Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity

2015:"No one system satisfied these Brethren. They were too well acquainted with other creeds, and too well trained in the logical use of thought, to accept the common orthodox Islam which had contented the desert Arabs. Yet all other creeds and systems equally appeared open to doubt or refutation. In this confusion they found their satisfaction in an eclectic theory. All these conflicting views, they said, must be only different ways of looking at the same thing..." or "These fragments of truth were to be found in every system of faith and every method of philosophy; if men failed to detect them, the fault lay in their own imperfect intelligence - it was only the skill to read between the lines that was wanted to build up a harmonious whole out of the fragments of truth scattered about in sacred books and the writings of wise men and the mystic doctrines of saints." Stanley Lane-Poole (1883), pgs. 189, 190. 1998:) and the Imam for the people as long as he lives, If he fulfills his mission and accomplishes his allotted task, advises the community and records the revelation, codifies its interpretation and consolidates the holy law, clarifies its method and implements the traditional procedures and welds the community into one; if he does all that and then dies and passes away, those qualities will remain in the community as its heritage. If those qualities, or most of them, are united in one in his community, then he is the man suited to be his successor in his community after his death. But if it does not happen that those qualities are united in one man, but are scattered among all its members, and they speak with one voice and their hearts are united in love for each other, and they cooperate in supporting the faith, preserving the law and implementing the 276: 866:

they are neither definite nor preserved. The reason for the conservation of forms, genus and species in matter is fixity of their celestial cause because their efficient cause is the Universal Soul of the spheres instead of the change and continuous flux of individuals which is due to the variability of their cause”. This statement is supporting the concept that species and individuals are not static, and that when they change it is due to a new purpose given. In the Ikhwan doctrine there are similarities between that and the theory of evolution. Both believe that “the time of existence of terrestrial plants precedes that of animals, minerals precede plants, and organism adapt to their environment”, but asserts that everything exists for a purpose.

5645: 1262:, harmonious and co-ordinated view of the universe and life, its origin and destiny, formed out of many discordant, incoherent views; and it does claim to be a 'complete account of all things' - to contain, in epitome, all that was known at the time it was written. It refers to more profound and special treatises for fuller information on the several sciences it touches upon, but it does claim to touch on all sciences, all departments of knowledge, and to set forth their leading results. In effect, it is, by its own showing, a 'hand-encyclopedia of Arabian philosophy in the tenth century'. It is not easy to exaggerate the importance of this encyclopedia. Its value lies in its completeness, in its systematizing of the results of Persian study." 38: 496: 713:. The King arranged a series of debates between the humans and various representatives of the animals, such as the nightingale, the bee, and the jackal. The animals nearly defeat the humans, but an Arabian ends the series by pointing out that there was one way in which humans were superior to animals and so worthy of making animals their servants: they were the only ones Allah had offered the chance of eternal life to. The King was convinced by this argument, and granted his judgement to them, but strongly cautioned them that the same Qur'an that supported them also promised them hellfire should they mistreat their animals. 453:...to shun no science, scorn any book, or to cling fanatically to no single creed. For own creed encompasses all the others and comprehends all the sciences generally. This creed is the consideration of all existing things, both sensible and intelligible, from beginning to end, whether hidden or overt, manifest or obscure . . . in so far as they all derive from a single principle, a single cause, a single world, and a single Soul." - (from the 2024:"The world in relation to Allah is like the word in relation to him who speaks it, like light, or heat or numbers to the lantern, sun, hearth or the number One. The word, light, heat and number exist by their respective sources, but without the sources could neither exist nor persist in being. The existence of the world is thus determined by that of Allah..." Nasr (1964), pg 54-55 (based on "Dieterici, 2076:"But in spite of the anthropomorphic image of a Creator sitting on his Throne and looking down on his creation, the thought of the Sincere Brethren repeatedly breaks through the structures of traditional Islamic theology- a fact the numerous Qur'anic quotations (sometimes quite unrelated to the subject under discussion) barely disguise...." van Reijn (1945), pg 2088:"Isma'ilism developed a complex and rich theosophy which owed a great deal to Neoplatonism. In the 9th century, Greek-to-Arabic translations proliferated, first by the intermediary of Syriac then directly. The version of Plotinus' Enneads possessed by Muslims was modified with changes and paraphrases; it was wrongly attributed to Aristotle and called 1086:(Professor of Arabic in Berlin) translated the first 40 of the epistles into German; presumably, the remainder have since been translated. The "Island of Animals" have been translated several times in differing completion; the fifth risalah, on music, has been translated into English as have the 43rd through the 47th epistles. 648:, because of intertextual evidence: a number of the rasa'il claim that the total of rasa'il is 51. However, the 52nd risalah itself claims to be number 51 in one area, and number 52 in another, leading to the possibility that the Brethren's attraction for the number 51 (or 17 times 3; there were 17 rasa'il on 1964:

From pg 8 of Tibawi: "There is sufficient evidence in the tracts themselves to prove Isma'ili sympathies. Indeed, such sympathies have long been pointed out by Muslim authors, medieval and modern, who tried to turn sympathy into actual relationship. However, the balance of evidence tends to show that

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or interfaith dialogue. Their accumulation of knowledge was ordered towards the sublime goal of salvation. To use their own image, they perceived their Brotherhood, to which they invited others, as a "Ship of Salvation" that would float free from the sea of matter; the Ikhwan, with their doctrines of

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The first thing which the Creator produced and called into existence is a simple, spiritual, extremely perfect and excellent substance in which the form of all things is contained. This substance is called the Intellect. From this substance proceeds a second one which in hierarchy is below the first

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In this document some modern day scholars note that “chain of being described by the Ikhwan possess a temporal aspect which has led certain scholars to view that the authors of the Rasai’l believed in the modern theory of evolution”. According to the Rasa’il “But individuals are in perpetual flow;

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The Absolute Body is also a form in Prime Matter as we explained in the Chapter on Matter. Prime Matter is a spiritual form which emanated from the Universal Soul. The Universal Soul also is a spiritual form which emanated from the Universal Intellect which is the first thing the Creator Created."

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Know, O brother, that the scholars have said that all things are of two types, substances and accidents, and that all substances are of one kind and self-existent, while accidents are of nine kinds, present in the substances, and they are attributes of them. But the Creator may not be described as

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The text in the "Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity" describes biological diversity in a manner similar to the modern day theory of evolution. The contexts of such passages are interpreted differently by scholars. The Brethren view as a proof on pre-Darwinian evolution theory also has been

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potentially learn everything worth knowing and avoid the snares and delusion of this sinful world, eventually attaining to Paradise, Allah, and salvation, but unless they studied wise men and wise books - like their encyclopedia, whose sole purpose was to entice men to learn its knowledge and

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have provided many points of contention and have been a constant source of dispute among both Muslim and Western scholars. The identification of the authors, or possibly one author, the place and time of writing and propagation of their works, the nature of the secret brotherhood the outer

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The subject of the work is vast and ranges from mathematics, music, astronomy, and natural sciences, to ethics, politics, religion, and magic—all compiled for one, basic purpose, that learning is training for the soul and a preparation for its eventual life once freed from the body.

777:) in their three varieties of animals, minerals, and vegetables, for a total hierarchy of nine members. Furthermore, each member increased in subdivisions proportional to how far down in the hierarchy it was, for instance, Sphere, being number seven has the seven 944:

genders. It does not wither if all its branches are chopped but it dies when the head is cut off. The date-palm is therefore considered the highest among the trees and resembles the lowest among animals. Then is born the lowest of animals. It evolves into an

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is fairly unusual in this period of Arabic thought, characterised by fierce theological disputes; they refused to condemn rival schools of thought or religions, instead insisting that they be examined fairly and open-mindedly for what truth they may contain:

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possibly be saved - that possibility would never become an actuality. As Netton writes, "The magpie eclecticism with which they surveyed and utilized elements from the philosophies of Pythagoras, Plato, Aristotle and Plotinus, and religions such as

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in the Isma'ili mission in the Yemen, disclaims Isma'ili authorship of the work and instead attributes the treatises to the 'Alids." (Amusingly, V. A. Ivanov attributes sponsorship of the work to the 'Alids' enemies, the Fatimids, instead, in his

790:. Since they refused to accept transmigration, then the Platonic idea that all learning is "remembrance" and that man can never attain to complete knowledge whilst shackled in his body must be false; the Brethren's stance was rather that a person 1258:"The work only professes to be an epitome, an outline; its authors lay claim to no originality, they only summarize what others have thought and discovered. What they do lay claim to is system and completeness. The work does profess to contain a 702:

it sprinkled throughout the text; a particular one, the "Island of Animals" or the "Debate of Animals" (embedded within the 22nd rasa'il, titled "On How The Animals and their Kinds are Formed"), is one of the most popular animal fables in

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were not in fact written co-operatively by a group or consolidated notes from lectures and discussions, but were actually the work of a single person. Of course, if one accepts the longer time spans proposed for the composition of the

333:, Shahrazuri disclosed the names of those allegedly involved in the development of the work: Abu Sulayma Bisti, Muqaddasi, 'Ali ibn Harun, Zanjani, Muahmmad ibn Ahmad Narhruji, 'Awfi. All these people are according to Henry Corbin, 839:). From the Universal Soul proceeds another substance which is below the Soul and which is called Original Matter. The latter is transformed into the Absolute Body, that is, into Secondary Matter which has length, width and depth." 707:. The fable concerns how 70 men, nearly shipwrecked, discover an island where animals ruled, and began to settle on it. They oppressed and killed the animals, who unused to such harsh treatment, complained to the King (or Shah) of 1805:

cremate the bodies of the dead, but ignorant and cunning as they are, they do not do it for the reasons I have given. It would be proper to say that the term "sages" applies to only a few among them." van Reijn (1995), pages

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was an Isma'ili movement, or even a movement concerted with any of the contemporary agitation of the Shi'a." From page 9: "A glaring example of the Ikhwan's independence is their advocacy of the principle that the office of

1339:"But they produced this enormous encyclopaedia, and um, everybody read it and we know that it was widely read by mathematicians in Spain, and by philosophers in Spain. Most crucially of all, it was read by Muhyi-I-din - 17: 389:

is vast and ranges from mathematics, music, logic, astronomy, the physical and natural sciences, as well as exploring the nature of the soul and investigating associated matters in ethics, revelation, and spirituality.

1718:, 1946), says that "I would be inclined to think that this was a kind of camouflage story being circulated by the Ismailis to avoid the book being used as a proof of their orthodoxy. ". As quoted by Nasr (1964), pg 29. 1019:. It is an anecdote of a "prince who strays from his palace during his wedding feast and, drunk, spends the night in a cemetery, confusing a corpse with his bride. The story is used as a gnostic parable of the soul's 1974:

need not be hereditary, for they argue that if the desired good qualities are not found in one single person but scattered among a group, then the group and not the individual should be 'the lord of the time and the

1952:, an extremely important Islamic theologian, to make any mention of them. And other authors agree with this: "...the well-known modern Isma'ili scholar, H. F. al-Hamdani, although emphasizing the importance of the 851:

The materials of the work come chiefly from Aristotle, but they are conceived of in a Platonizing spirit, which places as the bond of all things a universal soul of the world with its partial or fragmentary

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that Spain produced, or indeed one of the most famous Sufis in the history of Islamic mysticism - er, he died in 1240. Er, he absorbed a lot of their ideas and he was in turn read by these ministers of the

999:. However Hamidullah's "Darwin was inspired by the Epistles of the Ihkwan al-Safa" theory sounds unlikely as Charles Darwin comes from an evolutionist family with his well-known physician grandfather, 816:

Another area in which the Brethren differed was in their conceptions of nature, in which they rejected the emanation of Forms that characterized Platonic philosophy for a quasi-Aristotelian system of

1801:"The Prophets and those of the Philosophers who have the right view...maintain that the body is only a prison of the soul, or a veil, an intermediary path or an isthmus...The sages of India called 441:

acceptance of reasoning in the work. Others, however, hold the Brethren to be "free-thinkers" who transcended sectarian divisions and were not bound by the doctrines of any specific creed.

1293:"It is probable that they have influenced some of the most prominent thinkers of Islam, such as al-Ghazzali (d. 1111A.D.) and Ibn al-Arabi (d. 1240 A.D.)." van Reijn (1995), pg. "v". 490: 1321:. From the number of manuscripts present in various libraries in the Muslim world, it must be considered among the most popular of Islamic works on learning." Nasr (1964), pg. 36 511:

are in four volumes); in order, they are: 14 on the Mathematical Sciences, 17 on the Natural Sciences, 10 on the Psychological and Rational Sciences, 11 on Theological Sciences.

5958: 5664: 1990:: "Know, O Brother, that if these qualities are united simultaneously in one human being, during one of the cycles of astral conjunctions, then that person is the Delegate ( 1067: 606: 1309:

were widely read by most learned men of later periods, including Ibn Sina and al-Ghazzali, have continued to be read up to our own times, and have been translated into

2535:, The Ismaili Society series; no. 1; Variation: Ismaili Society, Bombay; Ismaili Society series; no. 1., Bombay, Pub. for the Ismaili Society by Thacker, p. 197, 5948: 5938: 5653: 1937:." (pg 76) Indeed, the respect of some Ismaili was great indeed, some referring to it as "a Quran after the Quran" (Nasr, 1964, pg. 26). V. A. Ivanov remarks in his 526:

held that a man's life was divided into four sections, much like a year was divided into four seasons. The Brethren divided mathematics itself into four sections:

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1008), although Netton states Majriti could not have composed it, and that Yves Marquet concludes from a philological analysis of the vocabulary and style in his

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philosophy, in which each soul is an emanation, a fragment of a universal soul with which it will reunite at death; in turn, the universal soul will reunite with

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sometime around 10th century CE . While it is generally accepted that it was the group who authored at least the 52 rasa'il, the authorship of the "Summary" (

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has been widely translated, appearing not merely in its original Arabic, but in German, English, Persian, Turkish, and Hindustani. Although portions of the

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Idris 'Imad al-Din (d. 1468), Ahmad b. 'Abd Allah b. Muhammad b. Isma'il b. Ja'far al-Sadiq, the ninth imam and the second of the leaders of the Isma'ili

2816: 2004:, and bearing the community along the path of religion, then their dynasty will endure in this world and the outcome will be happy for them in the next." 612:: the ones, tens, hundreds, and thousands; there were four winds from the four directions (north, south, east, west); medicine concerned itself with the 5943: 1983:

as painful to those who hold it and the discredit of the significance of 'number seven' and those who believe in it as contrary to the Ikhwan's creed."

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Besides the fifty-odd epistles, there exists what claims to be overarching summary of the work, which is not counted in the 52, called "The Summary" (

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An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines: Conceptions of nature and methods used for its study by the Ihwan Al-Safa, Al-Biruni, and Ibn Sina

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Unsurprisingly, other authors have been proposed: "Between these two extremes there have been the views expressed over the centuries that the

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Traditions in Contact and Change: Selected Proceedings of the XIVth Congress of the International Association for the History of Religions

5918: 1818:"Ikhwan as-Safa and their Rasa'il: A Critical Review of a Century and a Half of Research", by A. L. Tibawi, as published in volume 2 of 5098: 3780: 2254:

Zirkle, Conway (April 25, 1941). "Natural Selection before the 'Origin of Species'". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society.

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remained mostly unknown to the Muslims by name. This latter work played a significant role in the development of Isma‘ilism." From the

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such relationship was a later development. There is as yet no proof that the formation of Ikhwan as-Safa and the publication of their

5785: 5060: 4931: 3646: 3295: 183:(or possibly later, in the 11th century). It had a great influence on later intellectual leading lights of the Muslim world, such as 2722: 2710: 2698: 1450: 2927: 2131: 691:

Like conventional Arabic Islamic works, the Epistles have no lack of time-worn honorifics and quotations from the Qur'an, but the

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Another possibility, suggested by Netton is that the veneration for four stems instead from the Brethren's great interest in the

5928: 2266: 757:), which emanated still further down through (and creating) the mundane hierarchy. The mundane hierarchy consisted of Nature ( 5847: 5538: 4480: 4230: 2922: 2899: 2681: 1667: 275: 364:

to first-person (for example, in Epistle 44, "The Doctrine of the Sincere Brethren"). This has led some to suggest that the

5953: 3639: 3005: 652:) is responsible for the confusion. Seyyed Hossein Nasr suggests that the origin of the preference for 17 stemmed from the 5644: 3255: 5923: 5005: 4184: 2655: 2101: 1945:, 1946), that "the work is accepted by the Isma'ili as belonging to their religion, and is still regarded as esoteric..." 1469:"Ibn al-Qifti, giving his own view, considers the Ikhwan as followers of the school of the Mu'tazilah...Ibn Tamiyah, the 257:

Turn from the sleep of negligence and the slumber of ignorance, for the world is a house of delusion and tribulations. –

641:, to whom the number four was sacred); that hermetic tradition's magical lore was the main subject of the 51st rasa'il. 5625: 5589: 5442: 4974: 4367: 4129: 3229: 3163: 1119: 5564: 4301: 5093: 5044: 2571: 2519: 2500: 2332: 2140: 1882: 1847: 1566: 1538: 1413: 644:

Netton mentions that there are suggestions that the 52nd risalah (on talismans and magic) is a later addition to the

1048:(edited by Khayr al-din al-Zarkali with introductions by Tāha Ḥusayn and Aḥmad Zakī Pasha, in 4 volumes, Cairo 1928) 5584: 5507: 4331: 4321: 2782: 2731: 465:

In total, they cover most of the areas an educated person was expected to understand in that era. The epistles (or

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and other aspects of Ismailian theology, in addition to the lack of solid evidence in favor of such a hypothesis.

1710:"Not everyone accepts the contemporary evidence that gives the Brethren as inhabitants of Basra. V. A. Ivanov, in 1365: 507:. The 52 rasa'il are subdivided into four sections, sometimes called books (indeed, some complete editions of the 322:). Since style of the text is plain, and there are numerous ambiguities, due to language and vocabulary, often of 5868: 3010: 2663: 1066:

were translated into English as early as 1812, with the Rev. T. Thomason's prose English introduction to Shaikh

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But there are more reasons to reject an identification of the Brethren with Isma'ili, such as the failure of

1003:, author of the poem The Origin of Society on evolution, was one of the leading Enlightenment evolutionists. 980:. The one higher to angels is indeed none but God. Everything begins from Him and everything returns to Him." 672: 481:. The epistles are intended to transmit right knowledge, leading to harmony with the universe and happiness. 2243:

The Emergence of Islam: Lectures on the Development of Islamic World-view, Intellectual Tradition and Polity

1889:(d. 1328) asserted that the doctrines of the Brethren were exactly identical to the Ismaili's in one of his 1225:

Both the editors' approach to the project and the quality of its English translations have been criticized.

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More metaphysical were the four ranks (or "spiritual principles"), which apparently were an elaboration of

5083: 3729: 495: 5800: 4920: 4799: 4673: 3719: 3115: 2907: 2889: 2842: 2821: 2775: 215: 210:, a prominent 15th-century Isma'ili missionary in Yemen, credited the authorship of the encyclopedia to 5770: 5749: 5497: 5467: 5244: 5158: 4174: 4164: 3785: 3675: 3407: 3188: 2720:

The Institute of Ismaili Studies gallery of images of manuscripts of the Rasa’il of the Ikhwan al-Safa’

2275: 1783: 787: 5123: 3795: 2732:"Beastly Colloquies: Of Plagiarism and Pluralism in Two Medieval Disputations Between Animals and Men" 2696:"The Classification of the Sciences according to the Rasa'il Ikhwan al-Safa'" by Godefroid de Callataÿ 2644: 1477:, who are as far removed from the rationalists as any group to be found in Islam." Nasr (1964), pg 26. 844: 5452: 5204: 4441: 4022: 3906: 3612: 3422: 1772:(Summer 2012 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), First published April 22, 2008; Retrieved May 12, 2012. 812:

mutual cooperation, asceticism, and righteous living, would reach the gates of Paradise in its care."

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The division into four sections is no accident; the number four held great importance in Neoplatonic

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This is not to say that there aren't some suggestive links between the Brethren and the Isma'ili.

270: 5892: 5887: 5877: 5184: 5179: 4260: 4209: 3871: 3861: 3800: 3239: 3148: 3071: 2741: 1949: 1744: 1098: 2436:, edited by the Institute of Ismaili Studies: When the edition of a book can be its destruction" 1586: 567: 5816: 5492: 5477: 5411: 5340: 4678: 4638: 4452: 4393: 4352: 4179: 4159: 4078: 3956: 3572: 3522: 3517: 3483: 3351: 3178: 3168: 3000: 2387: 2184:"Old Texts, New Masks: A Critical Review of Misreading Evolution Onto Historical Islamic Texts" 796: 2753: 1399: 786:

Not all Pythagorean doctrines were followed, however. The Brethren argued strenuously against

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Double-leaf frontispiece from the "Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity". Baghdad, 1287.

219: 3631: 2579:"Notices of some copies of the Arabic work entitled "Rasàyil Ikhwàm al-cafâ"", written by 8: 5765: 5692: 5214: 5118: 4905: 4744: 4724: 4658: 4643: 4514: 4473: 4194: 4169: 3856: 3775: 3547: 3478: 3458: 3417: 2894: 2859: 2744:- (by Eloise Hart; covers various small scholarly groups influential in the Arabic world) 2719: 2707: 2695: 2472: 2238: 1473:

jurist, on the other hand, tends towards the other extreme in relating the Ikhwan to the

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Ikhwan as-Safa and their Rasa'il: A Critical Review of a Century and a Half of Research

2457: 2287: 2059: 1839: 1677: 1640: 1284:- these and many secondary questions have remained without answer." Nasr (1964), pg 25. 1263: 361: 342: 312: 296: 233:

Some suggest that besides Isma'ilism, the Brethren of Purity also contains elements of

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Compare this extract from one of the later rasa'il Netton provides on pg 102 of his

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Ikhwan as-Safa'. (2007). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved April 25, 2007, from

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have not been conclusively established, though the work has been mostly linked with

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Ismaili, though this may be unlikely because of their very lukewarm embrace of the

1314: 1310: 1090: 1079: 984: 817: 469:) generally increase in abstractness, finally dealing with the Brethren's somewhat 398: 356:

Further perplexities abound; the use of pronouns for the authorial "sender" of the

323: 211: 560:. The fours did not cease there- the Brethren observed that four was crucial to a 5881: 5873: 5780: 5533: 5396: 5315: 5199: 4915: 4849: 4613: 4568: 4098: 3972: 3941: 3891: 3876: 3704: 3582: 3577: 3532: 2993: 2978: 2973: 2726: 2714: 2702: 2264:

Hamori, Andras (1971), "An Allegory from the Arabian Nights: The City of Brass",

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The Epistles of the Sincere Brethren: an annotated translation of Epistles 43-47

1024: 5713: 5685: 5426: 5325: 5320: 5269: 5138: 5108: 4759: 4734: 4520: 4383: 4037: 4012: 3997: 3982: 3946: 3815: 3512: 3488: 3468: 3448: 2983: 2864: 2627: 2616:("The philosophy of the Brethren of Purity"), Yves Marquet, 1975. Published in 2580: 1386: 1349: 1110: 1106: 1000: 992: 913: 238: 2514:, vol. 1 (1st ed.), Edinburgh, England: Edinburgh University Press, 2512:

Muslim Neoplatonists: An Introduction to the Thought of the Brethren of Purity

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Muslim Neoplatonists: An Introduction to the Thought of the Brethren of Purity

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Complete editions of the encyclopedia have been printed at least three times:

683:(1975) that it had to have been composed at the same time as the main corpus. 5912: 5528: 5447: 5088: 4879: 4789: 4663: 4533: 4526: 4225: 4093: 4007: 3402: 3326: 3300: 3234: 2757: 2674: 2055: 1863: 1636: 1353: 1275:"Having been hidden within the cloak of secrecy from its very inception, the 1109:. This series began in 2008 with an introductory volume of studies edited by 1020: 950: 671:) which exists in two versions. It has been claimed to have been the work of 519: 334: 203: 5401: 4068: 2747: 2685: 1696: 5559: 5375: 5133: 4709: 4603: 4316: 4250: 4103: 3846: 3810: 3592: 3537: 3361: 3290: 3046: 3031: 2869: 2708:

The Institute of Ismaili Studies article on the Brethren, by Nader El-Bizri

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notes in his "The cosmology of the pre-Fatimid Isma'iliyya" (as printed in

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Iqbal, Muzaffar Islam and Science (Great Britain: MPG Books Ltd, 1988) 117

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Epistles of the Brethren of Purity. The Ikhwan al-Safa' and their Rasa'il

2550:, by A. L. Tibawi, published in volume 2 of The Islamic Quarterly in 1955 2208:

Nasr (1992) p71: Der Darwinisimuseim X and XI Jarhhundert (Leipzig, 1878)

1979:. More surprising still is the denouncement of the belief in a concealed 1894: 1736: 1179:(ed. trans. I. Poonawala, G. de Callatay, P. Walker, D. Simonowitz, 2015) 957:. The Muslim thinkers state that ape then evolved into a lower kind of a 696: 445: 418: 246: 176: 2650: 2063: 2039: 1644: 1620: 1447:, Vol. I, p. 118-119, Routledge (New York-London, 2006). Retrieved from 5579: 5406: 5279: 5249: 5224: 5219: 4829: 4819: 4809: 4714: 4694: 4618: 4286: 4235: 4073: 4063: 3901: 3896: 3881: 3382: 3285: 3204: 3119: 2963: 1870: 991:

were available from 1812, hence this work may have had an influence on

925: 621: 531: 527: 523: 515: 422: 377:

was written by a separate person, sole authorship would be impossible.

242: 192: 180: 2097: 1662:. New Delhi 110 002: Monahar Publishers $ Distributors. p. 141. 1609:, Dar Sadir, 1957). A complete untranslated edition of the 52 rasa'il. 18:

Ikhwan al-Safa wa Khullan al-Wafa wa Ahl al-Hamd wa Abna' al-Majd

5574: 5462: 5330: 5289: 5239: 5194: 5189: 5113: 4864: 4804: 4583: 4362: 4306: 3977: 3911: 3886: 3770: 3443: 3331: 3265: 3209: 3158: 3026: 2968: 2958: 2767: 1340: 996: 958: 933: 873: 847:

described the mingling of Neoplatonism and Aristotelianism this way:

808: 738: 725:' triad of Thought, Soul, and the One, known to the Brethren through 539: 470: 414: 410: 402: 184: 2479:, Boston, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2183: 1893:. Halm further notes that Paul Casanova had shown that the infamous 1788:(Fall 2016 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 737:

in Arabic, modified with changes and paraphrases, and attributed to

46:

i.e. the "Epistles of the Brethren of Purity". Copy created in late

5345: 5284: 5103: 4889: 4859: 4824: 4814: 4754: 4573: 4088: 4058: 4002: 3936: 3926: 3851: 3765: 3280: 3219: 3214: 3138: 3036: 2596:"Abū Ḥayyan Al-Tawḥīdī and The Brethren of Purity", Abbas Hamdani. 2588: 2466:(1st ed.), Beirut: Khayat Book & Publishing Company S.A.L. 1474: 1239: 1071: 804: 722: 549: 544: 504: 164: 499:

Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity (detail). Baghdad, 1287 CE.

5790: 4794: 4784: 4719: 4668: 4608: 4598: 4563: 3921: 3061: 3041: 2912: 2831: 2617: 2320: 1910: 1802: 1749: 1470: 973: 909: 800: 733: 653: 561: 535: 478: 430: 2484: 1933:

residing in Salamiyya, is explicitly named as the author as the

5665:

The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing

4769: 4764: 3091: 2932: 2540: 2316: 2217:

See Nasr (1992) p72 wherein the text has been quoted from Carra

2156: 2117: 2000: 1942: 1740: 1715: 1606: 1561:, Wilfrid Laurier University Press, January 2006, p. 448, 1465: 1463: 941: 901: 897: 893: 778: 709: 638: 553: 434: 234: 2410:"Epistles of the Brethren of Purity - Oxford University Press" 2345:

The Case of the Animals Versus Man Before the King of The Jinn

1120:

The Case of the Animals versus Man Before the King of the Jinn

916:

developed in course of time. Their highest form being mirjan (

360:

is not consistent, with the writer occasionally slipping from

5059: 4834: 4699: 4623: 3096: 3086: 3081: 3051: 2323:

between 1865 and 1872; bibliographic information courtesy of

1914: 1902: 1890: 977: 969: 965: 917: 905: 704: 699: 557: 491:

List of rasa'il in the Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity

474: 426: 406: 346: 300: 2564:

The Island of Animals / Khemir, Sabiha; (Illustrator - Ill.)

1460: 3661: 3427: 3321: 3076: 3066: 3056: 2879: 1344: 937: 929: 921: 350: 304: 1905:

even made use of it. Other sects apparently drew upon the

1070:'s Arabic edition of the "Debate of Animals" published in 920:). It is a stone which has in it branches like those of a 825:

either accident or substance, for He is their Creator and

556:, naturally; and the fourth and last division was that of 5727: 4492: 2748:"Ikhwanus Safa: A Rational and Liberal Approach to Islam" 2735: 2429: 2009: 1373: 1252: 961: 946: 889: 2168:

from page 52 (whose translation is based on "Dieterici,

900:

for development. Matter, therefore, adopted the form of

2360:, Amnon Shiloah. Published by Tel-Aviv University, 1978 2337: 145:, Rasā'il Ikhwān al-ṣafā') also variously known as the 5959:

Philosophical literature of the medieval Islamic world

5700:

Book on the Measurement of Plane and Spherical Figures

2350: 2267:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

1489: 2440:

Mélanges de l'Institut dominicain d'études orientales

2070: 1301: 1299: 1144:(eds. trans. G. de Callatay & B. Halflants, 2011) 570: 315:

but this has been disproved by Yves Marquet (see the

2690:

La philosophie des Ihwan al-Safa': de Dieu a l'homme

2245:, p. 143-144. Islamic Research Institute, Islamabad. 953:

states and this is precisely what is written in the

949:. This is not the statement of Darwin. This is what 932:

which bears the qualities of an animal. This is the

843:

The 14th edition (EB-2:187a; 14th Ed., 1930) of the

160:

Epistles of the Brethren of Purity and Loyal Friends

2248: 1405:

The Biographical Encyclopedia of Islamic Philosophy

1097:, with English commentaries, is being published by 2620:by the Société Nationale d'Édition et de Diffusion 1782:Baffioni, Carmela (2016). Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). 1485: 1483: 1296: 600: 329:Some philosophers and historians such as Tawhidi, 311:) is uncertain; it has been ascribed to the later 2566:, Austin: University of Texas Press, p. 76, 2313:Die Philosophie der Araber im zehnten Jahrhundert 1360:, both of whom had strong, mystical tendencies." 5949:Mathematical works of the medieval Islamic world 5939:Astronomical works of the medieval Islamic world 5910: 3114: 2468:; based on Dieterici's outline and translations. 976:. He evolves into a higher stage and becomes an 928:. The evolution of vegetation culminates with a 608:; numbers themselves were broken down into four 179:sometime in the second half of the 10th century 2162: 2018: 1721: 1480: 1436: 1434: 1432: 908:in due time. The next stage of development was 187:, and was transmitted as far abroad within the 2561: 1830: 1828: 1814: 1812: 1445:Medieval Islamic Civilization, an Encyclopedia 1165:(ed. trans. I Sanchez and J. Montgomery, 2014) 245:and others. Some scholars present the work as 198:The identity and period of the authors of the 5045: 3647: 2783: 2754:"Mark Swaney on the History of Magic Squares" 2495:, vol. 1 (1st ed.), Minerva Press, 2234: 2232: 1797: 1795: 1333: 1287: 1269: 2598:International Journal of Middle East Studies 2129:volume 4, pg 685-688 of the 1998 edition of 2106: 2082: 2037: 1961:, London 1933) From pg 26-27 of Nasr (1964). 1618: 1598: 1596: 1533:, Gyan Publishing House, 2001, p. 159, 1510:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1429: 1184:Sciences of the Soul and Intellect, Part III 1172:(ed. trans. J. F. Ragep and T. Mimura, 2015) 1030: 2306: 2181: 1909:as well: "The theological treatises of the 1825: 1809: 5052: 5038: 3654: 3640: 2790: 2776: 2456: 2363: 2358:The epistle on music of the Ikhwan al-Safa 2327:, by Eric Van Reijn, 1945, Minerva Press, 2229: 1792: 1704: 1177:Sciences of the Soul and Intellect, Part I 1123:(eds. trans. L. Goodman & R. McGregor) 316: 36: 5944:Scientific works of the Abbasid Caliphate 5786:Constantinople observatory of Taqi ad-Din 5061:Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world 2490: 1753:s, or "missionaries"." Nasr (1964), pg 26 1593: 1551: 1549: 1523: 1521: 1207:(Abbas Hamdani and Abdallah Soufan, 2019) 1113:, and continued with the publication of: 1093:and annotated English translation of the 616:, and natural philosophers with the four 437:influences in the religious content, and 299:" a group of unknown scholars placed in 259:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Sincerity 2630:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008). 2585:Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 2132:The Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy 1781: 745:) emanated down to Universal Intellect ( 503:Organizationally, it is divided into 52 494: 274: 3663:Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world 1785:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 1769:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 1042:(edited by Wilayat Husayn, Bombay 1888) 429:schools of thought. Scholars have seen 373:, or the simpler possibility that each 295:is usually ascribed to the mysterious " 31:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity 14: 5911: 5707:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity 4460:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity 3806:Khalid ibn Abd al‐Malik al‐Marwarrudhi 2797: 2742:"Pages of Medieval Mideastern History" 2666:- (general encyclopedia-style article) 2527: 2509: 2434:The Epistles of the Brethren of Purity 2263: 1546: 1518: 1397: 1089:As of 2021, the first complete Arabic 1013:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity 989:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity 878:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity 459:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity 134:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity 5033: 4481:The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries 4419: 3673: 3635: 3113: 2771: 1875:Medieval Isma'ili History and Thought 1699:Routledge Encyclopaedia of Philosophy 1657: 1280:manifestation of which comprises the 148:Epistles of the Brethren of Sincerity 93:Philosophy, Science, Ethics, Religion 5934:Reference works in the public domain 4430: 2471: 2325:The Epistles of the Sincere Brethren 2172:, p. 15. R., II 4f") of Nasr (1964). 1858:Some have claimed that the Brethren 1842:, 1991. Edinburgh University Press, 1082:does not exist as of 2006, although 662: 271:Brethren of Purity § Identities 2675:"Ikhwan al-Safa by Omar A. Farrukh" 2656:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 2102:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 1054:(4 volumes, Beirut: Dār Ṣādir 1957) 142: 76:رسائل إخوان الصفاء وخِلَّان الوفاءا 24: 5919:10th-century Arabic-language books 2604: 2430:Guillaume de Vaulx d’Arcy (2019). 2380:"The Institute of Ismaili Studies" 1917:contain ample quotations from the 835:and is called the Universal Soul ( 154:Epistles of the Brethren of Purity 25: 5985: 2634: 2614:La philosophie des Ihwan al-Safa' 2533:The Alleged Founder of Ismailism. 1939:The Alleged Founders of Ismailism 1712:The Alleged Founders of Ismailism 773:), and the Beings of this world ( 163:is an Islamic encyclopedia in 52 5643: 3687: 2557:, vol. 4, Beirut: Dar Sadir 1443:, Nader El-Bizri, an article in 1105:. The series' General Editor is 1074:, a complete translation of the 1023:and return from its terrestrial 681:La Philosophie des Ihwan al-Safa 4185:Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al‐Farisi 3674: 2423: 2402: 2372: 2297: 2257: 2220: 2211: 2202: 2175: 2145: 2123: 2031: 1901:and that their missionaries in 1852: 1775: 1756: 1690: 1651: 1612: 1574: 695:is also famous for some of the 522:and for being even. Reputedly, 484: 4674:Schema for horizontal sundials 4190:Abu Ali al-Hasan al-Marrakushi 3715:Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī 2679:A History of Muslim Philosophy 2583:, originally published by the 2562:Johnson-Davies, Denys (1994), 2038:Ettinghausen, Richard (1959). 1619:Ettinghausen, Richard (1959). 1391: 1387:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 1379: 1366:"In the Footsteps of Muhammad" 1324: 1158:(ed. trans. C. Baffioni, 2013) 1151:(ed. trans. N. El-Bizri, 2012) 1137:(ed. trans. C. Baffioni, 2010) 882:The Epistles of Ikhwan al-Safa 807:, was not an early attempt at 393:Its philosophical outlook was 13: 1: 5929:Arabic-language encyclopedias 5679:Principles of Hindu Reckoning 3563:Gholamhossein Ebrahimi Dinani 3553:Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas 3144:Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari 2450: 2315:, F. Dieterici, published in 2092:of Aristotle, since Plotinus 1994:) and the Master of the Age ( 1959:A Guide to Ismaili Literature 1425:– via books.google.com. 1219:On Life, Death, and Languages 1101:in association with London's 1006: 924:. After mineral life evolves 862:criticized by some scholars. 753:), and through Prime Matter ( 716: 264: 51: 42:Manuscript of the Brethren's 4932:Constantinople (Taqi al-Din) 3230:Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi 2529:Ivanov, Valdimir Alekseevich 2510:Netton, Ian Richard (1991), 2182:Ahmed Malik, Shoaib (2019). 1885:) that the Sunni theologian 1877:, ed. Farhad Daftary, 1996, 1398:Leaman, Oliver, ed. (2015). 1130:(ed. trans. O. Wright, 2010) 1103:Institute of Ismaili Studies 964:. He then became a superior 856: 659:'s numerological symbolism. 171:) written by the mysterious 7: 5954:Islamic philosophical texts 5869:Hindu–Arabic numeral system 5801:University of al-Qarawiyyin 4921:University of al-Qarawiyyin 4125:Ibn al-Banna' al-Marrakushi 2756:-(includes a discussion of 2170:Die Lehre von der Weltseele 2040:"On Some Mongol Miniatures" 2026:Die Lehre von der Weltseele 1660:Imamology in Ismaili Gnosis 1658:Diana, Steigerwald (2015). 1621:"On Some Mongol Miniatures" 1228: 1198:On Composition and the Arts 1191:On Companionship and Belief 904:which assumed the shape of 749:), then to Universal Soul ( 380: 10: 5990: 5924:10th-century encyclopedias 5771:Al-Mustansiriya University 5750:Islamic geometric patterns 5498:Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi 4420: 4165:Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi 3508:Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei 3408:Qadi Mir Husayn al-Maybudi 3322:Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi 2750:- (by Asghar Ali Engineer) 2276:Cambridge University Press 1530:Rational Approach to Islam 955:Epistles of Ikhwan al-Safa 788:transmigration of the soul 601:{\displaystyle 1+2+3+4=10} 488: 397:and it tried to integrate 385:The subject matter of the 268: 27:Book by Brethren of Purity 5861: 5835: 5809: 5758: 5737: 5652: 5641: 5608: 5552: 5516: 5435: 5389: 5308: 5172: 5076: 5067: 5006:Medieval European science 4988: 4957: 4898: 4687: 4554: 4490: 4437: 4426: 4415: 4376: 4340: 4279: 4266:Sadr al-Shari'a al-Asghar 4218: 4117: 4046: 4023:Ibrahim ibn Said al-Sahli 3965: 3834: 3738: 3697: 3686: 3682: 3669: 3497: 3436: 3370: 3309: 3256:Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī 3248: 3197: 3131: 3127: 3109: 3019: 2944: 2809: 2805: 2670:The Rasail Ikhwan as-Safa 2284:10.1017/S0041977X00141540 1834:From the introduction of 1408:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 1068:Ahmad b. Muhammed Shurwan 1031:Editions and translations 912:life. Different kinds of 728:The Theology of Aristotle 637:(identified with the god 121: 113: 105: 97: 89: 81: 71: 61: 35: 5524:Nizam al-Din al-Nisapuri 5483:Muhyi al-Din al-Maghribi 4256:Nizam al-Din al-Nisapuri 4150:Muhyi al-Din al-Maghribi 3791:Ali ibn Isa al-Asturlabi 2491:Van Reijn, Eric (1995), 2343:Such as L. E. Goodman's 2241:and Afzal Iqbal (1993), 1682:: CS1 maint: location ( 1492:"The Brethren Of Purity" 1490:Isma'ili, Yezidi, Sufi. 1330:Van Reijn (1945), pg "v" 1245: 1214:(Wilferd Madelung, 2019) 1011:The 48th epistle of the 731:(a version of Plotinus' 686: 337:Other scholars, such as 226:at the beginning of the 5893:History of trigonometry 5888:Trigonometric functions 5882:Western Arabic numerals 5878:Eastern Arabic numerals 5443:Ibn al‐Ha'im al‐Ishbili 4358:Baha' al-din al-'Amili 4332:'Abd al-'Aziz al-Wafa'i 4210:Fakhr al-Din al-Akhlati 4130:Ibn al‐Ha'im al‐Ishbili 3240:Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani 3189:Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani 3149:Abu al-Abbas Iranshahri 2645:Encyclopædia Britannica 2555:Rasa'il Ikhwan al-Safa' 2506:; a partial translation 2153:Rasa'il Ikhwan al-Safa' 2114:Rasa'il Ikhwan al-Safa' 1950:Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani 1919:Rasa'il Ikhwan al-Safa' 1603:Rasa'il Ikhwan al-Safa' 1266:(1883), pages 190, 191. 1149:Arithmetic and Geometry 1099:Oxford University Press 1095:Rasa’il Ikhwan al-Safa’ 1052:Rasā'il Ikhwān al-Ṣafā' 1046:Rasā'il Ikhwān al-Ṣafā' 872:describes the ideas on 845:Encyclopædia Britannica 741:); first, the Creator ( 5817:Babylonian mathematics 5508:Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī 5493:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi 5488:al-Hasan al-Marrakushi 5412:Al-Samawal al-Maghribi 5341:Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi 5084:'Abd al-Hamīd ibn Turk 4639:Navigational astrolabe 4394:Al Achsasi al Mouakket 4160:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi 4079:Al-Samawal al-Maghribi 4028:Ibn Mu'adh al-Jayyani 3957:Abu al-Hasan al-Ahwazi 3573:Mohammed Abed al-Jabri 3523:Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr 3484:Shah Waliullah Dehlawi 3352:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi 3179:Abu Sulayman Sijistani 3001:Transcendent theosophy 2112:pg 234-235 of vol. 3, 1747:, or various Isma'ili 1343:, er, the most famous 1200:(Nader El-Bizri, 2018) 982: 854: 841: 831: 814: 797:Nestorian Christianity 769:), the Four Elements ( 761:), the Absolute Body ( 602: 500: 463: 288: 262: 5843:Byzantine mathematics 5631:Ibn Hamza al-Maghribi 5458:Alam al-Din al-Hanafi 5422:Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi 4975:Hellenistic astronomy 4946:Samarkand (Ulugh Beg) 4740:Deferent and epicycle 4140:Alam al-Din al-Hanafi 4109:Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi 3751:Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi 3357:Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi 2432:"Bulletin critique ‒ 2412:. oup.com. 2008-12-04 1820:The Islamic Quarterly 1040:Kitāb Ikhwān al-Ṣafā' 1015:features a fictional 995:and his inception of 968:being. Man becomes a 896:and invested it with 886: 849: 832: 822: 783: 603: 498: 489:Further information: 461:; Rasa'il IV, pg 52) 451: 403:dialectical reasoning 278: 255: 5848:European mathematics 5796:Maragheh observatory 5621:Muhammad Baqir Yazdi 5600:Ibn Ghazi al-Miknasi 5473:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi 5381:Muhammad al-Baghdadi 4965:Babylonian astronomy 4780:Gravitational energy 4155:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi 4145:Najm al‐Din al‐Misri 3826:Yahya ibn Abi Mansur 3725:Mashallah ibn Athari 3710:Al-Fadl ibn Naubakht 3588:Reza Davari Ardakani 3464:Abd al-Razzaq Lahiji 3398:Sadr ad-Din Dashtaki 3347:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi 3261:Afdal al-Din Kashani 2473:Nasr, Seyyed Hossein 2135:; ed. Edward Craig, 1988:Muslim Neoplatonists 1897:had approved of the 1745:Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq 1590:. December 15, 1998. 1587:Encyclopædia Iranica 1212:On God and the World 987:translations of the 669:al-Risalat al-Jami'a 568: 552:was associated with 401:(and especially the 353:nature of the work. 309:al-Risalat al-Jami'a 285:MSS Esad Efendi 3636 44:Kitab Ikhwan al-Safa 5974:Hermes Trismegistus 5964:Asian encyclopedias 5766:Al-Azhar University 5693:The Book of Healing 5099:Al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf 4906:Al-Azhar University 4725:Celestial mechanics 4515:Book of Fixed Stars 4474:The Book of Healing 4453:Aja'ib al-Makhluqat 4195:Ibn Ishaq al-Tunisi 4170:Zakariya al-Qazwini 3781:Al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf 3776:Abu Hanifa Dinawari 3548:Seyyed Hossein Nasr 3469:Mujaddid Alf-i-Sani 3459:Mohsen Fayz Kashani 3418:Sayyid Haydar Amuli 2928:Medieval psychology 2900:Natural philosophy 2692:by F. W. Zimmermann 2600:, 9 (1978), 345-353 2463:Studies in a Mosque 2458:Lane-Poole, Stanley 2356:van Reijn (1945) - 2239:Muhammad Hamidullah 1822:in 1955; pgs. 28-46 1762:Baffioni, Carmela. 1221:(Eric Ormsby, 2021) 1084:Friedrich Dieterici 870:Muhammad Hamidullah 837:al-nafs al-kullīyah 635:Hermes Trismegistus 610:orders of magnitude 530:was Pythagoras and 281:Süleymaniye Library 72:Original title 55: 17th century 32: 5898:History of algebra 5853:Indian mathematics 5827:Indian mathematics 5776:House of Knowledge 5230:Brethren of Purity 5124:Banū Mūsā brothers 4970:Egyptian astronomy 4911:House of Knowledge 4589:Astronomical clock 4399:Muhammad al-Rudani 3796:Banū Mūsā brothers 3746:Abu Ali al-Khayyat 3558:Abdolkarim Soroush 3403:Aziz Mahmud Hudayi 3317:Hajji Bektash Wali 2853:medieval astronomy 2799:Islamic philosophy 2725:2014-10-15 at the 2713:2014-05-29 at the 2701:2013-05-12 at the 2688:of Yves Marquet's 2190:. pp. 515–518 2159:, Dar Sadir, 1957) 2120:, Dar Sadir, 1957) 1840:Ian Richard Netton 1733:'Ali ibn Abi Talib 1453:2014-05-29 at the 1441:Brethren of Purity 1264:Stanley Lane-Poole 598: 518:, being the first 501: 343:Abdul Latif Tibawi 297:Brethren of Purity 291:Authorship of the 289: 228:Islamic Golden Age 222:in the era of the 173:Brethren of Purity 66:Brethren of Purity 30: 5906: 5905: 5822:Greek mathematics 5745:Alhazen's problem 5639: 5638: 5260:Ibrahim ibn Sinan 5210:Sinān ibn al-Fatḥ 5027: 5026: 5023: 5022: 5019: 5018: 5001:Chinese astronomy 4996:Byzantine science 4870:Temporal finitism 4800:Islamic cosmology 4730:Celestial spheres 4550: 4549: 4442:Arabic star names 4411: 4410: 4407: 4406: 4271:Fathullah Shirazi 4205:Al-Ashraf Umar II 3917:Ibrahim ibn Sinan 3720:Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī 3629: 3628: 3625: 3624: 3621: 3620: 3474:Rajab Ali Tabrizi 3413:Mahmud Shabistari 3393:Jalaladdin Davani 3342:Nasir al-Din Tusi 3164:Abu Hatim al-Razi 3105: 3104: 2651:"Ikhwan al-Safa'" 2390:on 25 August 2012 2044:Kunst des Orients 2028:, R., III, 319.") 1764:"Ikhwân al-Safâ’" 1697:Ikhwan al-Safa', 1669:978-93-5098-081-1 1625:Kunst des Orients 1400:"Ikhwan al-Safa'" 763:al-Jism al-Mutlaq 663:Risalat al-Jami'a 630:Corpus Hermeticum 318:Risalat al-Jami'a 224:Abbasid Caliphate 216:9th Isma'ili Imam 208:Idris Imad al-Din 143:رسائل إخوان الصفا 129: 128: 114:Publication place 16:(Redirected from 5981: 5721:Tabula Rogeriana 5647: 5595:Sibt al-Maridini 5255:Sinan ibn Thabit 5164:Abu Said Gorgani 5154:Thābit ibn Qurra 5144:Ishaq ibn Hunayn 5129:Hunayn ibn Ishaq 5074: 5073: 5054: 5047: 5040: 5031: 5030: 5011:Indian astronomy 4980:Indian astronomy 4948: 4941: 4934: 4855:Sublunary sphere 4845:Specific gravity 4745:Earth's rotation 4634:Mural instrument 4579:Armillary sphere 4502:Alfonsine tables 4467:Tabula Rogeriana 4447:Islamic calendar 4435: 4434: 4428: 4427: 4417: 4416: 4312:Sibt al-Maridini 4297:Jamshid al-Kashi 4018:Said al-Andalusi 3821:Thābit ibn Qurra 3756:Abu Said Gorgani 3730:Yaʿqūb ibn Ṭāriq 3684: 3683: 3671: 3670: 3656: 3649: 3642: 3633: 3632: 3603:Hasanzadeh Amoli 3598:Mostafa Malekian 3568:Taha Abdurrahman 3543:Ismail al-Faruqi 3501: 3423:Dawūd al-Qayṣarī 3154:Abu Bakr al-Razi 3129: 3128: 3111: 3110: 2936: 2923:Medieval science 2918: 2903: 2885: 2875: 2838: 2827: 2807: 2806: 2792: 2785: 2778: 2769: 2768: 2660: 2612: 2576: 2558: 2544: 2524: 2505: 2487: 2467: 2444: 2443: 2427: 2421: 2420: 2418: 2417: 2406: 2400: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2386:. Archived from 2376: 2370: 2369:van Reijn (1995) 2367: 2361: 2354: 2348: 2347:, in Boston 1978 2341: 2335: 2310: 2304: 2301: 2295: 2294: 2261: 2255: 2252: 2246: 2236: 2227: 2224: 2218: 2215: 2209: 2206: 2200: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2179: 2173: 2166: 2160: 2151:pg 41 of vol 1, 2149: 2143: 2127: 2121: 2110: 2104: 2086: 2080: 2074: 2068: 2067: 2035: 2029: 2022: 2016: 2013: 2007: 1925:by the Yemenite 1913:Ismailis of the 1856: 1850: 1832: 1823: 1816: 1807: 1799: 1790: 1789: 1779: 1773: 1760: 1754: 1731:were written by 1725: 1719: 1708: 1702: 1694: 1688: 1687: 1681: 1673: 1655: 1649: 1648: 1616: 1610: 1600: 1591: 1582:"EḴWĀN AL-ṢAFĀʾ" 1580:Walker, Paul E. 1578: 1572: 1571: 1553: 1544: 1543: 1525: 1516: 1515: 1509: 1501: 1499: 1498: 1487: 1478: 1467: 1458: 1438: 1427: 1426: 1424: 1422: 1395: 1389: 1383: 1377: 1337: 1331: 1328: 1322: 1303: 1294: 1291: 1285: 1273: 1267: 1256: 1217:Epistles 29–31: 1210:Epistles 49–51: 1189:Epistles 43–45: 1182:Epistles 39–41: 1175:Epistles 32–36: 1156:Natural Sciences 1154:Epistles 15–21: 1142:On Magic, Part I 1133:Epistles 10–15: 1091:critical edition 1017:Arabic narrative 781:as its members. 755:al-Hayūlā al-Ūlā 747:al-'Aql al-Kullī 657:Jābir ibn Hayyān 650:natural sciences 607: 605: 604: 599: 444:Their unabashed 399:Greek philosophy 345:have asserted a 212:Muhammad al-Taqi 144: 56: 53: 40: 33: 29: 21: 5989: 5988: 5984: 5983: 5982: 5980: 5979: 5978: 5909: 5908: 5907: 5902: 5874:Arabic numerals 5857: 5831: 5805: 5781:House of Wisdom 5754: 5733: 5655: 5648: 5635: 5604: 5548: 5534:Ibn al-Durayhim 5512: 5431: 5397:Jabir ibn Aflah 5385: 5316:Abu Nasr Mansur 5304: 5200:Ahmad ibn Yusuf 5168: 5063: 5058: 5028: 5015: 4984: 4953: 4944: 4937: 4930: 4916:House of Wisdom 4894: 4850:Spherical Earth 4683: 4614:Equatorial ring 4594:Celestial globe 4569:Analog computer 4546: 4541:Sullam al-sama' 4486: 4422: 4403: 4372: 4336: 4275: 4214: 4113: 4099:Jabir ibn Aflah 4042: 3973:Abu Nasr Mansur 3961: 3942:Abolfadl Harawi 3877:Ahmad ibn Yusuf 3830: 3734: 3705:Ahmad Nahavandi 3693: 3678: 3665: 3660: 3630: 3617: 3583:Fouad Zakariyya 3578:Mohammed Arkoun 3533:Frithjof Schuon 3499: 3493: 3479:Qazi Sa’id Qumi 3432: 3366: 3305: 3244: 3193: 3123: 3101: 3015: 2974:Illuminationism 2940: 2934: 2916: 2901: 2884:(jurisprudence) 2883: 2873: 2836: 2825: 2801: 2796: 2727:Wayback Machine 2715:Wayback Machine 2703:Wayback Machine 2664:Ikhwān al-Safā’ 2649: 2637: 2610: 2607: 2605:Further reading 2574: 2553: 2522: 2503: 2453: 2448: 2447: 2428: 2424: 2415: 2413: 2408: 2407: 2403: 2393: 2391: 2378: 2377: 2373: 2368: 2364: 2355: 2351: 2342: 2338: 2311: 2307: 2302: 2298: 2262: 2258: 2253: 2249: 2237: 2230: 2225: 2221: 2216: 2212: 2207: 2203: 2193: 2191: 2180: 2176: 2167: 2163: 2150: 2146: 2128: 2124: 2111: 2107: 2087: 2083: 2075: 2071: 2036: 2032: 2023: 2019: 2014: 2010: 1923:'Uyun al-akhbar 1857: 1853: 1833: 1826: 1817: 1810: 1800: 1793: 1780: 1776: 1761: 1757: 1726: 1722: 1709: 1705: 1695: 1691: 1675: 1674: 1670: 1656: 1652: 1617: 1613: 1601: 1594: 1579: 1575: 1569: 1555: 1554: 1547: 1541: 1527: 1526: 1519: 1503: 1502: 1496: 1494: 1488: 1481: 1468: 1461: 1455:Wayback Machine 1439: 1430: 1420: 1418: 1416: 1396: 1392: 1384: 1380: 1338: 1334: 1329: 1325: 1304: 1297: 1292: 1288: 1274: 1270: 1257: 1253: 1248: 1231: 1205:The Call to God 1170:On "Astronomia" 1033: 1009: 859: 827:efficient cause 765:), the Sphere ( 719: 689: 665: 569: 566: 565: 493: 487: 413:) with various 411:Aristotelianism 383: 273: 267: 218:, who lived in 122:Media type 57: 54: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5987: 5977: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5904: 5903: 5901: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5871: 5865: 5863: 5859: 5858: 5856: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5839: 5837: 5833: 5832: 5830: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5813: 5811: 5807: 5806: 5804: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5762: 5760: 5756: 5755: 5753: 5752: 5747: 5741: 5739: 5735: 5734: 5732: 5731: 5724: 5717: 5714:Toledan Tables 5710: 5703: 5696: 5689: 5686:Book of Optics 5682: 5675: 5668: 5660: 5658: 5650: 5649: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5636: 5634: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5612: 5610: 5606: 5605: 5603: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5556: 5554: 5550: 5549: 5547: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5520: 5518: 5514: 5513: 5511: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5439: 5437: 5433: 5432: 5430: 5429: 5427:Ibn al-Yasamin 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5393: 5391: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5326:Kushyar Gilani 5323: 5318: 5312: 5310: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5270:Nazif ibn Yumn 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5176: 5174: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5149:Na'im ibn Musa 5146: 5141: 5139:Yusuf al-Khuri 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5109:Qusta ibn Luqa 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5080: 5078: 5071: 5069:Mathematicians 5065: 5064: 5057: 5056: 5049: 5042: 5034: 5025: 5024: 5021: 5020: 5017: 5016: 5014: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4992: 4990: 4986: 4985: 4983: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4961: 4959: 4955: 4954: 4952: 4951: 4950: 4949: 4942: 4935: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4902: 4900: 4896: 4895: 4893: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4760:Elliptic orbit 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4735:Circular orbit 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4691: 4689: 4685: 4684: 4682: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4560: 4558: 4552: 4551: 4548: 4547: 4545: 4544: 4537: 4530: 4523: 4521:Toledan Tables 4518: 4511: 4504: 4498: 4496: 4488: 4487: 4485: 4484: 4477: 4470: 4463: 4456: 4449: 4444: 4438: 4432: 4424: 4423: 4413: 4412: 4409: 4408: 4405: 4404: 4402: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4384:Yang Guangxian 4380: 4378: 4374: 4373: 4371: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4344: 4342: 4338: 4337: 4335: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4283: 4281: 4277: 4276: 4274: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4222: 4220: 4216: 4215: 4213: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4127: 4121: 4119: 4115: 4114: 4112: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4050: 4048: 4044: 4043: 4041: 4040: 4038:Ali ibn Khalaf 4035: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4013:Kushyar Gilani 4010: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3983:Ali ibn Ridwan 3980: 3975: 3969: 3967: 3963: 3962: 3960: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3947:Haseb-i Tabari 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3838: 3836: 3832: 3831: 3829: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3816:Sahl ibn Bishr 3813: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3742: 3740: 3736: 3735: 3733: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3701: 3699: 3695: 3694: 3692: 3691: 3680: 3679: 3667: 3666: 3659: 3658: 3651: 3644: 3636: 3627: 3626: 3623: 3622: 3619: 3618: 3616: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3513:Muhammad Iqbal 3510: 3504: 3502: 3495: 3494: 3492: 3491: 3489:Hādī Sabzavārī 3486: 3481: 3476: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3449:Mir Fendereski 3446: 3440: 3438: 3434: 3433: 3431: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3410: 3405: 3400: 3395: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3374: 3372: 3368: 3367: 3365: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3313: 3311: 3307: 3306: 3304: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3268: 3263: 3258: 3252: 3250: 3246: 3245: 3243: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3217: 3212: 3207: 3201: 3199: 3195: 3194: 3192: 3191: 3186: 3181: 3176: 3174:Ikhwan al-Safa 3171: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3141: 3135: 3133: 3125: 3124: 3107: 3106: 3103: 3102: 3100: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3074: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3044: 3039: 3034: 3029: 3023: 3021: 3017: 3016: 3014: 3013: 3008: 3006:Traditionalist 3003: 2998: 2997: 2996: 2991: 2986: 2976: 2971: 2966: 2961: 2956: 2950: 2948: 2942: 2941: 2939: 2938: 2930: 2925: 2920: 2910: 2905: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2877: 2867: 2862: 2857: 2856: 2855: 2850: 2840: 2829: 2819: 2813: 2811: 2803: 2802: 2795: 2794: 2787: 2780: 2772: 2766: 2765: 2751: 2745: 2739: 2729: 2717: 2705: 2693: 2683: 2672: 2667: 2661: 2647: 2636: 2635:External links 2633: 2632: 2631: 2628:Nader El-Bizri 2621: 2606: 2603: 2602: 2601: 2594: 2581:Aloys Sprenger 2577: 2572: 2559: 2551: 2545: 2543:, OCLC: 385503 2525: 2520: 2507: 2501: 2488: 2469: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2445: 2442:(34): 253–330. 2422: 2401: 2371: 2362: 2349: 2336: 2305: 2296: 2256: 2247: 2228: 2219: 2210: 2201: 2174: 2161: 2144: 2122: 2105: 2081: 2069: 2050:: 44, note 3. 2030: 2017: 2008: 2006: 2005: 1996:Sahib al-Zaman 1984: 1962: 1946: 1851: 1824: 1808: 1791: 1774: 1755: 1720: 1703: 1689: 1668: 1650: 1631:: 44, note 3. 1611: 1592: 1573: 1567: 1545: 1539: 1517: 1479: 1459: 1428: 1414: 1390: 1378: 1332: 1323: 1295: 1286: 1268: 1250: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1243: 1242: 1237: 1230: 1227: 1223: 1222: 1215: 1208: 1201: 1196:Epistles 6–8: 1194: 1187: 1180: 1173: 1166: 1159: 1152: 1147:Epistles 1–2: 1145: 1138: 1131: 1124: 1111:Nader El-Bizri 1107:Nader El-Bizri 1056: 1055: 1049: 1043: 1032: 1029: 1008: 1005: 1001:Erasmus Darwin 993:Charles Darwin 892:first created 884:) as follows: 858: 855: 718: 715: 688: 685: 664: 661: 597: 594: 591: 588: 585: 582: 579: 576: 573: 486: 483: 455:Ikhwan al-Safa 382: 379: 339:Susanne Diwald 269:Main article: 266: 263: 127: 126: 123: 119: 118: 115: 111: 110: 107: 103: 102: 99: 95: 94: 91: 87: 86: 83: 79: 78: 73: 69: 68: 63: 59: 58: 41: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5986: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5916: 5914: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5866: 5864: 5860: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5840: 5838: 5834: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5814: 5812: 5808: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5763: 5761: 5757: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5742: 5740: 5736: 5730: 5729: 5725: 5723: 5722: 5718: 5716: 5715: 5711: 5709: 5708: 5704: 5702: 5701: 5697: 5695: 5694: 5690: 5688: 5687: 5683: 5681: 5680: 5676: 5674: 5673: 5669: 5667: 5666: 5662: 5661: 5659: 5657: 5651: 5646: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5613: 5611: 5607: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5557: 5555: 5551: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5529:Ibn al-Shatir 5527: 5525: 5522: 5521: 5519: 5515: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5503:Ibn al-Banna' 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5448:Ahmad al-Buni 5446: 5444: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5434: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5394: 5392: 5388: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5313: 5311: 5307: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5177: 5175: 5171: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5089:Sanad ibn Ali 5087: 5085: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5055: 5050: 5048: 5043: 5041: 5036: 5035: 5032: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4993: 4991: 4987: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4962: 4960: 4956: 4947: 4943: 4940: 4936: 4933: 4929: 4928: 4927: 4926:Observatories 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4903: 4901: 4897: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4880:Triangulation 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4790:Heliocentrism 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4692: 4690: 4686: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4664:Shadow square 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4553: 4543: 4542: 4538: 4536: 4535: 4534:Zij-i Sultani 4531: 4529: 4528: 4527:Zij-i Ilkhani 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4516: 4512: 4510: 4509: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4494: 4489: 4483: 4482: 4478: 4476: 4475: 4471: 4469: 4468: 4464: 4462: 4461: 4457: 4455: 4454: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4439: 4436: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4418: 4414: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4381: 4379: 4375: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4345: 4343: 4339: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4302:Kadızade Rumi 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4284: 4282: 4278: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4226:Ibn al-Shatir 4224: 4223: 4221: 4217: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4200:Ibn al‐Raqqam 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4122: 4120: 4116: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4094:Ibn al-Kammad 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4051: 4049: 4045: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4008:Ibn al-Saffar 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3970: 3968: 3964: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3839: 3837: 3833: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3743: 3741: 3737: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3702: 3700: 3696: 3689: 3688: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3657: 3652: 3650: 3645: 3643: 3638: 3637: 3634: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3505: 3503: 3496: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3441: 3439: 3435: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3419: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3375: 3373: 3369: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3314: 3312: 3308: 3302: 3301:Shams Tabrizi 3299: 3297: 3294: 3292: 3289: 3287: 3284: 3282: 3279: 3277: 3274: 3272: 3269: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3253: 3251: 3247: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3235:Nasir Khusraw 3233: 3231: 3228: 3226: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3216: 3213: 3211: 3210:Ibn Miskawayh 3208: 3206: 3203: 3202: 3200: 3196: 3190: 3187: 3185: 3182: 3180: 3177: 3175: 3172: 3170: 3167: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3155: 3152: 3150: 3147: 3145: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3136: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3121: 3117: 3112: 3108: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3088: 3085: 3083: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3048: 3045: 3043: 3040: 3038: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3028: 3025: 3024: 3022: 3018: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3004: 3002: 2999: 2995: 2992: 2990: 2987: 2985: 2982: 2981: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2970: 2967: 2965: 2962: 2960: 2957: 2955: 2952: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2943: 2937: 2931: 2929: 2926: 2924: 2921: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2909: 2906: 2904: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2891: 2888: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2861: 2858: 2854: 2851: 2849: 2846: 2845: 2844: 2841: 2839: 2835: 2830: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2818: 2815: 2814: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2793: 2788: 2786: 2781: 2779: 2774: 2773: 2770: 2763: 2759: 2758:magic squares 2755: 2752: 2749: 2746: 2743: 2740: 2737: 2733: 2730: 2728: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2716: 2712: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2687: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2665: 2662: 2658: 2657: 2652: 2648: 2646: 2642: 2639: 2638: 2629: 2625: 2622: 2619: 2615: 2609: 2608: 2599: 2595: 2593: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2575: 2573:0-292-74035-2 2569: 2565: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2523: 2521:0-7486-0251-8 2517: 2513: 2508: 2504: 2502:1-85863-418-0 2498: 2494: 2489: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2465: 2464: 2459: 2455: 2454: 2441: 2437: 2435: 2426: 2411: 2405: 2389: 2385: 2384:www.iis.ac.uk 2381: 2375: 2366: 2359: 2353: 2346: 2340: 2334: 2333:1-85863-418-0 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2309: 2300: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2268: 2260: 2251: 2244: 2240: 2235: 2233: 2223: 2214: 2205: 2189: 2185: 2178: 2171: 2165: 2158: 2155:, 4 volumes ( 2154: 2148: 2142: 2141:0-415-18709-5 2138: 2134: 2133: 2126: 2119: 2116:, 4 volumes ( 2115: 2109: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2085: 2079: 2073: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2034: 2027: 2021: 2012: 2003: 2002: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1982: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1960: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1921:, and in the 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1883:0-521-45140-X 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1855: 1849: 1848:0-7486-0251-8 1845: 1841: 1837: 1831: 1829: 1821: 1815: 1813: 1804: 1798: 1796: 1787: 1786: 1778: 1771: 1770: 1765: 1759: 1752: 1751: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1724: 1717: 1713: 1707: 1701: 1700: 1693: 1685: 1679: 1671: 1665: 1661: 1654: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1615: 1608: 1605:, 4 volumes ( 1604: 1599: 1597: 1589: 1588: 1583: 1577: 1570: 1568:9780889206106 1564: 1560: 1559: 1552: 1550: 1542: 1540:9788121207256 1536: 1532: 1531: 1524: 1522: 1513: 1507: 1493: 1486: 1484: 1476: 1472: 1466: 1464: 1456: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1442: 1437: 1435: 1433: 1417: 1415:9781472569455 1411: 1407: 1406: 1401: 1394: 1388: 1382: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1358:Ibn al-Zamrak 1355: 1354:Ibn al-Khatib 1351: 1346: 1342: 1336: 1327: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1302: 1300: 1290: 1283: 1278: 1272: 1265: 1261: 1255: 1251: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1235:Magic squares 1233: 1232: 1226: 1220: 1216: 1213: 1209: 1206: 1202: 1199: 1195: 1192: 1188: 1185: 1181: 1178: 1174: 1171: 1167: 1164: 1160: 1157: 1153: 1150: 1146: 1143: 1140:Epistle 52a: 1139: 1136: 1132: 1129: 1125: 1122: 1121: 1116: 1115: 1114: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1087: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1044: 1041: 1038: 1037: 1036: 1028: 1026: 1022: 1021:pre-existence 1018: 1014: 1004: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 981: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 960: 956: 952: 951:Ibn Maskawayh 948: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 888:" state that 885: 883: 879: 876:found in the 875: 871: 867: 863: 853: 848: 846: 840: 838: 830: 828: 821: 819: 813: 810: 806: 802: 798: 793: 789: 782: 780: 776: 775:al-Muwalladāt 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 735: 730: 729: 724: 714: 712: 711: 706: 701: 698: 694: 684: 682: 678: 674: 670: 660: 658: 655: 651: 647: 642: 640: 636: 632: 631: 625: 623: 619: 615: 611: 595: 592: 589: 586: 583: 580: 577: 574: 571: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 546: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 520:square number 517: 512: 510: 506: 497: 492: 482: 480: 476: 472: 468: 462: 460: 456: 450: 447: 442: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 391: 388: 378: 376: 372: 367: 363: 359: 354: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 327: 325: 321: 319: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 286: 282: 277: 272: 261: 260: 254: 250: 248: 244: 240: 236: 231: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 196: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 161: 156: 155: 150: 149: 140: 136: 135: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 77: 74: 70: 67: 64: 60: 49: 45: 39: 34: 19: 5726: 5719: 5712: 5706: 5705: 5698: 5691: 5684: 5677: 5670: 5663: 5654:Mathematical 5609:16th century 5560:Ibn al-Majdi 5553:15th century 5517:14th century 5436:13th century 5390:12th century 5376:Omar Khayyam 5309:11th century 5205:Aṣ-Ṣaidanānī 5173:10th century 5134:Al-Khwarizmi 4899:Institutions 4750:Eccentricity 4710:Astrophysics 4604:Compass rose 4539: 4532: 4525: 4513: 4506: 4491: 4479: 4472: 4465: 4459: 4458: 4451: 4317:Ibn al-Majdi 4292:Abd al‐Wajid 4251:Al-Wabkanawi 4246:Abū al‐ʿUqūl 4135:Jamal ad-Din 4104:Omar Khayyam 3932:Al-ʻIjliyyah 3907:Aṣ-Ṣaidanānī 3892:Ibn al-A'lam 3811:Al-Khwarizmi 3613:Partawi Shah 3608:Javadi Amoli 3593:Ahmad Fardid 3538:Martin Lings 3388:Hajji Bayram 3362:Ibn Taymiyya 3291:Omar Khayyám 3276:Ayn-al-Quzat 3271:Ahmad Yasavi 3184:Ibn Masarrah 3118:by century ( 3116:Philosophers 3011:Contemporary 2913: 2880: 2870: 2833: 2822: 2762:Encyclopedia 2761: 2689: 2678: 2654: 2623: 2613: 2597: 2584: 2563: 2554: 2547: 2532: 2511: 2492: 2476: 2462: 2439: 2433: 2425: 2414:. 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