Idris of Libya - Knowledge

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the nation into one of the richest in the world. The 1955 law created conditions that enabled small oil companies to drill alongside larger corporations; each concession had a low entry fee, with rents only increasing significantly after the eighth year of drilling. This created a competitive atmosphere that prevented any one company from becoming crucial to the country's oil operation, although it had the downside of incentivising companies to produce as much oil as possible in as quick a period as possible. Libya's oil fields fuelled rapidly growing demand in Europe, and by 1967 it was supplying a third of the oil entering the West European market. Within a few years, Libya had grown to become the world's fourth largest oil producer. Oil production provided a huge boost to the Libyan economy; whereas the per capita annual income in 1951 had been $ 25–35, by 1969 it was $ 2,000. By 1961, the oil industry was exerting the greater influence over Libyan politics than any other issue. In 1962, Libya joined the

1298: 3261: 3269: 3277: 570: 1254: 886: 775:, which rejected the principles of the Bevin-Sforza plan, instead indicating support for full independence. At the time neither the UK nor France supported the principle of Libyan unification, with France being keen to retain colonial control of Fezzan. In 1949, the British unilaterally declared that they would leave Cyrenaica and grant it independence under the control of Idris; by doing so they believed that it would remain under their own sphere of influence. Similarly, France established a provisional government in Fezzan in February 1950. 1153: 1286: 736:—which was now at war with Italy—in the hope of ridding his country of Italian occupation. He argued that even if the Italians were victorious, the situation for the Libyan people would be no different than it had been before the war. Delegates from both the Cyrenaicans and Tripolitanians agreed that Idris should conclude agreements with the British that they would gain independence in return for support during the war. Privately, Idris did not promote the idea of Libyan independence to the British, instead suggesting that it become a 1208: 1163: 1314: 1143: 1227: 1200: 1330: 820:, Greek, Turkish, and Italian minorities. The newly established state faced serious problems; in 1951, Libya was one of the world's poorest countries. Much of its infrastructure had been destroyed by war, it had very little trade and high unemployment, and both a 40% infant mortality rate and a 94% illiteracy rate. Only 1% of Libya's land mass was arable, with another 3–4% being used for pastoral farming. Although the three provinces had been united, they shared little common aspiration. 31: 1188: 1270: 798: 1123: 833:

representatives. This constitutional framework left Libya with a weak central government and strong provincial autonomy. The governments of successive Prime Ministers tried to push through economic policies but found them hampered by the differing provinces. There remained a persistent distrust between Cyrenaica and Tripolitania. Benghazi and Tripoli were appointed as joint capital cities, with the country's parliament moving between the two. The city of

3253: 721: 3285: 711:) in December 1922. Soon, the Italian reconquest of Libya began, and, by the end of 1922, the only effective anti-colonial resistance to the occupation was concentrated in the Cyrenaican hinterlands. The Italians subjugated the Libyan people; Cyrenaica's livestock was decimated, a large portion of its population was interned in concentration camps, and, between 1930 and 1931, an estimated 12,000 Cyrenaicans were executed by the 2946: 763:. In 1946, a National Congress was established to lay the groundwork for independence; it was dominated by the Senussi Order. Under British and French pressure, Italy relinquished its claim of sovereignty over the country in 1947, although still hoping that they would be permitted a trusteeship over Tripolitania. The European powers drew up the 936:(OPEC). In ensuing years, the Libyan state furthered its control over the industry, establishing a Ministry of Petroleum Affairs in 1963 and then the Libyan National Oil Company. In 1968, they established the Libyan Petroleum Company (LIPETCO) and announced that any further concession agreements would have to be joint ventures with LIPETCO. 642:, for the Tripolitanian Republic in June 1919 and Cyrenaica in October 1919. These were a compromise by which all Libyans were accorded the right to joint Libyan-Italian citizenship, while each province was to have its own parliament and governing council. The Senussi were largely happy with this arrangement and Idris visited 461:. He established links to the Western powers, allowing the United Kingdom and United States to open military bases in the country in return for economic aid. After oil was discovered in Libya in 1959, he oversaw the emergence of a growing oil industry that rapidly aided economic growth. Idris's regime was weakened by growing 1080:, 1896/1897, his cousin, Sayyida Aisha binti Sayyid Muhammad as-Sharif al-Sanussi (1873 Jaghbub – 1905 or 1907 Kufra), eldest daughter of Sayyid Muhammad as-Sharif bin Sayyid Muhammad al-Sanussi, by his fourth wife, Fatima, daughter of 'Umar bin Muhammad al-Ashhab, of Fezzan, by whom he had one son who died in infancy; 882:. Idris recognised that this would deal with the problems caused by federalism and would put a stop to the intrigues among the Senussi family surrounding his succession. He asked Ben Halim to produce a formal draft for these plans, but the idea was dropped amid opposition from Cyrenaican tribal chiefs. 1069:

stated his view that "I was sure... that sincerely wanted reform, but I knew from experience that he became hesitant when he felt that such reform would affect the interests of his entourage. He would gradually pull back until he abandoned the reform plans, moved by the whisperings of his entourage."

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According to Vandewalle, King Idris's monarchy "started Libya on the road of political exclusion of its citizens, and of a profound de-politicization" that still characterised the country in the first years of the 21st century. He informed the U.S. ambassador to Libya and an early academic researcher

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to bring an end to the violence. In January 1922, they agreed to request that Idris extend the Emirate of Cyrenaica into Tripolitania in order to bring stability; they presented a formal document with this request on 28 July 1922. Idris's advisers were divided on whether he should accept the offer or

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and fearing that a federal system would result in further British and French domination of Libya. The three provinces had their own legislative authorities; while that of Fezzan was composed entirely of elected officials, those of Cyrenaica and Tripolitania contained a mix of elected and non-elected

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lines, something that Cyrenaica and Fezzan had insisted upon, fearing that they would otherwise be dominated by Tripolitania, where two-thirds of the Libyan population lived. Conversely, the Tripolitanians had largely favoured a unitary state, believing that it would allow the government to act more

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Vandewalle characterised King Idris as "a scholarly individual whose entire life would be marked by a reluctance to engage in politics". For Vandewalle, Idris was a "well meaning but reluctant ruler", as well as "a pious, deeply religious, and self-effacing man". The Libyan Prime Minister Ben Halim

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During the 1950s, a number of foreign companies began prospecting for oil in Libya, with the country's government passing the Minerals Law of 1953 and then the Petroleum Law of 1955 to regulate this process. In In 1959, much larger oil reserves were discovered in Libya, which helped Idris transform

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Under King Idris, Libya found itself within the Western sphere of influence. It became the recipient of Western expertise and aid, and, by the end of 1959, it had received over $ 100 million of aid from the United States, being the single largest per capita recipient of American aid. U.S. companies

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In November 1949, the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution on Libyan independence, stipulating that it must come into being by January 1952. The resolution called for Libya to become a single state led by Idris, who was to be declared king of Libya. He had been reluctant to accept the position.

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On April 26, 1963, King Idris abolished Libya's federal system. Both the provincial legislative assemblies and the provincial judicial systems were abolished. Doing so allowed him to concentrate economic and administrative planning at a centralised national level, and thenceforth all taxes and oil

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and the United National Front—agreed to this plan in order to avoid further European colonial rule. The concept of a kingdom would be alien to Libyan society, where the loyalties to the family, tribe, and region—or alternately to the global Muslim community—were far stronger than to any concept of

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Libya experienced rampant corruption and favouritism. A number of high-profile corruption scandals impacted on the highest levels of Idris's government. In June 1960, Idris issued a public letter in which he condemned this corruption, claiming that bribery and nepotism "will destroy the very

956:, this change was "the single most critical political act during the monarchy's tenure in office". The reform handed far greater political power to Idris than he had held previously. By the mid-1960s, Idris began to increasingly retreat from active involvement in the country's governance. 944: 783:

strategic reasons. They recognised that while they would be able to establish military bases in an independent Libyan state sympathetic to their interests, they would have been unable to do so were Libya to have entered UN-sponsored trusteeship. The Tripolitanians—largely united under

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not. Doing so would contravene the al-Rajma Agreement and would damage relations with the Italian government, who opposed the political unification of Cyrenaica and Tripolitania as being against their interests. Nevertheless, in November 1922, Idris agreed to the proposal.

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revenues were directed straight to the central government. As part of this reform, the "United Kingdom of Libya" was renamed the "Kingdom of Libya". This reform was not popular among many of Libya's provinces, which saw their power curtailed. According to the historian

434:, abandoned Ottoman protection. Between 1919 and 1920, Italy recognized Senussi control over most of Cyrenaica in exchange for the recognition of Italian sovereignty by Idris. Idris then led his Order in an unsuccessful attempt to conquer the eastern part of the 674:. As part of the Accord he was given a monthly stipend by the Italian government, who agreed to take responsibility for policing and administration of areas under Senussi control. The Accord also stipulated that Idris must fulfill the requirements of the 874:. Idris's regime soon banned political parties from operating in the country, claiming that they exacerbated internal instability. From 1952 onward, all candidates for election were government nominees. In 1954, the Prime Minister 844:

According to the reporter Jonathan Bearman, King Idris was "nominally a constitutional monarch" but in practice was "a spiritual leader with autocratic temporal power", with Libya being a "monarchical dictatorship" rather than a

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in August 1920, the Republic descended into civil war. Many tribal leaders in the region recognized that this discord was weakening the region's chances of attaining full autonomy from Italy, and, in November 1920, they met in

1052:, many demonstrators opposing Gaddafi carried portraits of the King, especially in Cyrenaica. The tricolour flag used during the era of the monarchy was frequently used as a symbol of the revolution and was re-adopted by the 1156: 1009:

Muammar Gaddafi's regime portrayed King Idris's administration as having been weak, inept, corrupt, anachronistic, and lacking in nationalist credentials, a presentation of it that would come to be widely adopted.

987:. The monarchy was abolished and a republic proclaimed. The coup pre-empted King Idris's intended abdication and the succession of his heir the following day. From Turkey, he and the Queen traveled to 3568: 3558: 924:

found a particularly receptive audience in Tripolitania. In July 1967, anti-Western riots broke out in Tripoli and Benghazi to protest the West's support of Israel against the Arab states in the

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diplomatic status. Using the British as intermediaries, Idris led the Order into negotiations with the Italians in July 1916. These resulted in two agreements, at al-Zuwaytina in April 1916 and

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by disbanding the Cyrenaican military units, but he did not comply with this. By the end of 1921, relations between the Senussi Order and the Italian government had again deteriorated.

638:, however, was facing serious economic, social, and political problems domestically, and was not prepared to re-launch its military activities in Libya. It issued statutes known as the 853:. The new constitution granted Idris significant personal power, and he remained a crucial player in the country's political system. Idris ruled via a palace cabinet, namely his royal 1176: 1171: 870:

King Idris was a self-effacing devout Muslim; he refused to allow his portrait to be featured on Libyan currency and also insisted that nothing should be named after him except the

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in April 1917. The latter of these treaties left most of inland Cyrenaica under the control of the Senussi Order. Relations between the Senussi Order and the newly established

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Both the United Kingdom and the United States—who were committed to preventing any growth in Soviet influence in the southern Mediterranean—agreed to this for their own

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sent his aide-de-camp Azmzade Sadik El Mueyyed to Jaghbub in 1886 and to Kufra in 1895 to cultivate positive relations with the Senussi and to counter the West European

453:, appointing Idris to rule it as king. Wielding significant political influence in the impoverished country, he banned political parties and, in 1963, replaced Libya's 3573: 748:, consisting of five infantry battalions made up of volunteers, was established to aid the British war effort. With the exception of one military engagement near to 1114:

King Idris fathered five sons and one daughter, none of whom survived childhood. He and Fatima adopted a daughter, Suleima, an Algerian orphan, who survived them.

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bin Sayyid Muhammad as-Sharif al-Senussi, 3rd Grand Seussi, by his second wife, Khadija, daughter of Ahmad al-Rifi, by whom he had one son, who died in infancy;

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At Kufra, 1907 (divorced 1922), his cousin, Sakina, daughter of Muhammad as-Sharif, by whom he had one son and one daughter, both of whom died in infancy;

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as part of the celebrations to mark the promulgation of the settlement. In October 1920, further negotiations between Italy and Cyrenaica resulted in the

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from the al-Manar Palace in Benghazi. The country had a population of approximately one million, the majority of whom were Arabs, but with Berber, Tebu,

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called for Libya to be granted independence. It established the United Kingdom of Libya through the unification of Cyrenaica, Tripolitania and

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For two short periods (1911–1922 and 1955–1958), King Idris kept two wives, marrying his fifth wife with a view to providing a direct heir.

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Muammar Gaddafi's policies with regard to the oil industry would also be technocratic and bore many similarities with those of King Idris.

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sentiment in Libya as well as rising frustration at the country's high levels of corruption and close links with Western nations. While in

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were acrimonious. The Senussi attempted to militarily extend their power into eastern Tripolitania, resulting in a pitched battle at

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At Kufra, 1911 (divorced 1915), Nafisa, daughter of Ahmad Abu al-Qasim al-Isawi, by whom he had one son who died in infancy;

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was taking place, with the British and Italians fighting the Order. Idris put an end to the hostilities and, through the

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would also play a leading role in the development of the Libyan oil industry. This support was provided on a

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Islamic sect who were based largely in Cyrenaica, a region in present-day eastern Libya. The Ottoman Sultan

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from 1951 to 1963, after which the country became known as simply the Kingdom of Libya. Idris had served as

400: 3377: 1458: 1211: 504: 474: 346: 703:—would militarily retaliate against the Senussi Order, and so he went into exile in the newly established 3623: 2960: 1401: 1302: 1231: 1215: 603:). On taking power, Idris put a stop to these attacks. Instead he established a tacit alliance with the 508: 3062: 3643: 3252: 1297: 584: 518:

Order and the Senussi tribe in North Africa. Idris's family claimed descent from the Islamic prophet

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At Siwa, Egypt, 1931, his cousin, Sayyida Fatima al-Shi'fa binti Sayyid Ahmad as-Sharif al-Sanussi,

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suggested that Libya be converted from a federal to a unitary system and that Idris be proclaimed

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worked in consultation with the federal government to determine the policies of the Libyan state.

591:, abdicated his position, he was replaced by Idris, who was his cousin. Pressured to do so by the 3628: 3613: 3583: 3523: 3347: 3123: 1754: 850: 846: 813: 612: 588: 546: 431: 423: 404: 114: 595:, Ahmed had pursued armed attacks against British military forces stationed in the neighbouring 545:

In 1916, Idris became chief of the Senussi order, following the abdication of his cousin Sayyid

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Although the King died in exile and most Libyans were born after his reign, during the

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basis, and in return Libya granted the United States and United Kingdom usage of the

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The traditional provinces of Libya; Idris was from the eastern province of Cyrenaica

395:, Muhammad Idris bin Muhammad al-Mahdi as-Senussi; 13 March 1890 – 25 May 1983) was 3467: 3444: 3425: 3232: 3185: 3140: 3080: 3030: 1274: 1262: 1207: 1146: 995:, by ship and went into exile in Egypt. After the 1969 coup, King Idris was put on 911: 903: 729: 704: 700: 699:

Following the agreement, Emir Idris feared that Italy—under its new Fascist leader

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movement, on 12 March 1889 (although some sources give the year as 1890), a son of

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Operation Idris: Inside the British Administration of Cyrenaica and Libya, 1942-52

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Libya in the Arab Spring: The Constitutional Discourse since the Fall of Gaddafi

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Sayyid Muhammad bin Ali al-Sanussi al-Khattabi al-Mujahiri al-Idrisi al-Hasani

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and his third wife Aisha bint Muqarrib al-Barasa. He was a grandson of Sayyid

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In 1983, at the age of 93, King Idris died in a hospital in the district of

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sentiment across the Arab world. The Arab nationalist sentiment promoted by

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existence of the state and its good reputation both at home and abroad".

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At the Libyan Embassy, Cairo, 6 June 1955 (divorced 20 May 1958), Aliya

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in which the Senussi were forced to withdraw back into Cyrenaica.

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Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic

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Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire

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abdicated as leader of the Order, Idris took his position. The

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Nobility (Nishan-i-Majidieh) 2nd class (Ottoman Empire) (1918)

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On 24 December 1951, Idris announced the establishment of the

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In 1955, failing to have produced a male heir, he convinced

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that he had not truly wanted to rule over a unified Libya.

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by a group of Libyan Army officers under the leadership of

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and permitted to administer autonomously the oases around

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from the 1920s until 1951. He was the chief of the Muslim

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He was a recipient of the following non-Libyan honours:

963:, his wife of 20 years, to let him marry a second wife, 549:. He was recognized by the British under the new title " 2738: 2268: 1854: 1830: 1806: 1459:

Sayyid Muhammad al-Mahdi bin Sayyid Muhammad al-Sanussi

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under the military control of British and French forces

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After the defeat of the Italian armies, Libya was left

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Idris was born into the Senussi Order. When his cousin

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Flag of the Libyan Arab Republic between 1972 and 1977

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Flag of the Libyan Arab Republic between 1969 and 1972

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Journey in the Grand Sahara of Africa and Through Time

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KING IDRIS, OUSTED IN '69 BY QADDAFI, DIES IN CAIRO

2915: 1818: 934:Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries 3574:Grand Cordons of the National Order of the Cedar 3490: 1191:Imperial Order of the House of Osman 1st class ( 1157:High Order of Sayyid Muhammad ibn Ali al-Senussi 505:Muhammad al-Mahdi bin Sayyid Muhammad al-Senussi 322:Muhammad Idris bin Muhammad al-Mahdi as-Senussi 724:The Cyrenaican flag used between 1949 and 1951 473:for medical treatment, Idris was deposed in a 399:from 24 December 1951 until his ouster in the 3579:Recipients of the Order of Al-Hussein bin Ali 3209: 1519:5. Fatima bint Ahmad bin Farajallah al-Fituri 975:On 1 September 1969, while King Idris was in 599:(formerly known, until December 1914, as the 947:King Idris meeting President Nasser of Egypt 681:Following the death of Tripolitanian leader 3223: 1750:"Idris I | Libya, Biography, & History" 1289:Grand Cordon of the Order of Independence ( 979:for medical treatment, he was deposed in a 792: 3216: 3202: 2913: 2808: 2796: 2770:"The liberated east: Building a new Libya" 2756: 2744: 2719: 2710:. BBC News, On This Day. 1 September 1969. 2686: 2674: 2662: 2637: 2625: 2610: 2582: 2567: 2555: 2518: 2506: 2490: 2473: 2461: 2445: 2428: 2416: 2404: 2387: 2358: 2343: 2326: 2295: 2274: 2262: 2250: 2238: 2210: 2198: 2182: 2166: 2145: 2124: 2096: 2080: 2051: 2032: 2016: 2004: 1992: 1976: 1957: 1928: 1912: 1900: 1883: 1860: 1836: 1812: 863:, two deputies, and senior advisers. This 29: 3092:24 December 1951 – 1 September 1969 3055:24 December 1951 – 1 September 1969 2922:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1775: 1006:and sentenced to death in November 1971. 211:Sakina bint Muhammad as-Sharif al-Sanussi 2957:Newspaper clippings about Idris of Libya 2885: 2863: 2530: 1932: 1916: 1848: 1800: 1121: 942: 884: 796: 719: 650:, in which Idris was given the title of 568: 542:and trade routes, and collecting taxes. 195:Aisha bint Muhammad as-Sharif al-Sanussi 2844: 2825: 2606: 2594: 2502: 2457: 2370: 2314: 2234: 2222: 2194: 2178: 2120: 2108: 2092: 2063: 2028: 1988: 1879: 1824: 732:in September 1939, Idris supported the 238:Nafisa bint Ahmad Abu al-Qasim al-Isawi 3609:Libyan politicians convicted of crimes 3491: 2871:(revised ed.). Oxford: Oneworld. 1589: 1585: 1575: 1477: 1368: 1364: 1319:Order of Merit of the Italian Republic 970: 889:King Idris on the cover of the Libyan 3544:Prisoners sentenced to death by Libya 3539:People sentenced to death in absentia 3197: 2894: 2888:LKill Rommel!: Operation Flipper 1941 1683: 1680: 1670: 1658: 1648: 1644: 1632: 1629: 1619: 1607: 1597: 1593: 1569: 1559: 1547: 1537: 1533: 1521: 1518: 1508: 1495: 1485: 1481: 1465: 1456: 1446: 1434: 1424: 1420: 1408: 1399: 1389: 1376: 1372: 841:summer capital as Idris moved there. 3564:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour 3534:Libyan prisoners sentenced to death 2731:The New York Times (26 May 1983): " 1230:Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the 694: 380: 13: 3283: 3280:Flag of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 3275: 3267: 3259: 3251: 2531:Schiller, Jon (29 November 2009). 1496:10. Ahmad bin Farajallah al-Fituri 823:The Kingdom was established along 565:Head of the Senussi Order: 1916–22 14: 3660: 3529:Libyan people of Algerian descent 2938: 2533:Internet View of the Arabic World 2944: 2890:. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. 2869:Libya: From Colony to Revolution 1681:3. Aisha bint Muqarrib al-Barasa 1328: 1312: 1296: 1284: 1268: 1252: 1225: 1206: 1198: 1186: 1177:Al-Senussi Army Liberation Medal 1172:Al-Senussi National Service Star 1161: 1151: 1141: 1137:of the following Libyan orders: 1063: 526:. The Senussi were a revivalist 301: 252: 225: 2818: 2762: 2725: 2701: 2692: 2524: 1072:King Idris married five times: 773:United Nations General Assembly 447:United Nations General Assembly 297: 274: 248: 221: 200: 16:King of Libya from 1951 to 1969 3554:World War II political leaders 2698:Daily Mirror 23 September 1955 1769: 1742: 728:Following the outbreak of the 1: 3599:Libyan independence activists 3481:indicate interim officeholder 3044:1922 – 24 December 1951 3021:1920 – 24 December 1951 1730: 1054:National Transitional Council 585:their wider invasion of Libya 511:, the founder of the Senussi 487: 356:Aisha bint Muqarrib al-Barasa 3256:Flag of the Kingdom of Libya 1735: 401:1 September 1969 coup d'état 347:Muhammad al-Mahdi as-Senussi 7: 2961:20th Century Press Archives 1354:Ancestors of Idris of Libya 1345: 1303:National Order of the Cedar 1232:Order of the British Empire 1216:Order of al-Hussein bin Ali 509:Muhammad ibn Ali as-Senussi 391: 10: 3665: 3639:20th-century Libyan people 3135:1916 – 4 August 1969 3131:Chief of the Senussi order 2845:Bearman, Jonathan (1986). 2826:Gokkent, Giyas M. (2021). 1776:Schnelzer, Nadine (2016). 1587: 1471: 1366: 1117: 496:, the headquarters of the 3649:Burials at Jannat al-Baqī 3604:Libyan resistance leaders 3594:Libyan emigrants to Egypt 3476: 3390: 3326: 3306: 3295: 3249: 3231: 3182: 3165: 3154: 3147: 3137: 3128: 3120: 3115: 3094: 3085: 3074: 3069: 3057: 3048: 3037: 3023: 3014: 3005: 3000: 2972: 2918:A History of Modern Libya 2914:Vandewalle, Dirk (2006). 1664: 1646: 1638: 1613: 1595: 1591: 1553: 1535: 1527: 1502: 1483: 1479: 1440: 1422: 1414: 1383: 1370: 1036: 360: 352: 342: 330: 321: 316: 312: 188: 168: 151: 131: 127: 68: 58: 47: 40: 28: 23: 3634:20th-century Arab people 3589:Libyan Arab nationalists 3514:Leaders ousted by a coup 2886:Mortimer, Gavin (2014). 1780:. Springer. p. 31. 1377:8. Sayyid Ali al-Sanussi 893:magazine, 15 August 1965 793:King of Libya: 1951–1969 761:Hague Convention of 1907 480:by army officers led by 3509:Heads of state of Libya 3225:Heads of state of Libya 3124:Ahmed Sharif es Senussi 3063:1969 Libyan coup d'etat 2895:Synge, Richard (2015). 2708:Bloodless coup in Libya 1755:Encyclopedia Britannica 851:parliamentary democracy 847:constitutional monarchy 814:United Kingdom of Libya 707:(formerly known as the 589:Ahmed Sharif as-Senussi 547:Ahmed Sharif es Senussi 432:Modus vivendi of Acroma 424:Ahmed Sharif as-Senussi 405:United Kingdom of Libya 115:Abdul Hamid al-Bakkoush 3328:Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 3289: 3281: 3273: 3265: 3257: 3088:Head of State of Libya 3029:Countries merged into 2865:St. John, Ronald Bruce 1234:(1954 – KBE in 1946) ( 1130: 948: 894: 809: 725: 617:Tripolitanian Republic 574: 553:" of the territory of 522:through his daughter, 436:Tripolitanian Republic 203:1896/97; died 1905/07) 3287: 3279: 3271: 3263: 3255: 3168:— TITULAR — 2849:. London: Zed Books. 1630:6. Muqarrib al-Barasa 1335:Order of the Redeemer 1167:Order of Independence 1125: 1004:Libyan People's Court 946: 888: 872:Tripoli Idris Airport 801:King Idris with then- 800: 723: 572: 3308:Libyan Arab Republic 3040:Emir of Tripolitania 2953:at Wikimedia Commons 2830:. USA: G M Gokkent. 1301:Grand Cordon of the 1257:Grand Cordon of the 1129:of the King of Libya 859:, which contained a 738:British protectorate 403:. He ruled over the 300: 1955; 287:Aliya Khanum Effendi 251: 1911; 224: 1907; 142:Tripolitania Vilayet 111:Abdul Qadir al-Badri 3392:Transitional period 3297:Libya under Gaddafi 3180:1–2 September 1969 3081:Libyan independence 1333:Grand Cross of the 1317:Grand Cross of the 1273:Grand Cross of the 1021:. He was buried at 971:Overthrow and exile 965:Aliya Abdel Lamloun 828:effectively in the 803:U.S. Vice-president 789:Libyan nationhood. 536:scramble for Africa 99:Muhammad Osman Said 51:24 December 1951 – 3624:Dethroned monarchs 3290: 3282: 3274: 3266: 3258: 3186:Crown Prince Hasan 3149:Titles in pretence 3141:Crown Prince Hasan 3070:Political offices 3011:New states created 2899:. Silphium Press. 2778:. 24 February 2011 2464:, pp. 45, 52. 2431:, pp. 44, 45. 2123:, pp. 20–21; 2031:, pp. 15–16; 1991:, pp. 14–15; 1131: 949: 895: 880:President for Life 810: 726: 709:Sultanate of Egypt 676:Legge Fondamentale 648:Accord of al-Rajma 640:Legge Fondamentale 626:At the end of the 601:Khedivate of Egypt 597:Sultanate of Egypt 575: 492:Idris was born at 83:Mahmud al-Muntasir 35:King Idris in 1960 3486: 3485: 3386: 3385: 3192: 3191: 3183:Succeeded by 3170: 3161:Libyan revolution 3138:Succeeded by 3116:Religious titles 3111: 3095:Succeeded by 3025:Titles dissolved 3017:Emir of Cyrenaica 2949:Media related to 2878:978-1-85168-919-4 2856:978-0-86232-434-6 2837:978-1-73712-988-2 2689:, pp. 71–72. 2509:, pp. 53–55. 2476:, pp. 69–70. 2419:, pp. 44–45. 2265:, pp. 40–41. 2035:, pp. 32–33. 1935:, pp. 66–67. 1787:978-3-658-11381-0 1727: 1726: 1723: 1722: 1463:2nd Grand Sanussi 1406:1st Grand Sanussi 1259:Order of the Nile 1243:Order of Muhammad 1091:Fatimah el-Sharif 1023:Al-Baqi' Cemetery 876:Mustafa Ben Halim 830:national interest 765:Bevin-Sforza plan 746:Libyan Arab Force 652:Emir of Cyrenaica 561:on 28 July 1922. 409:Emir of Cyrenaica 389: 370: 369: 326: 325: 174:Al-Baqi' Cemetery 95:Abdul Majid Kubar 91:Mustafa Ben Halim 3656: 3644:Hashemite people 3462: 3447: 3304: 3303: 3233:Kingdom of Libya 3218: 3211: 3204: 3195: 3194: 3166: 3121:Preceded by 3101: 3031:Kingdom of Libya 2996: 2989: 2970: 2969: 2948: 2933: 2921: 2910: 2891: 2882: 2860: 2841: 2812: 2806: 2800: 2794: 2788: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2766: 2760: 2754: 2748: 2742: 2736: 2729: 2723: 2717: 2711: 2705: 2699: 2696: 2690: 2684: 2678: 2672: 2666: 2660: 2641: 2635: 2629: 2623: 2614: 2604: 2598: 2592: 2586: 2580: 2571: 2565: 2559: 2553: 2547: 2546: 2528: 2522: 2516: 2510: 2500: 2494: 2488: 2477: 2471: 2465: 2455: 2449: 2443: 2432: 2426: 2420: 2414: 2408: 2402: 2391: 2385: 2374: 2368: 2362: 2356: 2347: 2341: 2330: 2324: 2318: 2312: 2299: 2293: 2278: 2272: 2266: 2260: 2254: 2248: 2242: 2232: 2226: 2220: 2214: 2208: 2202: 2192: 2186: 2176: 2170: 2164: 2149: 2143: 2128: 2118: 2112: 2106: 2100: 2090: 2084: 2078: 2067: 2061: 2055: 2049: 2036: 2026: 2020: 2014: 2008: 2002: 1996: 1986: 1980: 1974: 1961: 1955: 1936: 1926: 1920: 1910: 1904: 1898: 1887: 1877: 1864: 1858: 1852: 1846: 1840: 1834: 1828: 1822: 1816: 1810: 1804: 1798: 1792: 1791: 1773: 1767: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1746: 1360: 1359: 1351: 1350: 1332: 1316: 1300: 1288: 1275:Legion of Honour 1272: 1256: 1229: 1210: 1202: 1190: 1165: 1155: 1147:Order of Idris I 1145: 1056:as the official 1050:Libyan Civil War 912:Arab nationalist 908:al-Adem Air Base 904:Wheelus Air Base 730:Second World War 705:Kingdom of Egypt 701:Benito Mussolini 695:Exile: 1922–1951 683:Ramadan Asswehly 632:Kingdom of Italy 463:Arab nationalist 443:Second World War 428:Senussi campaign 394: 384: 382: 314: 313: 305: 303: 299: 278: 276: 266:Fatima el-Sharif 256: 254: 250: 229: 227: 223: 204: 202: 158: 119:Wanis al-Qaddafi 103:Mohieddin Fikini 87:Muhammad Sakizli 71: 54: 53:1 September 1969 33: 21: 20: 3664: 3663: 3659: 3658: 3657: 3655: 3654: 3653: 3619:Muslim monarchs 3549:Senussi dynasty 3489: 3488: 3487: 3482: 3472: 3457: 3442: 3394: 3382: 3330: 3322: 3310: 3299: 3291: 3247: 3235: 3227: 3222: 3188: 3179: 3171: 3163: 3158: 3143: 3134: 3126: 3108:leader of Libya 3100: 3098:Muammar Gaddafi 3091: 3083: 3078: 3065: 3054: 3043: 3033: 3027: 3020: 3012: 3009: 2990: 2984: 2983: 2975: 2974:Idris of Libya 2941: 2936: 2930: 2907: 2879: 2857: 2847:Qadhafi's Libya 2838: 2821: 2816: 2815: 2809:Vandewalle 2006 2807: 2803: 2797:Vandewalle 2006 2795: 2791: 2781: 2779: 2768: 2767: 2763: 2757:Vandewalle 2006 2755: 2751: 2745:Vandewalle 2006 2743: 2739: 2730: 2726: 2720:Vandewalle 2006 2718: 2714: 2706: 2702: 2697: 2693: 2687:Vandewalle 2006 2685: 2681: 2675:Vandewalle 2006 2673: 2669: 2663:Vandewalle 2006 2661: 2644: 2638:Vandewalle 2006 2636: 2632: 2626:Vandewalle 2006 2624: 2617: 2611:Vandewalle 2006 2605: 2601: 2593: 2589: 2583:Vandewalle 2006 2581: 2574: 2568:Vandewalle 2006 2566: 2562: 2556:Vandewalle 2006 2554: 2550: 2543: 2535:. 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3641: 3636: 3631: 3629:Exiled royalty 3626: 3621: 3616: 3614:Libyan royalty 3611: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3584:Kings of Libya 3581: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3524:Libyan Muslims 3521: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3484: 3483: 3477: 3474: 3473: 3471: 3470: 3465: 3464: 3463: 3450: 3449: 3448: 3435: 3428: 3423: 3416: 3411: 3404: 3398: 3396: 3395:(2011–present) 3388: 3387: 3384: 3383: 3381: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3360: 3355: 3350: 3345: 3340: 3334: 3332: 3324: 3323: 3321: 3320: 3314: 3312: 3301: 3293: 3292: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3245: 3239: 3237: 3229: 3228: 3221: 3220: 3213: 3206: 3198: 3190: 3189: 3184: 3181: 3164: 3159: 3152: 3151: 3145: 3144: 3139: 3136: 3127: 3122: 3118: 3117: 3113: 3112: 3096: 3093: 3084: 3079: 3072: 3071: 3067: 3066: 3061: 3056: 3046: 3045: 3035: 3034: 3028: 3022: 3013: 3010: 3003: 3002: 3001:Regnal titles 2998: 2997: 2976: 2973: 2968: 2967: 2954: 2951:Idris of Libya 2940: 2939:External links 2937: 2935: 2934: 2929:978-0521615549 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1116: 1109: 1108: 1098: 1087: 1084: 1081: 1065: 1062: 1038: 1035: 972: 969: 916:Arab socialist 837:also became a 794: 791: 734:United Kingdom 714:Regio Esercito 696: 693: 605:British Empire 593:Ottoman Empire 580:Regio Esercito 566: 563: 532:Abdul Hamid II 489: 486: 467:Arab socialist 455:federal system 441:Following the 368: 367: 362: 358: 357: 354: 350: 349: 344: 340: 339: 334: 328: 327: 324: 323: 319: 318: 310: 309: 293: 289: 286: 285: 284: 283: 270: 264: 263: 262: 261: 244: 240: 237: 236: 235: 234: 217: 213: 210: 209: 208: 207: 205: 196: 192: 190: 186: 185: 172: 170: 166: 165: 159:(aged 93) 153: 149: 148: 146:Ottoman Empire 133: 129: 128: 125: 124: 122: 121: 76: 75: 74: 72: 66: 65: 60: 56: 55: 49: 45: 44: 38: 37: 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3661: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3602: 3600: 3597: 3595: 3592: 3590: 3587: 3585: 3582: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3555: 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3019: 3018: 3008: 3004: 2999: 2994: 2988:12 March 1889 2987: 2982: 2980: 2971: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2955: 2952: 2947: 2943: 2942: 2931: 2925: 2920: 2919: 2912: 2908: 2902: 2898: 2893: 2889: 2884: 2880: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2852: 2848: 2843: 2839: 2833: 2829: 2824: 2823: 2811:, p. 72. 2810: 2805: 2799:, p. 53. 2798: 2793: 2777: 2776: 2775:The Economist 2771: 2765: 2759:, p. 61. 2758: 2753: 2746: 2741: 2734: 2728: 2722:, p. 75. 2721: 2716: 2709: 2704: 2695: 2688: 2683: 2677:, p. 66. 2676: 2671: 2665:, p. 65. 2664: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2640:, p. 71. 2639: 2634: 2628:, p. 60. 2627: 2622: 2620: 2613:, p. 59. 2612: 2608: 2603: 2597:, p. 32. 2596: 2591: 2585:, p. 54. 2584: 2579: 2577: 2570:, p. 58. 2569: 2564: 2558:, p. 57. 2557: 2552: 2544: 2542:9781439263266 2538: 2534: 2527: 2521:, p. 44. 2520: 2515: 2508: 2504: 2499: 2493:, p. 70. 2492: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2475: 2470: 2463: 2459: 2454: 2448:, p. 45. 2447: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2430: 2425: 2418: 2413: 2407:, p. 63. 2406: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2390:, p. 50. 2389: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2372: 2367: 2361:, p. 48. 2360: 2355: 2353: 2346:, p. 49. 2345: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2329:, p. 46. 2328: 2323: 2317:, p. 24. 2316: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2298:, p. 47. 2297: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2276: 2271: 2264: 2259: 2253:, p. 51. 2252: 2247: 2241:, p. 45. 2240: 2236: 2231: 2224: 2219: 2213:, p. 43. 2212: 2207: 2201:, p. 44. 2200: 2196: 2191: 2185:, p. 40. 2184: 2180: 2175: 2169:, p. 42. 2168: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2148:, p. 39. 2147: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2127:, p. 39. 2126: 2122: 2117: 2111:, p. 20. 2110: 2105: 2099:, p. 38. 2098: 2094: 2089: 2083:, p. 37. 2082: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2066:, p. 18. 2065: 2060: 2054:, p. 36. 2053: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2034: 2030: 2025: 2019:, p. 31. 2018: 2013: 2007:, p. 30. 2006: 2001: 1995:, p. 29. 1994: 1990: 1985: 1979:, p. 29. 1978: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1960:, p. 28. 1959: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1934: 1933:St. John 2012 1930: 1925: 1919:, p. 66. 1918: 1917:St. John 2012 1914: 1909: 1903:, p. 27. 1902: 1897: 1895: 1893: 1886:, p. 27. 1885: 1881: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1870: 1863:, p. 26. 1862: 1857: 1851:, p. 35. 1850: 1849:Mortimer 2014 1845: 1839:, p. 19. 1838: 1833: 1826: 1821: 1815:, p. 18. 1814: 1809: 1802: 1801:St. John 2012 1797: 1789: 1783: 1779: 1772: 1757: 1756: 1751: 1745: 1741: 1719: 1717: 1715: 1713: 1711: 1709: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1697: 1695: 1693: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1686: 1678: 1677: 1674: 1673: 1668: 1667: 1662: 1661: 1656: 1655: 1652: 1651: 1642: 1641: 1636: 1635: 1627: 1626: 1623: 1622: 1617: 1616: 1611: 1610: 1605: 1604: 1601: 1600: 1583: 1582: 1579: 1578: 1573: 1567: 1566: 1563: 1562: 1557: 1556: 1551: 1550: 1545: 1544: 1541: 1540: 1531: 1530: 1525: 1524: 1516: 1515: 1512: 1511: 1506: 1505: 1500: 1499: 1493: 1492: 1489: 1488: 1475: 1474: 1469: 1468: 1460: 1454: 1453: 1450: 1449: 1444: 1443: 1438: 1437: 1432: 1431: 1428: 1427: 1418: 1417: 1412: 1411: 1403: 1397: 1396: 1393: 1392: 1387: 1386: 1381: 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