1049:
drugs are a type of immunosuppressive drug that aids in slowing down the growth of rapidly dividing cells. Another example of an immunosuppressive drug is
Glucocorticoids which are more specific inhibitors of lymphocyte activation. Glucocorticoids work by emulating actions of natural actions of the body's adrenal glands to help suppress the immune system, which is helpful with autoimmune diseases|, Alternatively, inhibitors of immunophilins more specifically target T lymphocyte activation, the process by which T-lymphocytes stimulate and begin to respond to a specific antigen, There is also Immunosuppressive antibodies which target steps in the immune response to prevent the body from attacking its tissues, which is a problem with autoimmune diseases, There are various other drugs that modulate immune responses and can be used to induce immune regulation. It was observed in a preclinical trial that regulation of the immune system by small immunosuppressive molecules such as vitamin D, dexamethasone, and curcumin could be helpful in preventing or treating chronic inflation. Given that the molecules are administered under a low-dose regimen and subcutaneously. A study provides a promising preclinical demonstration of the effectiveness and ease of preparation of Valrubicin-loaded immunoliposomes (Val-ILs) as a novel nanoparticle technology to target immunosuppressive cells. Val-ILs have the potential to be used as a precise and effective therapy based on targeted vesicle-mediated cell death of immunosuppressive cells.
1443:. In some ways, the relationship is symbiotic because the worms themselves need the host (humans) for survival, because this body supplies them with nutrients and a home. From another perspective, it could be reasoned that it is mutualistic, being that the above information about benefits in autoimmune disorders continues to remain true and supported. Also, some say that the worms can regulate gut bacteria. Another possibility is one of this being a parasitic relationship, arguing that the possibile rosks of anemia and other disorders outweighs the benefits, yet this is significantly less supported, with the research alluding to the mutualitic and symbiotic approach being much more likely.
1372:, allergies and asthma. While there is much to be learned about this, many researchers think that the change in the immune response is thanks to the parasites shifting to a more anti-inflammatory or regulatory system, which would in turn decrease inflammation and self inflicted immune damage as seen in Crohn's and multiple sclerosis. Specifically, MS patients saw lower relapse rates and calmer symptoms in some cases when experimenting with helminthic therapy. Hypothesized mechanisms include re-polarisation of the
1360:) have been tested for immunological diseases and allergies, and have proved beneficial on multiple fronts, yet it is not entirely understood. Scientists have found that the immune response triggered by the burrowing of hookworm larvae to pass through the lungs and blood so the production of mast cells and specific antibodies are now present. They also reduce inflammation or responses ties to autoimmune diseases, but despite this, the hookworm's effects are considered to be negative typically.
317:
7447:
191:
84:
43:
176:
7459:
1334:(OIT). OIT consists in a gradual exposure to increasing amounts of allergen can lead to the majority of subjects tolerating doses of food sufficient to prevent reaction on accidental exposure. Dosages increase over time, as the person becomes desensitized. This technique has been tested on infants to prevent peanut allergies.
1308:, lessening its severity. Allergen immunotherapy can also be referred to as allergen desensitization or hypo-sensitization. Immunotherapy may produce long-term benefits. Immunotherapy is partly effective in some people and ineffective in others, but it offers people with allergies a chance to reduce or stop their symptoms.
868:. The first FDA-approved CAR-T drug, Kymriah, used this approach. To obtain the clinical and commercial supply of this CAR-T, Novartis purchased the manufacturing plant, the distribution system and hired the production team that produced Sipuleucel-T developed by Dendreon and the Immune Response Corporation.
1311:
Subcutaneous allergen immunotherapy was first introduced in 1911 through the hypothesis that people with hay fever were sensitive to pollen from grass. A process was developed to create an extract by drawing out timothy pollen in distilled water and then boiling it. This was injected into patients in
321:
The diagram above represents the process of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy (CAR), this is a method of immunotherapy, which is a growing practice in the treatment of cancer. The final result should be a production of equipped T-cells that can recognize and fight the infected cancer cells in
2385:
Järvinen R, Kaasinen E, Sankila A, Rintala E (August 2009). "Long-term efficacy of maintenance bacillus
Calmette-Guérin versus maintenance mitomycin C instillation therapy in frequently recurrent TaT1 tumours without carcinoma in situ: a subgroup analysis of the prospective, randomised FinnBladder I
880:
and persisted in peripheral blood in many people, sometimes representing levels of 75% of all CD8 T cells at 6–12 months after infusion. As of 2012, clinical trials for metastatic melanoma were ongoing at multiple sites. Clinical responses to adoptive transfer of T cells were observed in patients
1048:
Immunosuppressive drugs can be used to control the immune system with organ transplantation and with autoimmune disease. Immune responses depend on lymphocyte proliferation. Lymphocyte proliferation is the multiplication of lymphocyte cells used to fight and remember foreign invaders. Cytostatic
871:
Whether T cells are genetically engineered or not, before re-infusion, lympho-depletion of the recipient is required to eliminate regulatory T cells as well as unmodified, endogenous lymphocytes that compete with the transferred cells for homeostatic cytokines. Lymphodepletion may be achieved by
1319:
and when there is evidence of an IgE-mediated reaction that correlates with allergen symptoms. These IgE-mediated reactions can be identified via a blood IgE test or skin testing. If a specific IgE antibody is negative, there is no evidence that allergen immunotherapy will be effective for that
626:
to destroy tumours. A variety of strategies are in use or are undergoing research and testing. Randomized controlled studies in different cancers resulting in significant increase in survival and disease free period have been reported and its efficacy is enhanced by 20–30% when cell-based
3857:
Doskali M, Tanaka Y, Ohira M, Ishiyama K, Tashiro H, Chayama K, et al. (March 2011). "Possibility of adoptive immunotherapy with peripheral blood-derived CD3CD56+ and CD3+CD56+ cells for inducing antihepatocellular carcinoma and antihepatitis C virus activity".
864:. The cells are expanded non-specifically and/or stimulated. The cells are then reinfused and produce an immune response against the tumour cells. The technique has been tested on refractory stage IV metastatic melanomas and advanced
5643:
Zhen Z, Tang W, Wang M, Zhou S, Wang H, Wu Z, et al. (February 2017). "Protein
Nanocage Mediated Fibroblast-Activation Protein Targeted Photoimmunotherapy To Enhance Cytotoxic T Cell Infiltration and Tumor Control".
2640:
Kang N, Zhou J, Zhang T, Wang L, Lu F, Cui Y, et al. (August 2009). "Adoptive immunotherapy of lung cancer with immobilized anti-TCRgammadelta antibody-expanded human gammadelta T-cells in peripheral blood".
609:
Cancer treatment used to be focused on killing or removing cancer cells and tumours, with chemotherapy or surgery or radiation. These treatments can be very effective and in many cases are still used. In 2018 the
437:
work together to defend the body against cancer by targeting abnormal antigens expressed on the surface of tumor cells. Vaccine-induced immunity to COVID-19 relies mostly on an immunomodulatory T-cell response.
5356:
Hong CH, Tang MR, Hsu SH, Yang CH, Tseng CS, Ko YC, et al. (September 2019). "Enhanced early immune response of leptospiral outer membrane protein LipL32 stimulated by narrow band mid-infrared exposure".
642:. BCG immunotherapy induces both local and systemic immune responses. The mechanisms by which BCG immunotherapy mediates tumor immunity have been widely studied, but they are still not completely understood.
3901:
Terunuma H, Deng X, Dewan Z, Fujimoto S, Yamamoto N (2008). "Potential role of NK cells in the induction of immune responses: implications for NK cell-based immunotherapy for cancers and viral infections".
653:, an anti-CD20 antibody for treatment of B cell lymphoma. Since then several monoclonal antibodies have been approved for treatment of various haematological malignancies as well as for solid tumours.
813:) that are conjugated with antigen of interest. Multiple, next-generation anti-CD40 platforms are being actively developed. Future approach may target DC subsets based on their specifically expressed
763:). This initiates a cytotoxic response against tumour cells expressing the antigen (against which the adaptive response has now been primed). The first FDA-approved cell-based immunotherapy, the
1323:
However, there are risks associated with allergen immunotherapy as it is the administration of an agent the patient is known to be highly allergic to. Patients are at increased risk of fatal
1851:
963:
human cancers, an improvement in overall survival, with an increasing group of patients benefiting long-term from these treatments, although caution remains needed for specific subgroups.
5408:
Chang HY, Li MH, Huang TC, Hsu CL, Tsai SR, Lee SC, et al. (February 2015). "Quantitative proteomics reveals middle infrared radiation-interfered networks in breast cancer cells".
3069:
699:, squamous cell cancer, cutaneous lymphoma, and superficial malignant melanoma. Injection immunotherapy ("intralesional" or "intratumoural") uses mumps, candida, the HPV vaccine or
4709:
3636:
Queirolo P, Boutros A, Tanda E, Spagnolo F, Quaglino P (December 2019). "Immune-checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of metastatic melanoma: a model of cancer immunotherapy".
770:
is one example of this approach. The Immune
Response Corporation (IRC) developed this immunotherapy and licensed the technology to Dendreon, which obtained FDA clearance.
898:
and anti-CTLA-4 antibodies are the two types of checkpoint inhibitors currently available to patients. The approval of anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (
3980:
Ojo-Amaize EA, Conley EJ, Peter JB (January 1994). "Decreased natural killer cell activity is associated with severity of chronic fatigue immune dysfunction syndrome".
3088:
3126:
3597:
5740:
1511:
1872:
Martino A, Casetti R, Poccia F (January 2007). "Enhancement of BCG-induced Th1 immune response through Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cell activation with non-peptidic drugs".
6624:
4139:
Qian Y, Dupps WJ, Meisler DM, Jeng BH (2010). "Epithelial
Debridement for Epithelial Basement Membrane Abnormalities Associated with Endothelial Disorders".
212:
205:
5111:"Necator americanus infection: a possible cause of altered dendritic cell differentiation and eosinophil profile in chronically infected individuals"
94:
1843:
806:
5162:"Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: mechanisms underlying helminth modulation of dendritic cell function"
751:, causing them to display the antigen. Upon transfusion into the person, these activated cells present the antigen to the effector lymphocytes (
7062:
873:
700:
4015:
Kida K, Isozumi R, Ito M (December 2000). "Killing of human Herpes virus 6-infected cells by lymphocytes cultured with interleukin-2 or -12".
3149:"CD8+ T cell immunity against a tumor/self-antigen is augmented by CD4+ T helper cells and hindered by naturally occurring T regulatory cells"
3073:
6616:
5733:
5713:
5708:
4701:
3296:"Adoptive cell therapy for patients with metastatic melanoma: evaluation of intensive myeloablative chemoradiation preparative regimens"
485:
Immunomodulators are the active agents of immunotherapy. They are a diverse array of recombinant, synthetic, and natural preparations.
3198:"Removal of homeostatic cytokine sinks by lymphodepletion enhances the efficacy of adoptively transferred tumor-specific CD8+ T cells"
4082:
4058:
622:"for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation." Cancer immunotherapy attempts to stimulate the
4465:
Cooles FA, Isaacs JD (August 2010). "Treating to re-establish tolerance in inflammatory arthritis - lessons from other diseases".
1094:
reduces or eliminates the need for lifelong immunosuppression and attendant side effects. It has been tested on transplantations,
978:). Antibodies against these receptors have been evaluated in clinical studies, but have not yet been approved for widespread use.
743:, are harvested from the person needing the immunotherapy. These cells are then either pulsed with an antigen or tumour lysate or
5726:
5211:"Parasites represent a major selective force for interleukin genes and shape the genetic predisposition to autoimmune conditions"
2342:
Buck HW, Guth KJ (October 2003). "Treatment of vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (primarily low grade) with imiquimod 5% cream".
1743:"SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern partially escape humoral but not T-cell responses in COVID-19 convalescent donors and vaccinees"
7397:
7384:
5998:
5754:
774:
6669:
5596:"Improved micro-distribution of antibody-photon absorber conjugates after initial near infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT)"
4335:
4123:
3565:
3451:"T cells isolated from patients with checkpoint inhibitor-resistant melanoma are functional and can mediate tumor regression"
986:
657:
442:
6011:
3118:
255:
155:
7186:
6644:
1087:
into transplant recipients. The transfer of regulatory immune cells has the potential to inhibit the activity of effector.
4779:
Correale J, Farez M (February 2007). "Association between parasite infection and immune responses in multiple sclerosis".
3589:
3402:"Efficacy of adoptive cell transfer of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes after lymphopenia induction for metastatic melanoma"
227:
127:
6323:
2548:"Combination of apigenin treatment with therapeutic HPV DNA vaccination generates enhanced therapeutic antitumor effects"
663:
from the blood and expanding in vitro against a tumour antigen before reinjecting the cells with appropriate stimulatory
1503:
7389:
4871:
Reddy A, Fried B (January 2009). "An update on the use of helminths to treat Crohn's and other autoimmunune diseases".
6393:
4176:"Valrubicin-loaded immunoliposomes for specific vesicle-mediated cell death in the treatment of hematological cancers"
6819:
6814:
5075:
1065:. Loss of T-cell tolerance then unleashes B-cells and other immune effector cells on to the target tissue. The ideal
906:) antibodies for human use has already resulted in significant improvements in disease outcomes for various cancers.
802:
696:
294:
274:
234:
134:
70:
6424:
5445:"Near infrared photoimmunotherapy using a fiber optic diffuser for treating peritoneal gastric cancer dissemination"
3096:
113:
7358:
6898:
6305:
5921:
1537:
Syn NL, Teng MW, Mok TS, Soo RA (December 2017). "De-novo and acquired resistance to immune checkpoint targeting".
17:
6492:
1075:
therapies seek to reset the immune system so that the body stops mistakenly attacking its own organs or cells in
917:, subsequent preclinical research showed their important role in the maintenance of peripheral immune tolerance.
903:
860:(TCR) gene that is specialised to recognise tumour antigens. The virus integrates the receptor into the T cells'
329:
Then in a lab setting the gene that encodes for the specific antigen receptors are incorporated into the T-cells.
2064:
Pettenati C, Ingersoll MA (October 2018). "Mechanisms of BCG immunotherapy and its outlook for bladder cancer".
7233:
6831:
6550:
6528:
5959:
5260:"Cohabitation in the Intestine: Interactions among Helminth Parasites, Bacterial Microbiota, and Host Immunity"
241:
141:
56:
1962:"SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines induce broad CD4+ T cell responses that recognize SARS-CoV-2 variants and HCoV-NL63"
7201:
5899:
849:
822:
5545:"Spatially selective depletion of tumor-associated regulatory T cells with near-infrared photoimmunotherapy"
876:
chemotherapy, to which total body irradiation may be added for greater effect. Transferred cells multiplied
7228:
6381:
6144:
5859:
1452:
967:
966:
The next generation of checkpoint inhibitors targets other receptors such as lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (
920:
Immune checkpoint inhibitors are approved to treat some patients with a variety of cancer types, including
6053:
223:
123:
7270:
7141:
7077:
7045:
6993:
6290:
6272:
5109:
Fujiwara RT, Cançado GG, Freitas PA, Santiago HC, Massara CL, Dos Santos
Carvalho O, et al. (2009).
2158:
Hoos A (April 2016). "Development of immuno-oncology drugs - from CTLA4 to PD1 to the next generations".
1467:
1057:
The body naturally does not launch an immune system attack on its own tissues. Models generally identify
555:
4174:
Georgievski A, Bellaye PS, Tournier B, Choubley H, Pais de Barros JP, Herbst M, et al. (May 2024).
3196:
Gattinoni L, Finkelstein SE, Klebanoff CA, Antony PA, Palmer DC, Spiess PJ, et al. (October 2005).
2819:
Andersson H, Nyesiga B, Hermodsson T, Enell Smith K, Hägerbrand K, Lindstedt M, et al. (May 2024).
2301:
van Seters M, van
Beurden M, ten Kate FJ, Beckmann I, Ewing PC, Eijkemans MJ, et al. (April 2008).
7437:
6826:
6239:
5979:
3343:
Dudley ME, Wunderlich JR, Robbins PF, Yang JC, Hwu P, Schwartzentruber DJ, et al. (October 2002).
3147:
Antony PA, Piccirillo CA, Akpinarli A, Finkelstein SE, Speiss PJ, Surman DR, et al. (March 2005).
2733:
Di
Lorenzo G, Buonerba C, Kantoff PW (May 2011). "Immunotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer".
1315:
Allergen
Immunotherapy is indicated for people who are extremely allergic or who cannot avoid specific
809:) and targeting the DCs with antibodies to C-type lectin receptors or agonistic antibodies (e.g., anti-
5496:"Cancer cell-selective in vivo near infrared photoimmunotherapy targeting specific membrane molecules"
4914:
Laclotte C, Oussalah A, Rey P, Bensenane M, Pluvinage N, Chevaux JB, et al. (December 2008). "".
7330:
7320:
7015:
6951:
6674:
6639:
6442:
6419:
6205:
6018:
3345:"Cancer regression and autoimmunity in patients after clonal repopulation with antitumor lymphocytes"
1384:
response and modulation of dendritic cell function. The helminths downregulate the pro-inflammatory T
895:
102:
3062:
1572:
Conforti L (February 2012). "The ion channel network in T lymphocytes, a target for immunotherapy".
7148:
7010:
6885:
6739:
5854:
5844:
5692:
4824:"A proof of concept study establishing Necator americanus in Crohn's patients and reservoir donors"
1002:
347:
3945:
See DM, Tilles JG (1996). "alpha-Interferon treatment of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome".
3769:"Autologous immune enhancement therapy in recurrent ovarian cancer with metastases: a case report"
3400:
Pilon-Thomas S, Kuhn L, Ellwanger S, Janssen W, Royster E, Marzban S, et al. (October 2012).
7335:
7253:
7119:
6649:
6447:
6154:
6092:
5926:
5894:
3767:
Manjunath SR, Ramanan G, Dedeepiya VD, Terunuma H, Deng X, Baskar S, et al. (January 2012).
740:
201:
98:
31:
6006:
3492:"Anti-PD-1 and Anti-CTLA-4 Therapies in Cancer: Mechanisms of Action, Efficacy, and Limitations"
2963:
Morgan RA, Dudley ME, Wunderlich JR, Hughes MS, Yang JC, Sherry RM, et al. (October 2006).
7479:
6922:
6707:
6457:
6330:
5936:
5793:
5783:
4642:
MacGinnitie AJ, Rachid R, Gragg H, Little SV, Lakin P, Cianferoni A, et al. (March 2017).
3245:
Dummer W, Niethammer AG, Baccala R, Lawson BR, Wagner N, Reisfeld RA, et al. (July 2002).
2686:"PROVENGE (Sipuleucel-T) in prostate cancer: the first FDA-approved therapeutic cancer vaccine"
1397:
1287:
837:
814:
709:
4318:
Stolp J, Zaitsu M, Wood KJ (2019). "Immune
Tolerance and Rejection in Organ Transplantation".
3618:
1907:
Sahin U, Muik A, Derhovanessian E, Vogler I, Kranz LM, Vormehr M, et al. (October 2020).
1741:
Geers D, Shamier MC, Bogers S, den Hartog G, Gommers L, Nieuwkoop NN, et al. (May 2021).
7243:
6875:
6744:
6252:
6159:
6078:
6023:
4536:
Durham SR, Walker SM, Varga EM, Jacobson MR, O'Brien F, Noble W, et al. (August 1999).
1327:, local reaction at the site of injection, or life-threatening systemic allergic reactions.
7484:
7325:
7218:
7164:
7092:
7082:
6774:
6629:
6502:
6109:
5718:
5653:
5366:
4822:
Croese J, O'neil J, Masson J, Cooke S, Melrose W, Pritchard D, et al. (January 2006).
3993:
3449:
Andersen R, Borch TH, Draghi A, Gokuldass A, Rana MA, Pedersen M, et al. (July 2018).
3356:
2976:
2109:"Rituximab in B-Cell Hematologic Malignancies: A Review of 20 Years of Clinical Experience"
1924:
1477:
1462:
1373:
1095:
1033:
952:
941:
890:
604:
248:
148:
4271:"The immune tolerance network: a new paradigm for developing tolerance-inducing therapies"
3294:
Dudley ME, Yang JC, Sherry R, Hughes MS, Royal R, Kammula U, et al. (November 2008).
410:. Immunotherapy is under preliminary research for its potential to treat various forms of
8:
7412:
7402:
7368:
6973:
6411:
6247:
6058:
5209:
Fumagalli M, Pozzoli U, Cagliani R, Comi GP, Riva S, Clerici M, et al. (June 2009).
3020:
Hunder NN, Wallen H, Cao J, Hendricks DW, Reilly JZ, Rodmyre R, et al. (June 2008).
1066:
1062:
1025:
993:, cytotoxic T lymphocytes, epithelial cells and other relevant immune cells are expanded
990:
646:
430:
417:
Cell-based immunotherapies are effective for some cancers. Immune effector cells such as
5657:
5370:
4200:
4175:
3744:
3717:
3360:
2980:
2107:
Salles G, Barrett M, Foà R, Maurer J, O'Brien S, Valente N, et al. (October 2017).
1928:
7136:
7131:
7040:
7020:
6654:
6497:
6462:
6316:
6282:
5832:
5620:
5595:
5571:
5544:
5520:
5495:
5471:
5444:
5390:
5333:
5308:
5284:
5259:
5235:
5210:
5186:
5161:
5137:
5110:
5086:
5051:
5024:
4999:
4975:
4950:
4896:
4848:
4823:
4804:
4683:
4670:
4643:
4619:
4567:
4442:
4417:
4393:
4368:
4349:
4300:
4251:
4040:
3927:
3883:
3793:
3768:
3518:
3491:
3426:
3401:
3377:
3344:
3320:
3295:
3222:
3197:
3173:
3148:
3046:
3021:
2997:
2964:
2940:
2915:
2886:
2861:
2801:
2758:
2715:
2666:
2622:
2574:
2547:
2447:
2438:
2422:
2367:
2278:
2253:
2229:
2202:
2183:
2135:
2108:
2089:
2041:
2014:
1986:
1961:
1820:
1793:
1769:
1742:
1674:
1649:
1482:
1432:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1331:
1076:
1017:
818:
790:
109:
62:
6068:
5494:
Mitsunaga M, Ogawa M, Kosaka N, Rosenblum LT, Choyke PL, Kobayashi H (November 2011).
5067:
3271:
3246:
1550:
338:
After a certain time period, the engineered T-cells are infused back into the patient.
7422:
7363:
7223:
7176:
6978:
6480:
6149:
6139:
6129:
6114:
5931:
5914:
5778:
5669:
5625:
5576:
5525:
5476:
5425:
5394:
5382:
5378:
5338:
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5240:
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5177:
5142:
5091:
5071:
5029:
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4966:
4931:
4888:
4853:
4796:
4761:
4756:
4731:
4675:
4624:
4606:
4559:
4512:
4482:
4447:
4398:
4341:
4331:
4292:
4243:
4239:
4205:
4156:
4119:
4032:
4028:
3997:
3962:
3919:
3875:
3839:
3798:
3749:
3698:
3663:
3571:
3561:
3523:
3472:
3431:
3382:
3325:
3276:
3227:
3178:
3051:
3002:
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2842:
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2750:
2707:
2658:
2626:
2614:
2579:
2528:
2493:
2452:
2403:
2359:
2355:
2324:
2283:
2234:
2175:
2140:
2081:
2046:
1991:
1942:
1889:
1825:
1774:
1720:
1679:
1630:
1589:
1554:
1084:
937:
910:
692:
688:
406:
400:. Immunotherapies designed to elicit or amplify an immune response are classified as
326:
T-cells (represented by objects labeled as 't') are removed from the patient's blood.
4900:
4586:
4571:
4353:
4304:
4255:
4226:
Rayner F, Isaacs JD (December 2018). "Therapeutic tolerance in autoimmune disease".
4044:
3931:
3887:
3649:
2965:"Cancer regression in patients after transfer of genetically engineered lymphocytes"
2670:
2371:
2187:
2093:
1792:
Rizk JG, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Mehra MR, Lavie CJ, Rizk Y, Forthal DN (September 2020).
1439:. Helminths' relationship to humans as hosts should be classified as mutualistic or
7417:
7353:
7340:
7169:
7158:
7050:
7030:
6865:
6779:
6754:
6485:
6432:
6371:
6262:
5909:
5837:
5709:
Cancer Research Institute Annual International Cancer Immunotherapy Symposia Series
5661:
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5515:
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4923:
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4788:
4751:
4743:
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4549:
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4111:
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3729:
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2984:
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2351:
2314:
2273:
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2224:
2214:
2167:
2130:
2120:
2073:
2036:
2026:
1981:
1973:
1932:
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1815:
1805:
1764:
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1710:
1669:
1661:
1620:
1581:
1546:
1393:
1169:
1091:
1080:
1072:
1037:
945:
909:
Although these molecules were originally discovered as molecules playing a role in
756:
752:
615:
434:
5611:
5543:
Sato K, Sato N, Xu B, Nakamura Y, Nagaya T, Choyke PL, et al. (August 2016).
4747:
2837:
2820:
2719:
2702:
2685:
1885:
821:. Another potential approach is the generation of genetically engineered DCs from
7463:
7285:
7280:
7124:
7072:
6880:
6857:
6702:
6679:
6063:
6028:
5904:
5849:
5665:
5561:
5127:
4602:
4433:
4327:
3871:
3417:
2399:
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1625:
1608:
1472:
1436:
1301:
1099:
1029:
1021:
933:
857:
728:
353:
6033:
4554:
4537:
3694:
3164:
3022:"Treatment of metastatic melanoma with autologous CD4+ T cells against NY-ESO-1"
7451:
7315:
7248:
7191:
6963:
6852:
6844:
6769:
6722:
6717:
6664:
6388:
6169:
6164:
6124:
6073:
6038:
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5812:
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4384:
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4152:
3734:
1810:
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1585:
1417:
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1389:
960:
929:
810:
764:
639:
512:
466:
426:
5461:
4927:
4884:
3958:
3915:
2746:
2524:
2219:
2125:
2077:
1937:
1908:
1665:
7473:
7196:
7153:
7112:
7005:
6946:
6659:
6210:
6179:
5800:
5275:
5160:
Carvalho L, Sun J, Kane C, Marshall F, Krawczyk C, Pearce EJ (January 2009).
5000:"Perspectives of People with Multiple Sclerosis About Helminth Immunotherapy"
4610:
4160:
3311:
1724:
1413:
1409:
1297:
1234:
1069:
would target the specific T-cell clones co-ordinating the autoimmune attack.
925:
623:
508:
504:
462:
458:
397:
6046:
5594:
Nagaya T, Nakamura Y, Sato K, Harada T, Choyke PL, Kobayashi H (June 2016).
5443:
Nagaya T, Okuyama S, Ogata F, Maruoka Y, Choyke PL, Kobayashi H (May 2019).
4839:
4287:
4270:
3508:
3467:
3450:
3368:
2988:
2564:
366:
332:
Thus producing the CAR receptors (labeled as c) on the surface of the cells.
7407:
7345:
7107:
7087:
7035:
6983:
6934:
6734:
6684:
6295:
5866:
5673:
5629:
5580:
5529:
5480:
5429:
5386:
5342:
5293:
5244:
5195:
5146:
5095:
5033:
4984:
4935:
4892:
4857:
4800:
4765:
4679:
4628:
4563:
4516:
4486:
4451:
4402:
4345:
4296:
4247:
4209:
4036:
3923:
3879:
3843:
3802:
3753:
3702:
3667:
3575:
3527:
3476:
3435:
3386:
3329:
3280:
3247:"T cell homeostatic proliferation elicits effective antitumor autoimmunity"
3231:
3182:
3055:
3006:
2949:
2916:"Adoptive cell transfer: a clinical path to effective cancer immunotherapy"
2895:
2846:
2797:
2754:
2711:
2662:
2618:
2610:
2583:
2532:
2497:
2456:
2407:
2363:
2328:
2287:
2238:
2179:
2144:
2085:
2050:
1995:
1946:
1893:
1829:
1778:
1683:
1634:
1593:
1558:
767:
748:
744:
635:
619:
569:
565:
499:
335:
The newly modified T-cells are then further harvested and grown in the lab.
4115:
4001:
3966:
3037:
2654:
2421:
Davidson HC, Leibowitz MS, Lopez-Albaitero A, Ferris RL (September 2009).
955:
as they showed for the first time in many years of research in metastatic
7300:
7102:
7025:
7000:
6749:
6729:
6634:
6594:
6518:
5889:
5884:
5805:
5788:
5226:
4106:
Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P (2007-12-31).
3213:
2319:
2302:
2010:
1697:
Li Y, McBride DW, Tang Y, Doycheva D, Zhang JH, Tang Z (September 2023).
1424:
1423:
Co-evolution with helminths has shaped some of the genes associated with
1324:
998:
865:
713:
660:
631:
611:
561:
473:, synthetic cytosine phosphate-guanosine (CpG) oligodeoxynucleotides and
3834:
3817:
3658:
2877:
2171:
852:
are created by harvesting T cells and then infecting the T cells with a
375:
7238:
7213:
7181:
6958:
6939:
6929:
6917:
6764:
6376:
6348:
6174:
6134:
4949:
Zaccone P, Fehervari Z, Phillips JM, Dunne DW, Cooke A (October 2006).
2776:"Sipuleucel-T: APC 8015, APC-8015, prostate cancer vaccine--Dendreon".
2511:
Eggermont AM, Schadendorf D (June 2009). "Melanoma and immunotherapy".
2031:
1699:"Immunotherapy as a treatment for Stroke: Utilizing regulatory T cells"
1428:
853:
826:
676:
573:
535:
524:
446:
422:
418:
112:
if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
5421:
5324:
4792:
4644:"Omalizumab facilitates rapid oral desensitization for peanut allergy"
3784:
3557:
2914:
Rosenberg SA, Restifo NP, Yang JC, Morgan RA, Dudley ME (April 2008).
2420:
2303:"Treatment of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia with topical imiquimod"
1977:
1607:
Wang S, Zimmermann S, Parikh K, Mansfield AS, Adjei AA (August 2019).
801:
targeting approaches comprise administering specific cytokines (e.g.,
7310:
6789:
5822:
5817:
5750:
4469:. Pharmacotherapy: Concepts of Pathogenesis and Emerging Treatments.
3262:
2818:
2300:
1440:
914:
732:
672:
664:
650:
519:
470:
450:
316:
5511:
3146:
2931:
190:
7446:
7293:
7208:
6784:
6759:
6712:
6257:
5827:
5770:
3816:
Li Y, Zhang T, Ho C, Orange JS, Douglas SD, Ho WZ (December 2004).
3195:
1457:
1353:
1342:
1316:
1305:
1304:) treat allergic symptoms, immunotherapy can reduce sensitivity to
956:
921:
841:
794:
782:
723:
717:
454:
4322:. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 1899. pp. 159–180.
4173:
2252:
Simpson RJ, Bigley AB, Agha N, Hanley PJ, Bollard CM (July 2017).
7097:
6968:
6221:
4369:"Moving to tolerance: clinical application of T regulatory cells"
3766:
3681:
Moyers JT, Glitza Oliva IC (2021). "Immunotherapy for Melanoma".
2488:
2471:
1293:
736:
703:
680:
668:
585:
393:
361:
3399:
2254:"Mobilizing Immune Cells With Exercise for Cancer Immunotherapy"
881:
with metastatic melanoma resistant to multiple immunotherapies.
845:
cultivates autologous, extracted T cells for later transfusion.
404:
while immunotherapies that reduce or suppress are classified as
7305:
6870:
6523:
6119:
5309:"Helminths and the microbiota: parts of the hygiene hypothesis"
4997:
4083:"Lymphocyte Proliferation - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
4059:"Lymphocyte Proliferation - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
1058:
971:
899:
861:
760:
627:
immunotherapy is combined with conventional treatment methods.
474:
411:
27:
Activation or suppression of the immune system to treat disease
5703:
5108:
2384:
671:. Topical immunotherapy utilizes an immune enhancement cream (
630:
One of the oldest forms of cancer immunotherapy is the use of
6534:
5493:
4948:
3244:
1906:
1606:
1364:
has been investigated as a treatment for relapsing remitting
1180:
1175:
1153:
975:
548:
544:
528:
5748:
5208:
4913:
4641:
3718:"Targeting LAG-3, TIM-3, and TIGIT for cancer immunotherapy"
3635:
3544:
Haanen JB, Robert C (2015). "Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors".
3448:
2962:
1791:
1740:
1609:"Current Diagnosis and Management of Small-Cell Lung Cancer"
5987:
5714:
The story behind immunotherapy's innovative cellular voyage
4821:
4538:"Long-term clinical efficacy of grass-pollen immunotherapy"
4367:
McMurchy AN, Bushell A, Levings MK, Wood KJ (August 2011).
3818:"Natural killer cells inhibit hepatitis C virus expression"
3342:
1345:
1330:
A promising approach to treat food allergies is the use of
1187:
1141:
1006:
797:
combinations, and injecting them back to the patients. The
786:
684:
667:. The cells then destroy the tumour cells that express the
540:
4366:
3856:
3590:"Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors - National Cancer Institute"
2913:
1959:
5442:
4998:
Donkers SJ, Kirkland MC, Charabati M, Osborne LC (2020).
4702:"Oral immunotherapy for peanut allergy in young children"
4535:
4268:
3900:
3089:"Cancer patient recovers after injection of immune cells"
2732:
1263:
Tolerogenic dendritic cells, liposomes and nanoparticles
1147:
997:
and then re-infused. The therapy has been tested against
5593:
3019:
2821:"Next-generation CD40 agonists for cancer immunotherapy"
2008:
1504:"Immunotherapy | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center"
1261:
Subcutaneous, intradermal, transmucosal (oral, inhaled)
970:), T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (
5159:
4105:
2251:
1909:"COVID-19 vaccine BNT162b1 elicits human antibody and T
1648:
Riley RS, June CH, Langer R, Mitchell MJ (March 2019).
1647:
1400:(TNF-α), while promoting the production of regulatory T
974:), and T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (
5704:
International Society for Biological Therapy of Cancer
5359:
Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology. B, Biology
3293:
2106:
7435:
5257:
4587:"Allergen immunotherapy: an updated review of safety"
4502:
3979:
3489:
1696:
716:
and other cancers, with greatest success achieved in
638:
and later was found to be useful in the treatment of
584:
cytosine phosphate-guanosine, oligodeoxynucleotides,
5258:
Reynolds LA, Finlay BB, Maizels RM (November 2015).
4591:
Current Opinion in Allergy & Clinical Immunology
4221:
4219:
4138:
2510:
1960:
Woldemeskel BA, Garliss CC, Blankson JN (May 2021).
1871:
1083:. A recent therapeutic approach is the infusion of
649:
in cancer therapy was first introduced in 1997 with
5049:
4467:
Best Practice & Research. Clinical Rheumatology
4269:Rotrosen D, Matthews JB, Bluestone JA (July 2002).
2859:
2203:"Monoclonal Antibodies for the Treatment of Cancer"
5542:
3680:
3119:"Updated: Novartis buys Dendreon New Jersey plant"
2063:
829:-loaded DCs for inducing better clinical outcome.
477:are involved in clinical and preclinical studies.
4216:
3716:Cai L, Li Y, Tan J, Xu L, Li Y (September 2023).
2639:
2545:
2472:"Extracorporeal photoimmunotherapy-photopheresis"
706:injections to treat warts (HPV induced tumours).
7471:
5642:
1650:"Delivery technologies for cancer immunotherapy"
724:Dendritic cell-based pump-priming or vaccination
5407:
5355:
5045:
5043:
4511:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
4498:
4496:
4418:"Prospects for therapeutic tolerance in humans"
4317:
3815:
3490:Seidel JA, Otsuka A, Kabashima K (2018-03-28).
2860:Sabado RL, Balan S, Bhardwaj N (January 2017).
2596:
1794:"Pharmaco-Immunomodulatory Therapy in COVID-19"
457:are licensed for medical use. Others including
5052:"Human hookworm infection in the 21st century"
4648:The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
4584:
4275:The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
4014:
3539:
3537:
2546:Chuang CM, Monie A, Wu A, Hung CF (May 2009).
1312:increasing doses to help alleviate symptoms.
1106:Approaches to therapeutic tolerance induction
1012:
108:Please review the contents of the article and
6100:
5734:
4778:
3973:
3683:Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
3629:
2683:
1536:
1427:expression and immunological disorders, such
981:
593:
5300:
5202:
5153:
5102:
5040:
4991:
4942:
4907:
4864:
4815:
4772:
4729:
4723:
4529:
4493:
4464:
4262:
4225:
4167:
3543:
3442:
3393:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2726:
2633:
2590:
2539:
2513:Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America
2504:
2463:
2414:
2378:
2335:
2294:
989:use a person's own peripheral blood-derived
902:) and anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (
634:, which was originally to vaccinate against
4951:"Parasitic worms and inflammatory diseases"
4415:
3674:
3534:
3072:. Cancer Research Institute. Archived from
2469:
832:
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
5741:
5727:
4870:
4503:Persaud Y, Memon RJ, Savliwala MN (2024).
3894:
3715:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1043:
315:
5619:
5570:
5560:
5519:
5470:
5460:
5332:
5283:
5234:
5185:
5136:
5126:
5085:
5023:
4974:
4847:
4755:
4732:"Immune responses in hookworm infections"
4669:
4659:
4618:
4553:
4441:
4392:
4286:
4199:
3944:
3833:
3809:
3792:
3760:
3743:
3733:
3657:
3517:
3507:
3466:
3425:
3376:
3319:
3270:
3221:
3189:
3172:
3086:
3045:
2996:
2939:
2902:
2885:
2836:
2701:
2573:
2563:
2487:
2446:
2318:
2277:
2228:
2218:
2134:
2124:
2040:
2030:
1985:
1936:
1844:"Immunomodulators and Their Side Effects"
1819:
1809:
1768:
1758:
1714:
1673:
1624:
1281:
1198:Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation
614:in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to
295:Learn how and when to remove this message
275:Learn how and when to remove this message
5690:
4916:Gastroenterologie Clinique et Biologique
3336:
3287:
2597:Pawlita M, Gissmann L (April 2009). "".
2423:"Immunotherapy for head and neck cancer"
2341:
1571:
1292:Immunotherapy can also be used to treat
884:
789:+ cells, activating them with different
6815:Ear-Nose-Throat/Upper respiratory tract
5988:Access to water, sanitation and hygiene
5306:
5050:Brooker S, Bethony J, Hotez PJ (2004).
4585:James C, Bernstein DI (February 2017).
3070:"2008 Symposium Program & Speakers"
1736:
1734:
1525:
1337:
777:are mainly based on antigen loading on
14:
7472:
7398:Infectious disease (medical specialty)
7290:Antimicrobial resistance surveillance
4008:
3938:
3238:
3140:
3013:
2956:
2344:Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease
1211:Mesenchymal stem cell transplantation
959:, which is considered one of the most
211:Please improve this article by adding
5722:
3251:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
2200:
1966:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
987:Autologous immune enhancement therapy
576:), BCG vaccine, & Covid vaccines
453:and cellular membrane fractions from
443:granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
6645:Compartmental models in epidemiology
5215:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
4228:Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism
3994:10.1093/clinids/18.Supplement_1.S157
3850:
3722:Journal of Hematology & Oncology
3202:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
2862:"Dendritic cell-based immunotherapy"
2825:Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy
2157:
1731:
1296:. While allergy treatments (such as
951:These therapies have revolutionized
184:
77:
36:
4730:Loukas A, Prociv P (October 2001).
4706:National Institutes of Health (NIH)
4542:The New England Journal of Medicine
3904:International Reviews of Immunology
3026:The New England Journal of Medicine
2684:Cheever MA, Higano CS (June 2011).
2599:Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift
2307:The New England Journal of Medicine
2258:Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews
1052:
480:
24:
4416:Baker KF, Isaacs JD (March 2014).
2470:Dani T, Knobler R (January 2009).
2439:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2009.02.009
2015:"Immunotherapy for bladder cancer"
25:
7496:
5684:
4742:(4): 689–703, table of contents.
2735:Nature Reviews. Clinical Oncology
2386:study with a 20-year follow-up".
697:vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia
679:, causing the recipient's killer
396:by activating or suppressing the
52:This article has multiple issues.
7457:
7445:
7394:Economics of Infectious Diseases
5379:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111560
5178:10.1111/j.1365-2567.2008.03008.x
5115:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
5004:International Journal of MS Care
4967:10.1111/j.1365-3024.2006.00879.x
4240:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2018.09.008
4029:10.1046/j.1442-200x.2000.01315.x
2790:10.2165/00126839-200607030-00006
2356:10.1097/00128360-200310000-00011
2013:, Allchorne P, Green JS (2015).
1102:and other autoimmune disorders.
731:can be stimulated to activate a
189:
174:
82:
41:
5691:Langreth R (12 February 2009).
5636:
5587:
5536:
5487:
5436:
5401:
5349:
5251:
4712:from the original on 2023-07-12
4694:
4635:
4578:
4458:
4422:Current Opinion in Rheumatology
4409:
4375:. Advances in Transplantation.
4360:
4311:
4132:
4099:
4075:
4051:
3709:
3650:10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.08.001
3611:
3600:from the original on 2023-10-22
3582:
3483:
3129:from the original on 2023-06-07
3111:
3080:
2853:
2812:
2769:
2677:
2245:
2194:
2151:
2100:
2057:
2019:Research and Reports in Urology
2002:
1953:
1900:
1865:
1854:from the original on 2023-04-08
1514:from the original on 2019-10-19
60:or discuss these issues on the
7403:Infectious disease informatics
7234:Transmission-based precautions
5549:Science Translational Medicine
3619:"Immunotherapy By Cancer Type"
2160:Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery
1836:
1785:
1690:
1654:Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery
1641:
1600:
1565:
1496:
850:Genetically engineered T cells
823:induced pluripotent stem cells
110:add the appropriate references
30:For the academic journal, see
13:
1:
6820:Chest/Lower respiratory tract
6595:Ocular (Eye) mucosal membrane
5956:Behavioral/lifestyle factors
5612:10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.04.003
5600:Journal of Controlled Release
5068:10.1016/S0065-308X(04)58004-1
4748:10.1128/CMR.14.4.689-703.2001
4736:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
4108:Molecular Biology of the Cell
2838:10.1080/14712598.2024.2357714
2703:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-3126
2552:Journal of Biomedical Science
1886:10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.09.070
1551:10.1016/s1470-2045(17)30607-1
1489:
1237:to expand regulatory T cells
1079:or accepts foreign tissue in
739:. Dendritic cells, a type of
213:secondary or tertiary sources
6382:Aerosol-generating procedure
6160:Silent/Subclinical infection
5860:Multidrug-resistant bacteria
5666:10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b04150
5562:10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf6843
5410:Journal of Proteome Research
5307:Loke P, Lim YA (June 2015).
5128:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000399
4603:10.1097/ACI.0000000000000335
4434:10.1097/BOR.0000000000000029
4328:10.1007/978-1-4939-8938-6_12
3982:Clinical Infectious Diseases
3947:Immunological Investigations
3872:10.1097/CJI.0b013e3182048c4e
3822:Journal of Leukocyte Biology
3418:10.1097/CJI.0b013e31826e8f5f
3300:Journal of Clinical Oncology
3087:Highfield R (18 June 2008).
2643:Cancer Biology & Therapy
2400:10.1016/j.eururo.2009.04.009
2270:10.1249/JES.0000000000000114
1626:10.1016/j.mayocp.2019.01.034
1453:Biological response modifier
556:Immunomodulatory imide drugs
7:
7046:Vaccine-preventable disease
6994:Monoclonal antibody therapy
4555:10.1056/NEJM199908123410702
3695:10.1007/978-3-030-79308-1_3
3165:10.4049/jimmunol.174.5.2591
1468:Interleukin-2 immunotherapy
1446:
1398:tumor necrosis factor-alpha
1013:Suppression immunotherapies
773:The current approaches for
407:suppression immunotherapies
402:activation immunotherapies,
95:reliable medical references
10:
7501:
7187:Respiratory source control
5016:10.7224/1537-2073.2019-044
4661:10.1016/j.jaci.2016.08.010
4479:10.1016/j.berh.2010.01.007
4385:10.1016/j.smim.2011.04.001
4192:10.1038/s41419-024-06715-5
4153:10.17925/eor.2010.04.01.70
4141:European Ophthalmic Review
3735:10.1186/s13045-023-01499-1
3638:Seminars in Cancer Biology
3546:Progress in Tumor Research
2201:Pento JT (November 2017).
1811:10.1007/s40265-020-01367-z
1760:10.1126/sciimmunol.abj1750
1716:10.1016/j.hest.2023.02.003
1586:10.1016/j.clim.2011.11.009
1285:
1220:Regulatory T cell therapy
982:Immune enhancement therapy
888:
856:that contains a copy of a
602:
594:Activation immunotherapies
29:
7377:
7331:Global Health Initiatives
7321:Evolutionary epidemiology
7269:
7061:
7016:Post-exposure prophylaxis
6952:Antimicrobial stewardship
6910:
6897:
6802:
6693:
6675:Multiplicity of infection
6640:Basic reproduction number
6615:
6587:
6573:
6559:
6543:
6511:
6473:
6416:Percutaneous inoculation
6402:
6364:
6357:
6339:
6271:
6238:
6231:
6195:
6188:
6091:
5978:
5900:Host–pathogen interaction
5875:
5769:
5762:
5462:10.1007/s10120-018-0871-5
4928:10.1016/j.gcb.2008.04.030
4885:10.1007/s00436-008-1297-5
3959:10.3109/08820139609059298
3916:10.1080/08830180801911743
3623:Cancer Research Institute
3594:National Cancer Institute
2747:10.1038/nrclinonc.2011.72
2525:10.1016/j.hoc.2009.03.009
2220:10.21873/anticanres.12040
2126:10.1007/s12325-017-0612-x
2078:10.1038/s41585-018-0055-4
1938:10.1038/s41586-020-2814-7
1666:10.1038/s41573-018-0006-z
1260:
1248:
1239:
1213:
598:
372:
360:
346:
314:
309:
101:or relies too heavily on
7149:Protective sequestration
7011:Pre-exposure prophylaxis
6302:Generational difference
5855:Horizontal gene transfer
5845:Antimicrobial resistance
5276:10.4049/jimmunol.1501432
5056:Advances in Parasitology
4017:Pediatrics International
3860:Journal of Immunotherapy
3773:Case Reports in Oncology
3406:Journal of Immunotherapy
3312:10.1200/JCO.2008.16.5449
2690:Clinical Cancer Research
1271:Altered peptide ligands
1246:Microbiome manipulation
1003:chronic fatigue syndrome
833:T-cell adoptive transfer
7336:Microbial phylogenetics
7254:Wastewater surveillance
6775:Geographic distribution
6650:Critical community size
6448:Surgical site infection
6296:Iatrogenic/Medical care
6215:Microbial translocation
6211:Endogenous reactivation
6206:Normal flora overgrowth
6155:Opportunistic infection
5927:Opportunistic infection
4840:10.1136/gut.2005.079129
4505:"Allergy Immunotherapy"
4320:Immunological Tolerance
4288:10.1067/mai.2002.124258
3509:10.3389/fonc.2018.00086
3369:10.1126/science.1076514
2989:10.1126/science.1129003
2565:10.1186/1423-0127-16-49
2476:Frontiers in Bioscience
2066:Nature Reviews. Urology
1613:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
1085:regulatory immune cells
1044:Immunosuppressive drugs
815:C-type lectin receptors
741:antigen-presenting cell
435:cytotoxic T lymphocytes
32:Immunotherapy (journal)
7408:Microbial bioterrorism
7031:efficacy/effectiveness
6439:Surgical intervention
6331:Breakthrough infection
5953:Genetic predisposition
5937:Susceptible individual
5784:Germ theory of disease
4373:Seminars in Immunology
3988:(Suppl 1): S157–S159.
2920:Nature Reviews. Cancer
2611:10.1055/s-0029-1220219
2605:(Suppl 2): S100–S102.
1288:Allergen immunotherapy
1282:Allergen immunotherapy
1132:Monoclonal Antibodies
838:Adoptive cell transfer
710:Adoptive cell transfer
200:relies excessively on
7244:Universal precautions
6202:Endogenous overgrowth
6054:Poultry and livestock
5264:Journal of Immunology
4873:Parasitology Research
4116:10.1201/9780203833445
4087:www.sciencedirect.com
4063:www.sciencedirect.com
3496:Frontiers in Oncology
3468:10.1093/annonc/mdy139
3153:Journal of Immunology
3038:10.1056/NEJMoa0800251
2655:10.4161/cbt.8.16.8950
1223:Non-antigen specific
1081:organ transplantation
1061:at the centre of the
885:Checkpoint inhibitors
647:monoclonal antibodies
7346:Genomic reassortment
7326:Genetic epidemiology
7165:Health communication
7093:Flattening the curve
7083:Disease surveillance
6866:Systemic/Generalized
6630:Animal disease model
6110:Asymptomatic carrier
5227:10.1084/jem.20082779
3214:10.1084/jem.20050732
3125:. 20 December 2012.
3099:on 12 September 2008
2784:(3): 197–201. 2006.
2320:10.1056/NEJMoa072685
1539:The Lancet. Oncology
1478:Microtransplantation
1463:Checkpoint inhibitor
1404:2 cytokines such as
1338:Helminthic therapies
1128:Non-antigen specific
1096:rheumatoid arthritis
1028:or reduces a normal
1020:dampens an abnormal
991:natural killer cells
953:cancer immunotherapy
942:head and neck cancer
891:Checkpoint inhibitor
781:-generated DCs from
775:DC-based vaccination
735:response towards an
729:Dendritic cells (DC)
605:Cancer immunotherapy
431:natural killer cells
392:is the treatment of
7413:Pandemic prevention
7369:Viral phylodynamics
7350:Re-emerging disease
7239:Travel restrictions
6443:Postoperative wound
6412:Blood-borne disease
6394:Respiratory droplet
6306:Vertical/Congenital
6291:Nosocomial/Hospital
6248:Spillover infection
5658:2017NanoL..17..862Z
5371:2019JPPB..19811560H
5313:Parasite Immunology
4955:Parasite Immunology
4781:Annals of Neurology
3835:10.1189/jlb.0604372
3361:2002Sci...298..850D
2981:2006Sci...314..126M
2878:10.1038/cr.2016.157
2519:(3): 547–64, ix–x.
2207:Anticancer Research
2172:10.1038/nrd.2015.35
2113:Advances in Therapy
1929:2020Natur.586..594S
1913:1 T cell responses"
1574:Clinical Immunology
1485:in vitro or in vivo
1107:
1067:tolerogenic therapy
1063:autoimmune response
1026:autoimmune diseases
819:chemokine receptors
753:CD4+ helper T cells
712:has been tested on
564:and its analogues (
7359:Selection pressure
6655:Force of infection
6283:Contagious disease
6218:Endogenous seeding
6115:Chain of infection
6039:Injection drug use
5950:Vaccination status
5833:Case fatality rate
5751:infectious disease
4186:(15(5):328): 328.
3455:Annals of Oncology
2032:10.2147/RRU.S63447
1747:Science Immunology
1483:Photoimmunotherapy
1433:ulcerative colitis
1366:multiple sclerosis
1362:Helminthic therapy
1358:Necator americanus
1332:oral immunotherapy
1201:Non-myeloablative
1105:
1077:autoimmune disease
1018:Immune suppression
656:The extraction of
441:Therapies such as
390:biological therapy
7433:
7432:
7423:Tropical medicine
7364:Synthetic biology
7265:
7264:
7224:Social distancing
7177:Outbreak response
6798:
6797:
6625:Agent-based model
6611:
6610:
6607:
6606:
6603:
6602:
6150:Natural reservoir
6140:Infectious period
6130:Incubation period
6087:
6086:
6043:Natural disaster
6012:Tropical diseases
5995:Biodiversity loss
5932:Risk of infection
5922:Microbiome health
5915:Immunosuppression
5693:"Cancer Miracles"
5555:(352): 352ra110.
5506:(12): 1685–1691.
5422:10.1021/pr5011873
5325:10.1111/pim.12193
4922:(12): 1064–1074.
4793:10.1002/ana.21067
4654:(3): 873–881.e8.
4337:978-1-4939-8936-2
4125:978-0-203-83344-5
3785:10.1159/000337319
3567:978-3-318-05589-4
3558:10.1159/000437178
3355:(5594): 850–854.
3306:(32): 5233–5239.
3032:(25): 2698–2703.
2975:(5796): 126–129.
2696:(11): 3520–3526.
2649:(16): 1540–1549.
2482:(14): 4769–4777.
2313:(14): 1465–1473.
2213:(11): 5935–5939.
2119:(10): 2232–2273.
1978:10.1172/JCI149335
1923:(7830): 594–599.
1804:(13): 1267–1292.
1703:Brain Hemorrhages
1545:(12): e731–e741.
1279:
1278:
1226:Antigen-specific
1040:organs or cells.
911:T cell activation
693:basal cell cancer
689:actinic keratoses
675:) which produces
591:
590:
383:
382:
362:OPS-301 code
305:
304:
297:
285:
284:
277:
259:
183:
182:
159:
75:
16:(Redirected from
7492:
7462:
7461:
7460:
7450:
7449:
7441:
7418:Tropical disease
7354:Reverse zoonosis
7341:One Health Model
7170:Health education
7159:Community health
7078:Cordon sanitaire
7051:Ring vaccination
7021:Repurposed drugs
6908:
6907:
6827:Gastrointestinal
6670:Machine learning
6474:Gastrointestinal
6425:Intravenous line
6362:
6361:
6276:/Cross-infection
6263:Reverse zoonosis
6236:
6235:
6193:
6192:
6098:
6097:
6079:War and conflict
5947:Nutrition status
5910:Immunodeficiency
5767:
5766:
5743:
5736:
5729:
5720:
5719:
5700:
5678:
5677:
5640:
5634:
5633:
5623:
5591:
5585:
5584:
5574:
5564:
5540:
5534:
5533:
5523:
5491:
5485:
5484:
5474:
5464:
5440:
5434:
5433:
5416:(2): 1250–1262.
5405:
5399:
5398:
5353:
5347:
5346:
5336:
5304:
5298:
5297:
5287:
5270:(9): 4059–4066.
5255:
5249:
5248:
5238:
5221:(6): 1395–1408.
5206:
5200:
5199:
5189:
5157:
5151:
5150:
5140:
5130:
5106:
5100:
5099:
5089:
5047:
5038:
5037:
5027:
4995:
4989:
4988:
4978:
4946:
4940:
4939:
4911:
4905:
4904:
4868:
4862:
4861:
4851:
4819:
4813:
4812:
4776:
4770:
4769:
4759:
4727:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4717:
4698:
4692:
4691:
4673:
4663:
4639:
4633:
4632:
4622:
4582:
4576:
4575:
4557:
4533:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4523:
4500:
4491:
4490:
4462:
4456:
4455:
4445:
4413:
4407:
4406:
4396:
4364:
4358:
4357:
4315:
4309:
4308:
4290:
4266:
4260:
4259:
4223:
4214:
4213:
4203:
4171:
4165:
4164:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4103:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4093:
4079:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4055:
4049:
4048:
4012:
4006:
4005:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3953:(1–2): 153–164.
3942:
3936:
3935:
3898:
3892:
3891:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3837:
3828:(6): 1171–1179.
3813:
3807:
3806:
3796:
3764:
3758:
3757:
3747:
3737:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3661:
3633:
3627:
3626:
3615:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3605:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3541:
3532:
3531:
3521:
3511:
3487:
3481:
3480:
3470:
3461:(7): 1575–1581.
3446:
3440:
3439:
3429:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3380:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3323:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3274:
3263:10.1172/JCI15175
3242:
3236:
3235:
3225:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3176:
3159:(5): 2591–2601.
3144:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3095:. Archived from
3084:
3078:
3077:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3049:
3017:
3011:
3010:
3000:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2943:
2911:
2900:
2899:
2889:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2840:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2778:Drugs in R&D
2773:
2767:
2766:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2705:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2577:
2567:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2491:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2450:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2388:European Urology
2382:
2376:
2375:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2322:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2281:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2232:
2222:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2138:
2128:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2044:
2034:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1989:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1940:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1880:(6): 1023–1029.
1869:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1823:
1813:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1772:
1762:
1753:(59): eabj1750.
1738:
1729:
1728:
1718:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1677:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1628:
1619:(8): 1599–1622.
1604:
1598:
1597:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1534:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1500:
1394:interferon-gamma
1258:Peptide therapy
1254:Antigen specific
1108:
1104:
1092:immune tolerance
1073:Immune tolerance
1053:Immune tolerance
946:Hodgkin lymphoma
616:James P. Allison
488:
487:
481:Immunomodulators
376:edit on Wikidata
356:
319:
307:
306:
300:
293:
280:
273:
269:
266:
260:
258:
217:
193:
185:
178:
177:
169:
166:
160:
158:
117:
86:
85:
78:
67:
45:
44:
37:
21:
18:Immunomodulatory
7500:
7499:
7495:
7494:
7493:
7491:
7490:
7489:
7470:
7469:
7468:
7458:
7456:
7444:
7436:
7434:
7429:
7373:
7286:Antigenic shift
7281:Antigenic drift
7272:
7261:
7125:Barrier nursing
7073:Contact tracing
7064:
7057:
6902:
6900:
6893:
6804:
6794:
6695:
6689:
6680:Serial interval
6599:
6583:
6574:Cervico-vaginal
6569:
6560:Trans-placental
6555:
6539:
6507:
6469:
6405:Vascular system
6404:
6398:
6353:
6341:
6335:
6275:
6267:
6227:
6184:
6102:
6083:
5974:
5905:Immune response
5871:
5850:Drug resistance
5794:Infectious dose
5758:
5747:
5687:
5682:
5681:
5641:
5637:
5592:
5588:
5541:
5537:
5512:10.1038/nm.2554
5500:Nature Medicine
5492:
5488:
5441:
5437:
5406:
5402:
5354:
5350:
5305:
5301:
5256:
5252:
5207:
5203:
5158:
5154:
5107:
5103:
5078:
5048:
5041:
4996:
4992:
4961:(10): 515–523.
4947:
4943:
4912:
4908:
4869:
4865:
4820:
4816:
4777:
4773:
4728:
4724:
4715:
4713:
4700:
4699:
4695:
4640:
4636:
4583:
4579:
4534:
4530:
4521:
4519:
4501:
4494:
4463:
4459:
4414:
4410:
4365:
4361:
4338:
4316:
4312:
4267:
4263:
4224:
4217:
4172:
4168:
4137:
4133:
4126:
4104:
4100:
4091:
4089:
4081:
4080:
4076:
4067:
4065:
4057:
4056:
4052:
4013:
4009:
3978:
3974:
3943:
3939:
3899:
3895:
3855:
3851:
3814:
3810:
3765:
3761:
3714:
3710:
3679:
3675:
3634:
3630:
3617:
3616:
3612:
3603:
3601:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3568:
3542:
3535:
3488:
3484:
3447:
3443:
3398:
3394:
3341:
3337:
3292:
3288:
3243:
3239:
3194:
3190:
3145:
3141:
3132:
3130:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3102:
3100:
3085:
3081:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3018:
3014:
2961:
2957:
2932:10.1038/nrc2355
2912:
2903:
2858:
2854:
2817:
2813:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2731:
2727:
2682:
2678:
2638:
2634:
2595:
2591:
2544:
2540:
2509:
2505:
2468:
2464:
2419:
2415:
2383:
2379:
2340:
2336:
2299:
2295:
2250:
2246:
2199:
2195:
2156:
2152:
2105:
2101:
2072:(10): 615–625.
2062:
2058:
2007:
2003:
1958:
1954:
1912:
1905:
1901:
1870:
1866:
1857:
1855:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1790:
1786:
1739:
1732:
1695:
1691:
1646:
1642:
1605:
1601:
1570:
1566:
1535:
1526:
1517:
1515:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1473:Immunostimulant
1449:
1403:
1387:
1381:
1377:
1340:
1302:corticosteroids
1290:
1284:
1161:Non-depleting:
1100:type 1 diabetes
1055:
1046:
1030:immune response
1022:immune response
1015:
984:
934:cervical cancer
896:Anti-PD-1/PD-L1
893:
887:
858:T cell receptor
848:Alternatively,
835:
726:
607:
601:
596:
494:Example agents
483:
427:dendritic cells
379:
352:
342:
341:
301:
290:
289:
288:
281:
270:
264:
261:
224:"Immunotherapy"
218:
216:
210:
206:primary sources
194:
179:
175:
170:
164:
161:
124:"Immunotherapy"
118:
107:
103:primary sources
87:
83:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7498:
7488:
7487:
7482:
7467:
7466:
7454:
7431:
7430:
7428:
7427:
7426:
7425:
7415:
7410:
7405:
7400:
7395:
7392:
7387:
7381:
7379:
7375:
7374:
7372:
7371:
7366:
7361:
7356:
7351:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7316:Emergent virus
7313:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7297:
7296:
7288:
7283:
7277:
7275:
7267:
7266:
7263:
7262:
7260:
7259:
7256:
7251:
7249:Vector control
7246:
7241:
7236:
7231:
7226:
7221:
7216:
7211:
7206:
7205:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7192:N95 respirator
7184:
7179:
7174:
7173:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7151:
7146:
7145:
7144:
7134:
7129:
7128:
7127:
7117:
7116:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7095:
7090:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7069:
7067:
7065:pharmaceutical
7059:
7058:
7056:
7055:
7054:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6997:
6996:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6955:
6954:
6944:
6943:
6942:
6932:
6927:
6926:
6925:
6914:
6912:
6911:Pharmaceutical
6905:
6895:
6894:
6892:
6891:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6862:Cardiovascular
6860:
6855:
6850:
6847:
6842:
6841:Nervous system
6839:
6836:
6835:
6834:
6824:
6823:
6822:
6817:
6808:
6806:
6800:
6799:
6796:
6795:
6793:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6726:
6725:
6720:
6710:
6705:
6699:
6697:
6691:
6690:
6688:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6665:Infection rate
6662:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6621:
6619:
6613:
6612:
6609:
6608:
6605:
6604:
6601:
6600:
6598:
6597:
6591:
6589:
6585:
6584:
6582:
6581:
6577:
6575:
6571:
6570:
6568:
6567:
6563:
6561:
6557:
6556:
6554:
6553:
6547:
6545:
6541:
6540:
6538:
6537:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6515:
6513:
6509:
6508:
6506:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6489:
6488:
6477:
6475:
6471:
6470:
6468:
6467:
6466:
6465:
6460:
6452:
6451:
6450:
6445:
6437:
6436:
6435:
6430:
6427:
6422:
6420:Injection site
6414:
6408:
6406:
6400:
6399:
6397:
6396:
6391:
6389:Dental aerosol
6386:
6385:
6384:
6374:
6368:
6366:
6359:
6355:
6354:
6352:
6351:
6345:
6343:
6337:
6336:
6334:
6333:
6328:
6327:
6326:
6321:
6320:
6319:
6314:
6311:
6300:
6299:
6298:
6293:
6285:
6279:
6277:
6273:Human-to-human
6269:
6268:
6266:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6244:
6242:
6233:
6229:
6228:
6226:
6225:
6219:
6216:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6199:
6197:
6190:
6186:
6185:
6183:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6170:Super-spreader
6167:
6165:Superinfection
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6106:
6104:
6095:
6089:
6088:
6085:
6084:
6082:
6081:
6076:
6074:Vector control
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6050:
6049:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6015:
6014:
6009:
6003:Climate zones
6001:
5999:Climate change
5996:
5993:
5990:
5984:
5982:
5976:
5975:
5973:
5972:
5971:
5970:
5967:
5964:
5963:
5962:
5954:
5951:
5948:
5945:
5942:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5918:
5917:
5912:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5881:
5879:
5873:
5872:
5870:
5869:
5864:
5863:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5842:
5841:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5815:
5813:Quorum sensing
5810:
5809:
5808:
5798:
5797:
5796:
5786:
5781:
5775:
5773:
5764:
5760:
5759:
5746:
5745:
5738:
5731:
5723:
5717:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5686:
5685:External links
5683:
5680:
5679:
5652:(2): 862–869.
5635:
5586:
5535:
5486:
5455:(3): 463–472.
5449:Gastric Cancer
5435:
5400:
5348:
5299:
5250:
5201:
5152:
5101:
5076:
5039:
4990:
4941:
4906:
4879:(2): 217–221.
4863:
4834:(1): 136–137.
4814:
4771:
4722:
4708:. 2022-02-07.
4693:
4634:
4577:
4548:(7): 468–475.
4528:
4492:
4473:(4): 497–511.
4457:
4428:(2): 219–227.
4408:
4379:(4): 304–313.
4359:
4336:
4310:
4261:
4234:(3): 558–562.
4215:
4180:Cell Death Dis
4166:
4131:
4124:
4098:
4074:
4050:
4023:(6): 631–636.
4007:
3972:
3937:
3893:
3866:(2): 129–138.
3849:
3808:
3779:(1): 114–118.
3759:
3708:
3673:
3628:
3610:
3596:. 2019-09-24.
3581:
3566:
3533:
3482:
3441:
3412:(8): 615–620.
3392:
3335:
3286:
3257:(2): 185–192.
3237:
3208:(7): 907–912.
3188:
3139:
3110:
3079:
3076:on 2008-10-15.
3061:
3012:
2955:
2926:(4): 299–308.
2901:
2852:
2831:(5): 351–363.
2811:
2768:
2741:(9): 551–561.
2725:
2676:
2632:
2589:
2538:
2503:
2462:
2433:(9): 747–751.
2413:
2394:(2): 260–265.
2377:
2350:(4): 290–293.
2334:
2293:
2264:(3): 163–172.
2244:
2193:
2166:(4): 235–247.
2150:
2099:
2056:
2001:
1952:
1910:
1899:
1864:
1848:www.cancer.org
1835:
1784:
1730:
1709:(3): 147–153.
1689:
1660:(3): 175–196.
1640:
1599:
1580:(2): 105–106.
1564:
1524:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1448:
1445:
1437:celiac disease
1401:
1390:interleukin-12
1385:
1379:
1375:
1350:Trichuris suis
1339:
1336:
1298:antihistamines
1286:Main article:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1259:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1204:Myeloablative
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1172:
1166:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1133:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1054:
1051:
1045:
1042:
1014:
1011:
983:
980:
940:, lung cancer
930:bladder cancer
889:Main article:
886:
883:
834:
831:
765:cancer vaccine
725:
722:
640:bladder cancer
603:Main article:
600:
597:
595:
592:
589:
588:
582:
578:
577:
559:
552:
551:
538:
532:
531:
522:
516:
515:
502:
496:
495:
492:
482:
479:
381:
380:
373:
370:
369:
364:
358:
357:
350:
344:
343:
340:
339:
336:
333:
330:
327:
323:
320:
312:
311:
303:
302:
283:
282:
197:
195:
188:
181:
180:
173:
171:
90:
88:
81:
76:
50:
49:
47:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7497:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7480:Immunotherapy
7478:
7477:
7475:
7465:
7455:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7442:
7439:
7424:
7421:
7420:
7419:
7416:
7414:
7411:
7409:
7406:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7382:
7380:
7376:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7295:
7292:
7291:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7278:
7276:
7274:
7268:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7229:Sterilization
7227:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7217:
7215:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7197:Surgical mask
7195:
7193:
7190:
7189:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7160:
7157:
7156:
7155:
7154:Public health
7152:
7150:
7147:
7143:
7140:
7139:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7126:
7123:
7122:
7121:
7118:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7100:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7070:
7068:
7066:
7060:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7028:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7006:Phage therapy
7004:
7002:
6999:
6995:
6992:
6991:
6990:
6989:Immunotherapy
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6953:
6950:
6949:
6948:
6947:Antimicrobial
6945:
6941:
6938:
6937:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6924:
6921:
6920:
6919:
6916:
6915:
6913:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6896:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6840:
6838:Genitourinary
6837:
6833:
6830:
6829:
6828:
6825:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6812:
6810:
6809:
6807:
6801:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6715:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6700:
6698:
6696:in population
6692:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6660:Herd immunity
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6622:
6620:
6618:
6614:
6596:
6593:
6592:
6590:
6586:
6579:
6578:
6576:
6572:
6565:
6564:
6562:
6558:
6552:
6549:
6548:
6546:
6544:Genitourinary
6542:
6536:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6516:
6514:
6510:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6487:
6486:Contamination
6484:
6483:
6482:
6479:
6478:
6476:
6472:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6455:
6454:Vector-borne
6453:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6440:
6438:
6434:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6417:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6409:
6407:
6401:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6383:
6380:
6379:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6369:
6367:
6363:
6360:
6356:
6350:
6347:
6346:
6344:
6338:
6332:
6329:
6325:
6322:
6318:
6315:
6312:
6309:
6308:
6307:
6304:
6303:
6301:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6288:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6280:
6278:
6274:
6270:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6245:
6243:
6241:
6240:Cross-species
6237:
6234:
6230:
6223:
6220:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6201:
6200:
6198:
6194:
6191:
6187:
6181:
6180:Window period
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6145:Latent period
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6107:
6105:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6090:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6048:
6045:
6044:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6024:Deforestation
6022:
6020:
6017:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6004:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5985:
5983:
5981:
5977:
5969:Stress levels
5968:
5965:
5961:
5958:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5949:
5946:
5943:
5940:
5939:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5907:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5882:
5880:
5878:
5874:
5868:
5865:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5847:
5846:
5843:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5820:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5807:
5804:
5803:
5802:
5801:Pathogenicity
5799:
5795:
5792:
5791:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5776:
5774:
5772:
5768:
5765:
5761:
5756:
5752:
5744:
5739:
5737:
5732:
5730:
5725:
5724:
5721:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5689:
5688:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5651:
5647:
5639:
5631:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5613:
5609:
5605:
5601:
5597:
5590:
5582:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5554:
5550:
5546:
5539:
5531:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5505:
5501:
5497:
5490:
5482:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5439:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5404:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5352:
5344:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5326:
5322:
5319:(6): 314–23.
5318:
5314:
5310:
5303:
5295:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5254:
5246:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5205:
5197:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5156:
5148:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5105:
5097:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5079:
5077:9780120317585
5073:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5046:
5044:
5035:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4994:
4986:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4945:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4918:(in French).
4917:
4910:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4867:
4859:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4818:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4787:(2): 97–108.
4786:
4782:
4775:
4767:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4726:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4697:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4638:
4630:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4581:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4532:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4499:
4497:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4461:
4453:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4412:
4404:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4363:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4314:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4265:
4257:
4253:
4249:
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4229:
4222:
4220:
4211:
4207:
4202:
4197:
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4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4170:
4162:
4158:
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4150:
4146:
4142:
4135:
4127:
4121:
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4109:
4102:
4088:
4084:
4078:
4064:
4060:
4054:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4011:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
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3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3941:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3910:(3): 93–110.
3909:
3905:
3897:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3853:
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3184:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3143:
3128:
3124:
3123:Fierce Pharma
3120:
3114:
3098:
3094:
3093:The Telegraph
3090:
3083:
3075:
3071:
3065:
3057:
3053:
3048:
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2871:
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2866:Cell Research
2863:
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2652:
2648:
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2636:
2628:
2624:
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2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2601:(in German).
2600:
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2477:
2473:
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2458:
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2449:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2427:Oral Oncology
2424:
2417:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
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2381:
2373:
2369:
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2165:
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2142:
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2132:
2127:
2122:
2118:
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2110:
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2095:
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2087:
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2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2060:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2005:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1956:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1903:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
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1868:
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1471:
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1434:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1388:1 cytokines,
1383:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1335:
1333:
1328:
1326:
1321:
1318:
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1309:
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1303:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1275:
1273:
1270:
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1264:
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1255:
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1251:
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1242:
1236:
1232:
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1217:
1216:
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1207:
1203:
1200:
1197:
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1194:
1189:
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1182:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1164:
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1162:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1149:
1145:
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1139:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1050:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
979:
977:
973:
969:
964:
962:
958:
954:
949:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
926:breast cancer
923:
918:
916:
912:
907:
905:
901:
897:
892:
882:
879:
875:
874:myeloablative
869:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
846:
844:
843:
839:
830:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
771:
769:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
721:
719:
715:
711:
707:
705:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
659:
654:
652:
648:
643:
641:
637:
633:
628:
625:
624:immune system
621:
617:
613:
606:
587:
583:
580:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
560:
557:
554:
553:
550:
546:
542:
539:
537:
534:
533:
530:
526:
523:
521:
518:
517:
514:
510:
506:
503:
501:
498:
497:
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490:
489:
486:
478:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
439:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
415:
413:
409:
408:
403:
399:
398:immune system
395:
391:
387:
386:Immunotherapy
377:
371:
368:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
349:
345:
337:
334:
331:
328:
325:
324:
318:
313:
310:Immunotherapy
308:
299:
296:
287:
279:
276:
268:
257:
254:
250:
247:
243:
240:
236:
233:
229:
226: –
225:
221:
220:Find sources:
214:
208:
207:
203:
198:This article
196:
192:
187:
186:
172:
168:
157:
154:
150:
147:
143:
140:
136:
133:
129:
126: –
125:
121:
120:Find sources:
115:
111:
105:
104:
100:
96:
91:This article
89:
80:
79:
74:
72:
65:
64:
59:
58:
53:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
7137:Notification
7108:Hand washing
7103:Food hygiene
7088:Disinfection
6988:
6984:Immunization
6935:Anthelmintic
6923:prophylactic
6811:Respiratory
6735:Hyperendemic
6685:WAIFW matrix
6340:Environment-
6093:Transmission
6069:Urbanization
5867:Host tropism
5763:Determinants
5749:Concepts in
5696:
5649:
5646:Nano Letters
5645:
5638:
5603:
5599:
5589:
5552:
5548:
5538:
5503:
5499:
5489:
5452:
5448:
5438:
5413:
5409:
5403:
5362:
5358:
5351:
5316:
5312:
5302:
5267:
5263:
5253:
5218:
5214:
5204:
5172:(1): 28–34.
5169:
5165:
5155:
5118:
5114:
5104:
5059:
5055:
5010:(1): 43–51.
5007:
5003:
4993:
4958:
4954:
4944:
4919:
4915:
4909:
4876:
4872:
4866:
4831:
4827:
4817:
4784:
4780:
4774:
4739:
4735:
4725:
4714:. Retrieved
4705:
4696:
4651:
4647:
4637:
4597:(1): 55–59.
4594:
4590:
4580:
4545:
4541:
4531:
4520:. Retrieved
4508:
4470:
4466:
4460:
4425:
4421:
4411:
4376:
4372:
4362:
4319:
4313:
4281:(1): 17–23.
4278:
4274:
4264:
4231:
4227:
4183:
4179:
4169:
4144:
4140:
4134:
4107:
4101:
4090:. Retrieved
4086:
4077:
4066:. Retrieved
4062:
4053:
4020:
4016:
4010:
3985:
3981:
3975:
3950:
3946:
3940:
3907:
3903:
3896:
3863:
3859:
3852:
3825:
3821:
3811:
3776:
3772:
3762:
3725:
3721:
3711:
3686:
3682:
3676:
3659:2318/1717353
3641:
3637:
3631:
3622:
3613:
3602:. Retrieved
3593:
3584:
3549:
3545:
3499:
3495:
3485:
3458:
3454:
3444:
3409:
3405:
3395:
3352:
3348:
3338:
3303:
3299:
3289:
3254:
3250:
3240:
3205:
3201:
3191:
3156:
3152:
3142:
3131:. Retrieved
3122:
3113:
3101:. Retrieved
3097:the original
3092:
3082:
3074:the original
3064:
3029:
3025:
3015:
2972:
2968:
2958:
2923:
2919:
2872:(1): 74–95.
2869:
2865:
2855:
2828:
2824:
2814:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2738:
2734:
2728:
2693:
2689:
2679:
2646:
2642:
2635:
2602:
2598:
2592:
2555:
2551:
2541:
2516:
2512:
2506:
2489:10.2741/3566
2479:
2475:
2465:
2430:
2426:
2416:
2391:
2387:
2380:
2347:
2343:
2337:
2310:
2306:
2296:
2261:
2257:
2247:
2210:
2206:
2196:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2116:
2112:
2102:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2022:
2018:
2004:
1969:
1965:
1955:
1920:
1916:
1902:
1877:
1873:
1867:
1856:. Retrieved
1847:
1838:
1801:
1797:
1787:
1750:
1746:
1706:
1702:
1692:
1657:
1653:
1643:
1616:
1612:
1602:
1577:
1573:
1567:
1542:
1538:
1516:. Retrieved
1507:
1498:
1422:
1396:(IFN-γ) and
1357:
1349:
1341:
1329:
1322:
1314:
1310:
1291:
1262:
1253:
1160:
1135:
1127:
1118:
1113:
1089:
1071:
1059:CD4+ T-cells
1056:
1047:
1038:transplanted
1016:
994:
985:
965:
950:
938:colon cancer
919:
908:
894:
877:
870:
847:
840:
836:
798:
778:
772:
768:Sipuleucel-T
757:CD8+ T cells
755:, cytotoxic
749:viral vector
727:
708:
701:trichophytin
655:
644:
636:tuberculosis
629:
620:Tasuku Honjo
608:
570:pomalidomide
566:lenalidomide
500:Interleukins
484:
440:
416:
405:
401:
389:
385:
384:
291:
286:
271:
262:
252:
245:
238:
231:
219:
199:
162:
152:
145:
138:
131:
119:
99:verification
92:
68:
61:
55:
54:Please help
51:
7485:Virotherapy
7390:Eradication
7301:Biosecurity
7026:Vaccination
7001:Inoculation
6979:Drug safety
6974:Combination
6901:and Control
6849:Soft tissue
6803:Anatomical
6770:Seasonality
6750:Mesoendemic
6730:Holoendemic
6723:Farr's laws
6635:Attack rate
6433:Animal bite
6429:Insect bite
6365:Respiratory
5992:Air quality
5980:Environment
5890:Comorbidity
5806:Attack rate
5789:Infectivity
5121:(3): e399.
5062:: 197–288.
3644:: 290–297.
3103:22 December
1425:interleukin
1325:anaphylaxis
1136:Depleting:
1032:to prevent
1009:infection.
999:hepatitis C
961:immunogenic
866:skin cancer
825:and use of
745:transfected
683:to destroy
661:lymphocytes
645:The use of
632:BCG vaccine
612:Nobel Prize
562:thalidomide
525:Interferons
447:interferons
423:macrophages
419:lymphocytes
93:needs more
7474:Categories
7273:infections
7214:Sanitation
7182:Quarantine
7041:resistance
6959:Antiseptic
6940:Ascaricide
6930:Antifungal
6918:Antibiotic
6899:Prevention
6832:Intestinal
6765:Prevalence
6745:Inequality
6694:Occurrence
6493:Breastmilk
6377:Bioaerosol
6349:Sapronosis
6324:Horizontal
6196:Endogenous
6175:Viral load
6135:Index case
5365:: 111560.
5166:Immunology
4716:2022-06-06
4522:2024-05-10
4509:StatPearls
4092:2024-05-10
4068:2024-05-10
3728:(1): 101.
3689:: 81–111.
3604:2020-08-24
3133:2021-12-09
1858:2021-06-06
1518:2017-07-27
1490:References
854:retrovirus
827:neoantigen
677:interferon
574:apremilast
536:Chemokines
471:chemokines
469:, various
322:the body.
265:April 2018
235:newspapers
202:references
165:April 2018
135:newspapers
57:improve it
7385:Discovery
7311:Disease X
7271:Emerging
7219:Screening
7120:Isolation
6964:Antiviral
6790:Twindemic
6740:Incidence
6617:Modelling
6580:Perinatal
6512:Cutaneous
6403:Linked to
6313:Perinatal
6232:Exogenous
6224:formation
5966:Pregnancy
5823:Endotoxin
5818:Virulence
5395:198191485
4611:1528-4050
4161:1756-1795
4147:(1): 70.
3552:: 55–66.
2627:206295083
2558:(1): 49.
2025:: 65–79.
1725:2589-238X
1508:mskcc.org
1441:symbiotic
1392:(IL-12),
1320:patient.
1317:allergens
1306:allergens
1294:allergies
1233:Low dose
1090:Creating
1034:rejection
915:apoptosis
793:ligands,
783:monocytes
733:cytotoxic
673:imiquimod
665:cytokines
651:rituximab
520:Cytokines
451:imiquimod
445:(G-CSF),
63:talk page
7464:Medicine
7294:EARS-Net
7209:Safe sex
7161:services
7132:Lockdown
6903:measures
6805:location
6785:Syndemic
6780:Sporadic
6760:Pandemic
6755:Outbreak
6713:Epidemic
6566:Prenatal
6458:Mosquito
6342:to-human
6317:Neonatal
6310:Prenatal
6258:Zoonosis
6103:concepts
6034:Humidity
6019:Commerce
5895:Diabetes
5828:Exotoxin
5674:28027646
5630:27059723
5581:27535621
5530:22057348
5481:30171392
5430:25556991
5387:31336216
5343:25869420
5294:26477048
5245:19468064
5196:19120496
5147:19308259
5096:15603764
5034:32123528
4985:16965287
4936:18619749
4901:19279688
4893:19050918
4858:16344586
4801:17230481
4766:11585781
4710:Archived
4680:27609658
4629:27906697
4572:14629112
4564:10441602
4517:30570988
4487:20732648
4452:24378931
4403:21620722
4354:58542057
4346:30649772
4305:30884739
4297:12110811
4256:53034800
4248:30348449
4210:38734740
4201:11088660
4045:11297558
4037:11192519
3932:27557213
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