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715:(technique or art). Rather, he contends, it should be judged based on its embodied rhetorical performance — that is, how it is perceived by those who experience it. So, for example, one might evaluate the speech based on how persuasive it was, how emotionally moving it was, or how well it captured the audience's attention. Thus, while Gadamer judges prudence based on a set of principles, Jasinski emphasizes the artistry of communication and its reception by its audience. For Jasinski, communication should balance
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cannot be derived from a set of timeless principles. Instead, through gauging the situation and through reasoned deliberation, a speaker should determine the set of values and morals by which to base his or her actions. The capacity to take into account the particularities of the situation is vital to prudential practice. For example, as rhetorical scholar Lois Self explains, "both rhetoric and
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535:. To Titian, prudence was preparation, foresight and judgement from experience and human history. The three faces in the painting represent the passing of human generations, with the young facing the light while the oldest fade into shadow; the faint inscription above their heads may be translated as "From the past, the present acts prudently, lest it spoil future action".
173:. The virtue of prudence is the ability to judge between virtuous and vicious actions, not only in a general sense, but with regard to appropriate actions at a given time and place. Although prudence itself does not perform any actions, and is concerned solely with knowledge, all virtues are regulated by it. For example, distinguishing when acts are
730:, examining the relationship between prudence and moderation, rhetorician Eugene Garver holds that there is a middle ground between "an ethics of principles, in which those principles univocally dictate action" and "an ethics of consequences, in which the successful result is all". His premise stems from Aristotle's theory of virtue as
734:, in which moderation and compromise embody prudence. Yet, because elevating moderation is not an active response, prudence entails the "transformation of moderation" into a fitting response, making it a flexible situational norm. Garver also asserts that prudential reasoning differs from "algorithmic" and "
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are normative processes in that they involve rational principles of choice-making; both have general applicability but always require careful analysis of particulars in determining the best response to each specific situation; both ideally take into account the wholeness of human nature; and finally,
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In the modern era, rhetorical scholars have tried to recover a robust meaning for the term. They have maintained consistency with the ancient orators, contending that prudence is an embodied persuasive resource. Although sets of principles or rules can be constructed in a particular culture, prudence
554:
As another example, a patient with a terminal illness may hear of an experimental treatment with no conventional alternatives. They would have to weigh, on the one hand, the cost, time commitment, potential lack of benefit, and possible pain, disability, and hastened death, and on the other hand, the
311:
According to Greek and
Scholastic philosophy, 'form' is the unique characteristic of a thing that makes it what it is. In this sense, prudence gives other virtues their specific character as virtues, by providing a standard against which they can be judged. For example, not all acts of telling the
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the good that it discerns. Prudence has a directive capacity with regard to the other virtues. It lights the way and measures the arena for their exercise. Without prudence, bravery becomes foolhardiness, mercy sinks into weakness, free self-expression and kindness into censure, humility into
303:
Prudence provides a model of ethically good actions. "The work of art is true and real by its correspondence with the pattern of its prototype in the mind of the artist. In similar fashion, the free activity of man is good by its correspondence with the pattern of prudence."
671:, or those who had prudence, knew when to speak and when to stay silent. Cicero maintained that prudence was gained only through experience, and while it was applied in everyday conversation, in public discourse it was subordinated to the broader term for wisdom,
551:, the government of a nation must weigh whether the harms they suffer are more than the harms that would be produced by their going to war against another nation that is harming them; the decision whether to go to war is therefore a prudential judgment.
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Prudence is foundational to virtues, which are understood to be perfected abilities of the human spirit. This perfection is achieved when virtues are founded on prudence, or the ability to make the right decisions. For instance, a person can live
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FRS 18, prudence, along with consistency, was relegated to a "desirable" quality of financial information rather than fundamental concept. Prudence was rejected for IFRS because it was seen as compromising accounts' neutrality.
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degradation and arrogance, selflessness into corruption, and temperance into fanaticism. The purpose of prudence is to consider the circumstances of time, place, and manner that are relevant in any given situation, known as
188:
In modern
English, the word "prudence" has become closely associated with cautiousness. In this sense, prudence is a virtue that involves taking calculated risks, but excessive caution can become a vice of cowardice.
280:, and in his Letter to Menoeceus, where he says: "Prudence is the foundation of all these things and is the greatest good. Thus it is more valuable than philosophy and is the source of every other excellence."
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In ethics, a "prudential judgment" is one where the circumstances must be weighed to determine the correct action. This applies to situations in which two people could weigh the circumstances differently and
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implications of human actions. In this context, prudence is different from cunning in that it takes into account the supernatural good. For instance, the decision of persecuted
Christians to be
66:. On the lower left corner, Prudencia, with a book, addresses eight young women seated upon the ground. On the lower right corner, Prudencia enthroned speaks to eleven young seated women.
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understanding, the difference between prudence and cunning lies in the intent with which a decision to act is made. The
Christian understanding of the world includes the existence of
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The
Ancient Greek term for prudence is synonymous with "forethought". People, the Ancient Greeks believed, must have enough prudence to prepare for worshiping the Olympian gods.
1736:
738:" reasoning because it is rooted in a political community, the context in which common problems regarding stability and innovation arise and call for prudential reasoning.
696:, adds that "aesthetic sensibility, imitation of a performative ideal, and improvisation upon conventions of presentation" are also components of practical reasoning.
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347:, judgments that take a reasonable form, but are aimed at evil ends or that use evil means, are considered to be examples of "cunning" and "false prudence".
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is defined as absolute prudence, multiplied by the level of consumption. These measures are closely related to the concepts of absolute and relative
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and
Prudence window, Lindfield. Third window, south chapel, All Saints Church, Lindfield, West Sussex. Made in or after 1906 by Christopher Whall.
997:. The rule of prudence means that gains should not be anticipated unless their realisation was highly probable. However, recent developments in
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is an allegorical female personification of the virtue, whose attributes are a mirror and snake, and who is frequently depicted as a pair with
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707:'s speech to the Catholic Church of Notre Dame cannot be judged solely on the basis of its consequences, since prudence is not reducible to
218:)—traditionally translated as "prudence", although this has become problematic as the modern usage of that word has changed. More recently
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373:, are the elements that must be present for any complete or perfect act of the virtue. The following are the integral parts of prudence:
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asserted that prudence materializes through the application of principles and can be evaluated accordingly. Jasinski argues that
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truth are considered virtuous, but those that are done with prudence would be considered expressions of the virtue of honesty.
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In accounting, prudence was historically regarded as a fundamental principle for determining the appropriate timing of
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in the
Scholastic tradition. So while it qualifies the intellect and not the will, it is nevertheless a moral virtue.
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an open-mindedness that recognizes variety and is able to seek and make use of the experience and authority of others
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when he has acquired the habit of deciding correctly the actions to take in response to his instinctual cravings.
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58:. Concordia puts the finishing touches on the wagon. Upon entry Prudencia rides alone, on one horse, towards the
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potential benefit and the benefits to others that could be gained from what could be learned from their case.
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Prudence is the application of universal principles to particular situations. "Integral parts" of virtues, in
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Prudence provides guidance on the appropriate course of action in specific situations. It does not
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meaning "seeing ahead, sagacity") is the ability to govern and discipline oneself by the use of
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accurate memory; that is, memory that is true to reality; an ability to learn from experience
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both have social utility and responsibility in that both treat matter of the public good".
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1518:"Tax and accountancy: development of accountancy concepts and new objectives: FRS18"
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1163:. Translated by Lattimore, Richmond. Chicago London: University of Chicago Press.
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Rhetorical scholars differ on definitions of the term and methods of analysis.
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foresight—the capacity to estimate whether particular actions can realize goals
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bemoaned the demotion of prudence as a governing principle of accounting and
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have led academic critics to accuse the
International Standard-Setting Body,
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266:, as the cause, measure, and form of all virtues. It is considered to be the
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Prudentia, detail from the 1514 monument of King Louis XII in St Denis, Paris
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shrewdness or quick-wittedness, the ability to evaluate a situation quickly
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discursive reasoning and the ability to research and compare alternatives
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The
Judgment of Sense: Renaissance Naturalism and the Rise of Aesthetics
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1235:"Just and Unjust Wars Summary | PDF | Just War Theory | Preemptive War"
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494: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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The crowned
Prudencia, carrying scales, allegorically rides a wagon to
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Faith, Hope and Love, as portrayed by Mary Lizzie Macomber (1861–1916)
665:, young men failing to consider the consequences before they act. The
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or the charioteer of the virtues. It is mentioned in the fifth of the
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Self, Lois (1979). "Rhetoric and Phronesis: The Aristotelian Ideal".
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Sandmo, A. (1970). "The Effect of Uncertainty on Saving Decisions".
1025:. However, their comments were disputed by prominent practitioners.
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The strength of the precautionary saving motive can be measured by
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Ability of a person to regulate themselves with the use of reason
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962:{\displaystyle -{\frac {u'''\left(x\right)}{u''\left(x\right)}}}
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1037: – Ancient Greek word for a type of wisdom or intelligence
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37:"Imprudence" redirects here. For the French short story, see
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because neither, in his estimation, could be reduced to an
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the ability to take all relevant circumstances into account
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meaning "foresight, sagacity". It is often associated with
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1476:"Tax and accountancy: concepts and pervasive principles"
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1284:. The Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 37.
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Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
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rather than deny their faith is considered prudent.
590:, or practical wisdom, holds an important place in
1119:. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
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723:, rather than merely achieving a specific result.
1343:Gadamer, Hans-George (1982). "Truth and Method".
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758:future income. This additional saving is called
1282:Prudence: classical virtue, postmodern practice
230:", "practical judgment", or "rational choice".
1552:"Lords took a leap on international standards"
1498:"IASB has abandoned prudence, professor warns"
1096:The Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers
594:as a central aspect of judgment and practice.
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2472:Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues
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1317:. Penn State University Press. p. 14.
246:The female face depicts Francis' daughter
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155:, which, in turn, derives from the Latin
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2519:Values in Action Inventory of Strengths
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1496:Christodoulou, Mario (24 August 2010).
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1363:Machiavelli and the History of Prudence
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889:{\displaystyle u'''\left(x\right)>0}
145:The word derives from the 14th-century
118:. It is classically considered to be a
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226:has been translated by such terms as "
202:gives a lengthy account of the virtue
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1189:McManaman, Douglas (February 2006).
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492:adding citations to reliable sources
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244:tomb of Francis II, Duke of Brittany
122:, and in particular one of the four
2504:Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers
1113:Delany, Joseph (1911). "Prudence".
39:Imprudence (Maupassant short story)
24:
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1195:Catholic Education Resource Center
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1365:. University of Wisconsin Press.
1302:. Sage Publications. p. 463.
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1005:, of abandoning prudence. In the
854:of utility is positive, that is,
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1585:"Second Part of the Second Part"
1210:"What is a Prudential Judgment?"
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765:If a risk-averse consumer has a
711:(knowledge or understanding) or
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142:, the Roman goddess of Justice.
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547:For instance, in the theory of
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479:needs additional citations for
254:Prudence was considered by the
2457:Catalogue of Vices and Virtues
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1137:. Cambridge University Press.
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234:As the "mother" of all virtues
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659:. He contrasts the term with
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1550:Orlik, Rose (4 April 2011).
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457:the ability to mitigate risk
242:Allegory of Prudence on the
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1015:financial crisis of 2007–08
126:(which are, with the three
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1423:Kimball, Miles S. (1990).
1389:Review of Economic Studies
1069:Merriam-Webster Dictionary
1007:British reporting standard
750:as "prudent" if he or she
567:Main gate of 18th-century
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1116:The Catholic Encyclopedia
1043: – female given name
185:, is an act of prudence.
82:Prudentia on the tomb of
41:. For the racehorse, see
32:Prudence (disambiguation)
1330:Theory without Modernity
1328:Hariman, Robert (1991).
1298:Jasinski, James (2001).
1280:Hariman, Robert (2003).
1191:"The Virtue of Prudence"
1159:Homer (1 January 2011).
1013:In a 2011 report on the
692:, in his examination of
635:as a rhetorical norm in
605:his treatise on rhetoric
1361:Garver, Eugene (1987).
1315:Philosophy and Rhetoric
1133:Summers, David (1987).
1087:"Epicurus to Menoeceus"
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1483:Business Income Manual
1300:Sourcebook on Rhetoric
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746:Economists describe a
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2276:Theories of deduction
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1595:Catholic Encyclopedia
1041:Prudence (given name)
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406:the understanding of
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2439:Bodhipakkhiyā dhammā
2061:Christian philosophy
1808:Seven lively virtues
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839:{\displaystyle u(x)}
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790:{\displaystyle u(x)}
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760:precautionary saving
528:Allegory of Prudence
488:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
2509:Theological virtues
2412:Positive psychology
2103:Philosophical logic
1751:theological virtues
995:revenue recognition
462:Prudential judgment
274:Principal Doctrines
128:theological virtues
2941:Self-transcendence
2533:Individual virtues
2477:Nine Noble Virtues
2406:Nicomachean Ethics
2167:Unity of opposites
1742:
1722:Augustine of Hippo
1587:(Questions 47–56).
1528:on 22 October 2010
1262:Nicomachean Ethics
1161:The Iliad of Homer
1091:Laërtius, Diogenes
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2462:Epistemic virtues
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2199:List of fallacies
2184:Explanatory power
2111:Critical thinking
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2021:Great Commandment
1980:Evagrius Ponticus
1813:Seven deadly sins
1170:978-0-226-47049-8
1144:978-0-521-32675-9
971:relative prudence
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901:absolute prudence
810:{\displaystyle x}
797:over consumption
732:an "intermediate"
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88:Bamberg Cathedral
16:(Redirected from
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2016:Ten Commandments
2009:Related concepts
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1792:Paul the Apostle
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1249:
1247:
1245:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1214:Catholic Answers
1205:
1199:
1198:
1186:
1175:
1174:
1156:
1150:
1148:
1130:
1121:
1120:
1110:
1101:
1100:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1061:
1046:
968:
966:
965:
960:
958:
956:
955:
944:
935:
934:
923:
914:
895:
893:
892:
887:
879:
868:
845:
843:
842:
837:
816:
814:
813:
808:
796:
794:
793:
788:
767:utility function
726:In his study of
686:
676:
670:
664:
634:
622:
614:
601:
589:
515:
508:
504:
501:
495:
473:
466:
440:
428:
416:
408:first principles
403:
393:
383:
271:
248:Anne of Brittany
228:practical wisdom
225:
217:
209:
177:, as opposed to
160:
154:
124:cardinal virtues
113:
21:
3481:
3480:
3476:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3440:
3383:
3301:
3128:
3055:
3005:
2528:
2514:Three Treasures
2431:Virtue families
2426:
2400:Moral character
2383:
2378:
2348:
2343:
2314:Logical atomism
2270:
2163:Socratic method
2114:
2105:
2100:
2070:
2065:
2052:
2004:
1995:Dante Alighieri
1811:
1809:
1803:
1749:
1743:
1731:
1644:
1638:
1629:
1578:
1573:
1572:
1562:
1560:
1557:Accountancy Age
1548:
1541:
1531:
1529:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1503:Accountancy Age
1494:
1490:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1446:10.2307/2938334
1427:
1421:
1417:
1402:10.2307/2296725
1384:
1380:
1373:
1359:
1352:
1341:
1337:
1326:
1322:
1311:
1307:
1296:
1289:
1278:
1274:
1257:
1253:
1243:
1241:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1218:
1216:
1206:
1202:
1187:
1178:
1171:
1157:
1153:
1145:
1131:
1124:
1111:
1104:
1080:
1076:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1044:
1031:
991:
945:
937:
936:
924:
916:
915:
913:
908:
905:
904:
869:
861:
859:
856:
855:
822:
819:
818:
802:
799:
798:
773:
770:
769:
744:
561:
516:
505:
499:
496:
485:
464:
356:
318:
298:medium rationis
269:auriga virtutum
262:, most notably
236:
84:Pope Clement II
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3479:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3446:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3429:
3422:
3413:
3406:
3399:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3374:
3365:
3358:
3351:
3342:
3333:
3324:
3317:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3292:
3285:
3272:
3265:
3258:
3251:
3244:
3237:
3230:
3223:
3216:
3209:
3200:
3193:
3186:
3179:
3172:
3165:
3158:
3151:
3144:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3119:
3112:
3103:
3094:
3087:
3080:
3071:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3046:
3037:
3030:
3023:
3013:
3011:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2540:Accountability
2536:
2534:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2442:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2402:
2397:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2377:
2376:
2369:
2362:
2354:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2284:Constructivism
2280:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2120:
2118:
2116:informal logic
2107:
2106:
2099:
2098:
2091:
2084:
2076:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2002:
2000:Peter Binsfeld
1997:
1992:
1990:Pope Gregory I
1987:
1982:
1975:
1974:
1961:
1960:
1950:
1940:
1930:
1920:
1910:
1900:
1889:
1888:
1878:
1868:
1858:
1848:
1838:
1828:
1817:
1815:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1787:
1786:
1776:
1766:
1755:
1753:
1745:
1744:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1729:
1727:Thomas Aquinas
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1692:
1691:
1681:
1671:
1661:
1650:
1648:
1640:
1639:
1628:
1627:
1620:
1613:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1588:
1577:
1576:External links
1574:
1571:
1570:
1539:
1509:
1488:
1467:
1415:
1396:(3): 353–360.
1378:
1371:
1350:
1335:
1320:
1305:
1287:
1272:
1251:
1226:
1200:
1176:
1169:
1151:
1143:
1122:
1102:
1074:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1038:
1030:
1027:
1019:House of Lords
1017:, the British
990:
987:
954:
951:
948:
943:
940:
933:
930:
927:
922:
919:
912:
885:
882:
878:
875:
872:
867:
864:
848:differentiable
835:
832:
829:
826:
806:
786:
783:
780:
777:
743:
740:
690:Robert Hariman
577:Lady Prudentia
560:
557:
518:
517:
476:
474:
463:
460:
459:
458:
455:
450:
447:
446:circumspection
444:
441:
432:
429:
420:
417:
410:
404:
397:
394:
387:
384:
355:
354:Integral parts
352:
345:Thomas Aquinas
317:
314:
264:Thomas Aquinas
256:ancient Greeks
235:
232:
130:, part of the
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3478:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3436:
3435:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3278:
3277:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3152:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2961:Sportsmanship
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2926:Righteousness
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2839:Nonattachment
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2499:Seven virtues
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2446:Brahmavihārās
2443:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2423:
2422:Virtue ethics
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2388:About virtues
2386:
2382:
2375:
2370:
2368:
2363:
2361:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2097:
2092:
2090:
2085:
2083:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1806:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1746:
1738:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1632:Seven virtues
1626:
1621:
1619:
1614:
1612:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1546:
1544:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1492:
1484:
1482:
1477:
1471:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1426:
1419:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1390:
1382:
1374:
1372:0-299-11080-X
1368:
1364:
1357:
1355:
1346:
1339:
1332:. p. 28.
1331:
1324:
1316:
1309:
1301:
1294:
1292:
1283:
1276:
1268:
1264:
1263:
1255:
1240:
1236:
1230:
1215:
1211:
1208:Horn, Trent.
1204:
1196:
1192:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1172:
1166:
1162:
1155:
1146:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1127:
1118:
1117:
1109:
1107:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1070:
1066:
1060:
1056:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
989:In accounting
986:
984:
983:John W. Pratt
980:
979:Kenneth Arrow
977:developed by
976:
975:risk aversion
972:
969:. Similarly,
952:
949:
946:
941:
938:
931:
928:
925:
920:
917:
910:
902:
897:
883:
880:
876:
873:
870:
865:
862:
853:
849:
830:
824:
804:
781:
775:
768:
763:
761:
757:
753:
749:
739:
737:
733:
729:
724:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
697:
695:
691:
685:
678:
675:
669:
663:
658:
657:
656:De re publica
652:
651:
650:De Inventione
646:
645:
640:
639:
633:
628:
624:
621:
620:
613:
612:
606:
602:
600:
593:
588:
587:
578:
574:
570:
565:
556:
552:
550:
545:
543:
534:
530:
529:
524:
514:
511:
503:
493:
489:
483:
482:
477:This section
475:
472:
468:
467:
456:
454:
451:
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341:
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258:and later by
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220:Ancient Greek
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129:
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2931:Self-control
2901:Renunciation
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2859:Philanthropy
2854:Perspicacity
2814:Magnificence
2767:Intelligence
2747:Impartiality
2667:Faithfulness
2555:Authenticity
2481:
2467:Five virtues
2444:
2437:
2417:Trait theory
2404:
2309:Intuitionism
2294:Fictionalism
2235:
2048:Hamartiology
2043:Old Covenant
2036:Original sin
1985:John Cassian
1971:Psychomachia
1969:
1956:
1946:
1936:
1926:
1916:
1906:
1896:
1884:
1874:
1864:
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1555:
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1526:the original
1521:
1512:
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1491:
1479:
1470:
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1437:
1433:Econometrica
1431:
1418:
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1012:
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900:
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742:In economics
725:
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708:
705:Andrew Cuomo
698:
679:
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625:
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573:Lady Justice
553:
546:
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538:
526:
506:
497:
486:Please help
481:verification
478:
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319:
310:
306:Josef Pieper
302:
297:
292:
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282:
253:
193:
191:
187:
144:
135:
93:
92:
47:
3001:Workmanship
2891:Punctuality
2809:Magnanimity
2732:Hospitality
2682:Forgiveness
2627:Discernment
2585:Cleanliness
2289:Dialetheism
2179:Explanation
2149:Credibility
2026:Eschatology
1835:Temperantia
1688:Temperantia
1259:Aristotle.
728:Machiavelli
644:De officiis
571:portraying
569:Castellania
559:In rhetoric
437:providentia
330:natural law
286:temperately
111:providentia
3455:Categories
3314:Auctoritas
3162:Aparigraha
3141:Adhiṭṭhāna
3123:Sophrosyne
3091:Eutrapelia
2976:Temperance
2956:Solidarity
2946:Simplicity
2906:Resilience
2881:Politeness
2849:Patriotism
2829:Moderation
2702:Good faith
2692:Generosity
2652:Equanimity
2632:Discipline
2590:Compassion
2334:Pragmatism
2324:Nominalism
2231:Propaganda
2206:Hypothesis
2159:Antithesis
1966:Prudentius
1855:Diligentia
1831:Temperance
1684:Temperance
1591:"Prudence"
1244:19 October
1219:12 October
1065:"prudence"
1051:References
852:derivative
717:compromise
638:De Oratore
603:fits with
500:March 2016
175:courageous
147:Old French
106:contracted
18:Imprudence
3362:Humanitas
3108:Phronesis
3099:Philotimo
2951:Sincerity
2916:Reverence
2784:Judgement
2772:Emotional
2762:Integrity
2752:Innocence
2707:Gratitude
2687:Frugality
2677:Foresight
2657:Etiquette
2647:Endurance
2622:Diligence
2545:Alertness
2494:Scout Law
2395:Endowment
2304:Formalism
2266:Vagueness
2246:Relevance
2241:Reasoning
2154:Dialectic
2129:Ambiguity
1885:Humilitas
1875:Patientia
1865:Humanitas
1851:Diligence
1790:Sources:
1706:, Book IV
1695:Sources:
1678:Fortitudo
1674:Fortitude
1658:Prudentia
1462:153558057
1345:Crossroad
1035:Phronesis
911:−
817:, and if
736:heuristic
694:Malcolm X
684:phronesis
674:sapientia
662:imprudens
632:prudentia
599:phronesis
586:Phronesis
542:ethically
414:sollertia
391:docilitas
322:Christian
206:phronesis
200:Aristotle
171:knowledge
158:prudentia
136:Prudentia
102:prudentia
3355:Gravitas
3338:Dignitas
3084:Ataraxia
2966:Sympathy
2896:Religion
2886:Prudence
2844:Patience
2819:Meekness
2794:Kindness
2742:Humility
2737:Humanity
2672:Fidelity
2617:Courtesy
2580:Chivalry
2575:Chastity
2565:Charisma
2560:Calmness
2550:Altruism
2319:Logicism
2299:Finitism
2251:Rhetoric
2236:Prudence
2174:Evidence
2134:Argument
2124:Analysis
1978:People:
1964:Source:
1957:Superbia
1917:Avaritia
1903:Gluttony
1881:Humility
1871:Patience
1861:Kindness
1825:Castitas
1821:Chastity
1703:Republic
1668:Iustitia
1654:Prudence
1563:12 April
1532:12 April
1083:Epicurus
1029:See also
942:″
921:‴
866:‴
748:consumer
709:episteme
629:defined
611:episteme
549:just war
338:martyred
278:Epicurus
224:ϕρόνησις
216:ϕρόνησις
183:cowardly
179:reckless
152:prudence
140:Justitia
94:Prudence
60:Empyrean
3410:Sadaqah
3396:Ganbaru
3329:Decorum
3321:Caritas
3276:Śraddhā
3262:Shaucha
3227:Kshanti
3155:Akrodha
3010:Chinese
2911:Respect
2834:Modesty
2804:Loyalty
2789:Justice
2757:Insight
2717:Honesty
2712:Heroism
2642:Empathy
2600:Courage
2570:Charity
2483:Pāramīs
2381:Virtues
2339:Realism
2226:Premise
2216:Opinion
2211:Inquiry
2194:Fallacy
1947:Invidia
1897:Luxuria
1845:Caritas
1841:Charity
1783:Caritas
1717:Ambrose
1664:Justice
1593:at the
1454:2938334
1410:2296725
1093:(ed.).
756:riskier
721:courage
668:prudens
453:caution
380:memoria
363:Justice
192:In the
167:insight
86:in the
62:of the
3461:Virtue
3378:Virtus
3370:Pietas
3289:Upekṣā
3282:Saddhā
3248:Prajñā
3241:Muditā
3220:Kshama
3213:Karuṇā
3176:Asteya
3169:Ārjava
3148:Ahimsa
3133:Indian
3116:Sophia
2991:Wisdom
2869:Filial
2777:Social
2722:Honour
2261:Theory
2139:Belief
1927:Acedia
1810:versus
1712:Cicero
1460:
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1369:
1239:Scribd
1167:
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713:techne
653:, and
627:Cicero
619:techne
533:Titian
332:, and
328:, the
169:, and
163:wisdom
120:virtue
116:reason
56:Heaven
3434:Virtù
3388:Other
3347:Fides
3306:Latin
3296:Vīrya
3255:Satya
3234:Mettā
3197:Dhṛti
3076:Arete
3068:Agape
3060:Greek
2986:Trust
2971:Taste
2864:Piety
2824:Mercy
2697:Glory
2662:Faith
2610:Moral
2605:Civil
2524:Yamas
2256:Rigor
1953:Pride
1933:Wrath
1923:Sloth
1913:Greed
1763:Fides
1759:Faith
1748:Three
1697:Plato
1458:S2CID
1450:JSTOR
1428:(PDF)
1406:JSTOR
1089:. In
1023:audit
752:saves
615:or a
579:above
425:ratio
334:moral
149:word
108:from
98:Latin
3426:Sisu
3418:Seny
3403:Giri
3269:Sevā
3190:Dāna
3027:Jing
2876:Pity
2799:Love
2727:Hope
2637:Duty
2189:Fact
2144:Bias
1943:Envy
1907:Gula
1893:Lust
1779:Love
1773:Spes
1769:Hope
1643:Four
1565:2011
1534:2011
1522:HMRC
1481:HMRC
1367:ISBN
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1267:VI.7
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981:and
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2113:and
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1937:Ira
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