Muhammad al-Jawad - Knowledge

1945:, who continued the policy of his predecessor in simultaneously appeasing and containing pro-Alid groups, according to Medoff. It was perhaps to further this policy that al-Mu'tasim summoned al-Jawad to Baghdad in 220 AH (835 CE) and hosted him and his wife. The departure of al-Jawad was apparently facilitated by Abd al-Malik al-Zayyat at the behest of the caliph. An exception here is the account of al-Mas'udi which does not explicitly state that al-Jawad was summoned by al-Mu'tasim. At any rate, al-Jawad died there in the same year, some ten months after his arrival, at the age of about twenty-five. During this short window, Shia sources accuse al-Mu'tasim of multiple attempts to discredit al-Jawad and finally murdering him. This alleged hostility of al-Mu'tasim may have been compounded by a recent wave of Shia revolts in Qom and in Taliqan, even though there is no evidence that al-Jawad was involved in them. One such attempt against al-Jawad was prevented by one of his supporters, Ahmad ibn Hammad al-Marwazi, who was nevertheless an advisor to Ibn Abi Dawud, the influential 74: 2008:). Baghestani adds that al-Jawad gave charity at the beginning of every month and interceded with the officials on behalf of the people. His arranged marriage in 215 AH (830 CE) to Umm al-Fadl did not result in any children. There are other indications that this marriage was not particularly felicitous, including reports that she complained to al-Ma'mun about her marriage, specifically about her husband taking a concubine, but the caliph rejected her complaint. Umm al-Fadl is also commonly held responsible in Shia sources for the death of al-Jawad in 220 AH (835 CE) by poisoning. Ali al-Hadi, the successor of al-Jawad, was born to Samana, a freed slave ( 2478:) of Muhammad al-Jawad. The attitude of al-Jawad towards this uprising, however, remains unclear, as the Imamite sources are silent about this uprising and its connection to al-Jawad or lack thereof. Probably connecting al-Jawad to Shia rebellions, al-Ma'mun summoned the former from Medina to Baghdad in 215 AH (830 CE) and married his daughter Umm Fazl to him. This marriage, however, did not win al-Ma'mun the Shia support, nor did it stop the uprisings in Qom. Indeed, some reports by al-Tabari and Ibn al-Athir add that among the rebel leaders who had been exiled to 2046: 1342:, likely poisoned by order of al-Ma'mun as he made concessions to the opposition. Upon the death of al-Rida in 818, the succession of his only son Muhammad to the imamate at the age of about seven became controversial. Most Imamite Shias accepted the imamate of al-Jawad because the Imam, in their view, received his perfect religious knowledge through divine inspiration, irrespective of his age. At the time, some instead turned for leadership to al-Jawad's uncle, Ahmad ibn Musa al-Kazim, and some others joined the 2350:, and Yahya ibn Abi Imran. Some others did not, including perhaps Safwan ibn Yahya, Muhammad ibn Sinan, Zakariyya ibn Adam, and S'ad ibn S'ad. There are conflicting reports about these four and whether they withheld their collected alms from al-Jawad, but some of them are said to have later returned to the Imam. Because of the relative isolation of al-Jawad by the Abbasids, the Imamite Shias normally communicated with their Imam through his agents, except during Hajj when they met directly with him. 2066:

Among medieval Sunni authors, an exception is Ibn al-Sabbagh, who accepts the possibility of murder. In contrast, Shia sources hold the Abbasids responsible in the deaths of multiple Shia Imams, including al-Jawad. In his case, Shia sources are nearly unanimous that he was murdered at the instigation of al-Mu'tasim. The silence of Sunni sources here is attributed by the Shia to the atmosphere of fear and intimidation under the Abbasids. In particular, Ibn Shahrashub said that he wrote his

1389:), who summoned al-Jawad to Baghdad in 835 and hosted him and his wife, possibly to investigate any links between al-Jawad and new Shia revolts. There al-Jawad died in the same year at the age of about twenty-five. All major Sunni sources are silent about the manner of his death, while Shia authorities are nearly unanimous that he was poisoned by his disaffected wife, Umm al-Fadl, at the instigation of her uncle, al-Mu'tasim. Muhammad al-Jawad was buried next to his grandfather, 2768: 1926:, who says that al-Ma'mun might have had little to fear from the revolts in Qom. Medoff believes that al-Ma'mun pursued a policy of simultaneously appeasing and containing pro-Alid groups, while Wardrop writes that the marriage was intended to discourage the Shia from revolution. Hussain and Esmail Baghestani say that the marriage did not win the Shia support for al-Ma'mun, nor did it stop the Shia revolts. 2754: 1163: 1811:

al-Ma'mun reversed his pro-Shia policies, and restored the traditional black color of the Abbasids. Muhammad was about seven years old when his father died. There are multiple Shia reports that he told others about the death of his father before the news arrived in Medina, and some traditions indicate that he was miraculously present in the burial of al-Rida in Khurasan and prayed over his body.

2589:(teleportation in Islamic mysticism) from Medina to Khorasan for the burial of his father al-Rida, miraculously healing the sick, fulfillment of his prayers for friends and against his enemies, informing about the inner secrets of people, predicting future events, and particularly his death. These are often cited by the Shia as proof of his imamate. A subtle story of this kind in 2782: 2482:, Ja'far ibn Dawud al-Qomi later escaped and rose again in Qom, defeating the Abbasid army in 216 AH. The Shia uprisings continued even after his execution in 217 AH by the Abbasids. After succeeding al-Ma'mun, al-Mu'tasim summoned al-Jawad to Baghdad in 220 AH (835 CE) and held him under close surveillance, probably to ascertain his role in the Shia uprisings. 2177:) of al-Jawad as the next imam by his predecessor. These are often narrated by the inner circle of al-Rida, thus signifying their visible role in consolidating the imamate of the young al-Jawad. An example of indirect designation is the statement referring to the young al-Jawad as "the greatest blessing for the Shia," ascribed to al-Rida in the canonical 1922:) suggests that al-Ma'mun might have wanted to keep a close watch on him from both outside and within his household. Hussain similarly suggests that al-Ma'mun intended to monitor al-Jawad and divide the Shia opposition, hoping thus to mitigate their revolts, including some fresh uprisings in Qom. This view is rejected by the historian 2215:. The attention al-Jawad received from al-Ma'mun, who married him to his daughter, may have also strengthened the case for al-Jawad. Wardrop thus concludes that the main challenge to the imamate of al-Jawad was his young age, given that the imamate was viewed by the Shia as the ultimate source of knowledge ( 2646:

stipulates that Ali would inherit from him and be responsible for his younger brother, Musa, and his sisters. Muhammad al-Jawad is also said to have announced the succession of Ali through his main agent, Muhammad ibn al-Faraj, or through Abu al-Khayrani. This messenger relayed the designation to the

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Soon after arriving in Baghdad in 204 AH (819 CE), al-Ma'mun summoned the young Muhammad who then stayed at the court of the caliph. The betrothal of Muhammad and Umm Fadl or its proposal was apparently opposed by some of the Abbasids, reportedly because of the dark complexion of Muhammad. An account

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likely continued to function, but did so more independently than ever before. Wardrop suggests that this level of autonomy continued throughout the childhood of al-Jawad. After al-Rida, some agents remained loyal to his successor, possibly after testing him during the Hajj season. These included Abd

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Muhammad al-Jawad was about seven years old when his father al-Rida died in 203 AH (818 CE). Even as the only child of al-Rida, the succession of the young Muhammad to the imamate became controversial, but did not result in permanent divisions of the Shia community. At the time, al-Mas'udi notes the

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is the last Imam and that he would be al-Mahdi. Verses 81:15-16, "O, but I call to witness the planets, the stars which rise and set," were also interpreted by al-Jawad and his predecessor al-Baqir as referring to the reappearance of al-Mahdi, thus likening him to a shooting star in the dark night.

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is told on the authority of Abd-Allah ibn Razin. When visiting the Imam, he decided to gather some of the earth upon which al-Jawad had set foot, a desire that he later deemed sinful. However, his attempts to tactfully do so were all thwarted by al-Jawad, who subtly changed his daily routines. This

1897:

implies that Muhammad returned to Medina after this episode in Baghdad. By some accounts, however, he stayed in Baghdad for about eight years, primarily engaged in teaching, before returning to Medina with his family after the death of al-Ma'mun in 218 AH (833 CE). This is viewed as house arrest by

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220 (January 835) at the request of al-Mu'tasim, who hosted him and his wife during the visit. He died at the age of about twenty-five, the youngest among the Twelve Imams. All major Sunni sources are silent about the cause of his death, including those by al-Tabari, al-Baghdadi, and Ibn al-Athir.

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is similar. Those opposed to the marriage arranged for a public debate where the chief judge Yahya ibn Aktam interrogated the young Muhammad with difficult theological questions to which he answered correctly. An account of this is given by al-Mas'udi, but the seventeenth-century hadith collection

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of al-Ma'mun, who had become a divisive figure. Both deaths are linked in Shia sources to al-Ma'mun and viewed as concessions to the Arab party to smooth his return to Iraq. Modern scholars similarly tend to suspect the caliph in the death of al-Rida. After returning to Baghdad in 204 AH (819 CE),

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of Baghdad and then Kufa. Some of these figures are now known to have secretly paid their Khums to al-Jawad. Towards the end of al-Jawad's life, the organization and activities of his agents further expanded. Some of his followers became integrated within the Abbasid army, while he announced his

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by al-Mufid. The latter reports that some proposed that the "pious men with religious and legal knowledge" should lead until al-Jawad matured. However, the prevailing answer was that both adult and minor Imams are equal since both receive their knowledge from supernatural sources. Indeed, there

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to the political activities of al-Jawad's agents, even though the Imamite sources are silent about any military involvement of his underground organization. Prior to this revolt, residents of Qom, a rising Shia center, had called on al-Ma'mun to lower their taxes as he had done for the city of

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received his prophetic mission in the Quran when he was still a child, suggesting that al-Jawad also received the requisite perfect knowledge of all religious matters through divine inspiration from the time of his succession, irrespective of his age. Similar statements are also attributed to

5257: 2153:) among the Imamite Shias about the qualifications of the young al-Jawad for the imamate. As related by al-Mas'udi and Majlesi, several supporters of al-Rida thus gathered in Baghdad at the house of Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Hajjaj, a distinguished companion of the three previous Imams, namely, 2079:

While the manner of his death is given differently by Shia authors, most say that al-Jawad was poisoned by his disaffected wife Umm al-Fadl, at the instigation of her uncle al-Mu'tasim. These include the Shia-leaning historian al-Mas'udi, and Twelver scholars Ibn Jarir al-Tabari al-Saghir,

1844:), though the Islamicist Shona F. Wardrop suspects that it may actually refer to the designation of al-Rida as the heir apparent. In any case, al-Mufid suggests that the opposition actually feared the political rise of Muhammad similar to his father al-Rida, and the view of the Islamicist 2022: and two or four daughters. In some genealogical books, other sons have been named but there is no mention of them in the earliest sources. The daughters of al-Jawad are named differently in the sources. Here, al-Mufid gives the names Fatima and Amama, while the biographical source 1910:

season (January 831) when they returned to Medina after completing the Hajj ritual. Possibly hoping to blunt the Shia opposition through al-Jawad, the caliph is said to have displayed much affection towards the young man. By marrying his daughter to al-Jawad, the Twelver scholar

2113:) does not have a verdict but mentions the prevalent Shia view that al-Jawad was poisoned. Sunni sources typically say that Umm al-Fadl was present in Baghdad when her husband died. Citing the Sunni historian al-Baghdadi and some others, Baghestani writes that she joined the 2528:, a descendant of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, has already been born and subsequently concealed from the public. The two sons of Ibn Mahziar, named Ibrahim and Muhammad, later served as the representatives of the twelfth Imam in Ahvaz. The Imam distanced himself from the 2229:, the promised savior in Islam. Some of these apparently argued that their imam could not be a child. According to Madelung, some others, who had opportunistically backed the imamate of al-Rida after his appointment as the heir apparent, had now returned to their Sunni or 1787:, a paternal uncle of Muhammad. The appointment of the Alid al-Rida by the Abbasid caliph thus invoked strong opposition, particularly among the members of the Abbasid dynasty and the Iraqi supporters of Abbasid legitimism. These revolted and installed al-Ma'mun's uncle, 2419:. Some followers of al-Jawad received permission to work within the Abbasid government for the benefit of the Shia community. These included Muhammad ibn Isma'il ibn Baz'i and Ahmad ibn al-Hamza al-Qomi in the vizierate, Husayn ibn Abd-Allah al-Neishaburi, the ruler of 2164:), al-Kazim, and al-Rida. Of those present, Yunus ibn Abd al-Rahman reportedly suggested they choose a temporary leader until al-Jawad reached adulthood. But the view that prevailed was that adulthood is not a prerequisite for wisdom. There is also the account in 2664:) about marriage, divorce, and inheritance has been preserved in Shia sources. Ali al-Rida is even said to have praised his son for writing "extremely elegant" letters while still a young boy. According to Hamid Mavani, most Shia hadiths about Khums (Islamic alms, 1678:. To form a political alliance, the caliph also married one of his daughters, named Umm Habib, to al-Rida in 202 AH (817 CE) and promised another daughter, named Umm al-Fadl, to Muhammad, who was still a minor at the time, aged about seven. Among Sunni historians, 2184:

According to Wardrop, as the only son of al-Rida, recognition of al-Jawad as the heir to the imamate was to be expected, adding that there is considerable evidence in the hadith literature against the horizontal transference of the imamate between brothers after

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As for precedents, there were no child imams before al-Jawad, even though Ali ibn Abi Talib professed Islam at the age of about ten, and Hasan and Husayn formally pledged their allegiance to the prophet when they were about six. Imamite authors have noted that

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writes that al-Ma'mun summoned Muhammad to Baghdad, settled him near his palace, and later decided to marry him to his daughter, Umm Fadl, whose given name was Zaynab. According to al-Baghdadi, Muhammad was about nine years old at the time of this betrothal.

1885:. These claims al-Jawad refuted in mild language. The attribution of this latter exchange to Muhammad al-Jawad is, however, uncertain since a similar exchange between al-Ma'mun and some Sunni scholars is described by the tenth-century hadith collection 1891:. At any rate, it is at the end of this assembly that al-Ma'mun formally married his daughter to Muhammad, according to al-Mas'udi and al-Mufid. This episode is thus viewed by the Twelvers as evidence of the exceptional knowledge of Muhammad al-Jawad. 2655:

Muhammad al-Jawad was engaged in teaching during his eight years in Baghdad, and he was renowned for his public defense of Islamic tradition, according to Edward D.A. Hulmes. His extensive correspondence with his followers on questions of Islamic law

5276: 2472:), who writes that the Abbasid army demolished the wall surrounding the city, killed many, and nearly quadrupled the taxes. Among those killed was a prominent participant in the uprising, named Yahya ibn Imran, who might have been a representative ( 2602:

continued to the point that it surprised the attendant of Imam and let Abd-Allah realize that al-Jawad was aware of his sinful determination. It was only after Abd-Allah resolved to give up that al-Jawad returned to his usual routine.

2339:). This network guided the financial and religious affairs of the Imamite Shias. After the death of al-Rida, it took possibly up to four years for the imamate of al-Jawad to consolidate. In this period of uncertainty, the network of 2168:

and elsewhere, saying that the prominent Shias from across the empire tested the young al-Jawad during the Hajj season and their doubts about him were dispelled. There are also reports about the direct or indirect designation

1975:, describes how al-Jawad unmasked false witnesses who had accused him of plotting against the caliph, though the miraculous ending of this account weakens its historical weight. Another account is narrated by Zurqan, a 6494: 2207:), the second and third of the Twelve Imams. Wardrop points out that there were very few qualified alternatives to al-Jawad anyway, naming his uncles, Ahmad ibn Musa and Abdallah ibn Musa, and also a different 2500:) has listed one hundred and sixteen narrators of hadith from al-Jawad, though only a few of them were his trusted companions, including Ali ibn Mahziar Ahvazi, Abu Hashim Dawud ibn al-Qasim al-Ja'fari, 1365:

In 830, al-Jawad was summoned to Baghdad by al-Ma'mun, who married his daughter Umm Fadhl to the former. This marriage, however, was to be without issue and might have been infelicitous. His successor,

1993:, who later visited the caliph and warned him about inadvertently bolstering the public support for al-Jawad as an alternative to al-Mu'tasim. This then set in motion the plot to poison al-Jawad. 2680:) are attributed to al-Jawad and his successor, al-Hadi. Mavani regards Khums as an example of the Imams' discretionary authority as Shia leaders, which in this case countered the redirection of 1987:

Ibn Abi Dawud: The caliph is said to have solicited and preferred the judicial ruling of al-Jawad about amputating the hand of a thief in the presence of other scholars. This infuriated the

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that, once when the prophet sent him to Yemen, he said to him, "O Ali, he is never disappointed who asks for good (from God), and He never has a motive for repenting who asks (His) advice."

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and other sources. Elsewhere, when al-Husayn ibn al-Qiayama questioned the imamate of al-Rida for his lack of an heir at the time, he responded that he would have a son to succeed him.

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The marriage of al-Jawad to the daughter of the caliph was consummated in 215 AH (830 CE), when al-Ma'mun invited the former to Baghdad from Medina. The couple stayed there until the

6499: 6474: 6469: 2552:, Abu al-Samhari, and Ibn Abi Zarqa, who are said to have defamed Shia by forging traditions and attributing them to the Imams and introducing themselves as their representatives. 6489: 6444: 2310:

To organize the affairs of a growing Shia population, which had expanded far to the east of Iraq and Arabia, the young al-Jawad relied heavily on his representatives or agents (

6484: 1783:, a descendant of Ali ibn Abi Talib, the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad. The Alids were viewed as rivals for the caliphate by the Abbasids, who were the descendants of 2700:) and less frequently al-Mahdi refer to the messianic figure in Islam. This apparently created confusion and al-Jawad is reported to have identified the two, saying that 6434: 2735:

Muhammad al-Jawad reported that the prophet had said to Ali, "Rise betimes in the name of God, for God hath bestowed a blessing on my people in their early rising."

2221:) and guidance. A group of followers of al-Rida thus accepted the imamate of his brother, Ahmad ibn Musa, who had earlier rivaled al-Rida. Another group joined the 2293:) as a child." Even so, some among the Shia still debated as to whether the young Imam was equal to an adult Imam in every aspect, as evidenced by some reports in 1791:, as an anti-caliph in Baghdad. The caliph and his entourage thus left Khorasan for Baghdad in 203 AH (818 CE), accompanied by al-Rida. The latter died shortly in 2610:

After the death of al-Jawad in 220 AH (835 CE), the majority of his followers acknowledged the imamate of his son Ali, later to be known by the epithets al-Hadi (

6464: 6454: 6449: 2461:. The caliph rejected their appeal, then suppressed their subsequent revolt, and substantially raised their taxes. This is detailed by the Twelver traditionist 6571: 1566:, the last of the Twelve Imams. It is this date that the Shia celebrate annually. His father Ali al-Rida, the eighth of the Twelve Imams, was a descendant of 1286:'the pious'). Like most of his predecessors, Muhammad kept aloof from politics and engaged in religious teaching, while organizing the affairs of the 6240: 2117:

of al-Mu'tasim after the death of al-Jawad. He was buried next to his grandfather, Musa al-Kazim, the seventh of the Twelve Imams, in the cemetery of the

5058: 2642:). Similar to his father, Ali was also a minor when he succeeded him in 220 AH (835 CE) at the age of about seven. The will attributed to al-Jawad in 4873: 2072:"to bring forth what they have suppressed." An exception here is al-Mufid who does not find the evidence for murder credible. Among other sources, 2302:

already were traditions attributed to earlier Imams asserting that each Imam would inherit the full knowledge of his predecessor upon his death.

5259:

Crisis and Consolidation in the Formative Period of Shi'ite Islam: Abū Ja'far Ibn Qiba Al-Rāzī and His Contribution to Imāmite Shī'ite Thought

2037:) adds Behjat and Barihe to these names, saying that none of them left any descendants. The children of al-Jawad were all born to Samana. 315: 6235: 2684:(another Islamic alms) to sustain oppressive regimes and support the affluent lifestyle of caliphs. Among the Shia, the titles al-Qa'im ( 2741:

Muhammad al-Jawad related from the prophet, "Make it a point to travel by night, for more ground can be got over by night than by day."

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in Qom. In addition to these agents, al-Jawad sometimes sent special representatives to cities to collect religious taxes, including

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attributes a hadith to al-Rida, childless at the time, in which he apparently predicts the birth of his son al-Jawad and his murder.

1604:, though her name is given differently in sources as Sabika or Durra (sometimes Khayzuran). She might have belonged to the family of 2647:

assembly of companions after the death of al-Jawad and the majority there is reported to have agreed on the imamate of Ali al-Hadi.

2581:), that is, supernatural acts or miracles sometimes attributed to saints in Islam. These include speaking at the time of his birth, 1957:

about the futility of this plan, saying that the ire of the caliph would only strengthen the loyalty of Imamites for al-Jawad. The

1755:) place the betrothal of Muhammad after the death of al-Rida in 204 AH (819 CE), following the return of al-Ma'mun to his capital 2325:) throughout the empire. This underground network of agents across the Abbasid empire was founded by his grandfather al-Kazim ( 17: 1951:. The caliph apparently abandoned his plan to dishonor al-Jawad by parading him while intoxicated after Ahmad convinced the 6180: 5593: 2353:

During al-Jawad's imamate, Shia activists were dispatched to Egypt and elsewhere, as reported by the Twelver traditionist

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Similar to his predecessors, al-Jawad lived modestly and gave to the poor generously, according to Dwight M. Donaldson (

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the historian Jassim M. Hussain, citing a report by al-Mas'udi. There is not much known about this period of his life.

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successor, Ali al-Hadi, through his main agent, Muhammad ibn al-Faraj, or through another companion, Abu al-Khayrani.

5347: 5325: 5304: 5270: 5243: 5203: 5161: 5130: 5099: 5068: 5047: 5023: 4979: 4956: 4904: 4883: 4862: 4853:. In Bowering, Gerhard; Crone, Patricia; Kadi, Wadad; Mirza, Mahan; Stewart, Devin J.; Zaman, Muhammad Qasim (eds.). 4839: 4820: 4789: 4781: 2365: 6561: 2412: 1235: 572: 5390:

The Cambridge History of Islam, Volume 1A: The Central Islamic Lands from Pre-Islamic Times to the First World War

2512:, and Amro ibn Firat. In particular, Ibn Mahziar was the agent of al-Jawad in Ahvaz and wrote two books, namely, 1148: 6374: 6328: 6111: 6065: 5982: 5936: 5805: 5759: 5424: 5374: 2332:) and maintained by his son al-Rida. There is even some evidence that an early network existed under al-Sadiq ( 1557: 31: 5011: 6295: 6032: 5903: 5726: 5633: 2806: 2211:

with the latter name. That there was no clear alternative to al-Jawad is also the view of the Muslim jurist

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in 818 and abandon his pro-Shia policies. On the way back to Baghdad, al-Rida suddenly fell ill and died in

1109: 6576: 6349: 6086: 5957: 5780: 2509: 887: 1300:

has been preserved in Shia sources and numerous pithy religio-ethical sayings are also attributed to him.

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adds that Yahya also presented Muhammad with provocative questions about the status of the early caliphs

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after a brief illness, possibly after being poisoned. The death of al-Rida followed the assassination of

1346:, but the succession of al-Jawad evidently did not create any permanent divisions in the Shia community. 1043: 577: 104: 47: 4967: 1053: 6566: 6275: 6012: 5997: 5820: 5546: 5361: 5060:

The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the Sixth to the Eleventh Century

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lists the collections of hadith that contain the sermons and sayings attributed to al-Jawad, including

1807: 1078: 5437:

Lives of the Imams, Muhammad al-Jawad and 'Ali al-Hadi and the Development of the Shi'ite Organisation

4915: 1307:

in 810–811, Muhammad al-Jawad was the son of Ali al-Rida, the eighth of the Twelve Imams. In 817, the

6359: 6096: 5967: 5835: 5790: 5775: 1912: 1784: 1019: 6394: 6344: 6310: 6225: 6131: 6081: 6047: 6002: 5952: 5918: 5741: 5602: 5586: 2452:, similar to many of his predecessors. Nevertheless, Hussain links the 210 AH (825 CE) uprising in 2354: 1536: 1113: 944: 661: 602: 447: 5388: 1722:) relates that he visited his father in Merv in 202 AH (817 CE). In contrast, the Sunni historian 6354: 6315: 6091: 6052: 5962: 5923: 5785: 5746: 5172: 2840:, though its attribution to the eleventh-century Twelver scholar al-Tabari al-Saghir is disputed. 1330:, possibly to mitigate the frequent Shia revolts. This appointment provoked strong opposition in 1073: 704: 699: 5315: 5193: 4850: 2738:"Whosoever gaineth for himself a brother in God, hath gained for himself a mansion in Paradise." 6419: 6384: 6156: 6121: 2380: 2081: 1882: 1712: 1609: 1217: 1184: 739: 4894: 1877:), including an alleged prophetic tradition that compares the two caliphs with the archangels 6586: 6409: 6389: 6369: 6245: 6146: 6126: 6106: 5977: 5860: 5800: 2501: 2068: 1886: 1723: 1711:) agree on this report. It is likely that Muhammad was absent from the ceremony, even though 2724:). Among many pithy religio-ethical sayings attributed to al-Jawad, Donaldson quotes a few: 6530: 6424: 6414: 6161: 6151: 5683: 5387:(1970). "The ʿAbbasid Caliphate". In Holt, P.M.; Lambton, Ann K.S.; Lewis, Bernard (eds.). 2701: 1788: 1690: 1592:, respectively. Most records agree that the mother of Muhammad al-Jawad was a freed slave ( 1454:'Abu Ja'far, the second'), with the title Abu Ja'far reserved for his predecessor, 1058: 922: 734: 612: 554: 463: 5214: 8: 6556: 6551: 6518: 6404: 6379: 6215: 6141: 6116: 5987: 5810: 5579: 5416: 5335: 5144:. In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). 5113:. In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). 5082:. In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). 4939:. In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). 2801: 2521: 2126: 2050: 1398: 622: 582: 427: 388: 308: 4803:. In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). 2271:) when he was three years old." The related Quranic verse 19:12 includes, "We gave him 6581: 6305: 6042: 5913: 5850: 5736: 5643: 5410: 5406: 5253: 5195:

Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini

2379:

visited al-Jawad on behalf of the Egyptian Imamites. Among the agents of al-Jawad were

2212: 2154: 2045: 1347: 1143: 968: 507: 438: 51: 5141: 5110: 5079: 4936: 6523: 6300: 6185: 6037: 5908: 5881: 5845: 5731: 5704: 5673: 5638: 5420: 5394: 5384: 5370: 5357: 5343: 5321: 5300: 5266: 5239: 5222: 5199: 5180: 5157: 5153: 5126: 5122: 5095: 5091: 5064: 5043: 5019: 4998: 4975: 4952: 4948: 4923: 4900: 4879: 4858: 4835: 4816: 4800: 4785: 2759: 2019: 1648: 1605: 1563: 1540: 1455: 1331: 1323: 1308: 1177: 1167: 824: 537: 502: 458: 248: 4812: 6230: 5514: 5511: 5494: 5149: 5118: 5087: 4944: 4808: 2796: 2787: 2404: 1878: 1845: 1796: 1644: 1355: 1068: 1024: 674: 482: 1350:

sources often justify the imamate of the young al-Jawad by drawing parallels with

6399: 6210: 5668: 5481: 1963:

passed on the advice to the caliph. A different account by Ibn Awrama, quoted in

1829: 1401:

was later erected. Kazimayn has since become an important center for pilgrimage.

1208: 1063: 953: 532: 6364: 6290: 6205: 6136: 6101: 6027: 5992: 5972: 5898: 5815: 5795: 5721: 5628: 5553: 2816: 2591: 2462: 2428: 2197: 2103: 1942: 1850: 1671: 1667: 1468: 1379: 1351: 1296:). The extensive correspondence of al-Jawad with his followers on questions of 1048: 1009: 907: 567: 492: 291: 87: 2364:). They were apparently successful and an account by the Twelver traditionist 6545: 6336: 6320: 6220: 6195: 6073: 6057: 5944: 5928: 5893: 5767: 5751: 5716: 5648: 5623: 5517: 5497: 5226: 5184: 5002: 4927: 2597: 2549: 2376: 2347: 2222: 2186: 2114: 2058: 1517: 1390: 1343: 1014: 979: 882: 512: 497: 487: 393: 330: 317: 6260: 6190: 4990: 2811: 2773: 2172: 1941:

Caliph al-Ma'mun died in 218 AH (833 CE) and was succeeded by his brother,

1923: 1834: 1701: 1652: 1439:'the generous') for his munificence. The Imam is cited in the Shia 1410: 1312: 1242: 984: 917: 897: 473: 367: 271: 1477:), though he was also known by his contemporaries as Ibn al-Rida (Arabic: 6265: 6255: 6200: 5663: 5653: 5563: 5538: 5473: 5467: 4771: 2490: 2294: 2225:, who considered al-Kazim to be the last Imam and expected his return as 1663: 1528: 1489: 1367: 1327: 1246: 1029: 892: 527: 517: 409: 383: 139: 127: 30:"Imam Muhammad at-Taqi" redirects here. For the Isma'ili Shi'a imam, see 5435: 6459: 6250: 5529: 5521: 5501: 2714: 2584: 2420: 2092: 2027: 1745: 1674:, possibly to signify this reconciliation between the Abbasids and the 1532: 1414: 431: 350: 296: 237: 228: 4832:

The Caliph's Splendor: Islam and the West in the Golden Age of Baghdad

2458: 2392: 2130: 1792: 1734: 1679: 1639:

Muhammad stayed behind in Medina when his father al-Rida traveled to

1595: 1371: 1339: 1104: 964: 949: 877: 846: 799: 789: 5885: 5830: 5825: 5708: 2208: 2062: 1856: 1666:

in 202 AH (817 CE), and also changed the official Abbasid color of

1589: 1238: 1118: 902: 866: 744: 617: 1535:) but the exact date is disputed. Most Twelver sources record mid- 5840: 5550: 2567: 2505: 2400: 2388: 2230: 2118: 2015: 1756: 1394: 1335: 1287: 1123: 1095: 989: 974: 912: 872: 841: 834: 829: 794: 784: 779: 714: 709: 637: 278: 91: 5398: 2061:

220 AH (30 November 835 CE) in Baghdad, after arriving there in

2529: 2424: 2122: 2018:

origin, circa 212 AH (828 CE). Other children of al-Jawad were

1588:), who were the cousin and the daughter of the Islamic prophet 1578: 1513: 1440: 1304: 1297: 769: 642: 562: 244: 2753: 1162: 5571: 5491: 4494: 2681: 2525: 2479: 2416: 2396: 2384: 2250: 2243: 2226: 2026:

lists Khadija, Hakima, and Umm Kulthum. The Sunni theologian

1780: 1675: 1601: 1551: 1428:'the pious'), but more commonly as al-Jawad (Arabic: 1359: 959: 774: 764: 694: 689: 684: 669: 647: 607: 233: 81: 5452: 4126: 3477: 3230: 1378:). In 833, al-Ma'mun died and was succeeded by his brother, 4896:

The Shi'ite Religion: A History of Islam in Persia and Iraḳ

4648: 4576: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4535: 4533: 4482: 4213: 3842: 3759: 3757: 3653: 3643: 3641: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3353: 3351: 3336: 3152: 3150: 3148: 2659: 2434: 2408: 1907: 1867: 1640: 1488:'son of al-Rida') because he was the only child of 679: 5297:

Twelve Infallible Men: The Imams and the Making of Shi'ism

3595: 3392: 3390: 3326: 3324: 2860: 2858: 2856: 1516:, or in a village near Medina founded by his grandfather, 1393:, the seventh of the Twelve Imams, in the cemetery of the 6285: 6022: 5868: 5691: 5618: 4699: 4689: 4687: 4624: 4518: 4422: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4386: 4323: 4165: 3549: 3525: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2729: 2548:) who believed in the divinity of Imams. Among them were 2453: 1608:, a freed slave of the prophet and the mother of his son 1567: 1539:

195 AH (mid-June 811 CE) as the birthday of Muhammad but

804: 5340:

Islamic Messianism: The Idea of Mahdi in Twelver Shi'ism

5036:

Occultation of the Twelfth Imam: A Historical Background

4711: 4672: 4545: 4530: 4506: 4201: 4143: 4141: 4042: 3813: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3754: 3694: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3665: 3638: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3585: 3583: 3561: 3537: 3348: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3145: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2966: 4855:

The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought

4588: 4470: 4458: 4446: 4434: 4410: 4359: 4347: 4335: 4189: 4153: 4102: 4006: 3946: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3774: 3772: 3730: 3607: 3426: 3387: 3321: 3174: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3070: 2853: 5419:(First ed.). State University of New York Press. 4747: 4735: 4723: 4684: 4660: 4564: 4383: 4371: 3934: 3910: 3871: 3869: 3801: 3742: 3706: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3375: 3205: 3162: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3050: 2247:

al-Rida, "This does not harm him , Isa became God's

1554:

195 AH (8 April 811 CE). This latter date agrees with

4600: 4311: 4285: 4273: 4261: 4249: 4237: 4225: 4177: 4138: 4114: 4090: 4030: 3970: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3881: 3784: 3718: 3677: 3619: 3580: 3513: 3501: 3489: 3414: 3402: 3363: 3265: 3242: 3186: 3037: 3035: 2963: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2485: 1290:

Shia community through a network of representatives (

4078: 4066: 4054: 3982: 3958: 3922: 3854: 3825: 3769: 3438: 3311: 3309: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2749: 2657: 2582: 2576: 2565: 2556: 2473: 2432: 2340: 2320: 2311: 2272: 2248: 2216: 2170: 2148: 2009: 1988: 1982: 1976: 1970: 1964: 1958: 1952: 1946: 1929: 1593: 1555: 1466: 1372: 1370:, was already born in 828 to Samana, a freed slave ( 1291: 1222: 79: 4636: 4018: 3994: 3866: 3450: 3282: 3133: 3106: 3047: 2870: 2448:Muhammad al-Jawad adopted a quiescent attitude and 2395:, Yunus ibn Abdulrahman and Abu Amr al-Hadhdha' in 78:Calligraphic inscription of al-Jawad's name on the 3893: 3294: 3032: 1615: 1334:, which forced al-Ma'mun to return to the capital 5016:Encyclopedia of Islamic Civilisation and Religion 4612: 3306: 2882: 6543: 5393:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 104–139. 2564:In Shia sources, al-Jawad is credited with some 1362:received their prophetic missions in childhood. 5369:. Translated by Shah-Kazemi, Reza. I.B.Tauris. 2133:has become an important center for pilgrimage. 1814: 1767: 4857:. Princeton University Press. pp. 328–9. 1827:of their protests appears in the biographical 1527:). Sources seem to agree that he was born 195 6572:9th-century people from the Abbasid Caliphate 5587: 2305: 1185: 5317:A Chronology of Islamic History, 570-1000 CE 1901: 61: 4798: 3330: 2685: 2665: 2627: 2611: 2533: 2278: 2256: 1483: 1449: 1443:literature as Abu Ja'far al-Thani (Arabic: 1434: 1423: 1281: 1266: 1234:– 29 November 835) was a descendant of the 190: 168: 5594: 5580: 5252: 4769: 4705: 4207: 3026: 2141: 1192: 1178: 72: 5405: 5334: 4913: 4892: 4848: 4717: 4570: 4302: 4300: 4012: 3848: 3763: 3647: 3574: 3369: 2864: 2427:, Hakam ibn Alia' al-Asadi, the ruler of 5170: 5139: 5077: 3988: 3127: 3100: 2044: 1662:). The caliph designated al-Rida as the 27:Ninth of the Twelve Shia Imams (811–835) 5433: 5383: 5356: 5056: 5032: 4871: 4829: 4753: 4741: 4729: 4678: 4666: 4654: 4630: 4606: 4594: 4582: 4558: 4539: 4524: 4512: 4500: 4488: 4476: 4464: 4452: 4440: 4428: 4416: 4404: 4377: 4365: 4353: 4341: 4329: 4317: 4291: 4279: 4255: 4243: 4231: 4219: 4195: 4183: 4171: 4159: 4147: 4132: 4120: 4108: 4096: 4084: 4072: 4060: 4048: 4036: 3887: 3795: 3748: 3736: 3724: 3712: 3700: 3688: 3671: 3632: 3613: 3601: 3589: 3555: 3543: 3531: 3519: 3507: 3495: 3483: 3444: 3432: 3420: 3396: 3381: 3357: 3342: 3276: 3259: 3236: 3224: 3199: 3180: 3168: 3156: 2443: 14: 6544: 6191:Gharib Mirza (al-Mustansir Billah III) 5440:(PhD thesis). University of Edinburgh. 5313: 5294: 5212: 5191: 5009: 4965: 4934: 4916:"QOM i. History to the Safavid Period" 4693: 4642: 4306: 4297: 3976: 3964: 3952: 3940: 3928: 3916: 3904: 3860: 3836: 3819: 3807: 3778: 3408: 3300: 2957: 2876: 2102:), and Tabatabai. The Twelver scholar 1465:), the fifth of the Twelve Imams. His 5575: 5233: 5108: 4267: 4024: 4000: 3875: 3659: 3471: 3315: 3288: 3139: 3041: 2573: 2317: 4988: 4618: 1627: 4777:Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam 1759:. In particular, al-Mas'udi in his 1478: 1474: 1444: 1429: 1418: 1409:Muhammad ibn Ali, the ninth of the 1276: 1261: 1212: 62: 24: 2520:, about occultation, which is the 2486:Companions and narrators of hadith 2411:, Saleh Ibn Muhammad Ibn Sahl and 2387:, Ibrahim ibn Muhammad Hamdani in 1733:) and the Shia-leaning historians 25: 6598: 6181:Ali Shah (al-Mustansir Billah II) 5446: 5407:Tabatabai, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn 5336:Sachedina, Abdulaziz Abdulhussein 5179:. Vol. I/8. pp. 861–2. 4997:. Vol. XI/1. pp. 62–4. 4782:Encyclopaedia Islamica Foundation 1500: 6206:Khalil Allah I (Dhu'l-Faqar Ali) 5154:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5343 5123:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_0540 5092:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5563 5014:. In Netton, Ian Richard (ed.). 4949:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0445 2780: 2766: 2752: 1996: 1161: 6142:Hasan (II) Ala Dhikrihi's Salam 5215:"Moḥammad al-Jawād, Abu Ja'far" 4813:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_22933 2830: 2728:Muhammad al-Jawad related from 1932: 1872: 1861: 1657: 1618: 1562:, a supplication attributed to 1384: 1317: 1256:). He is known by the epithets 5601: 5236:An Introduction to Shi'i Islam 5042:. Routledge Kegan & Paul. 1558:Ziyarat al-nahiya al-muqaddasa 1512:Muhammad al-Jawad was born in 860:Other related sects and groups 13: 1: 5634:Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin 5063:(Third ed.). Routledge. 5010:Hulmes, Edward D. A. (2008). 4974:. Alta Mira. pp. 11–14. 4972:The New Encyclopedia of Islam 4893:Donaldson, Dwight M. (1933). 4762: 2807:Holiest sites in Islam (Shia) 2506:Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Bazanti 2236: 1816: 1769: 1629: 1502: 1228: 259: 222: 5299:. Harvard University Press. 4799:Bayhom-Daou, Tamima (2009). 4780:(in Persian). Vol. 11. 2847: 2719: 2605: 2495: 2467: 2370: 2359: 2334: 2327: 2202: 2191: 2159: 2108: 2097: 2086: 2057:Muhammad al-Jawad died on 6 2032: 2003: 1917: 1839: 1801: 1779:Ali al-Rida was a prominent 1750: 1739: 1728: 1717: 1706: 1695: 1684: 1583: 1572: 1545: 1522: 1460: 1417:sources as al-Taqi (Arabic: 1271:'the generous') and 1251: 1149:Criticism of Twelver Shi'ism 888:Bektashism and folk religion 7: 5033:Hussain, Jassim M. (1986). 4966:Glassé, Cyril, ed. (2008). 4914:Drechsler, Andreas (2009). 4849:Cooperson, Michael (2013). 4770:Baghestani, Esmail (2014). 2745: 2658: 2583: 2577: 2566: 2557: 2474: 2433: 2399:, Ali ibn Hasan W'aseti in 2341: 2321: 2312: 2273: 2249: 2217: 2171: 2149: 2053:, where al-Jawad is buried 2010: 1989: 1983: 1977: 1971: 1965: 1959: 1953: 1947: 1594: 1556: 1467: 1413:, is occasionally known in 1373: 1292: 1223: 80: 32:Muhammad at-Taqi (Isma'ili) 10: 6603: 5142:"Muḥammad b. 'Alī al-Riḍā" 5018:. Routledge. p. 433. 2555: 2431:, and Nuh ibn Darraj, the 2403:, Ali ibn Asbat in Egypt, 2306:Network of representatives 2136: 1833:by the Twelver theologian 1326:and designated him as the 1224:Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī al-Jawād 1144:List of Twelver Shia books 29: 6513: 6274: 6011: 5859: 5682: 5609: 5560: 5543: 5535: 5528: 5460: 5314:Rahman, Habib Ur (1989). 5238:. Yale University Press. 2711:al-Tazkirat al-Hamdouniya 2650: 2510:Uthman ibn Sa'id al-Asadi 2391:, Yahya ibn Abi Imran in 1902:Summoned to Baghdad (830) 1612:, who died in childhood. 1404: 1245:, succeeding his father, 1205:Muhammad ibn Ali al-Jawad 1040:Other hadith collections 1020:Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih 402: 376: 356: 346: 304: 286: 255: 218: 213: 149: 145: 133: 121: 110: 102: 98: 71: 58: 41: 5363:Doctrines of Shi'i Islam 5295:Pierce, Matthew (2016). 4875:A History of Shi'i Islam 4872:Daftary, Farhad (2013). 4830:Bobrick, Benson (2012). 2836:The book in question is 2823: 2450:kept aloof from politics 2346:al-Aziz ibn al-Muhtadi, 2040: 448:The Fourteen Infallibles 117:819 CE – 835 CE 6562:9th-century Arab people 6420:Ala al-Din Muhammad III 6395:Muhammad (I) al-Muhtadi 6177:Muhammad ibn Islam Shah 6157:Ala al-Din Muhammad III 6132:Muhammad (I) al-Muhtadi 5453:Al-Jawadain holy shrine 2707:Musnad al-imam al-Jawad 2142:Designation as the Imam 1495: 1074:Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya 1044:Book of Sulaym ibn Qays 331:33.38000°N 44.3379556°E 6435:Ala al-Din Mu'min Shah 6415:Jalal al-Din Hasan III 6410:Nur al-Din Muhammad II 6152:Jalal al-Din Hasan III 6147:Nur al-Din Muhammad II 5434:Wardrop, S.F. (1988). 5234:Momen, Moojan (1985). 5213:Medoff, Louis (2016). 5192:Mavani, Hamid (2013). 5146:Encyclopaedia of Islam 5115:Encyclopaedia of Islam 5084:Encyclopaedia of Islam 5057:Kennedy, Hugh (2015). 4941:Encyclopaedia of Islam 4834:. Simon and Schuster. 4805:Encyclopaedia of Islam 3662:, pp. 43, 327n12. 2508:, Ali ibn Asbat Kufi, 2082:Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi 2054: 1930:Reign of al-Mu'tasim ( 1888:Uyun al-akhbar al-Rida 1702:Ibn al-Athir al-Jazari 1647:at the request of the 1358:, both of whom in the 1322:) summoned al-Rida to 263: 29 November 835 6470:Sadr al-Din Miuhammad 6430:Shams al-Din Muhammad 6246:Shah Khalil Allah III 6167:Shams al-Din Muhammad 6003:Abu'l-Qasim al-Tayyib 5826:Abd al-Majid al-Hafiz 5674:Hujjat Allah al-Mahdi 5219:Encyclopaedia Iranica 5177:Encyclopaedia Iranica 5140:Madelung, W. (2012). 5078:Kohlberg, E. (2012). 4920:Encyclopaedia Iranica 4503:, pp. 14, 213–4. 4135:, pp. 11, 21n42. 2713:by the Sunni scholar 2522:eschatological belief 2502:Abd al-Azim al-Hasani 2069:Manaqib ale Abi Talib 2048: 1913:Muhammad H. Tabatabai 1815:Summoned to Baghdad ( 1768:Death of his father ( 1724:al-Khatib al-Baghdadi 1241:and the ninth of the 1168:Shia Islam portal 603:Imamate of the Family 414:Sabika (or Khayzuran) 18:Imam Muhammad at-Taqi 6425:Rukn al-Din Khurshah 6316:Muhammad ibn Isma'il 6162:Rukn al-Din Khurshah 6053:Muhammad ibn Isma'il 5924:Muhammad ibn Isma'il 5851:Sulayman Badr al-Din 5747:Muhammad ibn Isma'il 5171:Madelung, W (2011). 4995:Encyclopedia Iranica 4989:Halm, Heinz (2001). 4222:, pp. 31, 41–2. 3486:, p. 35, 57n29. 3345:, pp. 205, 206. 3239:, p. 32, 56n19. 2444:Role in Shia revolts 2121:on the west bank of 1789:Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi 1691:Ibn Abi Tahir Tayfur 1616:Reign of al-Ma'mun ( 1473:is Abu Ali (Arabic: 1059:Reality of Certainty 735:Mourning of Muharram 613:Mourning of Muharram 336:33.38000; 44.3379556 6577:Deaths by poisoning 6216:Khalil Allah II Ali 5417:Sayyid Hossein Nasr 5254:Modarressi, Hossein 5221:(Online ed.). 5148:(Second ed.). 5117:(Second ed.). 5086:(Second ed.). 4943:(Second ed.). 4935:Gardet, L. (2012). 4922:(Online ed.). 4657:, pp. 212–213. 4491:, pp. 199–201. 2129:was later erected. 1713:Abu'l-Hasan Bayhaqi 740:Arba'een Pilgrimage 327: / 309:Al-Kazimiyya Mosque 281:, Abbasid Caliphate 6400:Hasan (I) al-Qahir 6380:Ma'ad al-Mustansir 6311:Isma'il ibn Ja'far 6137:Hasan (I) al-Qahir 6117:Ma'ad al-Mustansir 6048:Isma'il ibn Ja'far 5988:Ma'ad al-Mustansir 5919:Isma'il ibn Ja'far 5811:Ma'ad al-Mustansir 5742:Isma'il ibn Ja'far 5109:Lewis, B. (2012). 5012:"Muhammad al-Taqi" 4851:"Ma'mun (786-833)" 4807:(Third ed.). 4585:, p. 173n118. 4332:, pp. 29, 69. 4174:, pp. 45, 54. 3851:, pp. 64, 65. 3604:, p. 173n104. 3558:, pp. 47, 52. 3534:, pp. 39, 40. 3159:, pp. 60, 61. 2213:Hossein Modarressi 2055: 1835:al-Shaykh al-Mufid 1232: 8 April 811 1213:محمد بن علي الجواد 1003:Hadith collections 226: 8 April 811 6567:9th-century imams 6539: 6538: 6355:Isma'il al-Mansur 6345:Abdallah al-Mahdi 6301:Muhammad al-Baqir 6186:Abd al-Salam Shah 6092:Isma'il al-Mansur 6082:Abdallah al-Mahdi 6038:Muhammad al-Baqir 5993:Ahmad al-Musta'li 5963:Isma'il al-Mansur 5958:Muhammad al-Qa'im 5953:Abdallah al-Mahdi 5909:Muhammad al-Baqir 5816:Ahmad al-Musta'li 5786:Isma'il al-Mansur 5781:Muhammad al-Qa'im 5776:Abdallah al-Mahdi 5732:Muhammad al-Baqir 5659:Muhammad al-Jawad 5639:Muhammad al-Baqir 5570: 5569: 5561:Succeeded by 5530:Shia Islam titles 5463:Muhammad al-Jawad 4633:, pp. 212–3. 4527:, pp. 204–5. 4431:, pp. 198–9. 3955:, pp. 49–50. 3822:, p. 183n23. 3703:, pp. 102–3. 3674:, pp. 3, 31. 3360:, pp. 205–6. 2760:Shia Islam portal 2730:Ali ibn Abi Talib 2637:the distinguished 2166:Ithbat al-wasiyya 2074:Ithbat al-wassiya 2020:Musa al-Mubarraqa 1761:Ithbat al-wassiya 1606:Maria al-Qibtiyya 1568:Ali ibn Abi Talib 1564:Muhammad al-Mahdi 1487: 1456:Muhammad al-Baqir 1453: 1438: 1427: 1285: 1270: 1221: 1202: 1201: 1098:and jurisprudence 705:Nahy ani l-Munkar 545: 544: 421: 420: 366:Umm al-Fadl bint 249:Abbasid Caliphate 43:Muhammad al-Jawad 16:(Redirected from 6594: 6505:Amir Muhammad II 6339:(Radhi Abdallah) 6231:Sayyid Hasan Ali 6076:(Radhi Abdallah) 5947:(Radhi Abdallah) 5841:Abdallah al-Adid 5831:Isma'il al-Zafir 5770:(Radhi Abdallah) 5596: 5589: 5582: 5573: 5572: 5536:Preceded by 5524: 5520:29 November 835 5504: 5458: 5457: 5441: 5430: 5415:. Translated by 5402: 5380: 5368: 5353: 5331: 5310: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5281: 5275:. Archived from 5265:. Darwin Press. 5264: 5249: 5230: 5209: 5188: 5167: 5136: 5105: 5074: 5053: 5041: 5029: 5006: 4985: 4962: 4931: 4910: 4889: 4868: 4845: 4826: 4795: 4757: 4751: 4745: 4739: 4733: 4727: 4721: 4715: 4709: 4703: 4697: 4691: 4682: 4681:, pp. 14–6. 4676: 4670: 4664: 4658: 4652: 4646: 4640: 4634: 4628: 4622: 4616: 4610: 4604: 4598: 4592: 4586: 4580: 4574: 4568: 4562: 4561:, pp. 46–7. 4556: 4543: 4542:, pp. 14–5. 4537: 4528: 4522: 4516: 4515:, pp. 45–6. 4510: 4504: 4498: 4492: 4486: 4480: 4474: 4468: 4462: 4456: 4450: 4444: 4438: 4432: 4426: 4420: 4414: 4408: 4402: 4381: 4375: 4369: 4363: 4357: 4351: 4345: 4344:, pp. 72–3. 4339: 4333: 4327: 4321: 4315: 4309: 4304: 4295: 4289: 4283: 4277: 4271: 4270:, pp. 42–3. 4265: 4259: 4253: 4247: 4241: 4235: 4229: 4223: 4217: 4211: 4205: 4199: 4198:, pp. 45–6. 4193: 4187: 4181: 4175: 4169: 4163: 4162:, pp. 28–9. 4157: 4151: 4145: 4136: 4130: 4124: 4118: 4112: 4111:, pp. 12–3. 4106: 4100: 4094: 4088: 4082: 4076: 4070: 4064: 4058: 4052: 4051:, p. 20n25. 4046: 4040: 4034: 4028: 4022: 4016: 4010: 4004: 3998: 3992: 3986: 3980: 3974: 3968: 3962: 3956: 3950: 3944: 3943:, pp. 23–4. 3938: 3932: 3926: 3920: 3919:, pp. 45–6. 3914: 3908: 3902: 3891: 3885: 3879: 3873: 3864: 3858: 3852: 3846: 3840: 3834: 3823: 3817: 3811: 3810:, pp. 43–4. 3805: 3799: 3793: 3782: 3776: 3767: 3761: 3752: 3746: 3740: 3739:, pp. 98–9. 3734: 3728: 3722: 3716: 3710: 3704: 3698: 3692: 3686: 3675: 3669: 3663: 3657: 3651: 3645: 3636: 3630: 3617: 3616:, pp. 47–8. 3611: 3605: 3599: 3593: 3587: 3578: 3572: 3559: 3553: 3547: 3546:, p. 58n35. 3541: 3535: 3529: 3523: 3517: 3511: 3505: 3499: 3493: 3487: 3481: 3475: 3469: 3448: 3442: 3436: 3430: 3424: 3418: 3412: 3406: 3400: 3394: 3385: 3379: 3373: 3367: 3361: 3355: 3346: 3340: 3334: 3331:Bayhom-Daou 2009 3328: 3319: 3313: 3304: 3298: 3292: 3286: 3280: 3274: 3263: 3257: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3203: 3197: 3184: 3183:, pp. 31–2. 3178: 3172: 3166: 3160: 3154: 3143: 3137: 3131: 3125: 3104: 3098: 3045: 3039: 3030: 3024: 2961: 2955: 2880: 2874: 2868: 2862: 2841: 2838:Dala'il al-imama 2834: 2797:The Twelve Imams 2790: 2788:biography portal 2785: 2784: 2783: 2776: 2771: 2770: 2769: 2762: 2757: 2756: 2723: 2721: 2699: 2696: 2695:he who will rise 2693: 2690: 2687: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2663: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2625: 2622: 2619: 2616: 2613: 2588: 2580: 2575: 2571: 2560: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2514:Kitab al-Malahim 2499: 2497: 2477: 2471: 2469: 2438: 2413:Zakaria ibn Adam 2405:Safwan ibn Yahya 2375:) describes how 2374: 2372: 2363: 2361: 2344: 2338: 2336: 2331: 2329: 2324: 2319: 2315: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2280: 2276: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2254: 2220: 2206: 2204: 2195: 2193: 2176: 2163: 2161: 2152: 2112: 2110: 2101: 2099: 2090: 2088: 2036: 2034: 2024:Dala'il al-imama 2013: 2007: 2005: 1992: 1986: 1980: 1974: 1968: 1962: 1956: 1950: 1936: 1934: 1921: 1919: 1876: 1874: 1865: 1863: 1846:Wilferd Madelung 1843: 1841: 1821: 1818: 1805: 1803: 1797:al-Fadl ibn Sahl 1774: 1771: 1754: 1752: 1743: 1741: 1732: 1730: 1721: 1719: 1710: 1709: 1232-1233 1708: 1699: 1697: 1688: 1686: 1661: 1659: 1634: 1631: 1622: 1620: 1599: 1587: 1585: 1576: 1574: 1561: 1549: 1547: 1526: 1524: 1507: 1504: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1464: 1462: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1388: 1386: 1376: 1356:John the Baptist 1321: 1319: 1295: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1255: 1253: 1233: 1230: 1226: 1216: 1214: 1194: 1187: 1180: 1166: 1165: 1069:Mafatih al-Jinan 1054:Wasā'il al-Shīʿa 1025:Tahdhib al-Ahkam 628:Wilayat al-Faqih 453: 452: 423: 422: 389:Musa al-Mubarqa' 342: 341: 339: 338: 337: 332: 328: 325: 324: 323: 320: 300: 275: 268: 266: 261: 241: 227: 224: 205: 204: 201: 198: 195: 192: 184: 182: 179: 176: 173: 170: 160: 136: 124: 115: 85: 76: 66: 65: 64: 39: 38: 21: 6602: 6601: 6597: 6596: 6595: 6593: 6592: 6591: 6542: 6541: 6540: 6535: 6509: 6490:Mu'in al-Din II 6370:Mansur al-Hakim 6360:Ma'ad al-Mu'izz 6331:(Taqi Muhammad) 6306:Ja'far al-Sadiq 6278: 6270: 6241:Abu'l-Hasan Ali 6211:Nur al-Dahr Ali 6107:Mansur al-Hakim 6097:Ma'ad al-Mu'izz 6068:(Taqi Muhammad) 6043:Ja'far al-Sadiq 6015: 6007: 5978:Mansur al-Hakim 5968:Ma'ad al-Mu'izz 5939:(Taqi Muhammad) 5914:Ja'far al-Sadiq 5855: 5801:Mansur al-Hakim 5791:Ma'ad al-Mu'izz 5762:(Taqi Muhammad) 5737:Ja'far al-Sadiq 5678: 5669:Hasan al-Askari 5644:Ja'far al-Sadiq 5605: 5600: 5566: 5557: 5541: 5505: 5486: 5485: 5477: 5470: 5465: 5449: 5444: 5427: 5377: 5366: 5358:Sobhani, Ja'far 5350: 5328: 5307: 5285: 5283: 5282:on 16 June 2022 5279: 5273: 5262: 5246: 5206: 5164: 5133: 5102: 5080:"Mūsā al-Kāẓim" 5071: 5050: 5039: 5026: 4982: 4959: 4907: 4886: 4878:. I.B. Tauris. 4865: 4842: 4823: 4792: 4765: 4760: 4752: 4748: 4740: 4736: 4728: 4724: 4716: 4712: 4706:Modarressi 1993 4704: 4700: 4692: 4685: 4677: 4673: 4665: 4661: 4653: 4649: 4641: 4637: 4629: 4625: 4617: 4613: 4605: 4601: 4593: 4589: 4581: 4577: 4569: 4565: 4557: 4546: 4538: 4531: 4523: 4519: 4511: 4507: 4499: 4495: 4487: 4483: 4475: 4471: 4463: 4459: 4451: 4447: 4439: 4435: 4427: 4423: 4415: 4411: 4403: 4384: 4376: 4372: 4364: 4360: 4352: 4348: 4340: 4336: 4328: 4324: 4316: 4312: 4305: 4298: 4290: 4286: 4278: 4274: 4266: 4262: 4254: 4250: 4242: 4238: 4230: 4226: 4218: 4214: 4208:Modarressi 1993 4206: 4202: 4194: 4190: 4182: 4178: 4170: 4166: 4158: 4154: 4146: 4139: 4131: 4127: 4119: 4115: 4107: 4103: 4095: 4091: 4083: 4079: 4071: 4067: 4059: 4055: 4047: 4043: 4035: 4031: 4023: 4019: 4011: 4007: 3999: 3995: 3987: 3983: 3975: 3971: 3963: 3959: 3951: 3947: 3939: 3935: 3927: 3923: 3915: 3911: 3903: 3894: 3886: 3882: 3874: 3867: 3859: 3855: 3847: 3843: 3835: 3826: 3818: 3814: 3806: 3802: 3794: 3785: 3777: 3770: 3762: 3755: 3747: 3743: 3735: 3731: 3723: 3719: 3711: 3707: 3699: 3695: 3687: 3678: 3670: 3666: 3658: 3654: 3646: 3639: 3631: 3620: 3612: 3608: 3600: 3596: 3588: 3581: 3573: 3562: 3554: 3550: 3542: 3538: 3530: 3526: 3518: 3514: 3506: 3502: 3494: 3490: 3482: 3478: 3470: 3451: 3443: 3439: 3435:, p. 74-5. 3431: 3427: 3419: 3415: 3407: 3403: 3399:, p. 18n2. 3395: 3388: 3380: 3376: 3368: 3364: 3356: 3349: 3341: 3337: 3329: 3322: 3314: 3307: 3299: 3295: 3287: 3283: 3275: 3266: 3258: 3243: 3235: 3231: 3223: 3206: 3198: 3187: 3179: 3175: 3167: 3163: 3155: 3146: 3138: 3134: 3126: 3107: 3099: 3048: 3040: 3033: 3027:Baghestani 2014 3025: 2964: 2956: 2883: 2875: 2871: 2863: 2854: 2850: 2845: 2844: 2835: 2831: 2826: 2821: 2802:Kazimayn shrine 2786: 2781: 2779: 2772: 2767: 2765: 2758: 2751: 2748: 2718: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2677: 2674: 2671: 2668: 2653: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2630: 2626:) and al-Naqi ( 2623: 2620: 2617: 2614: 2608: 2562: 2545: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2494: 2488: 2466: 2446: 2381:Ali ibn Mahziar 2369: 2358: 2333: 2326: 2308: 2295:heresiographies 2290: 2287: 2284: 2281: 2268: 2265: 2262: 2259: 2239: 2201: 2190: 2179:Kitab al-Irshad 2158: 2155:Ja'far al-Sadiq 2144: 2139: 2127:Kazimayn shrine 2107: 2096: 2085: 2051:Kazimayn shrine 2043: 2031: 2002: 1999: 1939: 1931: 1916: 1904: 1895:Kitab al-Irshad 1871: 1860: 1838: 1830:Kitab al-Irshad 1824: 1819: 1806:), the Persian 1800: 1777: 1772: 1749: 1738: 1727: 1716: 1705: 1694: 1683: 1656: 1637: 1632: 1625: 1617: 1582: 1571: 1544: 1521: 1510: 1505: 1498: 1459: 1445:ابو جعفر الثاني 1407: 1399:Kazimayn shrine 1383: 1316: 1250: 1236:Islamic prophet 1231: 1198: 1160: 1155: 1154: 1153: 1138: 1130: 1129: 1128: 1114:The Infallibles 1099: 1087: 1086: 1085: 1064:Nahj al-Balagha 1036: 1004: 996: 995: 994: 939: 931: 930: 929: 861: 853: 852: 851: 819: 811: 810: 809: 759: 751: 750: 749: 729: 728:Other practices 721: 720: 719: 700:Amr bi-l maʿrūf 664: 654: 653: 652: 597: 589: 588: 587: 557: 547: 546: 450: 439:Twelver Shi'ism 417: 398: 372: 335: 333: 329: 326: 321: 318: 316: 314: 313: 312: 311:, Baghdad, Iraq 294: 282: 276: 269: 264: 262: 251: 242: 231: 225: 209: 202: 199: 196: 193: 188: 180: 177: 174: 171: 166: 162: 161: 156: 134: 122: 116: 111: 94: 67: 60: 54: 52:Twelver Shi'ism 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6600: 6590: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6537: 6536: 6534: 6533: 6527: 6521: 6514: 6511: 6510: 6508: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6475:Mu'in al-Din I 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6455:Radi al-Din II 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6334: 6326: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6291:Husayn ibn Ali 6288: 6282: 6280: 6272: 6271: 6269: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6175: 6172: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6071: 6063: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6028:Husayn ibn Ali 6025: 6019: 6017: 6009: 6008: 6006: 6005: 6000: 5998:Mansur al-Amir 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5942: 5934: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5890: 5889: 5865: 5863: 5857: 5856: 5854: 5853: 5848: 5846:Dawud al-Hamid 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5821:Mansur al-Amir 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5765: 5757: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5713: 5712: 5688: 5686: 5680: 5679: 5677: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5629:Husayn ibn Ali 5626: 5621: 5615: 5613: 5607: 5606: 5599: 5598: 5591: 5584: 5576: 5568: 5567: 5562: 5559: 5542: 5537: 5533: 5532: 5526: 5525: 5478: 5471: 5461: 5456: 5455: 5448: 5447:External links 5445: 5443: 5442: 5431: 5425: 5403: 5381: 5375: 5354: 5348: 5342:. SUNY Press. 5332: 5326: 5311: 5305: 5292: 5271: 5250: 5244: 5231: 5210: 5204: 5189: 5173:"'Alī al-Hādī" 5168: 5162: 5137: 5131: 5111:"'Alī al-Riḍā" 5106: 5100: 5075: 5069: 5054: 5048: 5030: 5024: 5007: 4986: 4980: 4963: 4957: 4932: 4911: 4905: 4890: 4884: 4869: 4863: 4846: 4840: 4827: 4821: 4801:"ʿAlī Al-Riḍā" 4796: 4790: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4758: 4746: 4734: 4722: 4718:Sachedina 1981 4710: 4698: 4696:, p. 147. 4683: 4671: 4659: 4647: 4635: 4623: 4611: 4599: 4597:, p. 116. 4587: 4575: 4571:Drechsler 2009 4563: 4544: 4529: 4517: 4505: 4493: 4481: 4479:, p. 200. 4469: 4467:, p. 203. 4457: 4455:, p. 202. 4445: 4443:, p. 199. 4433: 4421: 4419:, p. 198. 4409: 4382: 4370: 4368:, p. 180. 4358: 4356:, p. 178. 4346: 4334: 4322: 4310: 4296: 4284: 4272: 4260: 4248: 4236: 4224: 4212: 4200: 4188: 4176: 4164: 4152: 4137: 4125: 4113: 4101: 4089: 4077: 4065: 4053: 4041: 4029: 4017: 4013:Tabatabai 1975 4005: 3993: 3981: 3979:, p. 183. 3969: 3957: 3945: 3933: 3921: 3909: 3892: 3880: 3865: 3853: 3849:Sachedina 1981 3841: 3824: 3812: 3800: 3783: 3768: 3766:, p. 192. 3764:Donaldson 1933 3753: 3751:, p. 100. 3741: 3729: 3717: 3715:, p. 101. 3705: 3693: 3676: 3664: 3652: 3650:, p. 183. 3648:Tabatabai 1975 3637: 3618: 3606: 3594: 3579: 3577:, p. 194. 3575:Donaldson 1933 3560: 3548: 3536: 3524: 3512: 3500: 3488: 3476: 3449: 3437: 3425: 3413: 3411:, p. 171. 3401: 3386: 3384:, p. 133. 3374: 3370:Cooperson 2013 3362: 3347: 3335: 3320: 3305: 3293: 3281: 3264: 3241: 3229: 3227:, p. 121. 3204: 3185: 3173: 3171:, p. 205. 3161: 3144: 3142:, p. 239. 3132: 3105: 3046: 3031: 2962: 2881: 2869: 2867:, p. 190. 2865:Donaldson 1933 2851: 2849: 2846: 2843: 2842: 2828: 2827: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2819: 2814: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2793: 2792: 2791: 2777: 2763: 2747: 2744: 2743: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2733: 2652: 2649: 2607: 2604: 2592:Bihar al-Anwar 2561: 2554: 2518:Kitab al-Qa'im 2487: 2484: 2463:Ibn Shahrashub 2445: 2442: 2307: 2304: 2238: 2235: 2198:Husayn ibn Ali 2143: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2104:Shaykh Tabarsi 2042: 2039: 1998: 1995: 1966:Bihar al-anwar 1938: 1935: 833–842 1928: 1903: 1900: 1875: 634–644 1864: 632–634 1852:Bihar al-anwar 1823: 1813: 1776: 1766: 1753: 897-898 1660: 813–833 1636: 1626: 1624: 1621: 813–833 1614: 1509: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1406: 1403: 1387: 833–842 1320: 813–833 1200: 1199: 1197: 1196: 1189: 1182: 1174: 1171: 1170: 1157: 1156: 1152: 1151: 1146: 1140: 1139: 1137:Related topics 1136: 1135: 1132: 1131: 1127: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1107: 1101: 1100: 1093: 1092: 1089: 1088: 1084: 1083: 1082: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1051: 1049:Bihar al-Anwar 1046: 1037: 1035: 1034: 1033: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1017: 1010:The Four Books 1006: 1005: 1002: 1001: 998: 997: 993: 992: 987: 982: 977: 972: 962: 957: 947: 941: 940: 937: 936: 933: 932: 928: 927: 926: 925: 920: 915: 910: 905: 900: 895: 890: 885: 880: 869: 863: 862: 859: 858: 855: 854: 850: 849: 844: 839: 838: 837: 832: 821: 820: 817: 816: 813: 812: 808: 807: 802: 797: 792: 787: 782: 777: 772: 767: 761: 760: 757: 756: 753: 752: 748: 747: 742: 737: 731: 730: 727: 726: 723: 722: 718: 717: 712: 707: 702: 697: 692: 687: 682: 677: 672: 666: 665: 660: 659: 656: 655: 651: 650: 645: 640: 635: 630: 625: 620: 615: 610: 605: 599: 598: 595: 594: 591: 590: 586: 585: 580: 575: 570: 565: 559: 558: 553: 552: 549: 548: 543: 542: 541: 540: 535: 530: 525: 520: 515: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 485: 477: 476: 469: 468: 467: 466: 461: 451: 446: 445: 442: 441: 435: 434: 419: 418: 416: 415: 412: 406: 404: 400: 399: 397: 396: 391: 386: 380: 378: 374: 373: 371: 370: 364: 360: 358: 354: 353: 348: 344: 343: 306: 302: 301: 288: 287:Cause of death 284: 283: 277: 267:(aged 24) 257: 253: 252: 243: 220: 216: 215: 211: 210: 208: 207: 185: 155: 154: 153: 151: 147: 146: 143: 142: 137: 131: 130: 125: 119: 118: 108: 107: 100: 99: 96: 95: 88:Husayn ibn Ali 77: 69: 68: 59: 56: 55: 45: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6599: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6549: 6547: 6532: 6528: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6516: 6515: 6512: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6495:Amir Muhammad 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6480:Atiyyat Allah 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6445:Radi al-Din I 6443: 6441: 6440:Muhammad Shah 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6365:Nizar al-Aziz 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6340: 6335: 6333: 6332: 6327: 6325: 6324: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6296:Ali al-Sajjad 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6283: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6221:Shah Nizar II 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6196:Abu Dharr Ali 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6176: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6102:Nizar al-Aziz 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6077: 6072: 6070: 6069: 6064: 6062: 6061: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6033:Ali al-Sajjad 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6020: 6018: 6016:(Qasim-Shahi) 6014: 6010: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5973:Nizar al-Aziz 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5948: 5943: 5941: 5940: 5935: 5933: 5932: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5904:Ali al-Sajjad 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5891: 5887: 5884: 5883: 5878: 5874: 5870: 5867: 5866: 5864: 5862: 5858: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5796:Nizar al-Aziz 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5771: 5766: 5764: 5763: 5758: 5756: 5755: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5727:Ali al-Sajjad 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5714: 5710: 5707: 5706: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5690: 5689: 5687: 5685: 5681: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5649:Musa al-Kazim 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5624:Hasan ibn Ali 5622: 5620: 5617: 5616: 5614: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5597: 5592: 5590: 5585: 5583: 5578: 5577: 5574: 5565: 5556: 5555: 5552: 5548: 5540: 5534: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5516: 5513: 5509: 5503: 5500:12 April 811 5499: 5496: 5493: 5489: 5484: 5483: 5476: 5475: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5451: 5450: 5439: 5438: 5432: 5428: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5413: 5412:Shi'ite Islam 5408: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5391: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5372: 5365: 5364: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5349:9780873954426 5345: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5327:9780816190676 5323: 5320:. G.K. Hall. 5319: 5318: 5312: 5308: 5306:9780674737075 5302: 5298: 5293: 5278: 5274: 5272:9780878500956 5268: 5261: 5260: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5245:9780300034998 5241: 5237: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5211: 5207: 5205:9780415624404 5201: 5198:. Routledge. 5197: 5196: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5169: 5165: 5163:9789004161214 5159: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5138: 5134: 5132:9789004161214 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5107: 5103: 5101:9789004161214 5097: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5076: 5072: 5070:9781317376385 5066: 5062: 5061: 5055: 5051: 5049:9780710301581 5045: 5038: 5037: 5031: 5027: 5025:9780700715886 5021: 5017: 5013: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4987: 4983: 4981:9781905299683 4977: 4973: 4969: 4964: 4960: 4958:9789004161214 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4912: 4908: 4906:9780598503787 4902: 4899:. AMS Press. 4898: 4897: 4891: 4887: 4885:9780755608669 4881: 4877: 4876: 4870: 4866: 4864:9780691134840 4860: 4856: 4852: 4847: 4843: 4841:9781416568063 4837: 4833: 4828: 4824: 4822:9789004181304 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4797: 4793: 4791:9789644470127 4787: 4783: 4779: 4778: 4773: 4772:"Jawad, Imam" 4768: 4767: 4756:, p. 30. 4755: 4750: 4744:, p. 15. 4743: 4738: 4732:, p. 23. 4731: 4726: 4720:, p. 61. 4719: 4714: 4708:, p. 89. 4707: 4702: 4695: 4690: 4688: 4680: 4675: 4669:, p. 16. 4668: 4663: 4656: 4651: 4644: 4639: 4632: 4627: 4620: 4615: 4608: 4603: 4596: 4591: 4584: 4579: 4572: 4567: 4560: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4541: 4536: 4534: 4526: 4521: 4514: 4509: 4502: 4497: 4490: 4485: 4478: 4473: 4466: 4461: 4454: 4449: 4442: 4437: 4430: 4425: 4418: 4413: 4407:, p. 46. 4406: 4401: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4380:, p. 79. 4379: 4374: 4367: 4362: 4355: 4350: 4343: 4338: 4331: 4326: 4320:, p. 69. 4319: 4314: 4308: 4303: 4301: 4294:, p. 67. 4293: 4288: 4282:, p. 65. 4281: 4276: 4269: 4264: 4258:, p. 63. 4257: 4252: 4246:, p. 30. 4245: 4240: 4234:, p. 53. 4233: 4228: 4221: 4216: 4210:, p. 63. 4209: 4204: 4197: 4192: 4186:, p. 54. 4185: 4180: 4173: 4168: 4161: 4156: 4150:, p. 45. 4149: 4144: 4142: 4134: 4129: 4123:, p. 13. 4122: 4117: 4110: 4105: 4099:, p. 10. 4098: 4093: 4086: 4081: 4074: 4069: 4062: 4057: 4050: 4045: 4039:, p. 45. 4038: 4033: 4027:, p. 60. 4026: 4021: 4015:, p. 69. 4014: 4009: 4003:, p. 41. 4002: 3997: 3990: 3989:Kohlberg 2012 3985: 3978: 3973: 3967:, p. 48. 3966: 3961: 3954: 3949: 3942: 3937: 3931:, p. 47. 3930: 3925: 3918: 3913: 3906: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3890:, p. 76. 3889: 3884: 3878:, p. 37. 3877: 3872: 3870: 3863:, p. 45. 3862: 3857: 3850: 3845: 3839:, p. 44. 3838: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3821: 3816: 3809: 3804: 3798:, p. 62. 3797: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3781:, p. 49. 3780: 3775: 3773: 3765: 3760: 3758: 3750: 3745: 3738: 3733: 3727:, p. 99. 3726: 3721: 3714: 3709: 3702: 3697: 3691:, p. 98. 3690: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3673: 3668: 3661: 3656: 3649: 3644: 3642: 3635:, p. 47. 3634: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3615: 3610: 3603: 3598: 3592:, p. 28. 3591: 3586: 3584: 3576: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3557: 3552: 3545: 3540: 3533: 3528: 3522:, p. 38. 3521: 3516: 3510:, p. 37. 3509: 3504: 3498:, p. 36. 3497: 3492: 3485: 3480: 3474:, p. 43. 3473: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3446: 3441: 3434: 3429: 3423:, p. 74. 3422: 3417: 3410: 3405: 3398: 3393: 3391: 3383: 3378: 3371: 3366: 3359: 3354: 3352: 3344: 3339: 3332: 3327: 3325: 3317: 3312: 3310: 3302: 3297: 3291:, p. 71. 3290: 3285: 3279:, p. 32. 3278: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3262:, p. 61. 3261: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3238: 3233: 3226: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3202:, p. 33. 3201: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3182: 3177: 3170: 3165: 3158: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3141: 3136: 3129: 3128:Madelung 2011 3124: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3102: 3101:Madelung 2012 3097: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3044:, p. 42. 3043: 3038: 3036: 3028: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3007: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2959: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2879:, p. 43. 2878: 2873: 2866: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2852: 2839: 2833: 2829: 2818: 2815: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2805: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2794: 2789: 2778: 2775: 2764: 2761: 2755: 2750: 2740: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2727: 2726: 2725: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2703: 2683: 2662: 2661: 2648: 2645: 2644:Kitab al-Kafi 2603: 2600: 2599: 2598:Kitab al-Kafi 2594: 2593: 2587: 2586: 2579: 2570: 2569: 2559: 2553: 2551: 2550:Abu l-Khattab 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2492: 2483: 2481: 2476: 2464: 2460: 2455: 2451: 2441: 2437: 2436: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2377:Ali ibn Asbat 2367: 2356: 2351: 2349: 2348:Ayyub ibn Nuh 2343: 2323: 2314: 2303: 2300: 2296: 2275: 2253: 2252: 2245: 2234: 2233:communities. 2232: 2228: 2224: 2219: 2214: 2210: 2199: 2188: 2187:Hasan ibn Ali 2182: 2180: 2175: 2174: 2167: 2156: 2151: 2134: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2105: 2094: 2083: 2077: 2075: 2071: 2070: 2064: 2060: 2059:Dhu al-Hijjah 2052: 2047: 2038: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2012: 1997:Personal life 1994: 1991: 1985: 1979: 1973: 1967: 1961: 1955: 1949: 1944: 1927: 1925: 1914: 1909: 1899: 1896: 1892: 1890: 1889: 1884: 1880: 1869: 1858: 1854: 1853: 1847: 1836: 1832: 1831: 1812: 1809: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1765: 1762: 1758: 1747: 1736: 1725: 1714: 1703: 1692: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1664:heir apparent 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1613: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1598: 1597: 1591: 1580: 1569: 1565: 1560: 1559: 1553: 1548: 1522/4 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1519: 1518:Musa al-Kazim 1515: 1493: 1491: 1471: 1470: 1457: 1442: 1416: 1412: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1391:Musa al-Kazim 1381: 1377: 1375: 1369: 1363: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1328:heir apparent 1325: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1301: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1274: 1259: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1237: 1225: 1219: 1210: 1206: 1195: 1190: 1188: 1183: 1181: 1176: 1175: 1173: 1172: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1158: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1141: 1134: 1133: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1102: 1097: 1091: 1090: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1041: 1039: 1038: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1015:Kitab al-Kafi 1013: 1012: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1000: 999: 991: 988: 986: 983: 981: 980:Seghatoleslam 978: 976: 973: 970: 966: 963: 961: 958: 955: 951: 948: 946: 943: 942: 935: 934: 924: 921: 919: 916: 914: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 875: 874: 870: 868: 865: 864: 857: 856: 848: 845: 843: 840: 836: 833: 831: 828: 827: 826: 823: 822: 815: 814: 806: 803: 801: 798: 796: 793: 791: 788: 786: 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 771: 768: 766: 763: 762: 755: 754: 746: 743: 741: 738: 736: 733: 732: 725: 724: 716: 713: 711: 708: 706: 703: 701: 698: 696: 693: 691: 688: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 667: 663: 658: 657: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 600: 596:Other beliefs 593: 592: 584: 583:Judgement Day 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 560: 556: 551: 550: 539: 536: 534: 531: 529: 526: 524: 521: 519: 516: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 499: 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 480: 479: 478: 475: 471: 470: 465: 462: 460: 457: 456: 455: 454: 449: 444: 443: 440: 437: 436: 433: 429: 425: 424: 413: 411: 408: 407: 405: 401: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 381: 379: 375: 369: 365: 362: 361: 359: 355: 352: 349: 345: 340: 322:44°20′16.64″E 310: 307: 305:Resting place 303: 298: 293: 290:Poisoning by 289: 285: 280: 273: 258: 254: 250: 246: 239: 235: 230: 221: 217: 212: 186: 164: 163: 159: 152: 148: 144: 141: 138: 132: 129: 126: 120: 114: 109: 106: 101: 97: 93: 90:, located in 89: 84: 83: 75: 70: 57: 53: 49: 40: 37: 33: 19: 6587:Twelve Imams 6375:Ali al-Zahir 6338: 6330: 6323:(Wafi Ahmad) 6322: 6261:Aga Khan III 6112:Ali al-Zahir 6075: 6067: 6060:(Wafi Ahmad) 6059: 5983:Ali al-Zahir 5946: 5938: 5931:(Wafi Ahmad) 5930: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5836:Isa al-Fa'iz 5806:Ali al-Zahir 5769: 5761: 5754:(Wafi Ahmad) 5753: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5658: 5544: 5507: 5487: 5482:Banu Quraish 5480: 5479:Clan of the 5472: 5462: 5436: 5411: 5389: 5362: 5339: 5316: 5296: 5284:. 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4220:Wardrop 1988 4215: 4203: 4196:Wardrop 1988 4191: 4184:Wardrop 1988 4179: 4172:Wardrop 1988 4167: 4160:Wardrop 1988 4155: 4148:Wardrop 1988 4133:Wardrop 1988 4128: 4121:Wardrop 1988 4116: 4109:Wardrop 1988 4104: 4097:Wardrop 1988 4092: 4087:, p. 7. 4085:Wardrop 1988 4080: 4075:, p. 6. 4073:Wardrop 1988 4068: 4063:, p. 5. 4061:Wardrop 1988 4056: 4049:Wardrop 1988 4044: 4037:Hussain 1986 4032: 4020: 4008: 3996: 3984: 3972: 3960: 3948: 3936: 3924: 3912: 3888:Wardrop 1988 3883: 3856: 3844: 3815: 3803: 3796:Daftary 2013 3749:Wardrop 1988 3744: 3737:Wardrop 1988 3732: 3725:Wardrop 1988 3720: 3713:Wardrop 1988 3708: 3701:Wardrop 1988 3696: 3689:Wardrop 1988 3672:Wardrop 1988 3667: 3655: 3633:Hussain 1986 3614:Wardrop 1988 3609: 3602:Hussain 1986 3597: 3590:Hussain 1986 3556:Wardrop 1988 3551: 3544:Wardrop 1988 3539: 3532:Wardrop 1988 3527: 3520:Wardrop 1988 3515: 3508:Wardrop 1988 3503: 3496:Wardrop 1988 3491: 3484:Wardrop 1988 3479: 3447:, p. 4. 3445:Wardrop 1988 3440: 3433:Wardrop 1988 3428: 3421:Wardrop 1988 3416: 3404: 3397:Wardrop 1988 3382:Kennedy 2015 3377: 3365: 3358:Bobrick 2012 3343:Bobrick 2012 3338: 3296: 3284: 3277:Wardrop 1988 3260:Daftary 2013 3237:Wardrop 1988 3232: 3225:Sourdel 1970 3200:Wardrop 1988 3181:Wardrop 1988 3176: 3169:Bobrick 2012 3164: 3157:Daftary 2013 3135: 2872: 2837: 2832: 2774:Islam portal 2710: 2706: 2654: 2643: 2609: 2596: 2590: 2563: 2543:exaggerators 2517: 2513: 2489: 2447: 2352: 2309: 2298: 2240: 2183: 2178: 2165: 2145: 2125:, where the 2078: 2073: 2067: 2056: 2023: 2000: 1940: 1924:Moojan Momen 1905: 1894: 1893: 1887: 1851: 1828: 1825: 1778: 1760: 1638: 1550:) favors 10 1511: 1411:Twelve Imams 1408: 1397:, where the 1364: 1302: 1272: 1257: 1243:Twelve Imams 1204: 1203: 985:Hojatoleslam 923:Ni'matullāhī 898:Qalandariyya 745:Intercession 633:Usul al-fiqh 618:Intercession 522: 474:Twelve Imams 200:the generous 157: 135:Succeeded by 112: 36: 6531:concealment 6519:occultation 6390:Ali al-Hadi 6266:Aga Khan IV 6256:Aga Khan II 6201:Murad Mirza 6127:Ali al-Hadi 5664:Ali al-Hadi 5654:Ali al-Rida 5564:Ali al-Hadi 5554:Shi'a Islam 5539:Ali al-Rida 5512:Dhul Qi‘dah 5474:Banu Hashim 5468:Ahl al-Bayt 5385:Sourdel, D. 4968:"'Abbāsids" 4694:Mavani 2013 4643:Gardet 2012 4307:Medoff 2016 3977:Pierce 2016 3965:Pierce 2016 3953:Pierce 2016 3941:Pierce 2016 3929:Pierce 2016 3917:Pierce 2016 3905:Hulmes 2008 3861:Pierce 2016 3837:Pierce 2016 3820:Pierce 2016 3808:Pierce 2016 3779:Pierce 2016 3409:Rahman 1989 3301:Glassé 2008 2958:Medoff 2016 2877:Pierce 2016 2817:al-Mu'tasim 2722: 1295 2498: 1067 2491:Shaykh Tusi 2470: 1192 2362: 1058 2147:confusion ( 2111: 1153 2100: 1941 2089: 1699 2035: 1209 2006: 1976 1943:al-Mu'tasim 1920: 1981 1842: 1022 1731: 1071 1720: 1169 1490:Ali al-Rida 1380:al-Mu'tasim 1368:Ali al-Hadi 1298:Islamic law 1247:Ali al-Rida 1094:Sources of 1030:Al-Istibsar 938:Scholarship 893:Malamatiyya 871:Sufism and 758:Holy cities 623:Occultation 573:Prophethood 410:Ali al-Rida 384:Ali al-Hadi 334: / 292:al-Mu'tasim 272:Dhu al-Qada 265:(835-11-29) 140:Ali al-Hadi 128:Ali al-Rida 123:Preceded by 63:محمد الجواد 6557:835 deaths 6552:811 births 6546:Categories 6460:Shah Tahir 6251:Aga Khan I 6226:Sayyid Ali 6174:Islam Shah 6171:Qasim Shah 5603:Shia Imams 5426:0873953908 5376:1860647804 5286:13 January 4763:References 4268:Momen 1985 4025:Momen 1985 4001:Momen 1985 3876:Momen 1985 3660:Momen 1985 3472:Momen 1985 3316:Lewis 2012 3289:Momen 1985 3140:Momen 1985 3042:Momen 1985 2715:Ibn Hamdan 2585:tay al-ard 2373: 941 2366:al-Kulayni 2355:al-Najashi 2337: 765 2330: 799 2299:al-Maqalat 2237:Precedents 2205: 680 2194: 670 2162: 765 2093:Abbas Qomi 2028:Fakhr Razi 1820: 819 1804: 818 1773: 818 1746:al-Ya'qubi 1742: 956 1735:al-Mas'udi 1698: 893 1687: 923 1633: 817 1628:Marriage ( 1586: 632 1575: 661 1525: 799 1506: 810 1463: 732 1254: 818 908:Bektashism 563:Monotheism 555:Principles 432:Shia Islam 351:Shia Islam 319:33°22′48″N 6582:Husaynids 6500:Haydar II 6485:Aziz Shah 6321:Abdallah 6279:(Mu'mini) 6236:Qasim Ali 6058:Abdallah 5929:Abdallah 5752:Abdallah 5227:2330-4804 5185:2330-4804 5003:2330-4804 4928:2330-4804 4619:Halm 2001 2848:Footnotes 2812:al-Ma'mun 2675:one-fifth 2621:the guide 2606:Successor 2223:Waqifites 2011:umm walad 1680:al-Tabari 1653:al-Ma'mun 1596:umm walad 1541:Ibn Ayyas 1531:(810-811 1479:ابن الرضا 1374:umm walad 1344:Waqifites 1313:al-Ma'mun 1275:(Arabic: 1260:(Arabic: 1218:romanized 1119:Consensus 965:Ayatollah 883:Safaviyya 878:Qizilbash 800:Kadhimiya 790:Jerusalem 662:Practices 533:al-Askari 498:al-Sajjad 368:al-Ma'mun 187:al-Jawad 178:the pious 113:In office 105:Shia Imam 6465:Haydar I 6405:Hasan II 6350:al-Qa'im 6087:al-Qa'im 5886:Muhammad 5709:Muhammad 5558:818–835 5409:(1975). 5399:73-77291 5360:(2001). 5338:(1981). 5256:(1993). 4937:"Karāma" 2746:See also 2702:al-Qa'im 2131:Kazimayn 2063:Muharram 2016:Moroccan 1857:Abu Bakr 1645:Khorasan 1590:Muhammad 1324:Khorasan 1303:Born in 1258:al-Jawād 1239:Muhammad 1079:Al-Amali 903:Hurufism 867:Alawites 538:al-Mahdi 513:al-Kazim 508:al-Sadiq 503:al-Baqir 459:Muhammad 428:a series 426:Part of 377:Children 347:Religion 299:sources) 214:Personal 165:al-Taqi 158:See list 6526:caliphs 6524:Fatimid 6337:Husayn 6074:Husayn 5945:Husayn 5877:"Wāsih" 5861:Tayyibi 5768:Husayn 5700:"Wāsih" 5611:Twelver 5551:Twelver 5466:of the 4991:"ḠOLĀT" 2689: 2669: 2631: 2615: 2578:karamah 2568:karamat 2558:Karamat 2537: 2429:Bahrain 2401:Baghdad 2389:Hamedan 2297:and in 2282: 2260: 2209:Hasanid 2137:Imamate 2119:Quraysh 1981:of the 1972:Manaqib 1883:Michael 1879:Gabriel 1757:Baghdad 1700:), and 1651:caliph 1649:Abbasid 1610:Ibrahim 1600:) from 1537:Ramadan 1501:Birth ( 1486: 1475:ابو علي 1452: 1437: 1426: 1395:Quraysh 1348:Twelver 1336:Baghdad 1311:caliph 1309:Abbasid 1288:Imamite 1284: 1273:al-Taqī 1269: 1220:: 1110:Hadiths 1096:ijtihad 990:Ijtihad 975:Allamah 967: ( 952: ( 873:Alevism 847:Shaykhi 835:Akhbari 825:Ja'fari 795:Samarra 785:Mashhad 780:Karbala 715:Tabarri 710:Tawalli 638:Ijtihad 578:Imamate 568:Justice 528:al-Naqi 523:al-Taqi 518:ar-Rida 464:Fatimah 403:Parents 279:Baghdad 274:220 AH) 194: 172: 92:Karbala 6329:Ahmad 6276:Nizari 6066:Ahmad 6013:Nizari 5937:Ahmad 5899:Husayn 5873:"Asās" 5760:Ahmad 5722:Husayn 5696:"Asās" 5684:Hafizi 5515:220 AH 5506: 5495:195 AH 5423: 5397: 5373: 5346: 5324: 5303: 5269: 5242: 5225: 5202: 5183: 5160: 5129: 5098: 5067: 5046: 5022: 5001: 4978: 4955: 4926: 4903: 4882: 4861: 4838: 4819: 4788: 2651:Legacy 2530:Ghulat 2425:Sistan 2342:wokala 2313:wokala 2288:wisdom 2196:) and 2123:Tigris 1866:) and 1808:vizier 1744:) and 1579:Fatima 1577:) and 1514:Medina 1441:hadith 1430:الجواد 1405:Titles 1305:Medina 1293:wokala 1262:الجواد 1209:Arabic 1124:Reason 1105:Qur'an 950:Marja' 918:Galibi 913:Rifa`i 818:Groups 770:Medina 643:Taqlid 608:Angels 493:Husayn 394:Hakima 363:Samana 357:Spouse 295:(most 245:Medina 46:Ninth 6450:Tahir 6385:Nizar 6122:Nizar 5894:Hasan 5717:Hasan 5510:30th 5508:Died: 5492:Rajab 5490:10th 5488:Born: 5367:(PDF) 5280:(PDF) 5263:(PDF) 5040:(PDF) 2824:Notes 2682:Zakat 2526:Mahdi 2524:that 2480:Egypt 2475:wakil 2417:Khums 2397:Basra 2385:Ahvaz 2322:wakil 2266:proof 2251:hujja 2244:Jesus 2231:Zaydi 2227:Mahdi 2150:hayra 2115:harem 2041:Death 2014:) of 1978:sahib 1785:Abbas 1676:Alids 1672:green 1668:black 1602:Nubia 1552:Rajab 1469:kunya 1419:التقى 1360:Quran 1352:Jesus 1277:التقي 960:Hawza 842:Alevi 830:Usuli 775:Najaf 765:Mecca 695:Jihad 690:Khums 685:Zakat 670:Salat 648:Irfan 488:Hasan 234:Rajab 150:Title 82:zarih 5882:Nabi 5705:Nabi 5547:Imam 5545:9th 5421:ISBN 5395:LCCN 5371:ISBN 5344:ISBN 5322:ISBN 5301:ISBN 5288:2023 5267:ISBN 5240:ISBN 5223:ISSN 5200:ISBN 5181:ISSN 5158:ISBN 5127:ISBN 5096:ISBN 5065:ISBN 5044:ISBN 5020:ISBN 4999:ISSN 4976:ISBN 4953:ISBN 4924:ISSN 4901:ISBN 4880:ISBN 4859:ISBN 4836:ISBN 4817:ISBN 4786:ISBN 2686:lit. 2666:lit. 2660:fiqh 2628:lit. 2612:lit. 2595:and 2534:lit. 2516:and 2459:Rayy 2435:qadi 2423:and 2421:Bost 2409:Kufa 2393:Rayy 2279:lit. 2274:hukm 2257:lit. 2173:nass 2049:The 1990:qadi 1984:qadi 1969:and 1960:qadi 1954:qadi 1948:qadi 1908:Hajj 1881:and 1868:Umar 1781:Alid 1641:Merv 1496:Life 1484:lit. 1450:lit. 1435:lit. 1424:lit. 1415:Shia 1354:and 1332:Iraq 1282:lit. 1267:lit. 969:list 954:list 680:Hajj 675:Sawm 472:The 297:Shia 270:(29 256:Died 236:195 232:(10 219:Born 191:lit. 169:lit. 103:9th 48:Imam 6529:in 6517:in 6286:Ali 6023:Ali 5879:of 5875:or 5869:Ali 5702:of 5698:or 5692:Ali 5619:Ali 5549:of 5150:doi 5119:doi 5088:doi 4945:doi 4809:doi 2574:sg. 2454:Qom 2407:in 2383:in 2318:sg. 2218:ilm 2091:), 1793:Tus 1689:), 1670:to 1643:in 1340:Tus 1112:of 945:Law 805:Qom 483:Ali 430:on 86:of 50:of 6548:: 5522:CE 5502:CE 5217:. 5175:. 5156:. 5125:. 5094:. 4993:. 4970:. 4951:. 4918:. 4815:. 4784:. 4774:. 4686:^ 4547:^ 4532:^ 4385:^ 4299:^ 4140:^ 3895:^ 3868:^ 3827:^ 3786:^ 3771:^ 3756:^ 3679:^ 3640:^ 3621:^ 3582:^ 3563:^ 3452:^ 3389:^ 3350:^ 3323:^ 3308:^ 3267:^ 3244:^ 3207:^ 3188:^ 3147:^ 3108:^ 3049:^ 3034:^ 2965:^ 2884:^ 2855:^ 2720:d. 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