Legitimacy (family law)

963: 1787:

humorous relationships in familiar situations come also... from his illegitimacy. He was not limited to established or 'legitimate' solutions or ways of doing things, and thus his mind was open to a wider range of possibilities and opportunities. Lawrence's illegitimacy had important social consequences and placed limitations upon him, which rankled him deeply... At times he felt socially isolated when erstwhile friends shunned him upon learning of his background. Lawrence's delight in making fun of regular officers and other segments of 'regular' society... derived... at least in part from his inner view of his own irregular situation. His fickleness about names for himself is directly related... to his view of his parents and to his identification with them ."

971: 1724: 1863: 1652: 888: 1427: 54: 1791: 1442: 1754: 1328:. Later in the 20th century, the social changes of the 1960s and 1970s started to reverse this trend, with an increase in cohabitation and alternative family formation. Elsewhere in Europe and Latin America, the increase in nonmarital births from the late 20th century on has been linked to secularization, enhanced women's rights and standing in society, and the fall of authoritarian dictatorships. 1394:, though these concepts have not been accepted by all cultures. Under the notions of reproductive and sexual rights, individuals—not the state, church, community, etc.—shall decide whether and when individuals shall have children, their number and spacing, the circumstances under which individuals will or will not be sexually active, and their choice of intimate partners and type of relationship. 1013:; that of 4.3 million children, 1.7 million were born to unmarried parents, a 25 percent increase from 2002. Most births to teenagers in the United States (86% in 2007) are nonmarital; in 2007, 60% of births to women 20–24, and nearly one-third of births to women 25–29, were nonmarital. In 2007, teenagers accounted for just 23% of non-marital births, down steeply from 50% in 1970. 736:

children conceived when their parents were not free to marry, but this was repealed in 2006 by the amendment of section 1 of the Law Reform (Parent and Child) (Scotland) Act 1986 (as amended in 2006) which abolished the status of illegitimacy stating that "(1) No person whose status is governed by Scots law shall be illegitimate ...".

1783:

conflicts, by a deep sense of failure. Having been deceived as a child he was later to feel that he himself was a deceiver—that he had deceived the Arabs..." "Mrs. Lawrence's original hope that her sons would provide her personal redemption by becoming Christian missionaries was fulfilled only by Robert."

1339:

practiced restrictive and natalist policies regarding family reproduction, such as total bans on contraception and abortion, and birth rates were tightly controlled by the state. After the dissolution of those regimes, the population was given more choices on how to organize their personal lives, and

700:

and could not be legitimized by the subsequent marriage of father to mother. There was one exception: when his father subsequently married his mother, and an older illegitimate son (a "bastard eignè") took possession of his father's lands after his death, he would pass the land on to his own heirs on

1405:

is that the traditionally strong social control of the church and the Catholic doctrine over people's private relations and sexual morality has led the population to rebel against traditional and conservative social values; since 1995 the majority of births in this province are outside marriage, and

1296:

Covert illegitimacy is a situation which arises when someone who is presumed to be a child's father (or mother) is in fact not the biological father (or mother). Frequencies as high as 30% are sometimes assumed in the media, but research by sociologist Michael Gilding traced these overestimates back

1179:

has the highest rates of non-marital childbearing in the world (55–74% of all children in this region are born to unmarried parents). In most countries in this traditionally Catholic region, children born outside marriage are now the norm. Recent figures from Latin America show non-marital births to

989:

The proportion of children born outside marriage has been rising since the turn of the 21st century in most European Union countries, North America, and Australia. In Europe, besides the low levels of fertility rates and the delay of motherhood, another factor that now characterizes fertility is the

759:

and baronetcy titles. In Scotland children legitimated by the subsequent marriage of their parents have always been entitled to succeed to peerages and baronetcies and the Legitimation (Scotland) Act 1968 extended this right to children conceived when their parents were not free to marry. The Family

1377:

married couples, becoming more common and more socially acceptable. Contributions to these societal changes have been made by the weakening of social and legal norms that regulate peoples' personal lives and relations, especially in regard to marriage, secularization and decreased church control of

1001:

were born to unmarried mothers, a significant increase from the 5% of half a century earlier. That includes 73% of non-Hispanic black children, 53% of Hispanic children (of all races), and 29% of non-Hispanic white children. In 2020, the proportion was almost similar, with 40.5% of children born in

1157:

The percentage of first-born children born out of wedlock is considerably higher (by roughly 10%, for the EU), as marriage often takes place after the first baby has arrived. For example, for the Czech Republic, whereas the total nonmarital births are less than half, 47.7%, (third quarter of 2015)

839:

In some countries, the family law itself explicitly states that there must be equality between the children born outside and inside marriage: in Bulgaria, for example, the new 2009 Family Code lists "equality of the born during the matrimony, out of matrimony and of the adopted children" as one of

1016:

In 2014, 42% of all births in the 28 EU countries were nonmarital. The percentage was also 42% in 2018. In 2018, births outside of marriage represented the majority of births in eight EU member states: France (60%), Bulgaria (59%), Slovenia (58%), Portugal (56%), Sweden (55%), Denmark and Estonia

735:

an illegitimate child, a "natural son" or "natural daughter", would be legitimated by the subsequent marriage of his parents, provided they had been free to marry at the date of the conception. The Legitimation (Scotland) Act 1968 extended legitimation by the subsequent marriage of the parents to

950:

In our ecclesiastical region there are priests who don't baptise the children of single mothers because they weren't conceived in the sanctity of marriage. These are today's hypocrites. Those who clericalise the church. Those who separate the people of God from salvation. And this poor girl who,

1786:

Mack elaborates further: "Part of his creativity and originality lies in his 'irregularity,' in his capacity to remain outside conventional ways of thinking, a tendency which... derives, at least in part, from his illegitimacy. Lawrence's capacity for invention and his ability to see unusual or

1300:

The detection of unsuspected illegitimacy can occur in the context of medical genetic screening, in genetic family name research, and in immigration testing. Such studies show that covert illegitimacy is in fact less than 10% among the sampled African populations, less than 5% among the sampled

1888:

While births outside marriage are considered acceptable in many world regions, in some parts of the world they remain highly stigmatized. Women who have given birth under such circumstances are often subjected to violence at the hands of their families; and may even become victims of so-called

884:. In the UK, the policy was changed so that children born after 1 July 2006 could receive British citizenship from their father if their parents were unmarried at the time of the child's birth; illegitimate children born before this date cannot receive British citizenship through their father. 1782:

her fallen state by his own special achievements, by being a person of unusual value who accomplishes great deeds, preferably religious and ideally on an heroic scale. Lawrence did his best to fulfill heroic deeds. But he was plagued, especially after the events of the war activated his inner

1055:

with a non-religious majority. Significantly more children are born out of wedlock in eastern Germany than in western Germany. In 2012, in eastern Germany 61.6% of births were to unmarried women, while in western Germany only 28.4% were. In the UK, in 2014, 59.4% of births were non-marital in

685:

C. 3), it was ordered that bastards should be supported by their putative fathers, though bastardy orders in the quarter sessions date from before this date. If the genitor could be found, then he was put under very great pressure to accept responsibility and to maintain the child."

1406:

as of 2015, in Quebec, 63% of children were born to unmarried women. The past few decades have seen decreased marriage rates in most Western countries, and this decrease has been accompanied by increased emergence of non-traditional family forms. Average marriage rates across

673:(1235) stated, regarding illegitimacy: "He is a bastard that is born before the marriage of his parents." This definition also applied to situations when a child's parents could not marry, as when one or both were already married or when the relationship was incestuous. 3391: 874:(nationality by citizenship of a parent) to children born out of wedlock, particularly in cases where the child's connection to the country lies only through the father. This is true, for example, of the United States, and its constitutionality was upheld in 2001 by the 448: 1401:) was traditionally very strong, the social changes of the 1960s and 1970s have led to a negative reaction of the population against the lifestyles promoted by the church. One of the explanations of the current high rates of unmarried cohabitation in 847:

came into force in 1978. Countries which ratify it must ensure that children born outside marriage are provided with legal rights as stipulated in the text of this convention. The convention was ratified by the UK in 1981 and by Ireland in 1988.

1046:

The prevalence of births to unmarried women varies not only between different countries, but also between different geographical areas of the same country: for example, in Germany, there are very strong differences between the regions of former

1461:

has been considered important in a wide range of eras and cultures, especially when inheritance and citizenship were at stake, making the tracking of a man's estate and genealogy a central part of what defined a "legitimate" birth. The ancient

1028:) correlates with the proportion of non-marital births (e.g., Greece, Cyprus, Croatia have a low percentage of births outside marriage), but this is not always the case: Portugal (56% in 2018) is among the most religious countries in Europe. 2710: 851:

In later years, the inheritance rights of many illegitimate children have improved, and changes of laws have allowed them to inherit properties. More recently, the laws of England have been changed to allow illegitimate children to inherit

1491:

that a married woman's child was her husband's child. That presumption could be questioned, though courts generally sided with the presumption, thus expanding the range of the presumption to a "Seven Seas Rule". But it was only with the

1827:

that would every book in the world... e very much saw this as a counterpart to his father's desire to circumnavigate the world.... Hernando was going to build a universal library that would circumnavigate the world of knowledge."

2037:

Some pre-20th-century modern individuals whose unconventional "illegitimate" origins did not prevent them from making (and in some cases helped inspire them to make) notable contributions to humanity's art or learning have included

3399: 1831:

However, realizing that such a large collection of books would not be very useful without a way of organizing and distilling them, he employed an army of readers to read every book and distill it down to a short summary, or

994:, this phenomenon has been on the rise in recent years in almost every country; and in eight EU countries, mostly in northern Europe, as well as in Iceland outside of the EU, it already accounts for the majority of births. 824:, legal reforms regarding illegitimacy began in the 1970s, but it was only in the 21st century that the principle of equality was fully upheld (through Act no. 2002-305 of 4 March 2002, removing mention of "illegitimacy" — 4034: 1315:

The rise in illegitimacy noted in Britain throughout the eighteenth century has been associated with the rise of new employment opportunities for women, making them less dependent upon a husband's earnings. However, the

1603:

In contrast, other jurisdictions (particularly western continental European countries) tend to favour social parentage over the biological parentage. Here a man (not necessarily the biological father) may voluntarily

2510:"LOI n° 2009-61 du 16 janvier 2009 ratifiant l'ordonnance n° 2005-759 du 4 juillet 2005 portant réforme de la filiation et modifiant ou abrogeant diverses dispositions relatives à la filiation - Legifrance" 1691:

Some persons born outside of marriage have been driven to excel in their endeavors, for good or ill, by a desire to overcome the social stigma and disadvantage that attached to it. Nora Titone, in her book

680:

formed the basis of English bastardy law. Its purpose was to punish a bastard child's mother and putative father, and to relieve the parish from the cost of supporting mother and child. "By an act of 1576

1448:

were institutions that existed from the 18th to the late 20th centuries, throughout Europe and North America, where "fallen women", including unmarried mothers, were detained. Photo: Magdalene laundry in

2889: 2723: 1767:'s biographer Flora Armitage writes about being born outside of marriage: "The effect on Lawrence of this discovery was profound; it added to the romantic urge for heroic conduct—the dream of the 1876:' adoption due to the nonmarried status of his biological parents influenced his life and career. He confided to close friends that he was driven by the pain he felt about having been put up for 1417:

shows that for many people it is not of great importance their union is a legal marriage or consensual union. This clear changes in value orientations and less social pressure for marriage.

1542:: A legislative act could deprive a child of legitimacy; conversely, a marriage between the previously unmarried parents, usually within a specified time, such as a year, could retroactively 1340:

in regions such as former East Germany, the rate of births outside marriage increased dramatically: as of 2012, 61.6% of births there were outside marriage. Far-right regimes such as those of

443: 4718:

told such a story of "shame": he was reared by his grandparents as the supposed younger brother of his now-deceased biological mother, and has never learned who his biological father was.

1819:

and—while he grew up with a fair amount of power and privilege—due to the circumstances of his birth he never quite gained the prominence his father did. Hernando Columbus' biographer

701:

his death, as if his possession of the land had been retroactively converted into true ownership. A younger non-bastard brother (a "mulier puisnè") would have no claim to the land.

1855:

Hernando Columbus, eager to emulate in his own way his father and "legitimate" half-brother, invaluable insights are becoming available into the knowledge and thought of the early

4038: 743:

of England and Wales legitimised the birth of a child if the parents subsequently married each other, provided that they had not been married to someone else in the meantime. The

1666:

Nonmarital birth has affected not only the individuals themselves. The stress that such circumstances of birth once regularly visited upon families is illustrated in the case of

1682: 1350:

also fell, leading to the democratization and liberalization of society. In Spain and Portugal, important legal changes throughout the 1970s and 1980s included legalization of

942:

The Catholic Church is also changing its attitude toward unwed mothers and baptism of the children. In criticizing the priests who refused to baptize out-of-wedlock children,

3790: 1373:

In many countries there has been a dissociation between marriage and fertility, with the two no longer being closely associated—with births to unmarried couples, as well as

2855: 3761: 3732: 5057: 1119:). One of the reasons for the lower prevalence of non-marital births in the metropolis is the high number of immigrants from conservative world regions. In Canada, in 2197: 3626: 2404: 905:

succeeded to the throne though she was legally held illegitimate as a result of her parents' marriage having been annulled after her birth. Her older half-sister

1126:

Traditionally conservative Catholic countries in the EU now also have substantial proportions of non-marital births, as of 2016 (except where otherwise stated):

400: 3211:

Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Osterman, Michelle J.K.; Kirmeyer, Sharon; Mathews, T.J.; Wilson, Elizabeth C. (November 3, 2011).

1811:, followed in his father's footsteps to become the 2nd Admiral of the Indies, 2nd Viceroy of the Indies, and 4th Governor of the Indies. Columbus' second son, 1597: 807: 355: 1631:

that did not permit divorce. Their only recourse, often, had been to wait for the death of the earlier spouse(s). Thus Polish political and military leader

4124:

Gilding, M. (2009). "Paternity Uncertainty and Evolutionary Psychology: How a Seemingly Capricious Occurrence Fails to Follow Laws of Greater Generality".

1623:. Before this, the mother and father of many children had been unable to marry each other because one or the other was already legally bound, by civil or 836:

to change several laws that were deemed discriminatory, and in 2013 the Court ruled that these changes must also be applied to children born before 2001.

3151:

Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Sutton, Paul D.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Mathews, T.J.; Kirmeyer, Sharon; Osterman, Michelle J.K. (August 9, 2010).

1335:

regimes in Europe, women's participation in the workforce was actively encouraged by most governments, but socially conservative regimes such as that of

5503: 4961: 2807: 1608:

the child to be identified as the father, thus giving legitimacy to the child; the biological father does not have any special rights in this area. In

1576:, all the states had adopted uniform laws that codified the responsibility of both parents to provide support and care for a child, regardless of the 4273:

King, Turi E.; Jobling, Mark A. (2009), "Founders, Drift, and Infidelity: The Relationship between Y Chromosome Diversity and Patrilineal Surnames",

3091:

Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Sutton, Paul D.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Menacker, Fay; Kirmeyer, Sharon; Munson, Martha L. (December 5, 2007).

1017:(both 54%), and the Netherlands (52%). The lowest percentage were in Greece, Cyprus, Croatia, Poland and Lithuania, with a percentage of under 30%. 3392:"MPIDR - Spatial aspects of the rise of nonmarital fertility across Europe since 1960: the role of states and regions in shaping patterns of change" 1843:. Soon after Hernando's death in 1539 at age 50, this volume went missing for nearly 500 years—until in 2019 it was serendipitously discovered in a 1165:, in 1971, only 7% of births were outside of marriage, compared to 36% in 2020. The proportion of births outside of marriage was the highest in the 5022: 1515:. In the United Kingdom and the United States, as late as the 1960s and in certain social strata even up to today, nonmarital birth has carried a 3706: 3858: 2509: 3121:

Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Sutton, Paul D.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Menacker, Fay; Kirmeyer, Sharon; Mathews, T.J. (January 7, 2009).

1301:

Native American and Polynesian populations, less than 2% of the sampled Middle Eastern population, and generally 1%–2% among European samples.

951:

rather than returning the child to sender, had the courage to carry it into the world, must wander from parish to parish so that it's baptised!

64: 909:

had acceded to the throne before her in a similar circumstance: her parents' marriage had been annulled in order to allow her father to marry

3241:

Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Osterman, Michelle J.K.; Wilson, Elizabeth C.; Mathews, T.J. (August 28, 2012).

2758: 1893:. These women may also be prosecuted under laws forbidding sexual relations outside marriage and may face consequent punishments, including 811: 788: 508: 3966: 3917: 3181:

Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Sutton, Paul D.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Mathews, T.J.; Osterman, Michelle J.K. (December 8, 2010).

4084: 3522: 2450:

e.g. section 1 of the Law Reform (Parent and Child) (Scotland) Act 1986 (as amended in 2006) which abolished the status of illegitimacy.

1823:

says Hernando "always wanted to prove himself his father's son in spirit. o he undertook th extraordinary project building a universal

3369: 3339: 3309: 3279: 3249: 3219: 3189: 3159: 3129: 3099: 3069: 3039: 3009: 2979: 2949: 2919: 979: 3061:

Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Sutton, Paul D.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Menacker, Fay; Kirmeyer, Sharon (September 29, 2006).

3031:

Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Sutton, Paul D.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Menacker, Fay; Munson, Martha L. (September 8, 2005).

3001:

Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Sutton, Paul D.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Menacker, Fay; Munson, Martha L. (December 17, 2003).

2971:

Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Menacker, Fay; Park, Melissa M.; Sutton, Paul D. (December 18, 2002).

1123:, the majority of births since 1995 onwards have been outside marriage. As of 2015, 63% of births were outside marriage in Quebec. 5279: 3840: 3553: 4569:"The reproductive context of cohabitation in comparative perspective: Contraceptive use in the United States, Spain, and France" 3938: 5466: 5449: 5397: 5373: 4811: 4788: 3769: 3736: 3373: 3343: 3313: 3283: 3253: 3223: 3193: 3163: 3133: 3103: 3073: 3043: 3013: 2983: 2953: 2923: 2897: 1006: 982: 365: 5061: 4430:"Currently cohabiting: relationship expectations and outcomes in the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS): Ernestina Coast" 2656: 2606: 962: 2411: 2201: 556: 3634: 901:. Some monarchs, however, have succeeded to the throne despite the controversial status of their legitimacy. For example, 5527: 2893: 2792: 2146: 1215:

Even in the early 1990s, the phenomenon was very common in Latin America. For example, in 1993, out-of-wedlock births in

4001: 2276:

AB Wilkinson and KMcK Norrie, The Law Relating to Parent and Child in Scotland, W.Green, Edinburgh 2nd Ed 1999 para 1.54

1324:

prescribed that brides be virgins at marriage, and illegitimacy became more socially discouraged, especially during the

3815: 2263:

The clans of the Highlands of Scotland: an account of their annals, with delineations of their tartans, and family arms

2111: 1589: 875: 799: 17: 4630: 2358: 1592:

decisions abolished most, if not all, of the common-law disabilities of non-marital birth, as being violations of the

946:

argued that the mothers had done the right thing by giving life to the child and should not be shunned by the church:

5303: 5265: 5242: 5219: 5196: 5173: 5150: 3271:

Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Osterman, Michelle J.K.; Mathews, T.J. (June 28, 2013).

2826: 2697: 98: 5507: 4595:

Laplante, Benoît (1 January 2006). "The Rise of Cohabitation in Quebec: Power of Religion and Power over Religion".

3361:

Hamilton, Brady E.; Martin, Joyce A.; Osterman, Michelle J.K.; Curtin, Sally C.; Mathews, T.J. (December 23, 2015).

2434: 1600:. Generally speaking, in the United States, "illegitimate" has been supplanted by the phrase "born out of wedlock." 5277:

Carole Rosen (2004), "Lind (married name Lind-Goldschmidt), Jenny (Johanna Maria)", doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/16671, in

3600:"The low importance of marriage in eastern Germany – social norms and the role of peoples' perceptions of the past" 3489: 3377: 3347: 3331:

Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Osterman, Michelle J.K.; Curtin, Sally C.; Mathews, T.J. (January 15, 2015).

3317: 3287: 3257: 3227: 3197: 3167: 3137: 3107: 3077: 3047: 3017: 2987: 2957: 2927: 2101: 975: 897:

Legitimacy also continues to be relevant to hereditary titles, with only legitimate children being admitted to the

752: 2941:

Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Ventura, Stephanie J.; Menacker, Fay; Park, Melissa M. (February 12, 2002).

5522: 2121: 2482: 5508:

The Psychological Effects of Being an Illegitimate Child - Low self-esteem, trust issues, and identity problems

3472: 833: 5336: 4753: 4067: 5458:

My Thoughts Be Bloody: The Bitter Rivalry between Edwin and John Wilkes Booth that Led to an American Tragedy

4998: 4803:

My Thoughts Be Bloody: The Bitter Rivalry Between Edwin and John Wilkes Booth That Led to an American Tragedy

2091: 814:

when the father becomes a US citizen) unless the child has been legitimized in the appropriate jurisdiction.

802:

decisions held that most common-law disabilities imposed upon illegitimacy were invalid as violations of the

438: 4158:

Philipp EE (1973) "Discussion: moral, social and ethical issues". In: Wolstenholme GEW, Fitzsimons DW, eds.

3681: 3656: 3429: 1538:, the status of a child as a legitimate or illegitimate heir could be changed—in either direction—under the 1320:

sought to curb this practice, by combining the spousals and nuptials; and by the start of the 19th century,

927:, between their marriage ceremony and the legal annulment of their marriage. For example, canon 1137 of the 5424: 4728: 2383: 1771:—the seed of ambition, the desire for honor and distinction: the redemption of the blood from its taint." 1170: 919:

of marriage does not currently change the status of legitimacy of children born to the couple during their

523: 76: 2461: 1816: 1619:

A contribution to the decline of the concept of illegitimacy had been made by increased ease of obtaining

1723: 970: 817:

Many other countries have legislatively abolished any legal disabilities of a child born out of wedlock.

513: 31: 2631: 1496:

that a formal and public marriage ceremony at civil law was required, whereas previously marriage had a

985:. Note: Before 1969, the rates for all minority groups were consolidated in the category of "Non-White." 810:. Still, children born out of wedlock may not be eligible for certain federal benefits (e.g., automatic 5345: 5294: 5256: 5233: 5210: 5187: 5164: 5141: 4850: 3876: 2131: 2051: 1750:(1860–1920) was similarly motivated by his non-marital birth to prove himself and excel in his métier. 1713: 345: 2530: 936: 751:

which the parents incorrectly believed were valid. Neither the 1926 nor 1959 Acts changed the laws of

5419: 4317:

Forster, P; Hohoff, C; Dunkelmann, B; Schürenkamp, M; Pfeiffer, H; Neuhuber, F; Brinkmann, B (2015).

3301:

Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Osterman, Michelle J.K.; Curtin, Sally C. (December 30, 2013).

2136: 747:

extended the legitimisation even if the parents had married others in the meantime and applied it to

478: 433: 428: 5441: 5415: 5389: 5125: 4707: 4002:"The Evolution of Births Outside of Marriage, Paternal Recognition and Children's Rights in Brazil" 2768: 2096: 1844: 1605: 1488: 1069: 864:

Despite the decreasing legal relevance of illegitimacy, an important exception may be found in the

769: 549: 503: 423: 80: 5103: 4973: 4911: 3903: 2740: 1936: 1837: 627:

The importance of legitimacy has decreased substantially in Western developed countries since the

5537: 5486: 4916: 2141: 1912: 1906: 1808: 1374: 803: 72: 1862: 1636: 5325: 4568: 4485: 3599: 3578: 2763: 2039: 1717: 1539: 1468: 1379: 1346: 1081: 932: 721: 375: 360: 264: 3507: 1708:, spurred them to strive, as rivals, for achievement and acclaim—John Wilkes, the assassin of 5495: 5129: 4953: 2581: 2075: 1959: 1398: 1057: 928: 725: 709: 340: 315: 292: 3791:"PORDATA - Live births outside of marriage, with parents co-habiting or not (%) in Portugal" 2261: 1746:'s non-marital birth spurred him to seek accomplishment and distinction. The Swedish artist 1651: 1519:. In previous centuries unwed mothers were socially pressured to give their children up for 3988:"Illegitimate Nation: An Examination of Out-of-Wedlock Births Among Immigrants and Natives" 2176: 2156: 2106: 2047: 1800: 1632: 528: 370: 190: 185: 160: 5480: 3362: 3332: 3302: 3272: 3242: 3212: 3182: 3152: 3122: 3092: 3062: 3032: 3002: 2972: 2942: 1588:

persons equal rights to inherit their parents' property. In the early 1970s, a series of

1282:, the out-of-wedlock birth rate was 37% in 2008–2009, which skyrocketed to 52.1% by 2015. 8: 5532: 5331: 4748: 4366:

Griffin, Emma (2013). "Sex, illegitimacy and social change in industrializing Britain'".

2912: 2311: 2166: 2026: 1947: 1916: 1697: 1643:, died in 1921; by this time, Piłsudski and Aleksandra had two out-of-wedlock daughters. 1445: 1391: 1310: 1291: 1147: 974:

Nonmarital birth rates by race in the United States from 1940 to 2014. Data are from the

744: 740: 542: 254: 150: 4935:

The Catalogue of Shipwrecked Books: Young Columbus and the Quest for a Universal Library

4533:

Cherlin, Andrew J. (1 January 2004). "The Deinstitutionalization of American Marriage".

2882: 1437:, 1851. A patriarch casts his daughter and her illegitimate baby out of the family home. 5436: 5384: 5365: 4612: 4550: 4383: 4343: 4318: 4295: 4250: 4225: 4201: 4176: 4141: 2063: 2055: 1982: 1743: 1727: 1558: 1382:, changes in the meaning of marriage, risk reduction, individualism, changing views on 1193: 1166: 1097: 1085: 1065: 1025: 1009:

announced that nearly 40 percent of American infants born in 2007 were born to an

898: 498: 287: 195: 135: 3733:"Proportion de naissances hors mariage1 selon le rang de naissance, Québec, 1976-2014" 1640: 1472:" ("The mother is always certain", while the father is not), emphasized the dilemma. 596:, has been the status of a child born outside marriage, such a child being known as a 5462: 5445: 5393: 5369: 5299: 5261: 5238: 5215: 5192: 5169: 5146: 5016: 4930: 4807: 4784: 4546: 4460: 4387: 4348: 4300: 4255: 4206: 4145: 3762:"Proportion de naissances hors mariage selon le rang de naissance, Québec, 1976-2015" 2043: 1920: 1820: 1812: 1794: 1705: 1493: 1336: 1321: 1317: 920: 832:; and through law no. 2009-61 of 16 January 2009). In 2001, France was forced by the 792: 776: 748: 708:'s monarchy granted positions which founded prominent families. In the 14th century, 670: 628: 488: 204: 5494:, "Christopher Columbus' Son Had an Enormous Library. Its Catalog Was Just Found", 5120: 4952:, "Christopher Columbus' Son Had an Enormous Library. Its Catalog Was Just Found", 4604: 4542: 4375: 4338: 4330: 4290: 4282: 4245: 4237: 4196: 4188: 4133: 3942: 2067: 1955: 1675: 1593: 1434: 1383: 1332: 1108: 1093: 780: 717: 418: 269: 259: 224: 214: 180: 2663: 1994: 1410:

countries have fallen from 8.1 marriages per 1,000 people in 1970 to 5.0 in 2009.

5457: 5360: 4802: 4401: 4379: 3443: 2286: 2126: 2018: 1990: 1943: 1709: 1667: 1659: 1613: 1562: 1554: 1458: 1397:

It is argued that in some places where the control of the church (especially the

1359: 1341: 1089: 865: 636: 518: 42: 38: 5085: 1718:

had saved the life of Lincoln's son, Robert Todd Lincoln, in a railroad accident

1671: 1655: 1497: 1487:) asserting that, absent impossibility of the father being fertile, there was a 5431: 5411: 4712: 4102: 2257: 2223: 2059: 2010: 1951: 1924: 1890: 1804: 1764: 1757: 1581: 1036: 1032: 991: 713: 651: 395: 330: 279: 3987: 2779:

The children conceived or born of a valid or putative marriage are legitimate.

1507:

In many societies, people born out of wedlock did not have the same rights of

5516: 5403: 5036: 4192: 4137: 4035:"Alza de hijos fuera del matrimonio muestra evolución de la familia en Chile" 4009: 2333: 2014: 2006: 2002: 1978: 1856: 1573: 1516: 1387: 1367: 1325: 1176: 1112: 1073: 998: 887: 880: 870: 697: 677: 581: 483: 390: 350: 325: 310: 219: 200: 4429: 4286: 2554: 2279: 1426: 772:, the offspring of putative marriages have also been considered legitimate. 5379: 4894: 4878: 4862: 4824: 4689: 4637: 4352: 4334: 4304: 4259: 4210: 3473:"National Vital Statistics Reports, Volume 59, Number 3, December 21, 2010" 1986: 1966: 1775: 1735: 1543: 1535: 1208:, non-marital births increased to 65.8% in 2009, up from 56.2% in 2000. In 1052: 1048: 1010: 943: 632: 173: 140: 966:

Percentage of births to unmarried women, selected countries, 1980 and 2007

935:

specifically affirms the legitimacy of a child born to a marriage that is

650:

Births outside marriage now represent majorities in multiple countries in

5491: 4949: 4461:"Contemporary union formation in Bulgaria: the emergence of cohabitation" 4068:"Live births by legitimacy status, and percent illegitimate: 1990 - 1998" 2718: 2022: 1998: 1974: 1970: 1932: 1852: 1747: 1701: 1685: 1524: 1512: 1508: 1480: 1279: 1240: 1224: 910: 902: 891: 694: 690: 644: 640: 473: 380: 155: 145: 4616: 4512: 4162:. Ciba Foundation symposium. Vol 17. London: Associated Scientific 63–66 2555:"FAMILY CODE: In force from 01.10.2009: Chapter one: GENERAL PROVISIONS" 1212:, non-marital births increased to 70.7% in 2013, up from 48.3% in 2000. 1158:

the percentage of first-born outside marriage is more than half, 58.2%.

4715: 4554: 2247:, Book II, Chapter XV "Of Title by Purchase and I. Escheat", Section 5. 2071: 1873: 1866: 1674:, who—when she became pregnant with the first of their three children, 1561:, the nature of sexual reproduction, and the difficulty of determining 1476: 1363: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1228: 1139: 845:

European Convention on the Legal Status of Children Born out of Wedlock

682: 573: 385: 114: 5341: 3918:"Global Children's Trends | The Sustainable Demographic Dividend" 1790: 4608: 2116: 1624: 1566: 1232: 1197: 1162: 1031:

The proportion of non-marital births is also approaching half in the

916: 765: 761: 732: 613: 209: 2657:"Instructions for N-600, Application for Certificate of Citizenship" 1911:

Illegitimacy has for centuries provided a motif and plot element to

1847:

special collection. Many of the early printed publications that the

1678:—felt compelled to maintain separate domiciles in different cities. 63:

deal primarily with Europe and North America and do not represent a

4241: 4177:"Measuring paternal discrepancy and its public health consequences" 3904:"Births in Australia | Australian Institute of Family Studies" 3707:"Tony Travers: Thanks to immigrants we're the capital for marriage" 2856:"Changing Patterns of Nonmarital Childbearing in the United States" 2793:"Pope Francis on gay marriage, unmarried mothers … and journalists" 2151: 1928: 1877: 1815:(also known as Hernando; 1488–1539), was his out-of-wedlock son by 1768: 1628: 1585: 1520: 1501: 1355: 1254:

Out-of-wedlock births are less common in Asia: in 1993 the rate in

1244: 1185: 1181: 1143: 1127: 1077: 1021: 784: 705: 655: 577: 335: 249: 5483:(distribution of births outside marriage across the United States) 4316: 3490:"Our view on kids: When unwed births hit 41%, it's just not right" 2911:

Ventura, Stephanie J.; Bachrach, Christine A. (October 18, 2000).

1441: 5168:, vol. 10, pp. 541–542, Danbury, CT, Grolier Incorporated, 1986, 5145:, vol. 17, pp. 228-236, Danbury, CT, Grolier Incorporated, 1986, 4832: 4828: 3967:"Global Children's Trends - The Sustainable Demographic Dividend" 3961: 3959: 1894: 1833: 1824: 1620: 1550: 1528: 1450: 1351: 1135: 1040: 756: 666: 585: 274: 244: 237: 4486:"Why are cohabitation and extra-marital births so few in Japan?" 4103:"Rampant misattributed paternity: the creation of an urban myth" 1549:

Fathers of illegitimate children often did not incur comparable

1531:

as the "sisters", "brothers" or "cousins" of the unwed mothers.

760:

Law Reform Act 1969 (c. 46) allowed a bastard to inherit on the

2171: 1778:, writes in a similar vein: "is mother required of him that he 1609: 1577: 1402: 1259: 1248: 1236: 1216: 1205: 1201: 1120: 1101: 906: 853: 821: 493: 468: 121: 27:

Legal status of a child born to parents who are legally married

3956: 2441:, specifically the USCIS denial letter in Exhibit S, Hklaw.com 1753: 1681: 4631:"Doing Better for Families: Chapter 1: Families are changing" 3627:"[ARCHIVED CONTENT] Release Edition Reference Tables" 3270: 3240: 3210: 2970: 2940: 2888:(Report). Public Health Service Publication. Vol. 1677. 1463: 1263: 1255: 1220: 1209: 1151: 1131: 1116: 1061: 3360: 3330: 3300: 1807:(born between 1474 and 1480; died 1526), by Columbus' wife, 5322:

The Desert and the Stars: a Biography of Lawrence of Arabia

5058:"Refugee Review Tribunal, Australia: RRT Research Response" 4974:"The Good Search | National Retained Executive Search Firm" 4678:

The Desert and the Stars: A Biography of Lawrence of Arabia

4458: 4175:

Bellis MA, Hughes K, Hughes S, Ashton JR (September 2005).

3877:"Population change - 1st - 3rd quarter of 2015 | CZSO" 3594: 3592: 3450: 3368:(Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 64. 3338:(Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 64. 3308:(Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 62. 3278:(Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 62. 3248:(Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 61. 3218:(Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 60. 3188:(Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 59. 3180: 3158:(Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 58. 3150: 3128:(Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 57. 3120: 3098:(Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 56. 3090: 3068:(Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 55. 3060: 3038:(Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 54. 3030: 3008:(Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 52. 3000: 2978:(Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 51. 2948:(Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 50. 2918:(Report). National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 48. 2662:. U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. Archived from 1407: 1189: 576:, is the status of a child born to parents who are legally 3859:"Eurostat - Tables, Graphs and Maps Interface (TGM) table" 3841:"Eurostat - Tables, Graphs and Maps Interface (TGM) table" 3554:"Eurostat - Tables, Graphs and Maps Interface (TGM) table" 1851:

summarizes are now lost; but thanks to the out-of-wedlock

1413:

Research on the situation in Bulgaria has concluded that:

5499: 4957: 4846: 1523:. In other cases nonmarital children have been reared by 1511:

as those within it, and in some societies, even the same

5481:

Percentage of Births to Unmarried Mothers by State: 2014

5406:, "You Laugh Uncontrollably" (review of Bohumil Hrabal, 5358:

Alysa Levene, Thomas Nutt & Samantha Williams, eds.

5123:, "Leon Battista Alberti" (last updated 21 April 2021), 4424: 4422: 4174: 3589: 1740:

Jefferson and Hamilton: The Rivalry That Forged a Nation

1107:

In France, in 2012, 66.9% of births were non-marital in

4672: 4670: 4085:"2015 PSA data on live births by legitimacy by regions" 4063: 1304: 401:

List of child abuse cases featuring long-term detention

30:

For other uses of "legitimacy" and "illegitimate", see

3735:. Institut de la Statistique du Québec. Archived from 3453:

Directorate for Employment, Labour, and Social Affairs

1612:, a mother may refuse to recognize her own child (see 1598:

Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

1504:

church. Still, many "clandestine" marriages occurred.

990:

growing percentage of births outside marriage. In the

856:

property, over their legitimate brothers and sisters.

808:

Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

631:

of the 1960s and 1970s and the declining influence of

5385:

A Prince of Our Disorder: The Life of T. E. Lawrence

4419: 3444:"Share of births outside marriage and teenage births" 2913:

Nonmarital Childbearing in the United States, 1940-99

2883:

Vital Statistics Rates in the United States 1940-1960

798:

In the United States, in the early 1970s a series of

5260:, vol. 14, Danbury, CT, Grolier Incorporated, 1986, 5214:, vol. 25, Danbury, CT, Grolier Incorporated, 1986, 4899:

A Prince of Our Disorder: The Life of T. E. Lawrence

4883:

A Prince of Our Disorder: The Life of T. E. Lawrence

4867:

A Prince of Our Disorder: The Life of T. E. Lawrence

4667: 4319:"Elevated germline mutation rate in teenage fathers" 2323:

Viscount of Drumlanrig's Tutor 1977 SLT (Lyon Ct) 16

5428:, vol. LXIII, no. 8 (May 12, 2016), pp. 58–60. 5408:

Mr. Kafka and Other Tales from the Time of the Cult

5298:, vol. 9, Danbury, CT, Grolier Incorporated, 1986, 5237:, vol. 2, Danbury, CT, Grolier Incorporated, 1986, 5191:, vol. 1, Danbury, CT, Grolier Incorporated, 1986, 4694:

A Prince of Our Disorder: The Life of T.E. Lawrence

4454: 4452: 2711:"Nationality policy: children of unmarried parents" 2224:"Illegitimacy and illegitimates in English history" 1002:the United States being born to unmarried mothers. 37:"Bastardy" redirects here. For the 1972 play, see 2890:U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare 1880:and not having known who his birth parents were. 1635:(1867–1935) was unable to marry his second wife, 5514: 4768:Albert Einstein / Mileva Marić: The Love Letters 4449: 3725: 2910: 2384:"US Supreme Court Cases from Justia & Oyez" 1696:, recounts how the shame and ambition of actor 1572:By the final third of the 20th century, in the 712:gifted one of his illegitimate sons estates in 3430:"42% of births in the EU are outside marriage" 1883: 4999:"The Improbable Adoption Story of Steve Jobs" 4170: 4168: 3835: 3833: 3756: 3754: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3540: 1390:. New concepts have emerged, such as that of 550: 61:The examples and perspective in this article 5021:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4117: 4032: 3851: 2790: 2632:"Make a claim to a deceased person's estate" 1700:'s two actor sons born outside of marriage, 1297:to an informal remark at a 1972 conference. 5487:Cuckolded fathers rare in human populations 4794: 4310: 4272: 4152: 4094: 2881:Grove, Robert D.; Hetzel, Alice M. (1968). 2880: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2827:"Francis Becomes First Latin American Pope" 2405:"§ 320.2: Who is eligible for citizenship?" 5324:, illustrated with photographs, New York, 4997:Batura, Paul, with Jim Daly (2017-03-20). 4223: 4165: 3830: 3783: 3751: 3537: 3370:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3340:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3310:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3280:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3250:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3220:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3190:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3160:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3130:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3100:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3070:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3040:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3010:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2980:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2950:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2920:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2250: 2221: 1483:in 1626 promulgated the "Four Seas Rule" ( 557: 543: 4945: 4943: 4342: 4294: 4249: 4200: 4160:Law and ethics of AID and embryo transfer 4058: 4056: 2860:CDC/National Center for Health Statistics 2808:"Francis is first pope from the Americas" 2229:. In Laslett, Peter; et al. (eds.). 1378:reproduction, increased participation of 1024:(the religiosity of the population - see 859: 99:Learn how and when to remove this message 5437:Illegitimacy: an examination of bastardy 4971: 4594: 4266: 3898: 3896: 3682:"Résultats de la recherche | Insee" 3657:"Résultats de la recherche | Insee" 2843: 2459: 2291:Genealogy and Family History in Scotland 2233:. Arnold – via Alanmacfarlane.com. 1861: 1789: 1752: 1722: 1680: 1650: 1440: 1425: 969: 961: 886: 5461:, New York, Simon and Schuster, 2010 , 5355:, University of California Press, 1975. 5280:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4806:. New York: Simon and Schuster; 2010 . 4532: 4365: 4123: 4100: 3869: 3523:"Out-of-wedlock births hit record high" 3424: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3416: 2722:. v2.0. 6 November 2018. Archived from 2256: 14: 5515: 4996: 4940: 4779:Alice Calaprice and Trevor Lipscombe, 4053: 3520: 2693:Immigration and Naturalization Service 2359:"Parental rights and responsibilities" 2161: 1646: 1285: 868:of many countries, which do not apply 704:There were many "natural children" of 658:, and many former European colonies. 4513:"Spain - SOCIAL VALUES AND ATTITUDES" 3893: 3374:National Center for Health Statistics 3344:National Center for Health Statistics 3314:National Center for Health Statistics 3284:National Center for Health Statistics 3254:National Center for Health Statistics 3224:National Center for Health Statistics 3194:National Center for Health Statistics 3164:National Center for Health Statistics 3134:National Center for Health Statistics 3104:National Center for Health Statistics 3074:National Center for Health Statistics 3044:National Center for Health Statistics 3014:National Center for Health Statistics 2984:National Center for Health Statistics 2954:National Center for Health Statistics 2924:National Center for Health Statistics 2898:National Center for Health Statistics 1007:National Center for Health Statistics 997:In 2009, 41% of children born in the 983:National Center for Health Statistics 4783:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005, 3413: 2824: 2231:Bastardy and its comparative history 1305:Causes for rise in nonmarital births 955: 130:Marriage and other unions and status 47: 5086:"Turkey condemns 'honour killings'" 2805: 2245:Commentaries on the Laws of England 2198:"1788 - Before European Settlement" 2147:Legitimacy law in England and Wales 24: 5361:Illegitimacy in Britain, 1700–1920 5104:"Nigeria stoning appeal adjourned" 2112:Bastard (law of England and Wales) 1584:, and gave non-marital as well as 584:before the parents obtain a legal 444:Hague Convention (child abduction) 25: 5549: 5474: 4845:"Anders Zorn in the Gilded Age", 4597:The Canadian Journal of Sociology 4459:Elena von der Lippe (Koytcheva). 3941:. Childtrends.org. Archived from 3521:Ravitz, Jessica (April 8, 2009). 2462:"Autorité parentale - Définition" 2162:Nonmarital birth rates by country 720:, and similarly a natural son of 5286: 5271: 5248: 5225: 5202: 5179: 5156: 5133: 5114: 5096: 5078: 5050: 5029: 4990: 4965: 4924: 4904: 4888: 4872: 4856: 4839: 4817: 4773: 4760: 4757:, vol. XXVI, 1981, pp. 320, 323. 4742: 4721: 4547:10.1111/j.0022-2445.2004.00058.x 3920:. Sustaindemographicdividend.org 3378:National Vital Statistics System 3348:National Vital Statistics System 3318:National Vital Statistics System 3288:National Vital Statistics System 3258:National Vital Statistics System 3228:National Vital Statistics System 3198:National Vital Statistics System 3168:National Vital Statistics System 3138:National Vital Statistics System 3108:National Vital Statistics System 3078:National Vital Statistics System 3048:National Vital Statistics System 3018:National Vital Statistics System 2988:National Vital Statistics System 2958:National Vital Statistics System 2928:National Vital Statistics System 2531:"European Court of Human Rights" 2334:"Defect of Birth (Illegitimacy)" 1915:by prominent authors, including 1553:or legal responsibility, due to 976:National Vital Statistics System 753:succession to the British throne 52: 5313: 5254:"Herzen, Aleksandr Ivanovich", 4972:Bradford, Krista (2023-09-14). 4827:in a 9 October 2013 lecture on 4699: 4683: 4654: 4623: 4588: 4561: 4526: 4505: 4478: 4394: 4359: 4275:Molecular Biology and Evolution 4226:"Surnames and the Y chromosome" 4217: 4077: 4026: 3994: 3980: 3931: 3910: 3808: 3699: 3674: 3649: 3619: 3583:Czech Statistical Office (CZCO) 3579:"Population change - year 2021" 3571: 3514: 3500: 3482: 3465: 3436: 3384: 3354: 3324: 3294: 3264: 3234: 3204: 3174: 3144: 3114: 3084: 3054: 3024: 2994: 2964: 2934: 2904: 2874: 2818: 2799: 2784: 2751: 2733: 2703: 2681: 2649: 2624: 2599: 2574: 2547: 2523: 2502: 2475: 2453: 2444: 2428: 2397: 2376: 2351: 2122:Colonial American bastardy laws 5334:, "Piłsudski, Józef Klemens," 4751:, "Piłsudski, Józef Klemens," 4711:TV interview program, British 4535:Journal of Marriage and Family 4062: 3631:Office for National Statistics 2791:The Guardian (13 March 2013). 2745:The Stuart Successions Project 2326: 2317: 2305: 2270: 2237: 2215: 2190: 1453:, ca. early twentieth century. 840:the principles of family law. 834:European Court of Human Rights 647:, in family and social life. 580:to each other, and of a child 449:Hague Convention (maintenance) 13: 1: 5185:"Alembert, Jean le Rond d'", 5037:"BBC - Ethics: Honour Crimes" 4402:"UK | The no-sex 'myth'" 4033:Grupo Copesa (13 July 2014). 2183: 2102:Anne Orthwood's bastard trial 2092:Abortion in the United States 1900: 1742:, makes the same point: that 939:following the child's birth. 624:carry the same implications. 439:International child abduction 5425:The New York Review of Books 4781:Albert Einstein: A Biography 4660:Figure 9, Frances Finnegan, 4380:10.1080/03071022.2013.790236 4181:J Epidemiol Community Health 1795:Fernando (Hernando) Columbus 1366:, and removal of the ban on 1169:(59%) and the lowest in the 524:Paternal rights and abortion 7: 5337:Polski słownik biograficzny 4754:Polski słownik biograficzny 4224:Sykes, B; Irven, C (2000). 3363:Births: Final Data for 2014 3333:Births: Final Data for 2013 3303:Births: Final Data for 2012 3273:Births: Final Data for 2011 3243:Births: Final Data for 2010 3213:Births: Final Data for 2009 3183:Births: Final Data for 2008 3153:Births: Final Data for 2007 3123:Births: Final Data for 2006 3093:Births: Final Data for 2005 3063:Births: Final Data for 2004 3033:Births: Final Data for 2003 3003:Births: Final Data for 2002 2973:Births: Final Data for 2001 2943:Births: Final Data for 2000 2243:William Blackstone (1753), 2084: 2032: 1884:Violence and honor killings 1111:, while only 46.6% were in 434:Hague Convention (adoption) 75:, discuss the issue on the 10: 5554: 5528:Extramarital relationships 5295:The Encyclopedia Americana 5257:The Encyclopedia Americana 5234:The Encyclopedia Americana 5211:The Encyclopedia Americana 5188:The Encyclopedia Americana 5165:The Encyclopedia Americana 5142:The Encyclopedia Americana 4851:Colorado Public Television 4766:J. Renn and R. Schulmann, 2894:U.S. Public Health Service 2769:Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2314:(16 & 17 Geo. 5 c. 60) 1904: 1627:, in a non-viable earlier 1421: 1331:Before the dissolution of 1308: 1289: 787:, an unmarried father has 293:Parenting coordinator (US) 36: 29: 4101:Gilding, Michael (2005). 3939:"Births outside marriage" 2483:"National Report: France" 2222:Macfarlane, Alan (1980). 2137:Hague Adoption Convention 1817:Beatriz Enríquez de Arana 978:Reports published by the 726:Shaw Stewarts of Greenock 572:, in traditional Western 461:Family and criminal code 419:Private international law 413:Private international law 41:. For the 2008 film, see 5502:newscast, 24 April 2019 5442:Cornell University Press 5390:Harvard University Press 5351:Shirley Foster Hartley, 5348:, 1981, pp. 311–24. 5283:(subscription required). 5126:Encyclopaedia Britannica 4960:newscast, 24 April 2019 4937:, William Collins, 2018. 4576:Demographic-research.org 4193:10.1136/jech.2005.036517 4138:10.1177/0038038508099102 3607:Demographic-research.org 2097:Affiliation (family law) 1845:University of Copenhagen 1639:, until his first wife, 1489:presumption of paternity 1380:women in the labor force 1070:Yorkshire and the Humber 504:Parental child abduction 351:Contact & visitation 238:Dissolution of marriages 5231:"Audubon, John James", 4917:Encyclopedia Britannica 4664:, Congrave Press, 2001. 2689:Tuan Anh Nguyen et al. 2142:Illegitimacy in fiction 2052:Jean le Rond d'Alembert 1907:Illegitimacy in fiction 1809:Filipa Moniz Perestrelo 1354:, decriminalization of 1278:, 24%. However, in the 1039:(48.2% as of 2017) and 804:Equal Protection Clause 791:if he is listed on the 789:parental responsibility 775:Since December 2003 in 5523:Civil law (common law) 5422:, 142 pp., $ 14.95 ), 5410:, translated from the 5326:Henry Holt and Company 4770:, 1992, pp. 73–74, 78. 4335:10.1098/rspb.2014.2898 3380:. pp. 7 & 41. 2040:Leone Battista Alberti 1872:In more recent times, 1869: 1836:". The result was the 1797: 1760: 1731: 1688: 1663: 1469:Mater semper certa est 1454: 1438: 1419: 1386:, and availability of 1035:(48.5%. in 2021), the 986: 967: 953: 894: 860:Contemporary situation 722:Robert III of Scotland 693:, a bastard could not 661: 366:UN Rights of the Child 361:Grandparent visitation 288:Custody evaluator (US) 265:Matrimonial Causes Act 5496:All Things Considered 5139:"Leonardo da Vinci", 4954:All Things Considered 4437:Epc2008.princeton.edu 4287:10.1093/molbev/msp022 4006:Paa2013.princeton.edu 2806:Fox (13 March 2013). 2338:Catholic Encyclopedia 2058:(1755 or 1757–1804), 1865: 1839:Libro de los Epitomes 1793: 1756: 1726: 1694:My Thoughts Be Bloody 1684: 1654: 1444: 1429: 1415: 1399:Roman Catholic Church 1309:Further information: 1058:North East of England 1020:To a certain degree, 973: 965: 948: 929:Roman Catholic Church 890: 724:was ancestral to the 710:Robert II of Scotland 635:churches, especially 346:Filial responsibility 341:Tender years doctrine 316:DNA paternity testing 174:Validity of marriages 5346:Polska Akademia Nauk 5292:"Dumas, Alexandre", 4705:On the 4 March 2011 4662:Do Penance or Perish 2287:"Category: Baptisms" 2266:. pp. 3 et seq. 2177:Unintended pregnancy 2157:Marks of distinction 2107:Bastard (Jewish law) 2048:Erasmus of Rotterdam 1801:Christopher Columbus 1774:Another biographer, 1670:and his wife-to-be, 1500:if celebrated in an 1043:(46.7% as of 2016). 529:Right to family life 191:Prenuptial agreement 186:Marriage certificate 161:Domestic partnership 81:create a new article 73:improve this article 5208:"Smithson, James", 4920:. 23 February 2024. 3818:. STATISTIK AUSTRIA 3713:. 24 September 2013 3637:on 22 December 2015 2698:533 U.S. 53 2312:Legitimacy Act 1926 2167:Non-paternity event 2027:George R. R. Martin 1948:Nathaniel Hawthorne 1917:William Shakespeare 1716:who a year earlier 1698:Junius Brutus Booth 1647:Social implications 1485:extra quatuor maria 1446:Magdalene laundries 1392:reproductive rights 1311:Reproductive rights 1292:Non-paternity event 1286:Covert illegitimacy 1005:In April 2009, the 830:filiation naturelle 764:of his parents. In 745:Legitimacy Act 1959 741:Legitimacy Act 1926 255:Grounds for divorce 151:Common-law marriage 5366:Palgrave Macmillan 4901:, 1976, pp. 28–29. 4853:), one hour, 2013. 4329:(1803): 20142898. 3739:on 5 December 2018 3496:. 25 January 2011. 2669:on 19 October 2010 2611:Bureau des Traités 2586:Bureau des Traités 2064:John James Audubon 2056:Alexander Hamilton 1983:Fyodor Dostoyevsky 1870: 1841:(Book of Epitomes) 1798: 1761: 1744:Alexander Hamilton 1732: 1728:Alexander Hamilton 1689: 1664: 1455: 1439: 1358:, introduction of 1194:Dominican Republic 1167:Northern Territory 1098:South East England 1086:South West England 1066:North West England 1026:religion in Europe 987: 968: 911:Elizabeth's mother 899:line of succession 895: 826:filiation légitime 755:and succession to 749:putative marriages 499:Legality of incest 205:Voidable marriages 196:Matrimonial regime 136:Types of marriages 18:Illegitimate child 5467:978-1-4165-8605-0 5450:978-0-8014-1491-6 5398:978-0-674-70494-7 5374:978-1-4039-9065-5 4931:Edward Wilson-Lee 4812:978-1-4165-8605-0 4789:978-0-313-33080-3 2930:. pp. 28–31. 2764:Code of Canon Law 2638:. 5 February 2020 2439:the United States 2076:Alexandre Dumas, 2074:(1820–1887), and 2044:Leonardo da Vinci 1960:Alexandre Dumas, 1937:Alexandre Dumas, 1921:Benjamin Franklin 1821:Edward Wilson-Lee 1813:Fernando Columbus 1706:John Wilkes Booth 1546:a child's birth. 1534:In most national 1494:Marriage Act 1753 1337:Nicolae Ceausescu 1322:social convention 1318:Marriage Act 1753 956:Nonmarital births 933:Code of Canon Law 921:putative marriage 793:birth certificate 777:England and Wales 671:Statute of Merton 629:sexual revolution 567: 566: 489:Domestic violence 463:(or criminal law) 371:Children's rights 305:Children's issues 109: 108: 101: 83:, as appropriate. 16:(Redirected from 5545: 5332:Andrzej Garlicki 5320:Flora Armitage, 5307: 5290: 5284: 5275: 5269: 5252: 5246: 5229: 5223: 5206: 5200: 5183: 5177: 5160: 5154: 5137: 5131: 5121:Joan Kelly-Gadol 5118: 5112: 5111: 5100: 5094: 5093: 5082: 5076: 5075: 5073: 5072: 5066: 5060:. Archived from 5054: 5048: 5047: 5045: 5043: 5033: 5027: 5026: 5020: 5012: 5010: 5009: 4994: 4988: 4987: 4985: 4984: 4969: 4963: 4947: 4938: 4928: 4922: 4921: 4912:"Diego Columbus" 4908: 4902: 4892: 4886: 4876: 4870: 4860: 4854: 4843: 4837: 4821: 4815: 4798: 4792: 4777: 4771: 4764: 4758: 4749:Andrzej Garlicki 4746: 4740: 4739: 4737: 4736: 4725: 4719: 4703: 4697: 4696:, pp. 28–29, 32. 4687: 4681: 4676:Flora Armitage, 4674: 4665: 4658: 4652: 4651: 4649: 4648: 4642: 4636:. Archived from 4635: 4627: 4621: 4620: 4609:10.2307/20058678 4592: 4586: 4585: 4583: 4582: 4573: 4565: 4559: 4558: 4530: 4524: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4509: 4503: 4502: 4500: 4499: 4490: 4482: 4476: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4456: 4447: 4446: 4444: 4443: 4434: 4426: 4417: 4416: 4414: 4413: 4398: 4392: 4391: 4363: 4357: 4356: 4346: 4314: 4308: 4307: 4298: 4270: 4264: 4263: 4253: 4236:(4): 1417–1419. 4221: 4215: 4214: 4204: 4172: 4163: 4156: 4150: 4149: 4121: 4115: 4114: 4107:People and Place 4098: 4092: 4091: 4089: 4081: 4075: 4074: 4072: 4060: 4051: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4037:. Archived from 4030: 4024: 4023: 4021: 4020: 4014: 4008:. Archived from 3998: 3992: 3991: 3984: 3978: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3963: 3954: 3953: 3951: 3950: 3935: 3929: 3928: 3926: 3925: 3914: 3908: 3907: 3900: 3891: 3890: 3888: 3887: 3873: 3867: 3866: 3855: 3849: 3848: 3837: 3828: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3812: 3806: 3805: 3803: 3802: 3787: 3781: 3780: 3778: 3777: 3768:. Archived from 3758: 3749: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3711:Evening Standard 3703: 3697: 3696: 3694: 3693: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3669: 3668: 3653: 3647: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3633:. Archived from 3623: 3617: 3616: 3614: 3613: 3604: 3596: 3587: 3586: 3585:. 21 March 2022. 3575: 3569: 3568: 3566: 3565: 3550: 3535: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3518: 3512: 3511: 3504: 3498: 3497: 3486: 3480: 3479: 3477: 3469: 3463: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3448: 3440: 3434: 3433: 3426: 3411: 3410: 3408: 3407: 3398:. Archived from 3388: 3382: 3381: 3367: 3358: 3352: 3351: 3337: 3328: 3322: 3321: 3307: 3298: 3292: 3291: 3277: 3268: 3262: 3261: 3247: 3238: 3232: 3231: 3217: 3208: 3202: 3201: 3187: 3178: 3172: 3171: 3157: 3148: 3142: 3141: 3127: 3118: 3112: 3111: 3097: 3088: 3082: 3081: 3067: 3058: 3052: 3051: 3037: 3028: 3022: 3021: 3007: 2998: 2992: 2991: 2977: 2968: 2962: 2961: 2947: 2938: 2932: 2931: 2917: 2908: 2902: 2901: 2887: 2878: 2872: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2852: 2841: 2840: 2838: 2837: 2822: 2816: 2815: 2803: 2797: 2796: 2788: 2782: 2781: 2776: 2775: 2755: 2749: 2748: 2737: 2731: 2730: 2728: 2715: 2707: 2701: 2695: 2685: 2679: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2668: 2661: 2653: 2647: 2646: 2644: 2643: 2628: 2622: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2607:"Liste complète" 2603: 2597: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2582:"Liste complète" 2578: 2572: 2571: 2569: 2568: 2559: 2551: 2545: 2544: 2542: 2541: 2527: 2521: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2506: 2500: 2499: 2497: 2496: 2487: 2479: 2473: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2457: 2451: 2448: 2442: 2432: 2426: 2425: 2423: 2422: 2416: 2410:. Archived from 2409: 2401: 2395: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2380: 2374: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2355: 2349: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2330: 2324: 2321: 2315: 2309: 2303: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2283: 2277: 2274: 2268: 2267: 2254: 2248: 2241: 2235: 2234: 2228: 2219: 2213: 2212: 2210: 2209: 2200:. Archived from 2194: 2068:Alexander Herzen 1956:Anthony Trollope 1913:works of fiction 1849:Book of Epitomes 1594:equal-protection 1555:social attitudes 1435:Richard Redgrave 1384:female sexuality 1333:Marxist–Leninist 1115:(which contains 1109:Poitou-Charentes 1094:Northern Ireland 866:nationality laws 783:and May 2006 in 781:Northern Ireland 779:, April 2002 in 718:Stewarts of Bute 622:natural daughter 592:, also known as 559: 552: 545: 270:Legal separation 260:No-fault divorce 225:Amatonormativity 215:Marriageable age 181:Marriage licence 111: 110: 104: 97: 93: 90: 84: 56: 55: 48: 21: 5553: 5552: 5548: 5547: 5546: 5544: 5543: 5542: 5513: 5512: 5477: 5472: 5316: 5311: 5310: 5291: 5287: 5276: 5272: 5253: 5249: 5230: 5226: 5207: 5203: 5184: 5180: 5161: 5157: 5138: 5134: 5119: 5115: 5102: 5101: 5097: 5092:. 1 March 2004. 5084: 5083: 5079: 5070: 5068: 5064: 5056: 5055: 5051: 5041: 5039: 5035: 5034: 5030: 5014: 5013: 5007: 5005: 4995: 4991: 4982: 4980: 4978:The Good Search 4970: 4966: 4948: 4941: 4929: 4925: 4910: 4909: 4905: 4893: 4889: 4877: 4873: 4861: 4857: 4844: 4840: 4822: 4818: 4799: 4795: 4778: 4774: 4765: 4761: 4747: 4743: 4734: 4732: 4727: 4726: 4722: 4704: 4700: 4688: 4684: 4675: 4668: 4659: 4655: 4646: 4644: 4640: 4633: 4629: 4628: 4624: 4593: 4589: 4580: 4578: 4571: 4567: 4566: 4562: 4531: 4527: 4517: 4515: 4511: 4510: 4506: 4497: 4495: 4488: 4484: 4483: 4479: 4469: 4467: 4457: 4450: 4441: 4439: 4432: 4428: 4427: 4420: 4411: 4409: 4400: 4399: 4395: 4364: 4360: 4315: 4311: 4281:(5): 1093–102, 4271: 4267: 4222: 4218: 4173: 4166: 4157: 4153: 4122: 4118: 4099: 4095: 4087: 4083: 4082: 4078: 4070: 4061: 4054: 4044: 4042: 4041:on 15 July 2014 4031: 4027: 4018: 4016: 4012: 4000: 3999: 3995: 3986: 3985: 3981: 3971: 3969: 3965: 3964: 3957: 3948: 3946: 3937: 3936: 3932: 3923: 3921: 3916: 3915: 3911: 3902: 3901: 3894: 3885: 3883: 3875: 3874: 3870: 3857: 3856: 3852: 3839: 3838: 3831: 3821: 3819: 3814: 3813: 3809: 3800: 3798: 3789: 3788: 3784: 3775: 3773: 3766:Stat.gouv.qc.ca 3760: 3759: 3752: 3742: 3740: 3731: 3730: 3726: 3716: 3714: 3705: 3704: 3700: 3691: 3689: 3680: 3679: 3675: 3666: 3664: 3655: 3654: 3650: 3640: 3638: 3625: 3624: 3620: 3611: 3609: 3602: 3598: 3597: 3590: 3577: 3576: 3572: 3563: 3561: 3552: 3551: 3538: 3528: 3526: 3519: 3515: 3506: 3505: 3501: 3488: 3487: 3483: 3475: 3471: 3470: 3466: 3456: 3454: 3446: 3442: 3441: 3437: 3428: 3427: 3414: 3405: 3403: 3390: 3389: 3385: 3365: 3359: 3355: 3335: 3329: 3325: 3305: 3299: 3295: 3275: 3269: 3265: 3245: 3239: 3235: 3215: 3209: 3205: 3185: 3179: 3175: 3155: 3149: 3145: 3125: 3119: 3115: 3095: 3089: 3085: 3065: 3059: 3055: 3035: 3029: 3025: 3005: 2999: 2995: 2975: 2969: 2965: 2945: 2939: 2935: 2915: 2909: 2905: 2885: 2879: 2875: 2865: 2863: 2854: 2853: 2844: 2835: 2833: 2823: 2819: 2804: 2800: 2789: 2785: 2773: 2771: 2757: 2756: 2752: 2739: 2738: 2734: 2726: 2713: 2709: 2708: 2704: 2687: 2686: 2682: 2672: 2670: 2666: 2659: 2655: 2654: 2650: 2641: 2639: 2630: 2629: 2625: 2615: 2613: 2605: 2604: 2600: 2590: 2588: 2580: 2579: 2575: 2566: 2564: 2557: 2553: 2552: 2548: 2539: 2537: 2529: 2528: 2524: 2514: 2512: 2508: 2507: 2503: 2494: 2492: 2485: 2481: 2480: 2476: 2466: 2464: 2458: 2454: 2449: 2445: 2433: 2429: 2420: 2418: 2414: 2407: 2403: 2402: 2398: 2388: 2386: 2382: 2381: 2377: 2367: 2365: 2357: 2356: 2352: 2342: 2340: 2332: 2331: 2327: 2322: 2318: 2310: 2306: 2296: 2294: 2293:. 12 April 2017 2285: 2284: 2280: 2275: 2271: 2258:Smibert, Thomas 2255: 2251: 2242: 2238: 2226: 2220: 2216: 2207: 2205: 2196: 2195: 2191: 2186: 2181: 2127:Defect of birth 2087: 2035: 2019:Grace Metalious 1991:Alphonse Daudet 1944:Charles Dickens 1909: 1903: 1886: 1712:, and Edwin, a 1710:Abraham Lincoln 1668:Albert Einstein 1660:Albert Einstein 1649: 1633:Józef Piłsudski 1614:anonymous birth 1424: 1360:gender equality 1344:and Portugal's 1342:Francoist Spain 1313: 1307: 1294: 1288: 1219:were 41.5%, in 1100:, and 35.7% in 1090:East of England 958: 862: 716:, founding the 664: 563: 534: 533: 519:Paternity fraud 514:Parents' rights 509:Parental duties 464: 462: 454: 453: 414: 406: 405: 306: 298: 297: 240: 230: 229: 176: 166: 165: 131: 105: 94: 88: 85: 70: 57: 53: 46: 43:Bastardy (film) 39:Bastardy (play) 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5551: 5541: 5540: 5538:Legitimacy law 5535: 5530: 5525: 5511: 5510: 5505: 5489: 5484: 5476: 5475:External links 5473: 5471: 5470: 5453: 5432:Jenny Teichman 5429: 5420:New Directions 5401: 5377: 5356: 5349: 5329: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5309: 5308: 5306:, pp. 466-467. 5285: 5270: 5268:, pp. 161-162. 5247: 5224: 5201: 5178: 5155: 5132: 5113: 5110:. 3 June 2003. 5095: 5077: 5049: 5028: 4989: 4964: 4939: 4923: 4903: 4887: 4885:, 1976, p. 32. 4871: 4869:, 1976, p. 28. 4855: 4838: 4816: 4793: 4772: 4759: 4741: 4729:"Illegitimacy" 4720: 4713:Nobel laureate 4698: 4682: 4666: 4653: 4622: 4587: 4560: 4541:(4): 848–861. 4525: 4504: 4477: 4448: 4418: 4393: 4374:(2): 139–161. 4368:Social History 4358: 4309: 4265: 4242:10.1086/302850 4230:Am J Hum Genet 4216: 4164: 4151: 4116: 4093: 4076: 4052: 4025: 3993: 3979: 3955: 3930: 3909: 3892: 3868: 3850: 3829: 3807: 3782: 3750: 3724: 3698: 3673: 3648: 3618: 3588: 3570: 3536: 3513: 3510:. 17 May 2022. 3499: 3481: 3464: 3435: 3412: 3383: 3353: 3323: 3293: 3263: 3233: 3203: 3173: 3143: 3113: 3083: 3053: 3023: 2993: 2963: 2933: 2903: 2900:. p. 185. 2873: 2862:. May 13, 2009 2842: 2831:Abcnews.go.com 2817: 2798: 2783: 2750: 2732: 2729:on 2018-11-24. 2702: 2680: 2648: 2623: 2598: 2573: 2546: 2522: 2501: 2490:Ceflonline.net 2474: 2460:Serge BRAUDO. 2452: 2443: 2427: 2396: 2375: 2350: 2325: 2316: 2304: 2278: 2269: 2249: 2236: 2214: 2188: 2187: 2185: 2182: 2180: 2179: 2174: 2169: 2164: 2159: 2154: 2149: 2144: 2139: 2134: 2129: 2124: 2119: 2114: 2109: 2104: 2099: 2094: 2088: 2086: 2083: 2060:James Smithson 2034: 2031: 2011:C. S. Forester 1952:Wilkie Collins 1925:Henry Fielding 1905:Main article: 1902: 1899: 1891:honor killings 1885: 1882: 1805:Diego Columbus 1765:T. E. Lawrence 1758:T. E. Lawrence 1738:, in his book 1648: 1645: 1596:clause of the 1582:marital status 1423: 1420: 1306: 1303: 1290:Main article: 1287: 1284: 1274:, 21%; and in 1037:United Kingdom 1033:Czech Republic 957: 954: 861: 858: 812:naturalization 663: 660: 652:Western Europe 588:. Conversely, 565: 564: 562: 561: 554: 547: 539: 536: 535: 532: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 506: 501: 496: 491: 486: 481: 476: 471: 465: 460: 459: 456: 455: 452: 451: 446: 441: 436: 431: 426: 421: 415: 412: 411: 408: 407: 404: 403: 398: 396:Paper abortion 393: 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 358: 353: 348: 343: 338: 333: 331:Legal guardian 328: 323: 318: 313: 307: 304: 303: 300: 299: 296: 295: 290: 285: 282: 280:Parenting plan 277: 272: 267: 262: 257: 252: 247: 241: 236: 235: 232: 231: 228: 227: 222: 217: 212: 207: 198: 193: 188: 183: 177: 172: 171: 168: 167: 164: 163: 158: 153: 148: 143: 138: 132: 129: 128: 125: 124: 118: 117: 107: 106: 67:of the subject 65:worldwide view 60: 58: 51: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5550: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5520: 5518: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5482: 5479: 5478: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5459: 5455:Nora Titone, 5454: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5438: 5433: 5430: 5427: 5426: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5404:Charles Simic 5402: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5386: 5381: 5378: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5362: 5357: 5354: 5350: 5347: 5343: 5340:, vol. XXVI, 5339: 5338: 5333: 5330: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5318: 5305: 5304:0-7172-0117-1 5301: 5297: 5296: 5289: 5282: 5281: 5274: 5267: 5266:0-7172-0117-1 5263: 5259: 5258: 5251: 5244: 5243:0-7172-0117-1 5240: 5236: 5235: 5228: 5221: 5220:0-7172-0117-1 5217: 5213: 5212: 5205: 5198: 5197:0-7172-0117-1 5194: 5190: 5189: 5182: 5175: 5174:0-7172-0117-1 5171: 5167: 5166: 5159: 5152: 5151:0-7172-0117-1 5148: 5144: 5143: 5136: 5130: 5128: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5109: 5105: 5099: 5091: 5087: 5081: 5067:on 2013-05-01 5063: 5059: 5053: 5038: 5032: 5024: 5018: 5004: 5000: 4993: 4979: 4975: 4968: 4962: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4946: 4944: 4936: 4932: 4927: 4919: 4918: 4913: 4907: 4900: 4896: 4891: 4884: 4880: 4875: 4868: 4864: 4859: 4852: 4848: 4842: 4835: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4823:Discussed by 4820: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4804: 4800:Nora Titone. 4797: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4776: 4769: 4763: 4756: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4730: 4724: 4717: 4714: 4710: 4709: 4702: 4695: 4691: 4686: 4679: 4673: 4671: 4663: 4657: 4643:on 2014-12-22 4639: 4632: 4626: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4591: 4577: 4570: 4564: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4529: 4514: 4508: 4494: 4493:Demogr.mpg.de 4487: 4481: 4466: 4462: 4455: 4453: 4438: 4431: 4425: 4423: 4407: 4403: 4397: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4362: 4354: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4323:Proc Biol Sci 4320: 4313: 4306: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4269: 4261: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4220: 4212: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4187:(9): 749–54. 4186: 4182: 4178: 4171: 4169: 4161: 4155: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4120: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4097: 4086: 4080: 4069: 4065: 4059: 4057: 4040: 4036: 4029: 4015:on 2016-03-04 4011: 4007: 4003: 3997: 3989: 3983: 3968: 3962: 3960: 3945:on 2015-02-06 3944: 3940: 3934: 3919: 3913: 3905: 3899: 3897: 3882: 3878: 3872: 3864: 3860: 3854: 3846: 3842: 3836: 3834: 3817: 3811: 3796: 3792: 3786: 3772:on 2018-12-05 3771: 3767: 3763: 3757: 3755: 3738: 3734: 3728: 3712: 3708: 3702: 3687: 3683: 3677: 3662: 3658: 3652: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3622: 3608: 3601: 3595: 3593: 3584: 3580: 3574: 3559: 3555: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3524: 3517: 3509: 3503: 3495: 3491: 3485: 3474: 3468: 3452: 3445: 3439: 3431: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3402:on 2015-09-23 3401: 3397: 3396:Demogr.mpg.de 3393: 3387: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3364: 3357: 3350:. p. 40. 3349: 3345: 3341: 3334: 3327: 3320:. p. 41. 3319: 3315: 3311: 3304: 3297: 3290:. p. 43. 3289: 3285: 3281: 3274: 3267: 3260:. p. 45. 3259: 3255: 3251: 3244: 3237: 3230:. p. 46. 3229: 3225: 3221: 3214: 3207: 3200:. p. 46. 3199: 3195: 3191: 3184: 3177: 3170:. p. 46. 3169: 3165: 3161: 3154: 3147: 3140:. p. 54. 3139: 3135: 3131: 3124: 3117: 3110:. p. 57. 3109: 3105: 3101: 3094: 3087: 3080:. p. 57. 3079: 3075: 3071: 3064: 3057: 3050:. p. 52. 3049: 3045: 3041: 3034: 3027: 3020:. p. 57. 3019: 3015: 3011: 3004: 2997: 2990:. p. 47. 2989: 2985: 2981: 2974: 2967: 2960:. p. 46. 2959: 2955: 2951: 2944: 2937: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2914: 2907: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2884: 2877: 2861: 2857: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2832: 2828: 2821: 2813: 2809: 2802: 2794: 2787: 2780: 2770: 2766: 2765: 2760: 2754: 2746: 2742: 2741:"Elizabeth I" 2736: 2725: 2721: 2720: 2712: 2706: 2699: 2694: 2690: 2684: 2665: 2658: 2652: 2637: 2633: 2627: 2612: 2608: 2602: 2587: 2583: 2577: 2563: 2556: 2550: 2536: 2532: 2526: 2511: 2505: 2491: 2484: 2478: 2463: 2456: 2447: 2440: 2438: 2431: 2417:on 2015-04-14 2413: 2406: 2400: 2385: 2379: 2364: 2363:UK Government 2360: 2354: 2339: 2335: 2329: 2320: 2313: 2308: 2292: 2288: 2282: 2273: 2265: 2264: 2259: 2253: 2246: 2240: 2232: 2225: 2218: 2204:on 2012-02-05 2203: 2199: 2193: 2189: 2178: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2163: 2160: 2158: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2148: 2145: 2143: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2123: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2098: 2095: 2093: 2090: 2089: 2082: 2081:(1824–1895). 2080: 2079: 2073: 2070:(1812—1870), 2069: 2066:(1785–1851), 2065: 2062:(1764–1829), 2061: 2057: 2054:(1717–1783), 2053: 2049: 2046:(1452–1519), 2045: 2042:(1404–1472), 2041: 2030: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2015:Marcel Pagnol 2012: 2008: 2007:E. M. Forster 2004: 2003:Joseph Conrad 2000: 1996: 1995:Bolesław Prus 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1979:Ivan Turgenev 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1963: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1940: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1908: 1898: 1896: 1892: 1881: 1879: 1875: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1858: 1857:Modern Period 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1840: 1835: 1829: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1803:' first son, 1802: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1781: 1777: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1644: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1617: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1601: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1590:Supreme Court 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1574:United States 1570: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1547: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1536:jurisdictions 1532: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1517:social stigma 1514: 1510: 1505: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1473: 1471: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1457:Certainty of 1452: 1447: 1443: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1418: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1404: 1400: 1395: 1393: 1389: 1388:contraception 1385: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1369: 1368:contraception 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1334: 1329: 1327: 1326:Victorian era 1323: 1319: 1312: 1302: 1298: 1293: 1283: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1258:was 1.4%; in 1257: 1252: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1192:, 63% in the 1191: 1187: 1183: 1178: 1177:Latin America 1174: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1159: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1124: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1113:Ile-de-France 1110: 1105: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1082:West Midlands 1079: 1075: 1074:East Midlands 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1054: 1050: 1044: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1029: 1027: 1023: 1018: 1014: 1012: 1008: 1003: 1000: 999:United States 995: 993: 984: 981: 977: 972: 964: 960: 952: 947: 945: 940: 938: 937:declared null 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 912: 908: 904: 900: 893: 889: 885: 883: 882: 881:Nguyen v. INS 877: 876:Supreme Court 873: 872: 871:jus sanguinis 867: 857: 855: 849: 846: 841: 837: 835: 831: 827: 823: 818: 815: 813: 809: 805: 801: 800:Supreme Court 796: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 773: 771: 767: 763: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 737: 734: 729: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 702: 699: 698:real property 696: 692: 687: 684: 679: 678:Poor Act 1575 674: 672: 668: 659: 657: 653: 648: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 625: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 606:natural child 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 560: 555: 553: 548: 546: 541: 540: 538: 537: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 484:Child selling 482: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 467: 466: 458: 457: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 416: 410: 409: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 391:Child support 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 326:Child custody 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 308: 302: 301: 294: 291: 289: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 261: 258: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 242: 239: 234: 233: 226: 223: 221: 220:Sham marriage 218: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 178: 175: 170: 169: 162: 159: 157: 154: 152: 149: 147: 144: 142: 139: 137: 134: 133: 127: 126: 123: 120: 119: 116: 113: 112: 103: 100: 92: 82: 78: 74: 68: 66: 59: 50: 49: 44: 40: 33: 19: 5456: 5435: 5423: 5407: 5383: 5380:John E. Mack 5359: 5353:Illegitimacy 5352: 5335: 5321: 5314:Bibliography 5293: 5288: 5278: 5273: 5255: 5250: 5232: 5227: 5209: 5204: 5186: 5181: 5163: 5158: 5140: 5135: 5124: 5116: 5107: 5098: 5089: 5080: 5069:. Retrieved 5062:the original 5052: 5040:. Retrieved 5031: 5006:. Retrieved 5002: 4992: 4981:. Retrieved 4977: 4967: 4934: 4926: 4915: 4906: 4898: 4895:John E. Mack 4890: 4882: 4879:John E. Mack 4874: 4866: 4863:John E. Mack 4858: 4841: 4831: 4819: 4801: 4796: 4791:, pp. 22–23. 4780: 4775: 4767: 4762: 4752: 4744: 4733:. Retrieved 4723: 4708:Charlie Rose 4706: 4701: 4693: 4690:John E. Mack 4685: 4677: 4661: 4656: 4645:. Retrieved 4638:the original 4625: 4600: 4596: 4590: 4579:. Retrieved 4575: 4563: 4538: 4534: 4528: 4516:. Retrieved 4507: 4496:. Retrieved 4492: 4480: 4468:. Retrieved 4465:ResearchGate 4464: 4440:. Retrieved 4436: 4410:. Retrieved 4408:. 2002-10-03 4405: 4396: 4371: 4367: 4361: 4326: 4322: 4312: 4278: 4274: 4268: 4233: 4229: 4219: 4184: 4180: 4159: 4154: 4129: 4125: 4119: 4110: 4106: 4096: 4079: 4043:. Retrieved 4039:the original 4028: 4017:. Retrieved 4010:the original 4005: 3996: 3990:. June 2007. 3982: 3970:. Retrieved 3947:. Retrieved 3943:the original 3933: 3922:. Retrieved 3912: 3884:. Retrieved 3880: 3871: 3863:ec.europa.eu 3862: 3853: 3845:ec.europa.eu 3844: 3820:. Retrieved 3810: 3799:. Retrieved 3797:. 2016-04-28 3794: 3785: 3774:. Retrieved 3770:the original 3765: 3741:. Retrieved 3737:the original 3727: 3715:. Retrieved 3710: 3701: 3690:. Retrieved 3685: 3676: 3665:. Retrieved 3660: 3651: 3639:. Retrieved 3635:the original 3630: 3621: 3610:. Retrieved 3606: 3582: 3573: 3562:. Retrieved 3560:. 2016-08-11 3558:Ec.europa.eu 3557: 3527:. Retrieved 3516: 3502: 3493: 3484: 3467: 3455:. Retrieved 3438: 3404:. Retrieved 3400:the original 3395: 3386: 3356: 3326: 3296: 3266: 3236: 3206: 3176: 3146: 3116: 3086: 3056: 3026: 2996: 2966: 2936: 2906: 2876: 2864:. Retrieved 2859: 2834:. Retrieved 2830: 2820: 2811: 2801: 2786: 2778: 2772:. Retrieved 2762: 2759:"Canon 1137" 2753: 2744: 2735: 2724:the original 2717: 2705: 2700: (2001). 2692: 2688: 2683: 2671:. Retrieved 2664:the original 2651: 2640:. Retrieved 2635: 2626: 2614:. Retrieved 2610: 2601: 2589:. Retrieved 2585: 2576: 2565:. Retrieved 2562:Kenarova.com 2561: 2549: 2538:. Retrieved 2534: 2525: 2513:. Retrieved 2504: 2493:. Retrieved 2489: 2477: 2465:. Retrieved 2455: 2446: 2436: 2430: 2419:. Retrieved 2412:the original 2399: 2387:. Retrieved 2378: 2366:. Retrieved 2362: 2353: 2341:. Retrieved 2337: 2328: 2319: 2307: 2295:. Retrieved 2290: 2281: 2272: 2262: 2252: 2244: 2239: 2230: 2217: 2206:. Retrieved 2202:the original 2192: 2077: 2050:1466–1536), 2036: 1987:Thomas Hardy 1967:George Eliot 1961: 1938: 1910: 1887: 1871: 1848: 1838: 1830: 1799: 1785: 1779: 1776:John E. Mack 1773: 1762: 1739: 1736:John Ferling 1733: 1693: 1690: 1672:Mileva Marić 1665: 1656:Mileva Marić 1618: 1602: 1571: 1548: 1533: 1525:grandparents 1513:civil rights 1506: 1484: 1474: 1467: 1456: 1430: 1416: 1412: 1396: 1372: 1345: 1330: 1314: 1299: 1295: 1253: 1247:66%, and in 1214: 1175: 1160: 1156: 1125: 1106: 1053:East Germany 1049:West Germany 1045: 1030: 1019: 1015: 1011:unwed mother 1004: 996: 988: 959: 949: 944:Pope Francis 941: 924: 915: 896: 879: 869: 863: 850: 844: 842: 838: 829: 825: 819: 816: 797: 774: 738: 730: 703: 688: 683:18 Elizabeth 675: 665: 649: 626: 621: 617: 616:, the terms 610:illegitimate 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 590:illegitimacy 589: 569: 568: 376:Emancipation 320: 141:Cohabitation 95: 86: 62: 5492:Ari Shapiro 5416:Paul Wilson 5162:"Erasmus", 4950:Ari Shapiro 4849:biography ( 4603:(1): 1–24. 4132:: 140–691. 4113:(12): 1–11. 3688:(in French) 3663:(in French) 3508:"FastStats" 2866:January 11, 2719:Home Office 2023:John Irving 1999:Henry James 1975:Leo Tolstoy 1971:Victor Hugo 1933:Jane Austen 1853:bibliophile 1763:Similarly, 1748:Anders Zorn 1702:Edwin Booth 1686:Edwin Booth 1527:or married 1509:inheritance 1481:Edward Coke 1475:In English 1431:The Outcast 1347:Estado Novo 1280:Philippines 1270:, 6.4%; in 1266:, 5.6%; in 1262:, 3.1%; in 1241:El Salvador 1225:Puerto Rico 1096:, 42.9% in 1092:, 43.2% in 1088:, 45.5% in 1084:, 48.5% in 1080:, 50.4% in 1076:, 50.8% in 1068:, 52.4% in 1064:, 54.2% in 1060:, 58.9% in 903:Elizabeth I 892:Elizabeth I 691:English law 618:natural son 474:Child abuse 381:Foster care 156:Civil union 146:Concubinage 5533:Family law 5517:Categories 5071:2017-03-26 5008:2023-12-15 4983:2023-12-15 4735:2009-10-19 4716:Paul Nurse 4647:2014-05-06 4581:2017-03-26 4498:2017-03-26 4442:2017-03-26 4412:2017-03-26 4019:2017-03-26 3949:2014-12-06 3924:2013-02-11 3886:2017-03-26 3801:2017-03-26 3795:Pordata.pt 3776:2017-03-26 3692:2017-03-26 3667:2017-03-26 3612:2017-03-26 3564:2017-03-26 3406:2017-03-26 2836:2017-03-26 2825:ABC News. 2774:2021-12-15 2642:2023-04-06 2567:2017-03-26 2540:2023-02-11 2495:2017-03-26 2421:2015-04-07 2208:2012-03-20 2184:References 2072:Jenny Lind 1901:In fiction 1874:Steve Jobs 1867:Steve Jobs 1734:Historian 1637:Aleksandra 1544:legitimate 1498:safe haven 1479:, Justice 1477:common law 1364:family law 1276:Kyrgyzstan 1272:Kazakhstan 1268:Uzbekistan 1239:58.1%, in 1235:52.7%, in 1231:48.2%, in 1229:Costa Rica 1227:45.8%, in 1223:43.6%, in 1180:be 74% in 1140:Luxembourg 1130:(52.8% ), 602:love child 574:common law 570:Legitimacy 321:Legitimacy 284:Residence 115:Family law 89:April 2023 32:Legitimacy 5444:; 1982 . 5392:; 1998 . 5368:; 2005 . 5245:, p. 677. 5199:, p. 526. 5176:, p. 541. 5153:, p. 228. 4388:143607918 4146:145367552 4126:Sociology 3494:USA Today 2795:. London. 2673:1 October 2132:Filiation 2117:Childwite 1625:canon law 1606:recognise 1567:certainty 1563:paternity 1540:civil law 1529:relatives 1466:dictum, " 1459:paternity 1375:childless 1233:Argentina 1200:, 55% in 1198:Argentina 1196:, 58% in 1188:, 69% in 1184:, 70% in 1163:Australia 1150:(36.5%), 1146:(40.2%), 1138:(41.7%), 1134:(45.9%), 1072:, 52% in 917:Annulment 770:civil law 762:intestacy 733:Scots law 645:Lutherans 633:Christian 614:Scots law 582:conceived 311:Paternity 210:Annulment 77:talk page 5222:, p. 65. 5090:BBC News 5042:20 April 5017:cite web 5003:Jim Daly 4731:. Justia 4680:, p. 42. 4617:20058678 4518:20 April 4470:20 April 4406:BBC News 4353:25694621 4305:19204044 4260:10739766 4211:16100312 4045:20 April 3972:20 April 3822:20 April 3816:"Births" 3743:20 April 3717:20 April 3686:Insee.fr 3661:Insee.fr 3641:20 April 2812:Fox News 2616:20 April 2591:20 April 2515:20 April 2467:20 April 2368:20 April 2343:20 April 2260:(1850). 2152:Legitime 2085:See also 2033:Notables 1929:Voltaire 1878:adoption 1769:Sangreal 1714:Unionist 1629:marriage 1521:adoption 1502:Anglican 1356:adultery 1245:Suriname 1243:73%, in 1186:Paraguay 1182:Colombia 1154:(31.8%) 1144:Slovakia 1142:(40.7%) 1128:Portugal 1078:Scotland 1022:religion 854:entailed 785:Scotland 706:Scotland 656:Americas 641:Anglican 637:Catholic 594:bastardy 479:CPS (US) 429:Marriage 356:CAFCASS 336:Adoption 250:Adultery 71:You may 5342:Wrocław 5328:, 1955. 4833:Book TV 4829:C-SPAN2 4825:Ferling 4555:3600162 4344:4345458 4296:2668828 4251:1288207 4202:1733152 3881:Czso.cz 3529:Oct 19, 3457:Oct 19, 2435:Watson 2389:19 July 1895:stoning 1834:epitome 1825:library 1676:Lieserl 1621:divorce 1586:adopted 1578:parents 1551:censure 1451:Ireland 1422:History 1352:divorce 1173:(28%). 1148:Ireland 1136:Austria 1041:Hungary 806:of the 768:and in 757:peerage 695:inherit 667:England 598:bastard 586:divorce 578:married 424:Divorce 275:Alimony 245:Divorce 5465: 5448: 5396: 5372: 5302: 5264: 5241: 5218: 5195: 5172: 5149: 4810: 4787: 4615: 4553: 4386: 4351: 4341: 4303: 4293: 4258: 4248: 4209: 4199: 4144: 2696:, 2636:GOV.UK 2297:9 July 2172:Orphan 2025:, and 1780:redeem 1730:, 1790 1662:, 1912 1610:France 1557:about 1403:Quebec 1260:Israel 1249:Panama 1237:Belize 1217:Mexico 1206:Brazil 1202:Mexico 1121:Quebec 1102:London 907:Mary I 822:France 689:Under 654:, the 643:, and 494:Incest 469:Bigamy 122:Family 5412:Czech 5065:(PDF) 4641:(PDF) 4634:(PDF) 4613:JSTOR 4572:(PDF) 4551:JSTOR 4489:(PDF) 4433:(PDF) 4384:S2CID 4142:S2CID 4088:(PDF) 4071:(PDF) 4013:(PDF) 3603:(PDF) 3525:. CNN 3476:(PDF) 3447:(PDF) 3366:(PDF) 3336:(PDF) 3306:(PDF) 3276:(PDF) 3246:(PDF) 3216:(PDF) 3186:(PDF) 3156:(PDF) 3126:(PDF) 3096:(PDF) 3066:(PDF) 3036:(PDF) 3006:(PDF) 2976:(PDF) 2946:(PDF) 2916:(PDF) 2886:(PDF) 2727:(PDF) 2714:(PDF) 2667:(PDF) 2660:(PDF) 2558:(PDF) 2535:HUDOC 2486:(PDF) 2415:(PDF) 2408:(PDF) 2227:(PDF) 1641:Maria 1565:with 1464:Latin 1433:, by 1264:China 1256:Japan 1251:80%. 1221:Chile 1210:Chile 1204:. In 1152:Malta 1132:Spain 1117:Paris 1062:Wales 766:canon 612:. In 608:, or 79:, or 5463:ISBN 5446:ISBN 5394:ISBN 5370:ISBN 5300:ISBN 5262:ISBN 5239:ISBN 5216:ISBN 5193:ISBN 5170:ISBN 5147:ISBN 5044:2016 5023:link 4808:ISBN 4785:ISBN 4520:2016 4472:2016 4349:PMID 4301:PMID 4256:PMID 4207:PMID 4047:2016 3974:2016 3824:2016 3745:2016 3719:2016 3643:2016 3531:2009 3459:2009 3451:OECD 2868:2021 2675:2010 2618:2016 2593:2016 2517:2016 2469:2016 2391:2011 2370:2016 2345:2016 2299:2018 2078:fils 1962:fils 1939:père 1704:and 1658:and 1408:OECD 1190:Peru 1051:and 925:i.e. 843:The 828:and 739:The 714:Bute 676:The 620:and 604:, a 600:, a 386:Ward 203:and 201:Void 5500:NPR 5414:by 5108:CNN 4958:NPR 4847:PBS 4605:doi 4543:doi 4376:doi 4339:PMC 4331:doi 4327:282 4291:PMC 4283:doi 4246:PMC 4238:doi 4197:PMC 4189:doi 4134:doi 2437:vs. 1616:). 1559:sex 1362:in 1171:ACT 1161:In 980:CDC 931:'s 878:in 820:In 731:In 669:'s 662:Law 5519:: 5498:, 5440:. 5434:. 5418:, 5388:. 5382:. 5364:. 5344:, 5106:. 5088:. 5019:}} 5015:{{ 5001:. 4976:. 4956:, 4942:^ 4933:, 4914:. 4897:, 4881:, 4865:, 4692:, 4669:^ 4611:. 4601:31 4599:. 4574:. 4549:. 4539:66 4537:. 4491:. 4463:. 4451:^ 4435:. 4421:^ 4404:. 4382:. 4372:38 4370:. 4347:. 4337:. 4325:. 4321:. 4299:, 4289:, 4279:26 4277:, 4254:. 4244:. 4234:66 4232:. 4228:. 4205:. 4195:. 4185:59 4183:. 4179:. 4167:^ 4140:. 4130:43 4128:. 4111:13 4109:. 4105:. 4066:. 4064:UN 4055:^ 4004:. 3958:^ 3895:^ 3879:. 3861:. 3843:. 3832:^ 3793:. 3764:. 3753:^ 3709:. 3684:. 3659:. 3629:. 3605:. 3591:^ 3581:. 3556:. 3539:^ 3492:. 3449:. 3415:^ 3394:. 3376:, 3372:, 3346:, 3342:, 3316:, 3312:, 3286:, 3282:, 3256:, 3252:, 3226:, 3222:, 3196:, 3192:, 3166:, 3162:, 3136:, 3132:, 3106:, 3102:, 3076:, 3072:, 3046:, 3042:, 3016:, 3012:, 2986:, 2982:, 2956:, 2952:, 2926:, 2922:, 2896:, 2892:, 2858:. 2845:^ 2829:. 2810:. 2777:. 2767:. 2761:. 2743:. 2716:. 2691:v. 2634:. 2609:. 2584:. 2560:. 2533:. 2488:. 2361:. 2336:. 2289:. 2029:. 2021:, 2017:, 2013:, 2009:, 2005:, 2001:, 1997:, 1993:, 1989:, 1985:, 1981:, 1977:, 1973:, 1969:, 1965:, 1958:, 1954:, 1950:, 1946:, 1942:, 1935:, 1931:, 1927:, 1923:, 1919:, 1897:. 1859:. 1720:. 1580:' 1569:. 1370:. 1104:. 992:EU 923:, 913:. 795:. 728:. 639:, 5469:. 5452:. 5400:. 5376:. 5074:. 5046:. 5025:) 5011:. 4986:. 4836:. 4814:. 4738:. 4650:. 4619:. 4607:: 4584:. 4557:. 4545:: 4522:. 4501:. 4474:. 4445:. 4415:. 4390:. 4378:: 4355:. 4333:: 4285:: 4262:. 4240:: 4213:. 4191:: 4148:. 4136:: 4090:. 4073:. 4049:. 4022:. 3976:. 3952:. 3927:. 3906:. 3889:. 3865:. 3847:. 3826:. 3804:. 3779:. 3747:. 3721:. 3695:. 3670:. 3645:. 3615:. 3567:. 3533:. 3478:. 3461:. 3432:. 3409:. 2870:. 2839:. 2814:. 2747:. 2677:. 2645:. 2620:. 2595:. 2570:. 2543:. 2519:. 2498:. 2471:. 2424:. 2393:. 2372:. 2347:. 2301:. 2211:. 1832:" 681:( 558:e 551:t 544:v 102:) 96:( 91:) 87:( 69:. 45:. 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Legitimacy (family law)

Index