3299:
357:
and presumably induce an immune response. A second mechanism depends on alum killing immune cells at the injection site although researchers aren't sure exactly how alum kills these cells. It has been speculated that the dying cells release DNA which serves as an immune alarm. Some studies found that
383:
in mineral oil developed in 1930. It is not safe enough for human use. A version without the bacteria, that is only oil in water, is known as Freund's incomplete adjuvant. It helps vaccines release antigens for a longer time. Despite the side effects, its potential benefit has led to a few clinical
337:
The precise mechanism of aluminium salts remains unclear but some insights have been gained. It was formerly thought that they function as delivery systems by generating depots that trap antigens at the injection site, providing a slow release that continues to stimulate the immune system. However,
985:
Subsequently, the
American National Center for Biotechnology Information published an article discussing the comparative safety of vaccine adjuvants which stated that "the biggest remaining challenge in the adjuvant field is to decipher the potential relationship between adjuvants and rare vaccine
612:
Due to the variety of mechanisms and links between the innate and adaptive immune response, an adjuvant-enhanced innate immune response results in an enhanced adaptive immune response. Specifically, adjuvants may exert their immune-enhancing effects according to five immune-functional activities.
962:. However, with the knowledge that TLR activation is not required for the immune-enhancing effects caused by common adjuvants, we can conclude that there are, in all likelihood, other receptors besides TLRs that have not yet been characterized, opening the door to future research.
51:
In the early days of vaccine manufacture, significant variations in the efficacy of different batches of the same vaccine were correctly assumed to be caused by contamination of the reaction vessels. However, it was soon found that more scrupulous cleaning actually seemed to
353:(IL‑1β), an immune signal that promotes antibody production. Alum adheres to the cell's plasma membrane and rearranges certain lipids there. Spurred into action, the dendritic cells pick up the antigen and speed to lymph nodes, where they stick tightly to a
516:
In order to understand the links between the innate immune response and the adaptive immune response to help substantiate an adjuvant function in enhancing adaptive immune responses to the specific antigen of a vaccine, the following points should be considered:
841:-specific fragments that bind to DQB1*602 in cell culture experiments, leading to the hypothesis that autoimmunity may arise in genetically susceptible individuals, but there is no clinical data to support this hypothesis. The third AS03 ingredient is
390:
is a naturally-occurring organic compound used in human and animal vaccines. Squalene is an oil, made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms, produced by plants and is present in many foods. Squalene is also produced by the human liver as a precursor to
981:
Discussing the safety of squalene as an adjuvant in 2006, the World Health
Organisation stated "follow-up to detect any vaccine-related adverse events will need to be performed." No such followup has been published by the WHO.
891:
methods, and in 1996 the
Vaccine-Associated Feline Sarcoma Task Force was formed to address the problem. However, evidence conflicts on whether types of vaccines, manufacturers or factors have been associated with sarcomas.
2779:
Masoudi S, Ploen D, Kunz K, Hildt E (May 2014). "The adjuvant component α-tocopherol triggers via modulation of Nrf2 the expression and turnover of hypocretin in vitro and its implication to the development of narcolepsy".
408:
is another squalene-containing adjuvant. In addition, squalene-based O/W emulsions have also been shown to stably incorporate small molecule TLR7/8 adjuvants (e.g. PVP-037) and lead to enhanced adjuvanticity via synergism.
644:
Second, adjuvants may provide physical protection to antigens which grants the antigen a prolonged delivery. This means the organism will be exposed to the antigen for a longer duration, making the immune system more
403:
is an oil-in-water emulsion of squalene adjuvant used in some human vaccines. As of 2021, over 22 million doses of one vaccine with squalene, FLUAD, have been administered with no severe adverse effects reported.
44:, meaning to help or aid. "An immunologic adjuvant is defined as any substance that acts to accelerate, prolong, or enhance antigen-specific immune responses when used in combination with specific vaccine
362:. No matter what the mechanism is, alum is not a perfect adjuvant because it does not work with all antigens (e.g. malaria and tuberculosis). However, recent research indicates that alum formulated in a
2302:"T cell proliferation by direct cross-talk between OX40 ligand on human mast cells and OX40 on human T cells: comparison of gene expression profiles between human tonsillar and lung-cultured mast cells"
1359:
948:
These observations suggest that although TLR activation can lead to increases in antibody responses, TLR activation is not required to induce enhanced innate and adaptive responses to antigens.
868:
Aluminium adjuvants have caused motor neuron death in mice when injected directly onto the spine at the scruff of the neck, and oil–water suspensions have been reported to increase the risk of
2854:
1036:
958:
which underlie TLR signaling has been significant in understanding why adjuvants used during vaccinations are so important in augmenting adaptive immune responses to specific
3227:
1954:
2128:
825:-subtype DQB1*602, which has led to the prediction that it is an autoimmune process. After a series of epidemiological investigations, researchers found that the higher
1121:
1988:
2816:"Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) of the Jansen COVID-19 Vaccine to Prevent Coronavirus Dusease 2019 (COVID-19) in Individuals 18 Years of Age and Older"
3351:
4406:
3204:
60:
334:
for commercial vaccines. Aluminium salts are the most commonly-used adjuvants in human vaccines. Their adjuvant activity was described in 1926.
3549:
3438:
1233:
3053:
Kirpensteijn J (October 2006). "Feline injection site-associated sarcoma: Is it a reason to critically evaluate our vaccination policies?".
2924:
Satoh M, Kuroda Y, Yoshida H, Behney KM, Mizutani A, Akaogi J, et al. (August 2003). "Induction of lupus autoantibodies by adjuvants".
3589:
3584:
833:). Those vaccinated with Pandemrix have almost a twelve-times higher risk of developing the disease. The adjuvant of the vaccine contained
2681:"Risk of narcolepsy in children and young people receiving AS03 adjuvanted pandemic A/H1N1 2009 influenza vaccine: retrospective analysis"
358:
DNA from dying cells causes them to adhere more tightly to helper T cells which ultimately leads to an increased release of antibodies by
2846:
1029:
3231:
1962:
933:
proteins in TLR signaling), they were still able to induce inflammatory responses, increase T cell activation and generate greater
3986:
850:
3770:
1856:"Aluminium Nanoparticles as Efficient Adjuvants Compared to Their Microparticle Counterparts: Current Progress and Perspectives"
3599:
2117:
4457:
4385:
96:
3330:
2960:
790:
development, the majority of researchers do not support a causal connection with aluminium. Adjuvants may make vaccines too
547:
In the lymph nodes, dendritic cells mince the engulfed pathogen and then express the pathogen clippings as antigen on their
3991:
4023:
3775:
3701:
3554:
1113:
975:
438:
3381:
1490:
671:
Fourth, they may induce the release of inflammatory cytokines which helps to not only recruit B and T cells at sites of
649:
as it makes use of the additional time by upregulating the production of B and T cells needed for greater immunological
4433:
3740:
3373:
2825:
1213:
1088:
2722:"AS03 adjuvanted AH1N1 vaccine associated with an abrupt increase in the incidence of childhood narcolepsy in Finland"
2595:
Tomljenovic L (2010). "Aluminum and
Alzheimer's disease: after a century of controversy, is there a plausible link?".
765:
As of 2016, several TLR ligands were in clinical development or being tested in animal models as potential adjuvants.
504:
receptor that is present in a number of cell types of the immune system. The adjuvant CpG 1018 is used in an approved
3845:
887:
relationship between VAS and administration of aluminium adjuvated rabies and FeLV vaccines was established through
4474:
4412:
3382:
1985:
1519:"From hit to vial: Precision discovery and development of an imidazopyrimidine TLR7/8 agonist adjuvant formulation"
941:, Freund's complete adjuvant, Freund's incomplete adjuvant, and monophosphoryl-lipid A/trehalose dicorynomycolate (
552:
1601:
Glenny A, Pope C, Waddington H, Wallace U (1926). "The antigenic value of toxoid precipitated by potassium alum".
942:
762:
events that ultimately lead to innate immune responses and the development of antigen-specific acquired immunity.
4033:
4001:
3996:
3825:
366:
form rather than microparticles can broaden the utility of alum adjuvants and promote stronger adjuvant effects.
4091:
3696:
3889:
3594:
1725:
Leroux-Roels G (August 2010). "Unmet needs in modern vaccinology: adjuvants to improve the immune response".
758:
or in the form of invasive moieties during times of natural infection – to TLRs mark the key
687:
2065:
Stertman L, Palm AE, Zarnegar B, Carow B, Lunderius
Andersson C, Magnusson SE, et al. (December 2023).
3342:
2820:
2124:
1351:
779:
601:
to allow immune cells of both systems to clear the area of pathogens. In addition, mast cells also release
194:
3194:
2003:
4011:
3448:
3431:
880:
379:
1206:
Immunopharmacology of infectious diseases: vaccine adjuvants and modulators of non-specific resistance
686:
Finally, adjuvants are believed to increase the innate immune response to antigen by interacting with
4061:
1996:
1905:
Del
Giudice G, Fragapane E, Bugarini R, Hora M, Henriksson T, Palla E, et al. (September 2006).
1566:
Clements CJ, Griffiths E (May 2002). "The global impact of vaccines containing aluminium adjuvants".
4016:
3981:
3976:
3971:
2679:
Miller E, Andrews N, Stellitano L, Stowe J, Winstone AM, Shneerson J, et al. (February 2013).
854:
826:
482:
132:
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4395:
4376:
4172:
4144:
4106:
4101:
4081:
3604:
3012:
Richards JR, Elston TH, Ford RB, Gaskell RM, Hartmann K, Hurley KF, et al. (November 2006).
2720:
Nohynek H, Jokinen J, Partinen M, Vaarala O, Kirjavainen T, Sundman J, et al. (2012-03-28).
1229:
822:
559:
56:
the effectiveness of the vaccines, and some contaminants actually enhanced the immune response.
4443:
4372:
3366:
787:
147:
3308:
1072:
1063:
209:) was tested in influenza vaccines in the 1970s, but was never released commercially. The oil
4438:
4272:
4267:
3718:
3664:
3574:
1010:
799:
798:. This is often an expected outcome upon vaccination and is usually controlled in infants by
609:
of other immune cells of both the innate and adaptive immune responses to the infected area.
3322:
3014:"The 2006 American Association of Feline Practitioners Feline Vaccine Advisory Panel report"
4321:
4262:
4053:
3691:
3569:
3520:
3487:
3150:
2733:
2465:
2215:
2019:
Alving CR, Beck Z, Matyas GR, Rao M (June 2016). "Liposomal adjuvants for human vaccines".
1820:
1160:
873:
732:
657:
630:
579:
451:
The combination of QS-21, cholesterol and MPL forms the adjuvant AS01 which is used in the
374:
338:
studies have shown that surgical removal of these depots had no impact on the magnitude of
286:
222:
2454:"A human homologue of the Drosophila Toll protein signals activation of adaptive immunity"
782:. Although there are studies suggesting the role of aluminium, especially injected highly
8:
4506:
4244:
4210:
4096:
3919:
3862:
3857:
3803:
3634:
3502:
3474:
3426:
3247:"Comparative Safety of Vaccine Adjuvants: A Summary of Current Evidence and Future Needs"
2961:"The endogenous adjuvant squalene can induce a chronic T-cell-mediated arthritis in rats"
986:
adverse reactions, such as narcolepsy, macrophagic myofasciitis or
Alzheimer's disease."
955:
712:
505:
331:
327:
228:
202:
184:
180:
3914:
3654:
3304:
3154:
2737:
2469:
2219:
2091:
2066:
1854:
Nazarizadeh A, Staudacher AH, Wittwer NL, Turnbull T, Brown MP, Kempson I (April 2022).
1824:
1543:
1518:
1517:
Soni D, Borriello F, Scott DA, Feru F, DeLeon M, Brightman SE, et al. (July 2024).
1164:
4501:
4277:
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3813:
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3674:
3659:
3644:
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3119:
2998:
2985:
2906:
2756:
2721:
2656:
2631:
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Baylor NW, Egan W, Richman P (May 2002). "Aluminum salts in vaccines--US perspective".
2537:
2510:
2491:
2282:
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2044:
1931:
1906:
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1855:
1788:
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1467:
1442:
1407:
1382:
1292:
1267:
1181:
1148:
869:
434:
422:
350:
146:, the presence of an adjuvant in conjunction with the vaccine can greatly increase the
143:
104:
2976:
2937:
2573:
2354:
2253:"Mechanisms underlying acute mast cell-induced leukocyte rolling and adhesion in vivo"
1907:"Vaccines with the MF59 adjuvant do not stimulate antibody responses against squalene"
1579:
87:
to the vaccine more vigorously, and thus providing increased immunity to a particular
4400:
4367:
4200:
4041:
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3820:
3681:
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1707:
1651:
1583:
1548:
1472:
1412:
1332:
1297:
1209:
1186:
1149:"Adjuvant-enhanced antibody responses in the absence of toll-like receptor signaling"
1147:
Gavin AL, Hoebe K, Duong B, Ota T, Martin C, Beutler B, et al. (December 2006).
1094:
1084:
971:
818:
740:
4346:
3123:
2910:
2286:
2188:
2048:
1315:
El Ashry ES, Ahmad TA (December 2012). "The use of propolis as vaccine's adjuvant".
905:
As of 2006, the premise that TLR signaling acts as the key node in antigen-mediated
4326:
4311:
4167:
4028:
3941:
3266:
3258:
3180:
3158:
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1402:
1394:
1324:
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1279:
1176:
1168:
1076:
951:
857:
656:
Third, adjuvants may help to increase the capacity to cause local reactions at the
339:
323:
3867:
3090:"Immunology. Mouse studies question importance of toll-like receptors to vaccines"
2793:
2204:"T-cell priming by dendritic cells in lymph nodes occurs in three distinct phases"
2082:
2032:
1760:
Hutchison S, Benson RA, Gibson VB, Pollock AH, Garside P, Brewer JM (March 2012).
1738:
1328:
4331:
4129:
3936:
3894:
3780:
3760:
3730:
3713:
3639:
3629:
3559:
3498:
3494:
3443:
3346:
3334:
3327:
3199:
3066:
2877:"Aluminum adjuvant linked to Gulf War illness induces motor neuron death in mice"
2746:
2647:
2341:
Schijns VE (August 2000). "Immunological concepts of vaccine adjuvant activity".
2007:
1992:
1005:
1000:
724:
708:
676:
629:. This will ultimately lead to greater T cell activity resulting in a heightened
582:
and represents a physical link between the innate and adaptive immune responses.
565:
497:
486:
456:
280:
257:
151:
84:
2318:
2301:
1832:
1080:
79:
are often used to modify or augment the effects of a vaccine by stimulating the
4468:
4195:
4086:
4046:
3926:
3747:
3686:
3225:
2394:
2377:
2269:
2252:
2067:"The Matrix-M™ adjuvant: A critical component of vaccines for the 21st century"
1458:
1283:
842:
791:
665:
548:
522:
346:
319:
315:
272:
188:
176:
92:
3262:
1398:
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4351:
4336:
4306:
4301:
4156:
3909:
3904:
3808:
3453:
3030:
3013:
2893:
2876:
809:(a chronic sleep disorder) cases in children and adolescents was observed in
735:, cells of the adaptive immunity (T and B lymphocytes) and non-immune cells (
716:
574:
can also activate T cells in a similar approach (but do not do so naturally).
354:
268:
264:
80:
3708:
2815:
2608:
2527:
2430:
2417:
Takeda K, Akira S (January 2005). "Toll-like receptors in innate immunity".
1172:
289:, Freund's incomplete adjuvant, AS01 (combining MPL and Quillaia saponins),
4428:
4071:
3966:
3899:
3840:
3835:
3515:
3406:
3386:
3280:
3115:
3074:
3039:
2994:
2945:
2902:
2801:
2765:
2706:
2665:
2616:
2581:
2546:
2438:
2403:
2362:
2327:
2237:
2180:
2100:
2040:
1940:
1891:
1840:
1811:
Leslie M (July 2013). "Solution to vaccine mystery starts to crystallize".
1797:
1746:
1711:
1692:
1655:
1587:
1552:
1534:
1476:
1336:
1301:
1190:
1098:
1064:"The Use of Conventional Immunologic Adjuvants in DNA Vaccine Preparations"
906:
888:
783:
755:
680:
578:
This process carried out by both dendritic cells and macrophages is termed
530:
478:
363:
3172:
2511:"Immune Adjuvant Effect of Molecularly-defined Toll-Like Receptor Ligands"
2487:
2278:
2155:"Dynamics of CD8+ T cell priming by dendritic cells in intact lymph nodes"
1416:
4215:
4205:
4066:
3872:
3755:
3723:
3649:
3511:
3402:
3394:
1922:
1872:
1778:
995:
910:
837:
that was no more than a day's normal dietary intake. Vitamin E increases
810:
744:
728:
660:
site (during vaccination), inducing greater release of danger signals by
622:
571:
568:
possess characteristics of both the innate and adaptive immune responses.
537:
474:
392:
159:
155:
116:
2228:
2203:
1674:
ApostĂłlico JD, Lunardelli VA, Coirada FC, Boscardin SB, Rosa DS (2016).
646:
296:
Small molecules: TLR7/8 agonists (imidazoquinolines, imidazopyrimidines)
4341:
4316:
4006:
3956:
918:
914:
806:
736:
606:
602:
586:
206:
112:
76:
27:
2959:
Carlson BC, Jansson AM, Larsson A, Bucht A, Lorentzen JC (June 2000).
1512:
1510:
1381:
Smith JW, Fletcher WB, Peters M, Westwood M, Perkins FJ (April 1975).
1071:. Methods in Molecular Medicine. Vol. 29. Humana Press. pp.
4390:
3961:
3829:
3398:
2697:
2680:
970:
Reports after the first Gulf War linked anthrax vaccine adjuvants to
884:
834:
830:
759:
720:
672:
661:
598:
594:
544:(adaptive immune cells) wait for signals to trigger their activation.
526:
311:
236:. MPL (Monophosphorylated lipid A) is a modified form of a bacterial
163:
140:
100:
1853:
1673:
1637:
778:
Aluminium salts used in many human vaccines are regarded as safe by
34:
is a substance that increases or modulates the immune response to a
4232:
4225:
4220:
4190:
3946:
3882:
3877:
1507:
959:
704:
700:
638:
634:
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493:
466:
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387:
290:
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248:
210:
198:
64:
20:
3163:
3138:
2478:
2453:
2171:
2154:
326:
used for this purpose, but has been almost completely replaced by
3951:
3390:
1440:
930:
883:(VAS) occurs at a rate of 1–10 per 10,000 injections. In 1993, a
751:
626:
590:
541:
430:
417:
359:
252:
244:
237:
136:
108:
88:
45:
35:
3339:
3226:
The Global
Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety (21 July 2006).
3139:"Admission on Gulf War vaccines spurs debate on medical records"
2451:
1904:
1266:
GuimarĂŁes LE, Baker B, Perricone C, Shoenfeld Y (October 2015).
1265:
597:
to effectively increase trafficking to and seal off the site of
4254:
4239:
3525:
934:
838:
813:
and other
European countries after vaccinations to address the
650:
233:
91:. Adjuvants accomplish this task by mimicking specific sets of
1622:"Towards an understanding of the adjuvant action of aluminium"
829:
correlated with the use of AS03-adjuvanted influenza vaccine (
4249:
4134:
3735:
3669:
2719:
2000:
922:
795:
470:
459:
413:
396:
128:
124:
2678:
2299:
1759:
1208:. Progress in leukocyte biology. Vol. 6. Alan R. Liss.
59:
There are many known adjuvants in widespread use, including
3544:
2378:"[Innate immunity: structure and function of TLRs]"
2300:
Kashiwakura J, Yokoi H, Saito H, Okayama Y (October 2004).
2201:
1600:
1380:
938:
926:
814:
501:
445:
405:
400:
214:
2958:
2375:
1676:"Adjuvants: Classification, Modus Operandi, and Licensing"
551:
surface by coupling them to a special receptor known as a
3011:
2875:
Petrik MS, Wong MC, Tabata RC, Garry RF, Shaw CA (2007).
2452:
Medzhitov R, Preston-Hurlburt P, Janeway CA (July 1997).
2202:
Mempel TR, Henrickson SE, Von
Andrian UH (January 2004).
2064:
913:
have observed antigen-mediated inflammatory responses in
754: – either in the form of adjuvant used in
558:
T cells can then recognize these clippings and undergo a
135:
dinucleotide-containing DNA. Because immune systems have
120:
2923:
2251:
Gaboury JP, Johnston B, Niu XF, Kubes P (January 1995).
2250:
1443:"Emerging concepts in the science of vaccine adjuvants"
3018:
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
1762:"Antigen depot is not required for alum adjuvanticity"
1516:
1441:
Pulendran B, S Arunachalam P, O'Hagan DT (June 2021).
786:
antigen-aluminium complexes when used as adjuvant, in
2874:
2778:
2376:
Delneste Y, Beauvillain C, Jeannin P (January 2007).
455:
vaccine approved in 2017, as well as in the approved
2018:
1491:"COVAXIN® (BBV152) – Inactivated, COVID-19 vaccine"
220:Bacterial products: killed bacteria of the species
2636:Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
1146:
1062:
1030:"Guideline on Adjuvants in Vaccines for Human Use"
617:First, adjuvants may help in the translocation of
293:(combining Quillaia saponins and two types of fat)
4407:Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services
2559:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1619:
1565:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
821:. Narcolepsy has previously been associated with
473:(ISCOM) consisting of nanospheres made of QS-21,
4493:
2060:
2058:
1383:"Response to influenza vaccine in adjuvant 65-4"
38:. The word "adjuvant" comes from the Latin word
150:to the antigen by augmenting the activities of
1986:Pandemrix – Summary of product characteristics
1662:
1423:
699:The ability of the immune system to recognize
3367:
2508:
2055:
1314:
3052:
1804:
1724:
1620:Marrack P, McKee AS, Munks MW (April 2009).
310:There are many adjuvants, some of which are
3195:"Illegal vaccine link to Gulf war syndrome"
2772:
2594:
2416:
2152:
2112:
2110:
1860:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
1613:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1060:
511:
39:
3374:
3360:
3087:
3270:
3244:
3162:
3105:
3029:
2984:
2892:
2755:
2745:
2696:
2655:
2536:
2526:
2477:
2445:
2393:
2317:
2268:
2227:
2170:
2090:
1930:
1881:
1871:
1787:
1777:
1701:
1691:
1645:
1542:
1466:
1406:
1291:
1180:
240:protein that is used in several vaccines.
2732:(3). Benjamin J. Cowling (ed.): e33536.
2107:
1248:
937:abundancy using conventional adjuvants (
768:
2340:
2071:Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
1981:
1979:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1114:"Deciphering Immunology's Dirty Secret"
4494:
3228:"Squalene-based adjuvants in vaccines"
3136:
2629:
1955:"Squalene-based adjuvants in vaccines"
1810:
1268:"Vaccines, adjuvants and autoimmunity"
1111:
694:
314:, that carry the potential to augment
300:
97:pathogen-associated molecular patterns
3355:
1349:
1230:"Immunization schedule in India 2016"
1203:
917:in the absence of TLR signaling. One
521:Innate immune response cells such as
1976:
1135:
974:in American and British troops. The
876:in rats already prone to arthritis.
707:is, in part, due to the presence of
690:(PRRs) on or within accessory cells.
679:events leading to a net increase of
536:Dendritic cells then migrate to the
369:
2509:Toussi DN, Massari P (April 2014).
1069:DNA Vaccines: Methods and Protocols
976:United States Department of Defense
433:(MPL), a detoxified version of the
416:is a liposome made up of two plant
13:
4434:Eradication of infectious diseases
4191:Androvax (androstenedione albumin)
2632:"Is the Aluminum Hypothesis dead?"
2134:from the original on 24 April 2019
1362:from the original on 9 August 2021
1352:"Peanut Oil Used in a New Vaccine"
1067:. In Lowrie DB, Whalen RG (eds.).
909:responses has been in question as
562:resulting in their own activation.
349:and other immune cells to secrete
305:
14:
4518:
4024:Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
3290:
2965:The American Journal of Pathology
2001:European Medicines Agency website
1236:from the original on 28 June 2021
1042:from the original on 14 June 2018
1035:. The European Medicines Agency.
715:(TLRs) that are expressed on the
4413:Alternative vaccination schedule
3383:Artificial induction of immunity
3297:
3207:from the original on 10 May 2023
900:
653:in the adaptive immune response.
625:where they can be recognized by
553:major histocompatibility complex
251:(the bark of a soap bark tree),
3238:
3219:
3187:
3130:
3081:
3046:
3005:
2952:
2917:
2868:
2857:from the original on 2022-10-13
2839:
2828:from the original on 2023-08-02
2808:
2713:
2672:
2623:
2588:
2553:
2502:
2410:
2369:
2334:
2293:
2244:
2195:
2153:Bousso P, Robey E (June 2003).
2146:
2021:Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery
2012:
1947:
1911:Clinical and Vaccine Immunology
1898:
1847:
1753:
1718:
1594:
1559:
1483:
1374:
1124:from the original on 2020-08-09
95:conserved molecules, so called
4245:Ovandrotone albumin (Fecundin)
3107:10.1126/science.314.5807.1859a
3088:Wickelgren I (December 2006).
2847:"AstraZeneca COVID-19 Vaccine"
2597:Journal of Alzheimer's Disease
1680:Journal of Immunology Research
1447:Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery
1350:Jones SV (19 September 1964).
1343:
1308:
1222:
1197:
1105:
1054:
1022:
895:
444:, interacts with the receptor
1:
3776:Group B streptococcal disease
3595:Vaccines for Children Program
3245:Petrovsky N (November 2015).
2977:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65077-8
2938:10.1016/S0896-8411(03)00083-0
2794:10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.03.085
2574:10.1016/S0264-410X(02)00166-4
2355:10.1016/S0952-7915(00)00120-5
2343:Current Opinion in Immunology
2083:10.1080/21645515.2023.2189885
2033:10.1517/17425247.2016.1151871
1739:10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.07.021
1580:10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00168-8
1329:10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.10.095
1016:
921:found that in the absence of
872:in mice. Squalene has caused
849:80 is also found in both the
688:pattern recognition receptors
605:which result in the positive
481:. It is used in the approved
377:is a solution of inactivated
3067:10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.04.010
2821:Food and Drug Administration
2747:10.1371/journal.pone.0033536
2648:10.1097/jom.0000000000000063
2125:Food and Drug Administration
978:strongly denied the claims.
780:Food and Drug Administration
448:to enhance immune response.
426:, a Chilean soap bark tree.
139:to recognize these specific
7:
2319:10.4049/jimmunol.173.8.5247
1833:10.1126/science.341.6141.26
989:
703:that are broadly shared by
189:calcium phosphate hydroxide
70:
10:
4523:
3137:Butler D (November 1997).
2270:10.4049/jimmunol.154.2.804
1626:Nature Reviews. Immunology
1459:10.1038/s41573-021-00163-y
1284:10.1016/j.phrs.2015.08.003
1061:Sasaki S, Okuda K (2000).
881:vaccine-associated sarcoma
863:
471:immune stimulating complex
380:Mycobacterium tuberculosis
375:Freund's complete adjuvant
287:Freund's complete adjuvant
111:, components of bacterial
18:
4452:
4421:
4360:
4292:
4183:
4155:
4122:
3791:
3622:
3615:
3534:
3462:
3414:
3263:10.1007/s40264-015-0350-4
2118:"Shingrix package insert"
1997:European Medicines Agency
1399:10.1017/s0022172400024323
1112:Travis K (January 2007).
1081:10.1385/1-59259-688-6:241
965:
802:medication if necessary.
773:
529:through a process called
494:cytosine phosphoguanosine
205:). Adjuvant 65 (based on
3771:Clostridioides difficile
3031:10.2460/javma.229.9.1405
2419:International Immunology
2395:10.1051/medsci/200723167
1991:October 7, 2009, at the
1272:Pharmacological Research
664:releasing cells such as
512:Adaptive immune response
483:Novavax Covid-19 vaccine
395:and is present in human
322:was the first aluminium
213:is used in the adjuvant
169:
4034:Tick-borne encephalitis
3055:Veterinary Microbiology
2926:Journal of Autoimmunity
2881:Neuromolecular Medicine
2609:10.3233/JAD-2010-101494
2528:10.3390/vaccines2020323
1173:10.1126/science.1135299
805:An increased number of
794:, which often leads to
560:cellular transformation
351:Interleukin 1 beta
162:by mimicking a natural
4444:List of vaccine topics
3439:Mathematical modelling
2630:Lidsky TI (May 2014).
1535:10.1126/sciadv.adg3747
1387:The Journal of Hygiene
1204:Majde JA, ed. (1987).
148:innate immune response
119:nucleic acids such as
107:, molecular cages for
40:
4439:Vaccinate Your Family
3890:Japanese encephalitis
3310:immunologic adjuvant
2431:10.1093/intimm/dxh186
2306:Journal of Immunology
2257:Journal of Immunology
1011:Pharmaceutic adjuvant
769:Medical complications
675:but also to increase
492:Several unmethylated
175:Inorganic compounds:
16:Component of vaccines
4322:John Franklin Enders
3234:on November 4, 2012.
2851:dailymed.nlm.nih.gov
2642:(5 Suppl): S73–S79.
2568:(Suppl 3): S18–S23.
1923:10.1128/CVI.00191-06
1873:10.3390/ijms23094707
1779:10.1096/fj.11-184556
1733:(Suppl 3): C25–C36.
1693:10.1155/2016/1459394
1574:(Suppl 3): S24–S33.
874:rheumatoid arthritis
733:natural killer cells
580:antigen presentation
223:Bordetella pertussis
19:For other uses, see
3503:Virus-like particle
3427:Vaccine ingredients
3155:1997Natur.390Q...3B
3100:(5807): 1859–1860.
2738:2012PLoSO...733536N
2470:1997Natur.388..394M
2229:10.1038/nature02238
2220:2004Natur.427..154M
1965:on November 4, 2012
1825:2013Sci...341...26L
1232:. Superbabyonline.
1165:2006Sci...314.1936G
1159:(5807): 1936–1938.
788:Alzheimer's disease
713:toll-like receptors
695:Toll-like receptors
506:Hepatitis B vaccine
437:from the bacterium
332:aluminium phosphate
328:aluminium hydroxide
301:Inorganic adjuvants
229:Mycobacterium bovis
203:preclinical studies
185:aluminium phosphate
181:aluminium hydroxide
129:single-stranded DNA
125:double-stranded RNA
4479:Never to phase III
4278:Hexavalent vaccine
4092:Epstein–Barr virus
3987:Oxford–AstraZeneca
3675:NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135
3345:2020-05-14 at the
3333:2012-02-27 at the
3307:has a profile for
2894:10.1385/NMM:9:1:83
2006:2013-07-15 at the
1603:J Pathol Bacteriol
870:autoimmune disease
851:Oxford–AstraZeneca
435:lipopolysaccharide
423:Quillaja saponaria
412:The plant extract
105:lipopolysaccharide
4489:
4488:
4401:Vaccines and SIDS
4288:
4287:
4062:Hepatitis A and B
4038:Varicella zoster
3495:Subunit/component
3313:
3257:(11): 1059–1074.
2788:(25): 2980–2988.
2691:(feb26 2): f794.
2464:(6640): 394–397.
2382:MĂ©decine/Sciences
2214:(6970): 154–159.
2159:Nature Immunology
972:Gulf War syndrome
858:COVID-19 vaccines
741:endothelial cells
585:Upon activation,
370:Organic adjuvants
345:Alum can trigger
4514:
4380:MMR autism fraud
4327:Maurice Hilleman
4312:Hilary Koprowski
3620:
3619:
3376:
3369:
3362:
3353:
3352:
3323:Adjuvant therapy
3311:
3301:
3300:
3285:
3284:
3274:
3242:
3236:
3235:
3230:. Archived from
3223:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3203:. 30 July 2001.
3191:
3185:
3184:
3166:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3109:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3033:
3024:(9): 1405–1441.
3009:
3003:
3002:
2997:. Archived from
2988:
2971:(6): 2057–2065.
2956:
2950:
2949:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2896:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2759:
2749:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2700:
2698:10.1136/bmj.f794
2676:
2670:
2669:
2659:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2540:
2530:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2481:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2397:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2321:
2312:(8): 5247–5257.
2297:
2291:
2290:
2272:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2231:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2174:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2133:
2122:
2114:
2105:
2104:
2094:
2062:
2053:
2052:
2016:
2010:
1983:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1961:. Archived from
1951:
1945:
1944:
1934:
1917:(9): 1010–1013.
1902:
1896:
1895:
1885:
1875:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1791:
1781:
1772:(3): 1272–1279.
1757:
1751:
1750:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1705:
1695:
1671:
1660:
1659:
1649:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1546:
1529:(27): eadg3747.
1523:Science Advances
1514:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1470:
1438:
1421:
1420:
1410:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1295:
1263:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1184:
1144:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1129:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1066:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1041:
1034:
1026:
848:
819:pandemic in 2009
800:over-the-counter
709:immune receptors
498:oligonucleotides
281:oligonucleotides
133:unmethylated CpG
99:, which include
43:
4522:
4521:
4517:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4512:
4511:
4492:
4491:
4490:
4485:
4484:
4469:Clinical trials
4448:
4417:
4356:
4332:Stanley Plotkin
4294:
4284:
4196:Cancer vaccines
4179:
4173:Schistosomiasis
4151:
4145:Trypanosomiasis
4118:
4082:Cytomegalovirus
3992:Pfizer–BioNTech
3787:
3611:
3560:Vaccine wastage
3530:
3458:
3410:
3380:
3347:Wayback Machine
3335:Wayback Machine
3328:Animal research
3319:
3318:
3317:
3302:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3243:
3239:
3224:
3220:
3210:
3208:
3200:TheGuardian.com
3193:
3192:
3188:
3135:
3131:
3086:
3082:
3051:
3047:
3010:
3006:
2957:
2953:
2922:
2918:
2873:
2869:
2860:
2858:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2831:
2829:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2777:
2773:
2718:
2714:
2677:
2673:
2628:
2624:
2593:
2589:
2558:
2554:
2507:
2503:
2450:
2446:
2415:
2411:
2374:
2370:
2339:
2335:
2298:
2294:
2249:
2245:
2200:
2196:
2151:
2147:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2108:
2063:
2056:
2017:
2013:
2008:Wayback Machine
1993:Wayback Machine
1984:
1977:
1968:
1966:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1903:
1899:
1852:
1848:
1819:(6141): 26–27.
1809:
1805:
1758:
1754:
1723:
1719:
1672:
1663:
1638:10.1038/nri2510
1618:
1614:
1599:
1595:
1564:
1560:
1515:
1508:
1499:
1497:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1439:
1424:
1379:
1375:
1365:
1363:
1348:
1344:
1313:
1309:
1264:
1249:
1239:
1237:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1216:
1202:
1198:
1145:
1136:
1127:
1125:
1110:
1106:
1091:
1059:
1055:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1006:Immunostimulant
1001:Immunomodulator
992:
968:
943:Ribi's adjuvant
903:
898:
866:
846:
776:
771:
750:The binding of
725:dendritic cells
697:
677:transcriptional
668:and mast cells.
637:throughout the
523:dendritic cells
514:
487:malaria vaccine
457:malaria vaccine
429:Monophosphoryl
372:
347:dendritic cells
308:
306:Aluminium salts
303:
258:Polygala senega
172:
152:dendritic cells
73:
61:aluminium salts
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4520:
4510:
4509:
4504:
4487:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4481:
4480:
4477:
4466:
4460:
4454:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4425:
4423:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4415:
4410:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4370:
4364:
4362:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4354:
4349:
4347:Katalin KarikĂł
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4298:
4296:
4290:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4236:
4235:
4230:
4229:
4228:
4223:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4193:
4187:
4185:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4177:
4176:
4175:
4170:
4161:
4159:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4149:
4148:
4147:
4139:
4138:
4137:
4126:
4124:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4102:Herpes simplex
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4076:
4075:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4056:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4044:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
4002:Sinopharm BIBP
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3952:Bharat Biotech
3949:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3923:
3922:
3917:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3886:
3885:
3880:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3849:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3806:
3801:
3795:
3793:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3785:
3784:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3758:
3750:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3738:
3728:
3727:
3726:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3705:
3704:
3699:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3678:
3677:
3672:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3626:
3624:
3617:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3575:Vaccine injury
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3538:
3536:
3535:Administration
3532:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3509:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3485:
3477:
3472:
3466:
3464:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3424:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3411:
3379:
3378:
3371:
3364:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3340:Vaxjo database
3337:
3325:
3303:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3291:External links
3289:
3287:
3286:
3237:
3218:
3186:
3129:
3080:
3045:
3004:
3001:on 2003-11-21.
2951:
2916:
2867:
2838:
2807:
2771:
2712:
2671:
2622:
2603:(4): 567–598.
2587:
2552:
2521:(2): 323–353.
2501:
2444:
2409:
2368:
2349:(4): 456–463.
2333:
2292:
2263:(2): 804–813.
2243:
2194:
2165:(6): 579–585.
2145:
2106:
2077:(1): 2189885.
2054:
2027:(6): 807–816.
2011:
1975:
1946:
1897:
1846:
1803:
1752:
1717:
1661:
1632:(4): 287–293.
1612:
1593:
1558:
1506:
1482:
1453:(6): 454–475.
1422:
1393:(2): 251–259.
1373:
1356:New York Times
1342:
1307:
1247:
1221:
1215:978-0845141052
1214:
1196:
1134:
1104:
1090:978-0896035805
1089:
1053:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
991:
988:
967:
964:
902:
899:
897:
894:
865:
862:
843:polysorbate 80
775:
772:
770:
767:
696:
693:
692:
691:
684:
669:
666:helper T cells
654:
642:
576:
575:
569:
563:
556:
545:
534:
513:
510:
489:R21/Matrix-M.
371:
368:
316:immunogenicity
307:
304:
302:
299:
298:
297:
294:
285:Combinations:
283:
275:
261:
241:
218:
191:
177:potassium alum
171:
168:
93:evolutionarily
72:
69:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4519:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4451:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4420:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4363:
4359:
4353:
4352:Drew Weissman
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4337:H. Fred Clark
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4307:Louis Pasteur
4305:
4303:
4302:Edward Jenner
4300:
4299:
4297:
4291:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4273:DTwP-HepB-Hib
4271:
4269:
4268:DTaP-IPV-HepB
4266:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4259:combination:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4234:
4231:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4182:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4157:Helminthiasis
4154:
4146:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4121:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4058:combination:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3831:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3819:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3790:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3756:DPT/DTwP/DTaP
3754:
3753:
3752:combination:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3729:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3665:Meningococcus
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3655:Leptospirosis
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3621:
3618:
3614:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3590:Vaccine court
3588:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3545:GAVI Alliance
3543:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3533:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3377:
3372:
3370:
3365:
3363:
3358:
3357:
3354:
3348:
3344:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3315:
3314:
3306:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3241:
3233:
3229:
3222:
3206:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3190:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3165:
3164:10.1038/36158
3160:
3156:
3152:
3149:(6655): 3–4.
3148:
3144:
3140:
3133:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3084:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3049:
3041:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3008:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2955:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2920:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2887:(1): 83–100.
2886:
2882:
2878:
2871:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2842:
2827:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2811:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2775:
2767:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2716:
2708:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2675:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2626:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2591:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2556:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2505:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2479:10.1038/41131
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2448:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2413:
2405:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2372:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2337:
2329:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2296:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2247:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2198:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2172:10.1038/ni928
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2130:
2126:
2119:
2113:
2111:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2059:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2009:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1982:
1980:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1901:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1850:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1807:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1766:FASEB Journal
1763:
1756:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1721:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1616:
1608:
1604:
1597:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1562:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1513:
1511:
1496:
1492:
1486:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1377:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1311:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1235:
1231:
1225:
1217:
1211:
1207:
1200:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1123:
1119:
1118:The Scientist
1115:
1108:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1057:
1038:
1031:
1025:
1021:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
993:
987:
983:
979:
977:
973:
963:
961:
957:
953:
952:Investigating
949:
946:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
901:TLR signaling
893:
890:
889:epidemiologic
886:
882:
877:
875:
871:
861:
859:
856:
852:
845:. Polysorbate
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
766:
763:
761:
757:
753:
748:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
689:
685:
682:
678:
674:
670:
667:
663:
659:
655:
652:
648:
643:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
615:
614:
610:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
583:
581:
573:
570:
567:
564:
561:
557:
554:
550:
546:
543:
539:
535:
532:
528:
524:
520:
519:
518:
509:
507:
503:
500:activate the
499:
495:
490:
488:
484:
480:
479:phospholipids
476:
472:
468:
465:The adjuvant
463:
461:
458:
454:
449:
447:
443:
441:
436:
432:
427:
425:
424:
419:
415:
410:
407:
402:
398:
394:
389:
385:
382:
381:
376:
367:
365:
361:
356:
355:helper T cell
352:
348:
343:
341:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
295:
292:
288:
284:
282:
279:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
260:
259:
254:
250:
246:
242:
239:
235:
231:
230:
225:
224:
219:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
173:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
81:immune system
78:
75:Adjuvants in
68:
66:
62:
57:
55:
49:
47:
42:
37:
33:
29:
22:
4429:Epidemiology
4405:
4377:
4263:DTaP-IPV/Hib
4054:Yellow fever
3967:EpiVacCorona
3719:Tuberculosis
3692:Pneumococcal
3660:Lyme disease
3488:Heterologous
3421:
3387:Immunization
3309:
3254:
3250:
3240:
3232:the original
3221:
3211:20 September
3209:. Retrieved
3198:
3189:
3146:
3142:
3132:
3097:
3093:
3083:
3061:(1): 59–65.
3058:
3054:
3048:
3021:
3017:
3007:
2999:the original
2968:
2964:
2954:
2929:
2925:
2919:
2884:
2880:
2870:
2859:. Retrieved
2850:
2841:
2830:. Retrieved
2819:
2810:
2785:
2781:
2774:
2729:
2725:
2715:
2688:
2684:
2674:
2639:
2635:
2625:
2600:
2596:
2590:
2565:
2561:
2555:
2518:
2514:
2504:
2461:
2457:
2447:
2422:
2418:
2412:
2388:(1): 67–73.
2385:
2381:
2371:
2346:
2342:
2336:
2309:
2305:
2295:
2260:
2256:
2246:
2211:
2207:
2197:
2162:
2158:
2148:
2136:. Retrieved
2074:
2070:
2024:
2020:
2014:
1967:. Retrieved
1963:the original
1958:
1949:
1914:
1910:
1900:
1863:
1859:
1849:
1816:
1812:
1806:
1769:
1765:
1755:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1683:
1679:
1629:
1625:
1615:
1606:
1602:
1596:
1571:
1567:
1561:
1526:
1522:
1498:. Retrieved
1494:
1485:
1450:
1446:
1390:
1386:
1376:
1364:. Retrieved
1355:
1345:
1323:(1): 31–39.
1320:
1316:
1310:
1275:
1271:
1238:. Retrieved
1224:
1205:
1199:
1156:
1152:
1126:. Retrieved
1117:
1107:
1068:
1056:
1044:. Retrieved
1024:
984:
980:
969:
950:
947:
907:inflammatory
904:
878:
867:
817:"swine flu"
811:Scandinavian
804:
784:bioavailable
777:
764:
756:vaccinations
749:
698:
681:immune cells
611:
584:
577:
531:phagocytosis
515:
491:
464:
450:
439:
428:
421:
411:
386:
378:
373:
364:nanoparticle
344:
336:
309:
256:
227:
221:
195:paraffin oil
74:
58:
53:
50:
31:
25:
4465:from market
4361:Controversy
4295:researchers
4211:Hepatitis B
4097:Hepatitis C
4042:Chicken pox
3868:Hepatitis E
3863:Hepatitis B
3858:Hepatitis A
3804:Chikungunya
3781:Shigellosis
3635:Brucellosis
3521:Therapeutic
3475:Inactivated
3415:Development
3403:Inoculation
3395:Vaccination
3251:Drug Safety
2425:(1): 1–14.
1866:(9): 4707.
1686:: 1459394.
1495:www.who.int
1278:: 190–209.
996:Beta-glucan
929:(essential
911:researchers
896:Controversy
792:reactogenic
745:fibroblasts
729:macrophages
683:as a whole.
623:lymph nodes
572:Macrophages
538:lymph nodes
485:and in the
475:cholesterol
393:cholesterol
263:Cytokines:
160:macrophages
156:lymphocytes
117:endocytosed
63:, oils and
4507:Immunology
4496:Categories
4396:Thiomersal
4342:Paul Offit
4317:Jonas Salk
4293:Inventors/
4164:research:
4141:research:
4078:research:
4007:Skycovione
3997:Sanofi–GSK
3942:SARS-CoV-2
3853:Hantavirus
3814:rVSV-ZEBOV
3799:Adenovirus
3767:research:
3645:Diphtheria
3483:Attenuated
2932:(1): 1–9.
2861:2021-04-06
2832:2021-04-06
1969:2019-01-10
1500:2024-07-14
1128:2018-09-14
1017:References
956:mechanisms
919:researcher
915:leukocytes
839:hypocretin
807:narcolepsy
737:epithelial
723:including
721:leukocytes
607:chemotaxis
603:chemokines
587:mast cells
566:γδ T cells
440:Salmonella
342:response.
207:peanut oil
113:cell walls
77:immunology
28:immunology
4502:Adjuvants
4475:Phase III
4463:Withdrawn
4391:Pox party
4201:ALVAC-CEA
4123:Protozoan
4012:Sputnik V
3962:CoronaVac
3932:Rotavirus
3830:Pandemrix
3682:Pertussis
3623:Bacterial
3507:Synthetic
3470:Conjugate
3422:Adjuvants
3399:Infection
3312:(Q967453)
1366:27 August
879:In cats,
835:vitamin E
831:Pandemrix
827:incidence
760:molecular
717:membranes
705:pathogens
701:molecules
673:infection
662:chemokine
658:injection
631:clearance
599:infection
595:histamine
527:pathogens
460:Mosquirix
442:Minnesota
312:inorganic
201:(only in
164:infection
141:antigenic
101:liposomes
65:virosomes
4233:Prostvac
4226:Gardasil
4221:Cervarix
4168:Hookworm
4047:Shingles
4029:Smallpox
3947:Corbevax
3883:Gardasil
3878:Cervarix
3616:Vaccines
3570:Schedule
3541:Global:
3449:Timeline
3391:Vaccines
3343:Archived
3331:Archived
3281:26446142
3205:Archived
3124:31553418
3116:17185572
3075:16769184
3040:17078805
2995:10854227
2946:12892730
2911:15839936
2903:17114826
2855:Archived
2826:Archived
2802:24721530
2766:22470453
2726:PLOS ONE
2707:23444425
2666:24806729
2617:21157018
2582:12184360
2547:26344622
2515:Vaccines
2439:15585605
2404:17212934
2363:10899018
2328:15470070
2287:17839603
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2189:26642061
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1191:17185603
1122:Archived
1099:21374324
1037:Archived
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960:antigens
639:organism
635:pathogen
619:antigens
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3761:Td/Tdap
3731:Typhoid
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1883:9101817
1821:Bibcode
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1317:Vaccine
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