372:. A warmer floor surface radiates heat to colder surrounding surfaces (ceiling, walls, furniture.) which absorb heat and reflects all non absorbed heat to yet other still cooler surfaces. The cycle of radiation, absorption and reflection starts slowly and slows down slowly nearing set point temperatures and ceases to take place once equilibrium is reached all-round. A floor thermostat or a room thermostat or combination controls the floor on/off. In the process of radiant heating a thin layer of air which is in touch with the warmed surfaces also absorbs some heat and this creates a little convection (air circulation). Contrary to belief people are not heated by this warmed circulating air or convection (convection has a cooling effect) but are heated by the direct radiation of the source and reflection of its surrounds. Comfort is reached at lower air temperature due to eliminating circulating air. Radiant heating experiences highest comfort levels as people's own energy (± 70 Watt for an adult) (must radiate out in heating season) is in balance with its surrounds. Compared to convection heating system based on academic research the air temperatures may be lowered by up to 3 degrees. One variation is using tubes filled with circulating hot water as heat source for warming the floor. The heating principle remains the same. Both old style electric and warm water (hydronic) underfloor heating systems embedded in the floor construction are slow and cannot respond to external weather changes or internal demand/lifestyle requirements. The latest variant places specialized electric heating systems and blankets directly under the floor-decor and on top of additional insulation all placed on top of construction floors. Construction floors stay cold. The principle change of heat source positioning allows it to respond within minutes to changing weather and internal demand requirements such as life style being in/out, at work, rest, sleep, more people present/cooking, etc.
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heat energy from the outdoor air or the ground. The vapor is then compressed by a compressor and piped into a condenser coil within the building to be heated. The heat from the hot dense gas is absorbed by the air in the building (and sometimes also used for domestic hot water) causing the hot working fluid to condense back into a liquid. From there the high pressure fluid is passed back to the evaporator section where it expands through an orifice and into the evaporator section, completing the cycle. In the summer months, the cycle can be reversed to move heat out of the conditioned space and to the outside air.
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to be used with various tariffs. Whilst they can still be used with economy 7, they can be used with day-time tariffs. This is due to the modern design features that are added during manufacturing. Alongside new designs the use of a thermostat or sensor has improved the efficiency of the storage heater. A thermostat or sensor is able to read the temperature of the room, and change the output of the heater accordingly.
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precise point needed in a process, at high concentration of power per unit area or volume. Electric heating devices can be built in any required size and can be located anywhere within a plant. Electric heating processes are generally clean, quiet, and do not emit much byproduct heat to the surroundings. Electrical heating equipment has a high speed of response, lending it to rapid-cycling mass-production equipment.
214:
122:, that draws heat energy from an external source such as the ground or outside air (or the interior of a refrigerator) and directs that heat into the space to be warmed (in case of a fridge, the kitchen). This makes much better use of electric energy than direct electric heating, but requires much more expensive equipment, plus plumbing. Some heating systems can be operated in reverse for
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Advantages of electric heating methods over other forms include precision control of temperature and distribution of heat energy, combustion not used to develop heat, and the ability to attain temperatures not readily achievable with chemical combustion. Electric heat can be accurately applied at the
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Economically, electric heat can be compared to other sources of home heating by multiplying the local cost per kilowatt hour for electricity by the number of kilowatts the heater uses. E.g.: 1500-watt heater at 12 cents per kilowatt hour 1.5×12=18 cents per hour. When comparing to burning fuel it may
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A heat pump uses an electrically driven compressor to operate a refrigeration cycle that extracts heat energy from outdoor air, the ground or ground water, and moves that heat to the space to be warmed. A liquid contained within the evaporator section of the heat pump boils at low pressure, absorbing
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Radiant heaters operate silently and present the greatest potential danger of ignition of nearby furnishings due to the focused intensity of their output and lack of overheat protection. In the United
Kingdom, these appliances are sometimes called electric fires, because they were originally used to
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that travels through air or space until it hits an absorbing surface, where it is partially converted to heat and partially reflected. This heat directly warms people and objects in the room, rather than warming the air. This style of heater is particularly useful in areas through which unheated air
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A storage heating system takes advantage of cheaper electricity prices, sold during low demand periods such as overnight. In the United
Kingdom, this is branded as Economy 7. The storage heater stores heat in clay bricks, then releases it during the day when required. Newer storage heaters are able
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of UK electricity per kWh in 2019 was less than half that in 2010. However, because of high capital cost, the cost of electricity has not fallen and is typically 2-3 times that of burning fuel. Hence, direct electric heating may now give a similar carbon footprint to gas- or oil-fired heating, but
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The limitations and disadvantages of electric heating in industry include the higher cost of electrical energy compared to direct use of fuel, and the capital cost of both the electric heating apparatus itself and the infrastructure required to deliver large quantities of electrical energy to the
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can raise the indoor temperature by extracting energy from the ground, the outside air, or waste streams such as exhaust air. This can cut the electricity consumption to as little as 35% of that used by resistive heating. Where the primary source of electrical energy is hydroelectric, nuclear, or
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An immersion heater has an electrical resistance heating element encased in a tube, placed in the water (or other fluid) to be heated. The heating element might be inserted directly into the liquid, or installed inside a metal pipe to protect against corrosion and facilitate maintenance. Portable
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Design of an industrial heating system starts with assessment of the temperature required, the amount of heat required, and the feasible modes of transferring heat energy. In addition to conduction, convection and radiation, electrical heating methods can use electric and magnetic fields to heat
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Minerals present in the water supply may precipitate out of solution and form a hard scale on the heating element surface, or may fall to the bottom of the tank and clog water flow. Maintenance of water heating equipment may require periodic removal of accumulated scale and sediment. Where water
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For example: A lunch room in an office setting has limited hours of operation. During low-use periods a "monitor" level of heat (50 °F or 10 °C) is provided by the central heating system. Peak use times between the hours of 11:00 and 14:00 are heated to "comfort levels" (70 °F or
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at the building being heated. If the same fuel could be used for space heating by a consumer, it would be more efficient overall to burn the fuel at the end user's building. On the other hand, replacing electric heating with fossil fuel burning heaters, isn't necessarily good as it removes the
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to speed up the airflow. They operate with considerable noise caused by the fan. They have a moderate risk of ignition hazard if they make unintended contact with furnishings. Their advantage is that they are more compact than heaters that use natural convection and are also cost-efficient for
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Circulation heaters or "direct electric heat exchangers" (DEHE) use heating elements inserted into a "shell side" medium directly to provide the heating effect. All of the heat generated by the electric circulation heater is transferred into the medium, thus an electric heater is 100 percent
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Industrial heating processes can be broadly categorized as low-temperature (to about 400 °C or 752 °F), medium-temperature (between 400 and 1,150 °C or 752 and 2,102 °F), and high-temperature (beyond 1,150 °C or 2,102 °F). Low-temperature processes include
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is captured in the return air of the heating system; in large buildings a substantial part of the annual heating energy is supplied by the lighting system. However, this waste heat becomes a liability when using air conditioning. Such expenses can be avoided by integrating an
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and tankless heaters also use an immersion heater (shielded or naked) that is turned on with the flow of water. A group of separate heaters can be switched to offer different heating levels. Electric showers and tankless heaters usually use from 3 to 10.5 kilowatts.
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heating material, supplied either directly from the line voltage (120 or 240 volts) or at low voltage from a transformer. The heated cables warm the flooring by direct conduction and will switch off once it reaches the temperature set by the floor
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The efficiency of any system depends on the definition of the boundaries of the system. For an electrical energy customer the efficiency of electric space heating is 100% because all purchased energy is converted to heat. However, if a
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The operation of electric resistance heaters to heat an area for long periods is costly in many regions. However, intermittent or partial day use can be more cost efficient than whole building heating due to superior zonal control.
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only delivers 3-5 units of electrical energy for every 10 units of fuel energy released. Even though the electric heater is 100% efficient, the amount of fuel needed to produce the heat is more than if the fuel were burned in a
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to regulate temperature. Household units may be rated only a few kilowatts. Industrial water heaters may reach 2000 kilowatts. Where off-peak electric power rates are available, hot water may be stored to use when required.
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and shaping plastics. Medium temperature processes include melting plastics and some non-metals for casting or reshaping, as well as annealing, stress-relieving and heat-treating metals. High-temperature processes include
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or thermal fluid. They are ideally suited for heating a closed space. They operate silently and have a lower risk of ignition hazard if they make unintended contact with furnishings compared to radiant electric heaters.
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can reduce energy consumption up to 44% compared with air source heat pumps and up to 72% compared with electric resistance heating. The high purchase price of a heat pump vs resistance heaters may be offset when
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With an electrode heater, there is no wire-wound resistance and the liquid itself acts as the resistance. This has potential hazards, so the regulations governing electrode heaters are strict.
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are not as large with a smaller temperature gradient both between this space and unheated outside air, as well as between the refrigerator and the (now cooler) lunch room.
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Variations between countries generating electrical power affect concerns about efficiency and the environment. In 2015 France generated only 6% of its electricity from
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wind, transferring electricity via the grid can be convenient, since the resource may be too distant for direct heating applications (with the notable exception of
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The electrification of heat of space and water heating is increasingly proposed as a way forward to decarbonise the current energy system, particularly with
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flows. They are also ideal for basements and garages where spot heating is desired. More generally, they are an excellent choice for task-specific heating.
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Methods of electric heating include resistance heating, electric arc heating, induction heating, and dielectric heating. In some processes (for example,
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tube, open to the atmosphere at the ends, although models exist where the fused silica is sealed at the ends and the resistance alloy is not nichrome.
650:, while Australia sourced over 86% of its electricity from fossil fuels. The cleanliness and efficiency of electricity are dependent on the source.
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because they can extract residual solar heat stored in the ground at warmer temperatures than is available from cold air. According to the US
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current of hot air that rises from the heater, heats up the surrounding space, cools and then repeats the cycle. These heaters are sometimes
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survey, 68% of households in the province use electricity for space heating. More than 90% of all power consumed in Quebec is generated by
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the use of direct electric heating has been restricted since the 1980s for this reason, and there are plans to phase it out entirely – see
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Heat pumps may obtain low-grade heat from the outdoor air in mild climates. In areas with average winter temperatures well below freezing,
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Pinch
Analysis for Energy and Carbon Footprint Reduction: A User Guide on Process Integration for the Efficient Use of Energy, 3rd edition
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point of use. This may be somewhat offset by in-plant (on-site) efficiency gains in using less energy overall to achieve the same result.
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immersion heaters may not have a control thermostat, since they are intended to be used only briefly and under control of an operator.
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934:), electric current is directly applied to the workpiece. In other processes, heat is produced within the workpiece by induction or
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are useful in places where air-handling is difficult, such as in laboratories. Several methods of electric space heating are used.
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efficient. Direct electric heat exchangers or "circulation heaters" are used to heat liquids and gases in industrial processes.
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has banned the installation of direct electric space heating in new buildings for similar reasons. In the case of new buildings,
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In recent years there has been a major trend for countries to generate low-carbon electricity from renewable sources, adding to
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wire as the active element; the heating element, depicted on the right, uses nichrome wire supported by ceramic insulators.
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passing through a resistor will convert that electrical energy into heat energy. Most modern electric heating devices use
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supplies are known to be highly mineralized, scale production can be reduced by using low-watt-density heating elements.
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21 °C). Significant savings can be realized in overall energy consumption, since infrared radiation losses through
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For domestic hot water supply, or industrial process hot water, permanently installed heating elements in an insulated
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ability to have renewable electric heating, this can be achieved by sourcing the electricity from a renewable source.
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so that the interior space is cooled and even hotter air or water is discharged outside or into the ground.
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1441:"How to calculate electric energy cost of common household items - McGill's Repair and Construction, LLC"
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In large office towers, the lighting system is integrated along with the heating and ventilation system.
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The active medium of the heater depicted in this section is a coil of nichrome resistance wire inside a
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A fan heater, also called a forced convection heater, is a kind of convection heater that includes an
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and with a reflector to direct the energy output away from the body of the heater. The element emits
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uses heating elements that reach a high temperature. The element is usually packaged inside a
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supplying electricity is included, the overall efficiency drops drastically. For example, a
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can be used which can virtually eliminate the need for heating, such as those built to the
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1315:(2020) - "Fossil Fuels". Published online at OurWorldInData.org. Retrieved from: '
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the cost remains higher, though cheaper off-peak tariffs can reduce this effect.
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1151:"Comparison of efficiency of air source heat pumps and ground source heat pumps"
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In a convection heater, the heating element heats the air in contact with it by
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system has heating cables embedded in the floor. Current flows through a
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can achieve around 150% – 600% efficiency for heating, or COP 1.5 - 6.0
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1173:"Choosing and Installing Geothermal Heat Pumps - Department of Energy"
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due to potential increase in peak electricity demand and exposure to
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Eggimann, Sven; Usher, Will; Eyre, Nick; Hall, Jim W. (2020).
1126:"Energy Efficient Lighting | WBDG Whole Building Design Guide"
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which are long-standing low-carbon sources. For example, the
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Standard
Handbook for Electrical Engineers, Eleventh Edition
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735:. In case of large-scale electrification, impacts on the
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To provide heat more efficiently, an electrically driven
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device that converts an electric current into heat. The
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Process in which electrical energy is converted to heat
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1353:, Spring 2006, pp. 15–19. Ottawa: Statistics Canada.
1241:"Electric Resistance Heating - Department of Energy"
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393:system that also creates an electric heat source.
1364:"Ground-Source Heat Pumps (Earth-Energy Systems)"
345:Water can also be used as a heat-storage medium.
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87:inside every electric heater is an electrical
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915:Electric heating is widely used in industry.
1336:, published 2005-11-11, accessed 26 May 2007
1294:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
201:is used to warm the interiors of buildings.
785:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
507:Small domestic immersion heater, 500 W
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2268:High efficiency glandless circulating pump
1517:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
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1055:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
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1261:
1114:. The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica.
903:Learn how and when to remove this message
805:Learn how and when to remove this message
612:Learn how and when to remove this message
486:Learn how and when to remove this message
319:portable and small room heating systems.
180:Learn how and when to remove this message
2702:Mold growth, assessment, and remediation
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982:and the preparation of some chemicals.
830:be useful to convert kilowatt hours to
696:. Low and stable rates are charged by
14:
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538:
349:Domestic electrical underfloor heating
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2575:Programmable communicating thermostat
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1445:McGill's Repair and Construction, LLC
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260:
255:
2697:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
885:adding citations to reliable sources
856:
834:: 1.5 kWh × 3412.142=5118 BTU.
783:adding citations to reliable sources
750:
594:adding citations to reliable sources
565:
562:Environmental and efficiency aspects
468:adding citations to reliable sources
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162:adding citations to reliable sources
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1198:"Immersion Heaters - Sigma Thermal"
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36:30 kW resistance heating coils
24:
2558:Minimum efficiency reporting value
700:, the provincially owned utility.
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287:than cool air, so it rises due to
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2600:Standard temperature and pressure
2313:Packaged terminal air conditioner
1849:Passive daytime radiative cooling
1578:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle
1268:Kemp, I.C. and Lim, J.S. (2020).
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1669:Absorption-compression heat pump
1347:Home heating and the environment
1225:. 12 August 2012. Archived from
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91:, and works on the principle of
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1944:Vapor-compression refrigeration
1472:, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1978,
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872:needs additional citations for
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455:needs additional citations for
149:needs additional citations for
1328:The Green Electricity Illusion
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667:low-energy building techniques
275:An electric convection heater.
63:. Common applications include
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1:
2712:Testing, adjusting, balancing
2656:Building information modeling
2651:Building services engineering
2228:Ground-coupled heat exchanger
1756:Demand controlled ventilation
1704:Building insulation materials
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519:may be used, controlled by a
396:
75:and industrial processes. An
2273:High-pressure cut-off switch
1824:Ice storage air conditioning
1745:Dedicated outdoor air system
1419:10.1016/j.energy.2020.116947
1083:Thermal immersion circulator
7:
3166:Instant hot water dispenser
2616:Thermostatic radiator valve
2418:Thermostatic radiator valve
1929:Underfloor air distribution
1864:Radiant heating and cooling
1782:Energy recovery ventilation
1694:Automobile air conditioning
1558:Domestic energy consumption
985:
838:Industrial electric heating
10:
3382:
2765:Institute of Refrigeration
2646:Architectural technologist
2118:Electrostatic precipitator
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694:fossil-fuel power stations
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112:Coefficient of performance
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2677:Environmental engineering
2641:Architectural engineering
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2443:Ultra-low particulate air
2028:Automatic balancing valve
1975:
1956:Variable refrigerant flow
1808:Heat recovery ventilation
1751:Deep water source cooling
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1274:. Butterworth-Heinemann.
631:fossil-fuel power station
391:energy efficient lighting
59:is converted directly to
44:This radiant heater uses
2865:Template:Home automation
2687:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
2383:Solar-assisted heat pump
1983:Air conditioner inverter
1762:Displacement ventilation
1653:Vapour pressure of water
1638:Thermal destratification
1480:, pages 21-144 to 21-188
415:are more efficient than
413:ground source heat pumps
226:infrared radiant heating
209:Infrared radiant heaters
3186:Laundry-folding machine
2860:World Refrigeration Day
2707:Refrigerant reclamation
2636:Architectural acoustics
2580:Programmable thermostat
2512:Clean air delivery rate
2408:Thermal expansion valve
2323:Pressurisation ductwork
2233:Ground source heat pump
1674:Absorption refrigerator
659:Oil phase-out in Sweden
2850:Glossary of HVAC terms
2812:Sick building syndrome
2692:Mechanical engineering
2403:Smoke exhaust ductwork
1834:Mixed-mode ventilation
1351:Canadian Social Trends
1318:; retrieved 2020-05-23
692:emissions compared to
508:
327:
276:
232:envelope resembling a
221:
217:An electric radiative
55:is a process in which
49:
46:tungsten halogen lamps
37:
3054:Electric water boiler
2870:Template:Solar energy
2548:Intelligent buildings
2507:Carbon dioxide sensor
1894:Room air distribution
1714:Central solar heating
1034:Electroslag remelting
506:
425:geothermal heat pumps
417:air source heat pumps
325:
274:
216:
43:
35:
2672:Duct leakage testing
2662:Deep energy retrofit
2606:Thermographic camera
2543:Infrared thermometer
2018:Air source heat pump
1967:Water heat recycling
1533:Air changes per hour
1468:and H. Wayne Beaty,
1229:on 22 February 2017.
1059:Hotel electric power
1009:Auxiliary power unit
881:improve this article
848:Electric arc furnace
779:improve this section
726:solar thermal energy
709:hydro-electric power
590:improve this article
464:improve this article
245:replace open fires.
158:improve this article
118:to drive a reversed
3345:Appliance recycling
3069:Electric toothbrush
2538:HVAC control system
2528:Home energy monitor
2502:Building automation
2288:Inverter compressor
1950:Variable air volume
1859:Passive ventilation
1829:Kitchen ventilation
1729:Constant air volume
1699:Autonomous building
1411:2020Ene...19516947E
1039:Energy conservation
1029:Electroslag welding
671:Passivhaus standard
539:Circulation heaters
120:refrigeration cycle
3201:Robotic lawn mower
3084:Evaporative cooler
2801:Indoor air quality
2745:ASTM International
2682:Hydronic balancing
2459:Wood-burning stove
2338:Radiator reflector
2123:Evaporative cooler
1934:Underfloor heating
1919:Thermal insulation
1088:Underfloor heating
1078:Thermal efficiency
1051:(types of heaters)
1024:Dielectric heating
686:hydroelectric dams
509:
361:underfloor heating
355:Underfloor heating
328:
283:. Hot air is less
281:thermal conduction
277:
261:Natural convection
256:Convection heaters
238:infrared radiation
222:
50:
38:
3353:
3352:
2973:Coffee percolator
2956:Immersion blender
2878:
2877:
2794:Health and safety
2373:Scroll compressor
2328:Process duct work
2083:Convection heater
2078:Condensing boiler
2008:Air-mixing plenum
1904:Solar combisystem
1740:Cross ventilation
1543:Building envelope
1447:. 19 January 2014
1345:Snider, Bradley.
1281:978-0-08-102536-9
1108:"Electric Heater"
978:metals, cutting,
936:dielectric losses
913:
912:
905:
844:Induction furnace
824:thermal radiation
815:
814:
807:
688:, which have low
682:Statistics Canada
622:
621:
614:
496:
495:
488:
386:fluorescent lamps
304:Forced convection
267:Convection heater
190:
189:
182:
106:Alternatively, a
57:electrical energy
16:(Redirected from
3373:
3366:Electric heating
3161:Induction cooker
3131:Garbage disposer
3079:Espresso machine
3034:Electric blanket
2905:
2898:
2891:
2882:
2881:
2840:Building science
2595:Smart thermostat
2590:Room temperature
2173:Fireplace insert
1879:Radon mitigation
1777:Electric heating
1772:District heating
1767:District cooling
1684:Air conditioning
1510:
1503:
1496:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1374:on 16 April 2017
1370:. Archived from
1360:
1354:
1343:
1337:
1325:
1319:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1293:
1285:
1265:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1104:
1073:Renewable energy
1002:
997:
996:
908:
901:
897:
894:
888:
865:
857:
810:
803:
799:
796:
790:
759:
751:
747:Economic aspects
737:electricity grid
713:carbon footprint
690:greenhouse gases
617:
610:
606:
603:
597:
574:
566:
554:Electrode boiler
548:Electrode heater
499:Immersion heater
491:
484:
480:
477:
471:
448:
440:
432:is also needed.
430:air conditioning
326:Tower fan heater
185:
178:
174:
171:
165:
142:
134:
124:air conditioning
97:electric current
53:Electric heating
21:
18:Immersion heater
3381:
3380:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3349:
3328:
3324:Washing machine
3319:Water dispenser
3245:Pressure cooker
3228:Convection oven
3156:Ice cream maker
3064:Electric shaver
3059:Electric heater
3044:Electric kettle
2926:Air conditioner
2914:
2912:Home appliances
2909:
2879:
2874:
2835:ASHRAE Handbook
2823:
2807:Passive smoking
2789:
2722:
2716:
2628:
2626:
2620:
2474:
2468:
2449:Whole-house fan
2363:Run-around coil
2358:Reversing valve
2303:Mechanical room
2293:Kerosene heater
2283:Infrared heater
2213:Gasoline heater
2153:Fan filter unit
2068:Condensate pump
2053:Centrifugal fan
1971:
1874:Radiant heating
1869:Radiant cooling
1844:Passive cooling
1839:Microgeneration
1709:Central heating
1657:
1633:Thermal comfort
1525:
1519:
1514:
1484:
1464:
1460:
1450:
1448:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1391:
1387:
1377:
1375:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1344:
1340:
1326:
1322:
1307:
1303:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1266:
1259:
1249:
1247:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1206:
1204:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1181:
1179:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1156:
1154:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1134:
1132:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1063:Infrared heater
1014:Central heating
998:
991:
988:
909:
898:
892:
889:
878:
866:
855:
840:
811:
800:
794:
791:
776:
760:
749:
741:extreme weather
618:
607:
601:
598:
587:
575:
564:
556:
550:
541:
528:Electric shower
501:
492:
481:
475:
472:
461:
449:
438:
405:
399:
378:
376:Lighting system
357:
351:
339:
333:
331:Storage heating
312:
306:
297:filled with oil
269:
263:
258:
211:
196:
186:
175:
169:
166:
155:
143:
132:
85:heating element
77:electric heater
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3379:
3369:
3368:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3340:Appliance plug
3336:
3334:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3292:Vacuum cleaner
3289:
3284:
3282:Television set
3279:
3274:
3272:Sewing machine
3269:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3257:
3255:Crisper drawer
3247:
3242:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3233:Microwave oven
3230:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3091:
3089:Food processor
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3049:Electric knife
3046:
3041:
3039:Electric drill
3036:
3031:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3017:Domestic robot
3014:
3013:
3012:
3010:drying cabinet
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2948:
2946:Barbecue grill
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2915:
2908:
2907:
2900:
2893:
2885:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2815:
2809:
2804:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2726:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2632:
2630:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2585:Psychrometrics
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2561:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2482:Air flow meter
2478:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2258:Heating system
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2238:Heat exchanger
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2203:Gas compressor
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2138:Expansion tank
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2058:Ceramic heater
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1899:Solar air heat
1896:
1891:
1889:Renewable heat
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1805:
1800:
1798:Forced-air gas
1795:
1790:
1785:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1753:
1748:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1648:Thermodynamics
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1618:Psychrometrics
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1573:Gas compressor
1570:
1568:Fluid dynamics
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1529:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1513:
1512:
1505:
1498:
1490:
1483:
1482:
1466:Donald G. Fink
1458:
1432:
1385:
1355:
1338:
1320:
1309:Hannah Ritchie
1301:
1280:
1257:
1232:
1223:"Gastech News"
1214:
1189:
1164:
1142:
1117:
1112:Britannica.com
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1068:Microwave oven
1065:
1060:
1057:
1052:
1046:
1044:Head-end power
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1005:
1004:
1003:
987:
984:
911:
910:
869:
867:
860:
852:Muffle furnace
839:
836:
813:
812:
763:
761:
754:
748:
745:
620:
619:
578:
576:
569:
563:
560:
552:Main article:
549:
546:
540:
537:
517:hot water tank
500:
497:
494:
493:
452:
450:
443:
437:
436:Liquid heating
434:
401:Main article:
398:
395:
377:
374:
353:Main article:
350:
347:
337:Storage heater
335:Main article:
332:
329:
308:Main article:
305:
302:
265:Main article:
262:
259:
257:
254:
210:
207:
192:Main article:
188:
187:
146:
144:
137:
131:
128:
116:electric motor
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3378:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3181:Kitchen stove
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2978:Clothes dryer
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2963:Bread machine
2961:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2906:
2901:
2899:
2894:
2892:
2887:
2886:
2883:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2723:organizations
2719:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2667:Duct cleaning
2665:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2623:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2518:Control valve
2516:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2438:Turning vanes
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2413:Thermal wheel
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2378:Solar chimney
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2148:Fan coil unit
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2093:Cooling tower
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1939:Vapor barrier
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1914:Solar heating
1912:
1910:
1909:Solar cooling
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1884:Refrigeration
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1854:Passive house
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1724:Chilled water
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1623:Sensible heat
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1603:Noise control
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1583:Heat transfer
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1522:
1518:
1511:
1506:
1504:
1499:
1497:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1479:
1478:0-07-020974-X
1475:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1405:(C): 116947.
1404:
1400:
1396:
1389:
1373:
1369:
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1359:
1352:
1348:
1342:
1335:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1317:
1314:
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1305:
1297:
1291:
1283:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1264:
1262:
1246:
1242:
1236:
1228:
1224:
1218:
1203:
1202:Sigma Thermal
1199:
1193:
1178:
1174:
1168:
1152:
1146:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1099:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
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1064:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1001:
1000:Energy portal
995:
990:
983:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
960:
956:
952:
949:
945:
939:
937:
933:
928:
924:
920:
916:
907:
904:
896:
886:
882:
876:
875:
870:This section
868:
864:
859:
858:
853:
849:
845:
835:
833:
827:
825:
819:
809:
806:
798:
788:
784:
780:
774:
773:
769:
764:This section
762:
758:
753:
752:
744:
742:
738:
734:
729:
727:
722:
717:
714:
710:
706:
705:nuclear power
701:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
674:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
651:
649:
644:
641:
637:
632:
628:
616:
613:
605:
595:
591:
585:
584:
579:This section
577:
573:
568:
567:
559:
555:
545:
536:
532:
529:
525:
522:
518:
513:
505:
490:
487:
479:
469:
465:
459:
458:
453:This section
451:
447:
442:
441:
433:
431:
426:
422:
418:
414:
409:
404:
394:
392:
387:
383:
373:
371:
366:
362:
356:
346:
343:
338:
324:
320:
317:
311:
301:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
273:
268:
253:
251:
246:
242:
239:
235:
231:
227:
220:
215:
206:
204:
203:Space heaters
200:
199:Space heating
195:
184:
181:
173:
163:
159:
153:
152:
147:This section
145:
141:
136:
135:
130:Space heating
127:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
104:
102:
98:
94:
93:Joule heating
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
73:water heating
70:
66:
65:space heating
62:
58:
54:
47:
42:
34:
30:
19:
3250:Refrigerator
3196:Riding mower
3176:Kitchen hood
3058:
3000:Dehumidifier
2990:Clothes iron
2941:Air purifier
2845:Fireproofing
2629:and services
2625:Professions,
2523:Gas detector
2423:Trickle vent
2398:Smoke damper
2393:Smoke canopy
2388:Space heater
2318:Plenum space
2253:Heating film
2133:Exhaust hood
2103:Dehumidifier
2043:Blast damper
2038:Barrier pipe
2013:Air purifier
1924:Thermosiphon
1803:Free cooling
1776:
1719:Chilled beam
1643:Thermal mass
1628:Stack effect
1613:Particulates
1593:Infiltration
1524:Fundamental
1469:
1461:
1449:. Retrieved
1444:
1435:
1402:
1398:
1388:
1376:. Retrieved
1372:the original
1367:
1358:
1350:
1341:
1331:
1323:
1304:
1272:
1269:
1248:. Retrieved
1244:
1235:
1227:the original
1217:
1205:. Retrieved
1201:
1192:
1180:. Retrieved
1176:
1167:
1155:. Retrieved
1153:. Icax.co.uk
1145:
1133:. Retrieved
1130:www.wbdg.org
1129:
1120:
1111:
1102:
946:and drying,
940:
929:
925:
921:
917:
914:
899:
890:
879:Please help
874:verification
871:
828:
820:
816:
801:
792:
777:Please help
765:
730:
718:
702:
698:Hydro-Québec
675:
652:
648:fossil fuels
645:
623:
608:
599:
588:Please help
583:verification
580:
557:
542:
533:
526:
514:
510:
482:
473:
462:Please help
457:verification
454:
410:
406:
379:
359:An electric
358:
344:
340:
316:electric fan
313:
278:
250:fused silica
247:
243:
223:
219:space heater
198:
197:
194:Space heater
176:
167:
156:Please help
151:verification
148:
105:
76:
52:
51:
29:
3314:Waffle iron
3277:Slow cooker
3267:Rice cooker
3208:Leaf blower
2995:Coffeemaker
2936:Air ioniser
2855:Warm Spaces
2497:Blower door
2475:and control
2473:Measurement
2454:Windcatcher
2428:Trombe wall
2368:Sail switch
2348:Refrigerant
2343:Recuperator
2218:Grease duct
2178:Freeze stat
2163:Fire damper
2033:Back boiler
2003:Air ionizer
1998:Air handler
1962:Ventilation
1814:Hybrid heat
1679:Air barrier
1598:Latent heat
1451:18 December
1368:NRCan.gc.ca
1207:18 December
1157:20 December
1135:18 December
964:steelmaking
932:arc welding
627:power plant
61:heat energy
3191:Lawn mower
3146:Humidifier
3136:Hair dryer
3114:Fan heater
3029:Deep fryer
3022:comparison
3005:Dishwasher
2968:Bug zapper
2611:Thermostat
2533:Humidistat
2464:Zone valve
2433:TurboSwing
2308:Oil heater
2278:Humidifier
2208:Gas heater
2158:Fan heater
2128:Evaporator
2113:Economizer
2088:Compressor
1993:Air filter
1976:Components
1793:Forced-air
1689:Antifreeze
1662:Technology
1608:Outgassing
1548:Convection
1245:Energy.gov
1177:Energy.gov
1095:References
927:material.
842:See also:
795:April 2017
733:heat pumps
521:thermostat
397:Heat pumps
382:Waste heat
370:thermostat
365:conductive
310:Fan heater
293:convection
234:light bulb
81:electrical
3141:Hair iron
3104:bladeless
2931:Air fryer
2721:Industry
2570:OpenTherm
2248:Heat pump
2243:Heat pipe
2193:Fume hood
2168:Fireplace
2073:Condenser
2023:Attic fan
1819:Hydronics
1427:214266085
1313:Max Roser
1290:cite book
1019:Diathermy
955:soldering
766:does not
721:heat pump
403:Heat pump
224:Electric
108:heat pump
3360:Category
3333:See also
3240:Pie iron
3151:Icemaker
3074:Epilator
2828:See also
2553:LonWorks
2487:Aquastat
2353:Register
2333:Radiator
1988:Air door
1788:Firestop
1588:Humidity
1563:Enthalpy
1553:Dilution
1538:Bake-out
1526:concepts
1378:16 April
1250:16 April
1182:16 April
986:See also
980:smelting
951:finishes
893:May 2021
661:– while
602:May 2021
476:May 2021
289:buoyancy
170:May 2021
101:nichrome
89:resistor
3307:robotic
3297:central
3287:Toaster
3213:Lighter
3126:Freezer
3109:ceiling
2951:Blender
2627:trades,
2198:Furnace
2063:Chiller
1735:Coolant
1407:Bibcode
976:casting
972:welding
968:brazing
959:molding
787:removed
772:sources
663:Denmark
636:furnace
69:cooking
3302:manual
3171:Juicer
3119:window
2780:SMACNA
2740:ASHRAE
2560:(MERV)
2514:(CADR)
2492:BACnet
2445:(ULPA)
2298:Louver
2223:Grille
2098:Damper
2048:Boiler
1946:(VCRS)
1747:(DOAS)
1476:
1425:
1399:Energy
1278:
1049:Heater
948:curing
944:baking
678:Quebec
655:Sweden
640:boiler
79:is an
3260:smart
3218:Mixer
3099:attic
2983:combo
2919:Types
2820:(VOC)
2814:(SBS)
2803:(IAQ)
2760:CIBSE
2755:BSRIA
2658:(BIM)
2602:(STP)
2566:(NTP)
2188:Freon
1958:(VRF)
1952:(VAV)
1810:(HRV)
1784:(ERV)
1758:(DCV)
1731:(CAV)
1423:S2CID
1349:, in
384:from
285:dense
230:glass
95:: an
3223:Oven
2775:LEED
2735:AMCA
2730:AHRI
2263:HEPA
2183:Flue
2108:Duct
1474:ISBN
1453:2017
1380:2017
1333:AECB
1311:and
1296:link
1276:ISBN
1252:2017
1209:2017
1184:2017
1159:2013
1137:2017
832:BTUs
770:any
768:cite
707:and
3094:Fan
2785:UMC
2770:IIR
2750:BRE
2143:Fan
1415:doi
1403:195
883:by
781:by
728:).
676:In
653:In
638:or
592:by
466:by
421:EPA
160:by
3362::
1443:.
1421:.
1413:.
1401:.
1397:.
1366:.
1330:,
1292:}}
1288:{{
1260:^
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1200:.
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1110:.
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673:.
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1455:.
1429:.
1417::
1409::
1382:.
1298:)
1284:.
1254:.
1211:.
1186:.
1161:.
1139:.
906:)
900:(
895:)
891:(
877:.
854:.
808:)
802:(
797:)
793:(
789:.
775:.
615:)
609:(
604:)
600:(
586:.
489:)
483:(
478:)
474:(
460:.
183:)
177:(
172:)
168:(
154:.
48:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
