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3745:
3739:
3729:
3709:
3703:
3702:
3677:
3671:
3670:
3645:
3639:
3638:
3630:
3628:"Idolatry"
3619:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3589:
3579:
3573:
3572:
3562:
3556:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3513:
3507:
3506:
3486:
3477:
3476:
3459:(2/3): 239–252.
3444:
3423:
3422:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3294:
3288:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3242:
3236:
3235:
3217:
3208:
3190:
3184:
3163:
3154:
3143:
3122:
3121:
3092:Brill Publishers
3071:
3058:
3057:
3041:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3014:
2975:
2945:
2936:
2925:
2924:
2912:
2901:Brill Publishers
2884:
2871:
2870:
2844:
2838:
2836:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2793:
2783:
2763:
2737:
2731:
2715:
2628:
2619:, 25 April 2007.
2611:
2592:Ten Commandments
2587:
2497:Babylonian exile
2447:(interpreted by
2427:(interpreted by
2423:) to single out
2195:
2186:
2109:
2106:
2088:
2081:
1940:
1712:
1703:
1609:
1600:
1486:Vedic literature
1329:Indian religions
1274:oasis of Zam-Zam
1255:
1204:
1203:
1182:
1118:
1113:Surah Al-Ma'idah
1098:(idolaters) and
926:John of Damascus
905:the Bronze Snake
882:Summa Theologiae
798:
721:John of Damascus
698:
689:
663:Eastern Orthodox
653:
625:Ten Commandments
527:Bahya ibn Paquda
385:
336:loan translation
269:Ten Commandments
153:, which include
151:Indian religions
103:Ten Commandments
9450:
9449:
9445:
9444:
9443:
9441:
9440:
9439:
9420:
9419:
9408:Wayback Machine
9397:
9352:10.2307/2709231
9304:10.2307/3259257
9256:10.2307/1453972
9172:
9170:Further reading
9167:
9166:
9159:
9143:
9139:
9132:
9116:
9112:
9102:
9100:
9098:
9082:
9078:
9063:
9030:
9026:
9011:
8982:
8978:
8968:
8966:
8942:
8933:
8918:
8892:
8888:
8881:
8844:
8837:
8830:
8820:Wm. B. Eerdmans
8801:
8794:
8779:
8741:
8737:
8730:
8720:Wm. B. Eerdmans
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2695:Puja (Hinduism)
2650:
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2638:Nicolas Poussin
2629:
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2603:
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2509:sole veneration
2507:, based on the
2401:
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2288:The Aztec Tula
2225:
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2094:needs expansion
2079:
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1962:
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1874:Ardhanarishvara
1815:bhakti movement
1770:anthropomorphic
1732:
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1625:Bhakti (called
1619:
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1576:Vācaspati Miśra
1524:such as in the
1482:
1466:King Suddhodana
1336:
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1295:Karen Armstrong
1247:
1137:ground of being
1119:
1111:
1059:triliteral root
1049:
1039:
1031:Main articles:
1029:
1005:Christian cross
942:
893:Marian devotion
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840:Orthodox Church
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403:Venus figurines
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287:comes from the
254:
242:the Virgin Mary
124:Pagan religions
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9395:External links
9393:
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9374:(2): 157–177,
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9335:
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8847:Smith, Mark S.
8835:
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8804:Smith, Mark S.
8792:
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8496:"Idol-Worship"
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7187:Alternate Link
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7125:978-1599200590
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7012:, page 188-190
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3623:Chisholm, Hugh
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2135:Sanjūsangen-dō
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2011:Main article:
2008:
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1526:Nasadiya Sukta
1488:leading up to
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1440:worshipping a
1379:Vedic religion
1352:Pashupati seal
1342:(Sanskrit) or
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1224:Within Islam,
1109:
1028:
1025:
941:
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934:Divine Liturgy
878:Thomas Aquinas
841:
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795:Pope Gregory I
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504:God of Judaism
470:
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384:עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה
362:, or in other
253:
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225:of the world.
46:, painting by
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7461:Vantage Point
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3755:. March 2012.
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3183:, pages 80–85
3182:
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2466:
2462:
2461:Old Testament
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
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2386:
2385:Pacific Ocean
2382:
2372:
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2357:
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2335:
2334:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2312:reincarnation
2309:
2308:creator deity
2305:
2304:
2299:
2298:Mayan culture
2291:
2286:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2265:creator deity
2262:
2259:(also called
2258:
2257:
2252:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2204:
2203:Yoruba people
2194:
2185:
2175:
2160:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2108:
2099:
2095:
2092:This section
2090:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2047:as the final
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2004:
2000:
1998:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1900:
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1810:
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1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1779:Bhagavad Gita
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1738:
1728:
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1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
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1541:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1522:creator deity
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1477:
1475:
1474:Mahabalipuram
1471:
1470:Pancha Rathas
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
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1447:
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1300:
1296:
1292:
1289:In her book,
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1055:
1048:
1044:
1038:
1034:
1033:Shirk (Islam)
1024:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
985:
983:
979:
975:
966:
962:
958:
954:
952:
948:
940:Protestantism
937:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
918:
912:
910:
906:
902:
894:
889:
885:
883:
879:
875:
871:
868:due God, and
867:
863:
859:
858:
853:
852:
847:
837:
833:
828:
824:
818:
813:
811:
810:
804:
799:
797:, 7th century
796:
788:
778:
776:
772:
768:
760:
756:
752:
749:
744:
742:
738:
734:
733:Constantine V
730:
726:
722:
717:
714:
697:
688:
674:
673:as a symbol.
672:
668:
664:
660:
651:
645:
640:
638:
632:
628:
626:
618:
614:
610:
605:
601:
591:
589:
584:
579:
575:
570:
568:
562:
560:
556:
552:
548:
543:
540:
536:
532:
531:Yehuda Halevi
528:
524:
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
494:
490:
485:
480:
476:
461:
459:
455:
451:
446:
443:
438:
435:
429:
426:
422:
421:
416:
412:
408:
404:
394:
391:
389:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
344:avodat elilim
341:
337:
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
289:Ancient Greek
286:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
249:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
226:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
187:Ancient Egypt
184:
183:
178:
174:
170:
169:
164:
160:
156:
152:
147:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
112:
106:
104:
100:
96:
95:Abrahamic God
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
49:
48:William Blake
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
22:
9371:
9368:Ethnohistory
9367:
9343:
9339:
9323:
9319:
9295:
9291:
9275:
9271:
9247:
9243:
9226:
9208:
9192:
9177:
9148:Idol Anxiety
9147:
9140:
9120:
9113:
9101:. Retrieved
9086:
9079:
9040:
9027:
8988:
8979:
8967:. Retrieved
8949:
8946:"Polytheism"
8899:
8889:
8854:
8811:
8752:
8738:
8711:
8708:"Monotheism"
8701:
8664:
8599:
8547:
8526:
8514:. Retrieved
8499:
8492:Blau, Ludwig
8469:
8462:
8442:
8435:
8415:
8408:
8388:
8381:
8361:
8354:
8334:
8304:
8297:
8277:
8270:
8250:
8243:
8223:
8216:
8195:
8163:
8132:
8125:
8105:
8098:
8077:
8069:
8050:Ancient Inca
8049:
8042:
8022:
7992:
7985:
7965:
7935:
7928:
7908:
7901:
7880:
7873:
7857:footnote 5.
7848:
7840:
7820:
7813:
7788:
7784:
7778:
7758:
7751:
7718:
7714:
7708:
7683:
7679:
7673:
7653:
7646:
7614:
7607:
7587:
7580:
7568:. Retrieved
7553:
7546:
7534:. Retrieved
7519:
7512:
7500:. Retrieved
7485:
7478:
7466:. Retrieved
7460:
7454:
7442:. Retrieved
7427:
7420:
7408:. Retrieved
7393:
7386:
7372:
7352:
7345:
7328:
7311:
7278:
7271:
7246:
7242:
7236:
7223:
7203:
7169:
7139:
7132:
7115:
7095:
7088:
7068:
7061:
7041:
7034:
7017:
7001:
6996:
6979:
6942:
6925:
6908:
6889:
6883:
6864:
6858:
6838:
6831:
6811:
6801:
6781:
6762:
6743:
6724:
6718:
6695:
6689:
6672:
6635:
6615:
6596:
6579:
6561:
6555:
6521:
6501:
6494:
6482:. Retrieved
6478:
6469:
6449:
6416:
6409:
6384:
6353:
6346:
6337:
6320:
6313:
6293:
6266:
6249:
6244:, pages 9–25
6232:
6219:
6190:
6170:
6138:
6131:
6114:
6089:
6082:
6062:
6012:
6005:
5986:
5982:
5975:
5967:
5960:. Retrieved
5956:the original
5951:
5942:
5923:
5894:
5864:
5857:
5836:
5829:
5812:
5803:
5794:
5774:
5767:
5746:
5739:
5719:
5712:
5692:
5674:
5657:
5650:
5625:
5621:
5600:
5574:. Retrieved
5570:
5560:
5540:
5533:
5521:. Retrieved
5506:
5499:
5470:
5462:
5442:
5410:
5403:
5383:
5351:
5344:
5336:
5331:
5311:
5304:
5284:
5254:
5247:
5227:
5220:
5200:
5193:
5179:
5172:
5152:
5145:
5125:
5118:
5108:
5101:
5093:
5089:
5077:. Retrieved
5072:
5066:
5046:
5039:
5019:
5012:
4992:
4972:
4965:
4945:
4938:
4918:
4911:
4891:
4884:
4864:
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4847:
4840:
4820:
4813:
4788:
4780:
4770:
4763:
4738:
4707:
4677:
4647:
4640:
4620:
4613:
4593:
4563:
4556:
4536:
4529:
4516:
4496:
4489:
4469:
4462:
4442:
4435:
4415:
4408:
4388:
4381:
4361:
4354:
4334:
4302:
4280:. Retrieved
4266:
4241:
4237:
4231:
4211:
4204:
4184:
4177:
4157:
4150:
4130:
4096:
4089:
4069:
4058:
4038:
4031:
4017:
4010:
3990:
3983:
3963:
3956:
3936:
3906:
3874:
3867:
3854:
3841:
3821:
3788:
3768:
3761:
3752:
3743:
3733:
3714:
3707:
3687:
3675:
3655:
3643:
3632:
3617:
3605:. Retrieved
3585:
3577:
3567:
3560:
3548:
3521:
3511:
3491:
3456:
3452:
3407:
3400:
3380:
3373:
3353:
3346:
3326:
3319:
3299:
3292:
3280:
3268:. Retrieved
3250:
3247:"Polytheism"
3240:
3221:
3196:
3188:
3079:
3037:
3029:
3017:. Retrieved
2990:2318/1561609
2951:
2947:
2888:
2848:
2842:
2824:
2820:
2814:
2789:
2735:
2727:
2631:
2602:is disputed.
2548:
2543:philosopher
2537:
2529:polytheistic
2513:
2457:Hebrew Bible
2404:
2402:
2389:
2378:
2368:
2358:
2354:
2349:Quetzalcoatl
2347:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2319:
2301:
2295:
2278:
2268:
2260:
2254:
2251:Inca culture
2247:
2239:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2150:
2120:
2102:
2098:adding to it
2093:
2058:
2052:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2016:
2001:
1987:
1986:) and human
1983:
1977:
1946:colonial era
1943:
1931:
1927:
1919:
1917:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1860:
1851:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1834:
1827:
1823:
1822:or singing (
1813:
1812:Devotional (
1811:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1784:
1777:
1766:spirituality
1761:
1741:
1735:
1733:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1668:
1663:
1659:Ellora Caves
1655:Ajanta Caves
1651:
1646:
1639:Karel Werner
1626:
1624:
1620:
1569:
1529:
1483:
1407:
1375:Vedic period
1372:
1360:Dancing Girl
1337:
1310:
1290:
1288:
1281:
1267:
1238:singular God
1233:
1225:
1223:
1218:
1210:
1206:
1184:
1171:
1165:
1136:
1132:
1121:
1105:
1099:
1095:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1066:
1062:
1052:
1050:
1013:
986:
970:
943:
915:
913:
899:In Orthodox
898:
881:
873:
869:
861:
855:
849:
843:
835:
830:
826:
821:
815:
807:
805:
801:
791:
782:
764:
745:
718:
709:
656:
642:
637:Matthew 4:10
634:
630:
622:
613:St. Benedict
594:Christianity
571:
563:
559:Hebrew Bible
544:
539:omnipresence
529:, and Rabbi
520:
498:
447:
439:
430:
418:
400:
392:
388:avodah zarah
387:
379:
375:
371:
367:
343:
333:
328:
324:
320:
317:eidololatria
316:
315:). The word
308:
300:
297:εἰδωλολατρία
293:eidololatria
292:
284:
282:
246:
227:
180:
173:the Absolute
166:
148:
139:
109:
107:
87:Baháʼí Faith
83:Christianity
79:Samaritanism
54:
53:
43:
36:
21:Idle Warship
9250:(1): 1–15,
9103:28 February
8544:Schacht, J.
7721:(2): 1–70.
7570:17 February
7536:17 February
7502:17 February
7468:13 February
7444:13 February
7410:12 February
6974:, pages 1–3
6807:Paul Dundas
4065:Rubina Raja
2741:Semitic god
2728:Menino Deus
2561:, and have
2236:Inca people
2154:instituted
2152:Kim Il Sung
2105:August 2022
1980:Tirthankara
1746:Vaishnavism
1446:Rameshwaram
1442:Shiva linga
1434:Mahabharata
1422:Vaishnavism
1383:Vedic texts
1009:Waldensians
991:, and even
974:Carlos Eire
953:in Geneva.
917:proskynesis
775:Confessions
759:Pope Pius V
741:incarnation
713:Reformation
677:Catholicism
619:(1600–1681)
551:Mesopotamia
523:Saadia Gaon
508:golden calf
425:petroglyphs
321:idololatria
211:cult images
116:cult images
50:, 1799–1800
28:False Idols
9424:Categories
8829:9053565035
8787:2012049271
8729:9053565035
7791:(3): 395.
7340:, page 675
7029:, page 305
6991:, page 178
6937:, page 110
5479:. p.
4244:(2): 267.
3680:iconolatry
3607:18 October
3518:"Idolatry"
2827:(1): 1–2.
2770:References
2545:David Hume
2465:Israelites
2437:Christians
2433:Samaritans
2365:syncretism
2279:Mama Cocha
2261:Pachacutec
2238:, reveres
2232:Inti Raymi
2172:See also:
2071:Zafarnamah
2063:Dasam Bani
1950:Arya Samaj
1861:shaligrama
1586:See also:
1544:Max Muller
1506:Upanishads
1334:Provenance
1075:is called
1041:See also:
989:iconolatry
951:Calvinists
901:apologetic
667:Protestant
644:sanctuary.
574:terracotta
535:Maimonides
411:Aegean Sea
352:Septuagint
273:Israelites
234:iconoclasm
99:false gods
63:cult image
9071:0966-7393
9035:(2019) .
8993:New Haven
8956:Edinburgh
8661:"God (I)"
8638:236752143
7805:154388861
7743:143459900
7700:170863835
7323:, page 44
7263:159896901
6954:, page 22
6920:, page 11
6645:898773783
6484:21 August
5962:25 August
5821:909092922
4258:162882785
3473:170216039
3285:Aniconism
3257:Edinburgh
3118:240180055
2998:2326-4489
2982:2326-4497
2966:: 30–56.
2680:Fetishism
2525:animistic
2405:false god
2403:The term
2375:Polynesia
2344:Kulkulkan
2318:to honor
2275:sun deity
2263:) as the
2256:Viracocha
2061:. In the
2059:Gurdwaras
1932:Sthapakas
1920:parāvidyā
1858:plant or
1662:idols as
1643:Theravada
1548:Jan Gonda
1502:Aranyakas
1498:Brahmanas
1391:Prajapati
1319:Uri Rubin
1315:Ibn Ishaq
1081:mushrikun
995:; in the
947:Anglicans
773:, in his
650:Leviticus
617:Juan Rizi
512:decalogue
489:parchment
454:Aristotle
386:,
329:idolatrie
325:idolatria
283:The term
230:aniconism
215:antiquity
165:, idols (
140:false god
128:animistic
111:false god
9430:Idolatry
9404:Archived
9332:41177237
9284:23507659
9278:: 1–44,
8969:25 April
8963:Archived
8926:33819403
8849:(2003).
8806:(2000).
8757:New York
8745:"Israel"
8659:(1999).
8516:18 April
8510:Archived
8494:(1906).
7306:Portugal
7300:Archived
6809:(2002).
6752:Archived
6684:, page 9
6041:Source:
5811:(1985).
5601:idolatry
5523:14 March
4739:Idolatry
4282:26 April
3554:Idolatry
3264:Archived
3195:(2010),
3010:Archived
3006:53408911
2790:Idolatry
2665:Kemetism
2648:See also
2520:cultures
2333:Xib Chac
2320:Kukulkan
2303:Kukulkan
2223:Americas
2054:Gurdwara
1937:—
1866:Shaivism
1768:through
1758:Smartism
1754:Shaktism
1750:Shaivism
1685:Hinduism
1582:Buddhism
1494:Samhitas
1490:Hinduism
1430:Ramayana
1426:Shaktism
1418:Shaivism
1410:Buddhism
1303:Nabatean
1219:mušrikūn
1149:artworks
1110:—
1096:muširkūn
1079:(plural
1020:Lutheran
993:paganism
965:crucifix
737:Umayyads
659:Catholic
647:—
567:polemics
525:, Rabbi
415:Cycladic
360:Josephus
285:idolatry
223:cultures
207:Americas
159:Buddhism
155:Hinduism
149:In many
136:Atheists
73:(namely
55:Idolatry
9360:2709231
9312:3259257
9264:1453972
8751:(ed.).
3648:idolism
3270:28 July
3078:(ed.).
3019:28 July
2956:Chicago
2760:war-god
2685:Jezebel
2660:Dambana
2569:Gallery
2481:Chemosh
2477:Asherah
2473:Astarte
2449:Muslims
2328:equinox
2277:), and
2037:nirguni
2022:Sikhism
2018:Sikhism
2007:Sikhism
1997:Mathura
1973:Jainism
1960:Jainism
1912:Brahman
1829:kirtana
1807:Brahman
1742:pratima
1727:Krishna
1719:Ganesha
1679:butsudo
1671:Butsugu
1540:Śūnyatā
1536:Brahman
1531:Rigveda
1528:of the
1480:General
1450:Krishna
1414:Jainism
1364:Parvati
1344:vigraha
1270:Ishmael
1261:during
1215:Stem IV
1100:kafirun
1077:mushrik
1001:Puritan
866:worship
864:is the
729:Leo III
588:Menorah
578:faience
500:Judaism
469:Judaism
420:namaste
342:phrase
338:of the
309:latreia
305:εἴδωλον
301:eidolon
279:, 1860.
163:Jainism
144:theists
120:deities
75:Judaism
59:worship
57:is the
9388:481116
9386:
9358:
9330:
9310:
9282:
9262:
9234:
9217:
9201:
9185:
9155:
9128:
9094:
9069:
9059:
9049:Boston
9045:Leiden
9017:
9007:
8997:London
8924:
8914:
8904:Leuven
8877:
8859:Oxford
8826:
8785:
8775:
8726:
8689:
8671:Leiden
8636:
8626:
8608:Leiden
8572:
8554:Leiden
8450:
8423:
8396:
8369:
8342:
8312:
8285:
8258:
8231:
8204:
8172:
8140:
8113:
8086:
8057:
8030:
8000:
7973:
7943:
7916:
7888:
7861:
7828:
7803:
7766:
7741:
7735:523964
7733:
7698:
7661:
7622:
7595:
7561:
7527:
7493:
7435:
7401:
7360:
7336:
7319:
7286:
7261:
7211:
7177:
7147:
7123:
7103:
7076:
7049:
7025:
7008:
6987:
6970:
6950:
6933:
6916:
6896:
6871:
6846:
6819:
6789:
6731:
6706:
6680:
6663:
6643:
6623:
6587:
6568:
6546:
6509:
6457:
6424:
6397:
6361:
6341:(...).
6338:Quote:
6328:
6301:
6274:
6257:
6240:
6178:
6146:
6122:
6097:
6070:
6020:
5993:
5930:
5902:
5872:
5844:
5819:
5782:
5754:
5727:
5700:
5665:
5642:596869
5640:
5576:31 May
5548:
5514:
5487:
5450:
5418:
5391:
5359:
5319:
5292:
5262:
5235:
5208:
5160:
5133:
5079:26 May
5054:
5027:
5000:
4953:
4926:
4899:
4872:
4828:
4801:
4751:
4715:
4685:
4655:
4628:
4601:
4571:
4544:
4504:
4477:
4450:
4423:
4396:
4369:
4342:
4310:
4256:
4219:
4192:
4165:
4138:
4104:
4077:
4046:
3998:
3971:
3944:
3914:
3882:
3829:
3802:
3776:
3722:
3695:
3663:
3598:
3536:
3499:
3471:
3415:
3388:
3361:
3334:
3307:
3228:
3203:
3179:
3169:
3149:
3116:
3106:
3088:Boston
3084:Leiden
3050:
3004:
2996:
2980:
2917:
2897:Boston
2893:Leiden
2863:
2802:
2756:storm-
2748:Yahweh
2723:Prague
2675:El Tío
2493:Tammuz
2489:Moloch
2441:Elohim
2435:, and
2425:Yahweh
2419:, and
2413:Tanakh
2339:Ixchel
2168:Africa
2131:Raijin
2041:saguni
2026:Bhakti
1928:Rishis
1924:moksha
1856:tulasi
1824:bhajan
1776:. The
1756:, and
1635:Cetiya
1627:Bhatti
1458:Dwarka
1454:Vishnu
1403:Varuna
1368:Shakti
1323:al-Lat
1177:Arabic
1157:Rasūls
1125:Tawhid
1063:sh-r-k
1037:Taghut
1007:. The
870:latria
862:latria
851:latria
583:cherub
557:. The
553:, and
434:stelae
340:Hebrew
313:λάτρις
205:, the
199:Africa
191:Greece
182:bhakti
161:, and
89:, and
85:, the
9384:JSTOR
9356:JSTOR
9328:JSTOR
9308:JSTOR
9280:JSTOR
9260:JSTOR
9015:JSTOR
8747:. In
8634:S2CID
7801:S2CID
7739:S2CID
7731:JSTOR
7696:S2CID
7259:S2CID
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