233:, Netherlands. This company was founded in 2013 by students Wouter Bruins (biology) and Wil Stutterheim (biomedical sciences) and, just like Seleggt, uses a small amount of liquid from the hatching egg and determines whether it is a male or female hatching egg by means of biomarker detection on the 9th day. By January 2020, In Ovo was capable of sexing 1,500 eggs an hour (0.42 per second), but the Dutch poultry sector required 40,000 eggs an hour, so further innovation was necessary. In Ovo received millions of euros in research investments, mostly from German chemicals company Evonik, Singaporese venture capital company Visvires New Protein, and
132:
More animal friendly because the day-old male chicks no longer need to be culled, and more sustainable because less energy is used because only the female eggs need to be further incubated after sexing. The male eggs are sorted out and can be used for different purposes such as an alternative high-value protein source. When there are no longer males that hatch, other innovations are also available to egg producers, such as on-farm hatching and in-ovo vaccination.
123:, both for human consumption; after the sexing, these female chicks are transported to the rearing farms where they are housed before they go to a laying hen farm or broiler farm. On the other hand, the male chicks are deemed to have much less economic value, as they cannot lay eggs and are usually less suited for meat production; most male chicks are therefore culled on the day they hatch after they have been sexed as male.
187:
consumption eggs that are laid by the hens that have been sexed with the
Seleggt method are to be found on the shelves of the German supermarket REWE, in the Berlin region. The eggs that have been sexed with the Seleggt method are sold under the label "Respeggt". This label guarantees the promise "Free of chick culling". Since 2018, Respeggt eggs have been available in Germany, France, and the Netherlands.
174:
explored in 2017. When the pattern analysis in hyperspectral images methodology was researched. First, the eggs would be candled with halogen lamps. Then, a hyperspectral camera would collect the transmitted light and the eggs would be classified using a linear discriminant analysis. This methodology could perform in-ovo sexing from 11-day up to 14-day embryos with a 97% accuracy.
22:
222:' for the sex through a small hole in the eggshell on day 9 after fertilisation. Mixed with fluid from fertilised eggs, this marker changes blue for a male and white for a female, with a 98.5% accuracy rate. As of May 2019, Seleggt sexed one egg per second (3,600 an hour) and thus enabled 30,000 'no-kill' female chicks to hatch in Germany every week. The
196:
in-ovo sexed chick is estimated to cost around $ 3.80, compared to $ 0.95 for a conventional chick. Since a chick lays around 350 eggs over its life, this means an additional 0.8 cents per table egg sold. These eggs then sell for around 1-3 additional cents per table egg, the difference including the additional margins from each part of the supply chain.
205:
spectroscopy, and endocrine method. The main drawbacks of invasive procedures is that they may affect the eggs’ hatchability and that the process implies a risk for bacterial infection. On the other hand, non-invasive technologies, have a contactless in-ovo sexing procedure (e.g. AI-powered imaging) are free of this previous risks.
195:
Since the launch of in-ovo sexing in 2018, multiple companies have had success in Europe, implementing different methodologies and technologies for in-ovo sexing. As of
September 2023, it was estimated that 15 per cent of the layer flock in Europe used in-ovo sexing, from five different companies. An
131:
In-ovo gender determination has the potential to bring an end to the killing of billions of male chicks. It is estimated that yearly around 7 billion day-old male chicks are killed. Implementing in-ovo sexing into the poultry industry results in a more animal friendly and more sustainable production.
263:
to determine the sex of the egg. The hatching egg is examined with by light beam, with a hyperspectral measuring technology the sex is determined on the basis of the calculated light spectrum. This method works for hatching eggs from sex-linked breeds where male and female birds have different color
165:
Research has been conducted to achieve this goal. The first study on the matter, was published in 2013, for in-ovo sexing on day 9 of incubation. The researched procedure, later called bio-marker detection, used a hormonal test for the allantoic fluid of brown layers’ eggs. Further research was done
140:
In
January 2021, Germany was the first country to successfully outlaw the practice. A few months later, France also banned the one-day-old male chick slaughter. In 2022, the third country, Italy, followed the same steps, prohibiting the practice by 2026. In 2024, the UK government's official Animal
299:
Genus Focus has different installations across Europe, including France, Germany, the
Netherlands and soon Norway. Orbem has entered a strategic partnership with the Vencomatic Group (NL) for end-to-end automation of the process, which includes financing facilitated by the Vencomatic Group of up to
295:
Based on years of scientific research at the interface of AI, imaging technology and embryonic poultry development, Orbem was founded in 2019 as a spin-off from the
Technical University of Munich. Orbem uses AI-powered MRI to conduct in-ovo sexing on day 11 - 12 of incubation, with a throughput of
204:
The in-ovo sexing technologies have evolved into two main categories: invasive and non-invasive. An invasive technology is any technology that creates damage to the egg through intrusive sampling and biochemical analysis for the in-ovo sexing process. Examples of these are biomarker detection, PCR,
282:
Hypereye is a
Canadian spectroscopic technology that is being developed by the Egg Research Development Foundation (ERDF), initially funded by Poultry Industry Council in Ontario and later by Egg Farmers of Ontario (EFO). It aims to achieve a 99% accuracy rate and to process 30,000–50,000 eggs per
363:
Krautwald-Junghanns, ME; Cramer, K; Fischer, B; Förster, A; Galli, R; Kremer, F; Mapesa, EU; Meissner, S; Preisinger, R; Preusse, G; Schnabel, C; Steiner, G; Bartels, T (1 March 2018). "Current approaches to avoid the culling of day-old male chicks in the layer industry, with special reference to
173:
methodology was developed, it analyzes the extraembryonic blood to determine the sex of the embryo through its blood wavelength. The supervised egg classification by a PC with a 93% error rate was able to determine the sex of 380 eggs at 3.5 incubation day. A variation of this methodology was
177:
In 2019, a new methodology was developed, AI-powered imaging. By combining AI and MRI together to perform in-ovo sexing of 12-day-old eggs with 95% accuracy level. Since 2007 MRI was used as a valuable tool for studying egg development in a contactless manner. Yet it would not be until it was
186:
In 2018, Seleggt was the first company to succeed in commercial in-ovo sexing. Seleggt managed to sex the hatching eggs on day 9 of the incubation process with a hormone test. The method is based on the fundamental research of Prof. Dr. Einspanier at
Leipzig University. From 8 November 2018,
264:
plumage, all males white-feathered and all females brown-feathered for example, and can take place from the 13th day of the hatching process. AAT's goal is to eventually be able to sex eggs at the 4th day. The German
Agriculture Ministry has also invested in AAT's technological development.
245:
The German company
Plantegg uses a PCR method, which uses DNA to determine whether the hatching egg is male or female. Like In Ovo and Seleggt, this method determines the sex on day 9 of the incubation process. This method is expected to be ready for use by the end of 2020.
144:
In the US, male culling has received substantial attention from animal activists, although in-ovo sexing is not currently available. However, the egg industry has indicated that they will strongly support the adoption of this technology once it is available.
161:
For a long time, it was held impossible to determine the sex of the hatching egg before or during the hatching process. The poultry sector has been working on this for years in order to be able to phase out chick culling in the interest of animal welfare.
275:(CNRS) on Projet Soo, which employs a mix of spectroscopy and the use of biosensors with the target of achieving 90% accuracy in ovo sexing at 9 days of incubation by the end of 2019. In 2017, French Agriculture Minister
300:
15 million Euros for equipment to be deployed at customer sites throughout Europe. This allows hatcheries to use the combined solution without any upfront investment just based on a performance fee per egg.
627:
801:"In-ovo sexing of 14-day-old chicken embryos by pattern analysis in hyperspectral images (VIS/NIR spectra): A non-destructive method for layer lines with gender-specific down feather color"
107:
of one-day-old male chicks, billions of male chicks that are killed as part of the production process each year. At the day the chicks hatch from their eggs the chicks are sexed. During
421:
472:
381:
Doran T. J., Morris K. R., Wise T. G., O'Neil T. E., Cooper C. A., Jenkins K. A., Tizard M. L. V. (2017) Sex selection in layer chickens. Animal
Production Science 58, 476-480.
166:
by Prof. Dr. Einspanier following the same methodology. It is important to mention that hatchability is affected by this in-ovo sexing method, as reported by Dr. Einspeiner.
1506:
68:
In-ovo sexing technology has branched into two categories, invasive and non-invasive. The first invasive technology to be successfully commercially introduced for
967:
744:
Galli, Roberta; Preusse, Grit; Uckermann, Ortrud; Bartels, Thomas; Krautwald-Junghanns, Maria-Elisabeth; Koch, Edmund; Steiner, Gerald (1 February 2017).
296:
up to 24,000 eggs per hour. The solution applies equally to brown and white eggs. The solution is contactless and has no effect on the hatchability rate.
1344:
223:
993:
1046:
354:
Reithmayer, C., & Mußhoff, O. (2019). Consumer preferences for alternatives to chick culling in Germany. Poultry science, 98(10), 4539–4548
272:
1252:
1175:
1201:
321:
1480:
709:
76:
in November 2018. Meanwhile, the non-invasive in-ovo sexing technologies have been introduced to the market by the German start-up
856:
395:
1122:
Ching, Congo Tak Shing; Wang, Chien-Kai; Li, Chin; Chiu, Hsuan-Ni; Hieu, Nguyen Van; Phan, Thien Luan (12 November 2021).
883:"Noninvasive monitoring of chick development in ovo using a 7T MRI system from day 12 of incubation through to hatching"
628:"Maharashtra Joins List of States Committing to Adopting In Ovo Sexing Technology to Prevent Killing of Male Chicks"
1278:
1071:
550:
524:
141:
Welfare Committee recommended that the UK ban chick culling, although their recommendation is not legally binding.
1015:
601:
1227:
881:
Bain, Maureen M.; Fagan, Andrew J.; Mullin, James M.; McNaught, Iain; McLean, John; Condon, Barrie (July 2007).
447:
148:
A number of state governments in India have mandated that in-ovo sexing be used once it becomes available.
1174:
Tweel, L. R. G. van den; Pol, C. W. van der; Brand, H. van den; Neethirajan, S. R. (11 February 2022).
1303:
649:
170:
1377:
1160:
730:
1554:
710:"In-ovo-Geschlechtsbestimmung bei Legehybriden mittels endokriner Analyse der AllantoisflĂĽssigkeit"
111:
the day-old chicks are divided into male and female groups. Female chicks can be raised to become
1507:"Vencomatic Group and Orbem announce a strategic partnership for in ovo sexing of poultry eggs"
1176:"Non-invasive in-ovo sexing of chicken eggs using Raman spectroscopy and hyperspectral imaging"
1549:
1147:
717:
8:
1403:
665:
648:
Weissmann, A.; Reitemeier, S.; Hahn, A.; Gottschalk, J.; Einspanier, A. (1 August 2013).
1047:"In-ovo sexing reaches 15% penetration in EU as tech to end male chick culling advances"
287:
announced an $ 844,000 investment in the research project to stimulate its development.
276:
1135:
1123:
922:
838:
781:
685:
499:
1231:
1139:
914:
830:
822:
773:
765:
677:
669:
650:"Sexing domestic chicken before hatch: A new method for in ovo gender identification"
284:
230:
58:
926:
842:
689:
1127:
904:
894:
812:
785:
757:
661:
268:
219:
1131:
1352:
1228:"Millions invested in Leiden method of determining sex of chicks before hatching"
69:
30:
1096:
761:
575:
1543:
1318:
826:
769:
673:
104:
98:
745:
918:
834:
777:
681:
260:
226:
has invested 5 million euros in the development of the Seleggt technology.
108:
38:
941:
1534:
279:
granted Projet Soo 4.3 million euros to finance its egg sexing research.
112:
1124:"A Pioneer Study on a Non-invasive Method for in Ovo Chicken Egg Sexing"
817:
800:
283:
hour (8.3–13.9 eggs per second). In 2018, Canadian Agriculture Minister
1023:
899:
882:
57:"). There are various methods to determine a chick's sex in the 21-day
1429:
1404:"Germany, France push to end male chick 'shredding' in European Union"
909:
1253:"Pasgeboren kuikens niet meer vergast of in de shredder in Frankrijk"
1202:"Germany hopes new technology will stop the slaughter of male chicks"
62:
551:"Why the US egg industry is still killing 300 million chicks a year"
234:
81:
500:"Italy Outlaws Slaughter of Male Chicks, Saving Millions of Lives"
448:"Germany Becomes First Country to Ban Mass Culling of Male Chicks"
799:
Göhler, Doreen; Fischer, Björn; Meissner, Sven (1 January 2017).
647:
218:
The Dutch–German company Seleggt measures a substance that is a '
178:
combined with AI that it could be used for large-scale purposes.
116:
1430:"GĂłmez Pedro & Romero Miguel Molina - Orbem - TUM Community"
857:"FFAR and Open Philanthropy Announce Six Egg-Tech Prize Winners"
259:
Another German company, Agri Advanced Technologies (AAT), uses
46:
345:
Gibbs, C. S. (2016). A guide to sexing chicks. Read Books Ltd.
50:
746:"In ovo sexing of chicken eggs by fluorescence spectroscopy"
743:
120:
73:
42:
72:
was bio-market detection through the Dutch–German company
1345:"Une technique pour éviter le broyage des poussins mâles"
54:
1173:
422:"In-ovo sexing opens door to on-farm hatching of layers"
21:
880:
602:"United Egg Producers Updated Statement on Male Chicks"
103:
The present-day ethical problem with egg production is
994:"Launched: Method to identify gender in hatching eggs"
224:
German Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (BMEL)
798:
1455:
151:
77:
1342:
126:
473:"France to outlaw culling of day-old male chicks"
322:"World's first no-kill eggs go on sale in Berlin"
1541:
1121:
229:Another Dutch company is In Ovo, a spin-off of
181:
1180:WIAS Annual Conference 2022: Collective Action
861:Foundation for Food & Agriculture Research
319:
273:French National Centre for Scientific Research
290:
965:
249:
199:
1375:
1182:. Wageningen University & Research: 47.
968:"Durchbruch: Gemeinsam Kükentöten beenden!"
703:
701:
699:
315:
313:
1221:
1219:
1199:
1013:
908:
898:
816:
599:
255:Spectroscopy (AAT, Project Soo, Hypereye)
135:
1427:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
991:
939:
707:
696:
548:
445:
310:
208:
20:
1481:"Orbem | Genus Focus for in-ovo sexing"
1456:"Orbem | Unleashing AI-powered imaging"
1371:
1369:
1216:
1072:"Opinion on chick culling alternatives"
525:"Opinion on chick culling alternatives"
16:Method to determine the sex of chickens
1542:
1316:
1225:
1044:
750:Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
394:Fabian, Brockotter (7 February 2020).
393:
214:Bio-marker detection (Seleggt, In Ovo)
1504:
1395:
1343:Marie-Noëlle Delaby (17 April 2019).
1186:
887:Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging
419:
396:"SELEGGT stops day-old-chick culling"
389:
387:
267:The French company Tronico, based in
1401:
1366:
666:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.04.014
497:
156:
1226:Epping, Marieke (29 October 2018).
1045:Watson, Elaine (13 December 2023).
549:Danovich, Tove K. (12 April 2021).
320:Josie Le Blond (22 December 2018).
13:
992:McDougal, Tony (9 November 2018).
625:
420:Yaman, Robert (16 November 2023).
384:
14:
1566:
1402:Wray, Meaghan (16 January 2020).
446:Nosowitz, Dan (9 December 2021).
152:Early technological breakthroughs
1376:Melanie Epp (19 December 2016).
1279:"ALDI schafft das Kükentöten ab"
966:Seleggt GmbH (8 November 2018).
498:Rabb, Maxwell (15 August 2022).
127:Innovation in the poultry sector
1498:
1473:
1448:
1428:Willkomm, Eva (26 April 2021).
1421:
1336:
1310:
1296:
1271:
1245:
1167:
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1089:
1064:
1038:
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985:
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874:
849:
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619:
593:
568:
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517:
491:
708:WeiĂźmann, Anne (3 June 2014).
465:
439:
413:
375:
357:
348:
339:
1:
303:
92:
80:and AAT, a subsidiary of the
182:First commercial application
7:
1528:
1259:(in Dutch). 29 January 2020
1132:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1047909/v1
600:uep_admin (25 March 2021).
10:
1571:
1378:"Hypereye: A game changer"
1200:David Reid (30 May 2019).
291:AI-powered imaging (Orbem)
119:fed to be slaughtered for
96:
87:
1382:Canadian Poultry Magazine
762:10.1007/s00216-016-0116-6
250:Non-invasive technologies
200:Sex determination methods
171:fluorescence spectroscopy
41:method carried out while
1097:"In-Ovo Sexing Overview"
576:"In-Ovo Sexing Overview"
364:spectroscopic methods".
271:, collaborates with the
1155:Cite journal requires
725:Cite journal requires
136:Male-chick culling ban
26:
1505:Orbem (31 May 2022).
209:Invasive Technologies
24:
606:United Egg Producers
1101:Innovate Animal Ag
972:Leipzig University
900:10.1002/jmri.20963
580:Innovate Animal Ag
479:. 23 February 2022
27:
1232:Leiden University
942:"Seleggt process"
818:10.3382/ps/pew282
285:Lawrence MacAulay
231:Leiden University
157:Academic research
115:-laying hens, or
59:incubation period
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1026:on 25 March 2020
1022:. Archived from
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789:
756:(5): 1185–1194.
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346:
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336:
334:
332:
317:
277:Stéphane Le Foll
269:La Roche-sur-Yon
237:Leiden-Katwijk.
191:European rollout
53:for "inside the
1570:
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1565:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1555:Poultry farming
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1341:
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1317:In ovo (2019).
1315:
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1103:. 14 March 2024
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1014:respeggt GmbH.
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805:Poultry Science
797:
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366:Poultry Science
362:
358:
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318:
311:
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70:poultry farming
31:poultry farming
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940:Seleggt GmbH.
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654:Theriogenology
640:
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356:
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308:
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242:
241:PCR (Plantegg)
216:
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1434:TUM Community
1431:
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1379:
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1370:
1354:
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1544:Categories
1257:RTL Nieuws
1056:21 January
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