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453:, "In Flanders Fields" was the most popular poem of its era. McCrae received numerous letters and telegrams praising his work when he was revealed as the author. The poem was republished throughout the world, rapidly becoming synonymous with the sacrifice of the soldiers who died in the First World War. It was translated into numerous languages, so many that McCrae himself quipped that "it needs only Chinese now, surely". Its appeal was nearly universal. Soldiers took encouragement from it as a statement of their duty to those who died while people on the home front viewed it as defining the cause for which their brothers and sons were fighting.
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and the
Unionist government. "In Flanders Fields" was said to have done more to "make this Dominion persevere in the duty of fighting for the world's ultimate peace than all the political speeches of the recent campaign". McCrae, a staunch supporter of the empire and the war effort, was pleased with
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in McCrae's unit. While delivering the brigade's mail, he watched McCrae as he worked on the poem, noting that McCrae's eyes periodically returned to Helmer's grave as he wrote. When handed the notepad, Allinson read the poem and was so moved he immediately committed it to memory. He described it as
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The day before he wrote his famous poem, one of McCrae's closest friends was killed in the fighting and buried in a makeshift grave with a simple wooden cross. Wild poppies were already beginning to bloom between the crosses marking the many graves. Unable to help his friend or any of the others who
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As with his earlier poems, "In
Flanders Fields" continues McCrae's preoccupation with death and how it stands as the transition between the struggle of life and the peace that follows. It is written from the point of view of the dead. It speaks of their sacrifice and serves as their command to the
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on several occasions. A version minted in 2004 featured a red poppy in the centre and is considered the first multi-coloured circulation coin in the world. To mark the poem's centennial in 2015, a coloured and uncoloured poppy quarter and a "toonie" ($ 2 coin) were issued as circulation coins, as
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or J. M. Elder, or
Allinson. McCrae was convinced to submit the poem for publication. An early copy of the poem is found in the diary of Clare Gass, who was serving with McCrae as a battlefield nurse, in an entry dated October 30, 1915—nearly six weeks before the poem's first publication in the
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The poem was a popular motivational tool in Great
Britain, where it was used to encourage soldiers fighting against Germany, and in the United States where it was reprinted across the country. It was one of the most quoted works during the war, used in many places as part of campaigns to sell
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Another story of the poem's origin claimed that Helmer's funeral was held on the morning of May 2, after which McCrae wrote the poem in 20 minutes. A third claim, by
Morrison, was that McCrae worked on the poem as time allowed between arrivals of wounded soldiers in need of medical attention.
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For seventeen days and seventeen nights none of us have had our clothes off, nor our boots even, except occasionally. In all that time while I was awake, gunfire and rifle fire never ceased for sixty seconds ... And behind it all was the constant background of the sights of the dead, the
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honoured the 50th anniversary of John McCrae's death with a stamp in 1968 and marked the centennial of his famous poem in 2015. Other
Canadian stamps have featured the poppy, including ones in 1975, 2001, 2009, 2013 and 2014. Other postal authorities have employed the poppy as a symbol of
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when a writer of that time first noted how the poppies grew over the graves of soldiers. The damage done to the landscape in
Flanders during the battle greatly increased the lime content in the surface soil, leaving the poppy as one of the few plants able to grow in the region.
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received permission to change the wording of the opening line to end with "blow". McCrae used either word when making handwritten copies for friends and family. Questions over how the first line should end have endured since publication. Most recently, the
721:. Madame E. Guérin attended the 1920 convention where the Legion supported Michael's proposal and was inspired to sell poppies in her native France to raise money for the war's orphans. In 1921, Guérin sent poppy sellers to London ahead of
193:. He developed an interest in poetry at a young age and wrote throughout his life. His earliest works were published in the mid-1890s in Canadian magazines and newspapers. McCrae's poetry often focused on death and the peace that followed.
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being "almost an exact description of the scene in front of us both". According to legend, McCrae was not satisfied with his work. It is said he crumpled the paper and threw it away. It was retrieved by a fellow member of his unit, either
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because of his training and age but he volunteered instead to join a fighting unit as a gunner and medical officer. It was his second tour of duty in the
Canadian military; he had previously fought with a volunteer force in the
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quickly grew around the graves of those who died at Ypres. The next day, he composed the poem while sitting in the back of an ambulance at an
Advanced Dressing Station outside Ypres. This place has since become known as the
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living to press on. As with many of the most popular works of the First World War, it was written early in the conflict, before the romanticism of war turned to bitterness and disillusion for soldiers and civilians alike.
583:, written by Jean Pariseau and used by the Canadian government in French and bilingual ceremonies. With an excerpted appearance on the ten-dollar bill from 2001 to 2013, the Royal Canadian Mint has released poppy-themed
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The word that ends the first line of the poem has been disputed. According to
Allinson, the poem began with "In Flanders Fields the poppies grow" when first written. McCrae ended the second-to-last line with "grow",
339: In Flanders fields.
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tone of the first nine lines and the "recruiting-poster rhetoric" of the third stanza. Describing it as "vicious" and "stupid", Fussell called the final lines a "propaganda argument against a negotiated peace".
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326: In Flanders fields.
125:. According to legend, fellow soldiers retrieved the poem after McCrae, initially dissatisfied with his work, discarded it. "In Flanders Fields" was first published on December 8 of that year in the
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It is one of the most quoted poems from the war. As a result of its immediate popularity, parts of the poem were used in efforts and appeals to recruit soldiers and raise money selling
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on April 22, 1915, but were unable to break through the Canadian line, which held for over two weeks. In a letter written to his mother, McCrae described the battle as a "nightmare",
162:, particularly in Canada, where "In Flanders Fields" is one of the nation's best-known literary works. The poem is also widely known in the United States, where it is associated with
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well as other collector coins. Among its uses in popular culture, the lines "to you from failing hands we throw / the torch, be yours to hold it high" has served as a motto for the
542:, France, in June 1915 where he was promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel and placed in charge of medicine at the Number 3 Canadian General Hospital. He was promoted to the acting rank of
652:, named after the poem and devoted to the First World War, is situated in one of Flanders' largest tourist areas. A monument commemorating the writing of the poem is located at
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213:. He considered himself a soldier first; his father was a military leader in Guelph and McCrae grew up believing in the duty of fighting for his country and
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2014:, choral piece by composer Bradley Nelson, commissioned by Fresno State Chamber Singers and Chico State Chamber Singers of California State University
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736:, Haig supported and encouraged the sale. The practice quickly spread throughout the British Empire. The wearing of poppies in the days leading up to
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and those who sought to profit from the war. At least 55 composers in the United States set the poem "In Flanders Fields" to music by 1920, including
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on January 13, 1918, and named Consulting Physician to the British Armies in France. The years of war had worn McCrae down; he contracted
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and was buried there with full military honours. A book of his works, featuring "In Flanders Fields", was published the following year.
509:. The setting by Ives, which premiered in early 1917, is perhaps the earliest American setting. Fussell criticized the poem in his work
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Alexis Helmer, a close friend, was killed during the battle on May 2. McCrae performed the burial service himself, where he noticed how
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becoming one of the world's most recognized memorial symbols for soldiers who have died in conflict. The poem and poppy are prominent
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Regardless of its true origin, McCrae worked on the poem for months before considering it ready for publication. He submitted it to
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was inundated with queries and complaints from those who believed the first line should end with "grow", when a design for the
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717:". She distributed silk poppies to her peers and campaigned to have them adopted as an official symbol of remembrance by the
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ceremonies and may be the best-known literary piece among English Canadians. It has an official French adaptation, entitled
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117:. He was inspired to write it on May 3, 1915, after presiding over the funeral of friend and fellow soldier Lieutenant
675:, speculated that its patriotic nature and use as a tool for propaganda may have led literary critics to view it as a
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the effect his poem had on the election. He stated in a letter: "I hope I stabbed a Canadian with my vote".
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Ward, Jennifer A. (March 13, 2014). "American Musical Settings of "In Flanders Fields" and the Great War".
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in Guelph, Ontario has been converted into a museum dedicated to his life and the war. McCrae was named a
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276:. Unlike the printed copy in the same book, McCrae's handwritten version ends the first line with "grow".
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was released in 2001, with the first stanza of "In Flanders Fields", ending the first line with "blow".
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had died, John McCrae gave them a voice through his poem. It was the second last poem he was to write.
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year-round to honour the soldiers who had died in the war. She also wrote a poem in response called "
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Royal Canadian Mint Commemorates 100th Anniversary of In Flanders Fields with Silver Collector Coins
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2018:
In Flander's fields by Lt. Col. John McCrae, M.D. and America's answer by R. W. Lillard, 1914–1918
1749:. Department of Veterans' Affairs and Board of Studies, New South Wales. July 2013. Archived from
1743:"Ieper (Ypres) – Belgium – Nearby site: Essex Farm Cemetery, Boezinge – Lieutenant Colonel McCrae"
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2020:. Hamilton, Ont. : Commercial Engravers, 1918. 8 p. Accessed 4 January 2014, in PDF format.
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Despite its fame, "In Flanders Fields" is often ignored by academics teaching and discussing
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remembrance, including those of Australia, Gibraltar, the United Kingdom and United States.
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An article by Veteran's Administration Canada provides this account of the writing of
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Inscription of the complete poem in a bronze book at the John McCrae memorial at his
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web page about John McCrae, "In Flanders Fields", and the custom of wearing poppies
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Aspects of the poem were used in propaganda, such as this Canadian war bonds poster
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in the history of war. They attacked French positions north of the Canadians with
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is a common English name of the World War I battlefields in Belgium and France.
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Le Canada pendant la Première Guerre mondiale et la route vers la crête de Vimy
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324: Loved and were loved, and now we lie,
315: The larks, still bravely singing, fly
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333: The torch; be yours to hold it high.
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313: That mark our place; and in the sky
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Illustrated page by Ernest Clegg. Note that the first line ends with "grow".
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where the first line ends with "grow" instead of "blow", as discussed under
283:, a 1919 collection of McCrae's works, contains two versions of the poem: a
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335: If ye break faith with us who die
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De re medica : News from the Osler Library of the History of Medicine
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wounded, the maimed, and a terrible anxiety lest the line should give way.
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To you from failing hands we throw / The torch; be yours to hold it high.
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and part of "In Flanders Fields" on a Second World War recruitment poster
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575:"In Flanders Fields" is very popular in Canada, where it is a staple of
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that McCrae referred to had been associated with conflict since the
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region of Belgium, where the German army launched one of the first
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Lieutenant Colonel John McCrae was a soldier, physician and poet.
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It was often used for propaganda, particularly in Canada by the
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1471:""In Flanders Fields" – Canada's Official Poem: Breaking Faith"
337: We shall not sleep, though poppies grow
126:
1927:, vol. two, Toronto, Ontario: McClelland & Stewart,
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322: We lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow,
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that grew over the graves of fallen soldiers resulted in the
554:. On January 28, 1918, he died at the military hospital in
320: We are the Dead. Short days ago
1668:"Lest We Forget McCrae House keeps realities of war alive"
331: To you from failing hands we throw
329: Take up our quarrel with the foe:
317: Scarce heard amid the guns below.
1691:
McCrae, Lieutenant-Colonel John National Historic Person
306: In Flanders fields, the poppies
1887:, Markham, Ontario: Fitzhenry & Whiteside Limited,
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McCrae was moved to the medical corps and stationed in
1720:(in Dutch), Knack.be, February 5, 2012, archived from
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Essex Farm Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery
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Essex Farm Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery
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in Quebec were strongly opposed to the possibility of
1903:
The Great War and Modern Memory (Illustrated Edition)
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Inspired by "In Flanders Fields", American professor
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attributed the poem to McCrae in its year-end index.
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Nieuw streekbezoekerscentrum Ieper officieel geopend
1504:(in French), Veterans Affairs Canada, archived from
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709:resolved at the war's conclusion in 1918 to wear a
636:The monument commemorating "In Flanders Fields" at
408:in London but it was rejected. It was then sent to
1920:
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1196:"Guelph house commemorates Flanders' poet McCrae"
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1574:Royal Canadian Mint news release, April 30, 2015
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614:The birthplace of John McCrae in Guelph, Ontario
1855:"Who, What, Why: Which countries wear poppies?"
1848:
1846:
1803:"Where did the idea to sell poppies come from?"
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480:voted overwhelmingly to support Prime Minister
2084:Works originally published in Punch (magazine)
1555:, Royal Canadian Mint order form, October 2015
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1014:"In memory of Lieutenant Colonel John McCrae"
779:Military history of Canada during World War I
513:(1975). He noted the distinction between the
493:, during recruiting efforts and to criticize
1970:In Flanders Fields: The Story of John McCrae
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1553:Never forget with the 2015 Remembrance coins
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1221:"'In Flanders fields' at the Osler Library"
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945:. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. p. 3.
196:At the age of 41, McCrae enrolled with the
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1246:"Flanders poppies blow up furor in Canada"
1111:
966:
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2048:McGill University Library & Archives.
2042:McGill University Library & Archives.
902:, Veterans Affairs Canada, archived from
827:, Veterans Affairs Canada, archived from
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625:in 1946, and his house was listed as a
599:1968 Canada stamp honouring John McCrae
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1947:, Arcturus Publishing (reprint 2008),
1940:
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1972:, Erin, Ontario: Boston Mills Press,
1531:, Royal Canadian Mint, archived from
1285:Ragner, Bernhard (January 30, 1938),
1096:, The Australian Army, archived from
1067:"Forever there... In Flanders Fields"
740:remains popular in many areas of the
663:. The poem is sometimes viewed as an
272:An autographed copy of the poem from
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1405:In Flanders Fields (Song Collection)
1703:McCrae House National Historic Site
204:. He had the option of joining the
21:In Flanders Fields (disambiguation)
16:First World War poem by John McCrae
13:
1995:In Flanders Fields And Other Poems
1944:In Flanders Fields and Other Poems
1666:Hill, Valerie (November 7, 1998),
1219:Dysert, Anna (November 11, 2015).
1194:Brennan, Pat (November 10, 2009),
942:In Flanders Fields and Other Poems
550:that day and later came down with
281:In Flanders Fields and Other Poems
274:In Flanders Fields and Other Poems
14:
2115:
1987:
1905:, New York: Stirling Publishing,
1853:Rahman, Rema (November 9, 2011),
1779:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
1591:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
1370:Journal of Musicological Research
1138:McGill Library Archival Catalogue
350:A reading of "In Flanders Fields"
2023:
1641:"In Flanders Fields stamp issue"
1481:(1), University of New Brunswick
1252:, p. A38, February 11, 2001
785:The Red Poppies on Monte Cassino
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1774:Remembrance Day: Lest we forget
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1586:Last game at the Montreal Forum
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511:The Great War and Modern Memory
1475:Studies in Canadian Literature
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1287:"A tribute in Flanders Fields"
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673:University of British Columbia
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200:following the outbreak of the
189:was a poet and physician from
1:
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1832:, Digital Library of Georgia
1382:10.1080/01411896.2014.878566
198:Canadian Expeditionary Force
7:
2033:public domain audiobook at
1073:, p. 8, March 29, 2006
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10:
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2074:Military history of Canada
1968:Prescott, John F. (1985),
1923:Canada: A People's History
1885:The Canadians: John McCrae
1747:www.ww1westernfront.gov.au
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18:
1039:"Poem depicts war scenes"
646:In Flanders Fields Museum
570:Shubenacadie, Nova Scotia
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258:John McCrae Memorial Site
84:
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62:
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45:
734:The Royal British Legion
623:National Historic Person
592:hockey club since 1940.
146:. Its references to the
1901:Fussell, Paul (2009) ,
1528:A symbol of remembrance
1016:. VAC. November 7, 2019
742:Commonwealth of Nations
715:We Shall Keep the Faith
449:According to historian
263:
160:Commonwealth of Nations
158:symbols throughout the
2094:World War I propaganda
1883:Bassett, John (1984),
1570:March 4, 2016, at the
1469:Holmes, Nancy (2005),
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627:National Historic Site
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568:– cenotaph sculpture,
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222:Second Battle of Ypres
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123:Second Battle of Ypres
110:by Canadian physician
40:
2079:Poems set in Flanders
2040:Andrew Macphail Fonds
2006:Royal Canadian Legion
1941:McCrae, John (1919),
1919:Gillmor, Don (2001),
1535:on September 18, 2012
1408:, Library of Congress
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462:1917 federal election
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398:on December 8, 1915.
384:Cyril Allinson was a
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220:McCrae fought in the
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106:, written during the
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1705:, Parks Canada, 2012
1693:, Parks Canada, 2012
1621:on November 17, 2015
1100:on February 26, 2012
972:"In Flanders Fields"
581:"Au champ d'honneur"
19:For other uses, see
1809:, November 10, 2006
1781:, November 10, 2010
1724:on February 7, 2012
1508:on October 26, 2012
1071:The Journal Opinion
980:, December 18, 1921
683:Remembrance poppies
671:, professor at the
661:Canadian literature
619:McCrae's birthplace
552:cerebral meningitis
466:Conscription Crisis
2099:Poems about nature
2030:In Flanders Fields
2012:In Flanders Fields
1428:, pp. 314–315
1292:The New York Times
1134:"Clare Gass Fonds"
1043:Regina Leader-Post
1003:, pp. 105–106
977:The New York Times
906:on October 7, 2012
899:In Flanders Fields
732:. A co-founder of
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590:Montreal Canadiens
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360:In Flanders Fields
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303:In Flanders Fields
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121:, who died in the
112:Lieutenant-Colonel
96:In Flanders Fields
63:First published in
47:In Flanders Fields
41:
2104:Poems about death
2089:World War I poems
1912:978-0-19-513331-8
1250:Los Angeles Times
689:Remembrance poppy
507:John Philip Sousa
478:English Canadians
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152:remembrance poppy
102:in the form of a
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1753:on March 7, 2016
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1647:. April 29, 2015
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1611:"Lest We Forget"
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577:Remembrance Day
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26:
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1994:
1969:
1958:, retrieved
1943:
1922:
1902:
1884:
1876:Bibliography
1875:
1874:
1862:, retrieved
1858:
1834:, retrieved
1828:
1822:
1811:, retrieved
1806:
1783:, retrieved
1773:
1767:
1755:. Retrieved
1751:the original
1746:
1737:
1728:February 13,
1726:, retrieved
1722:the original
1716:
1710:
1698:
1686:
1677:February 20,
1675:, retrieved
1671:
1661:
1651:November 12,
1649:. Retrieved
1644:
1635:
1625:November 12,
1623:. Retrieved
1619:the original
1614:
1605:
1596:February 11,
1594:, retrieved
1585:
1579:
1560:
1548:
1539:February 11,
1537:, retrieved
1533:the original
1527:
1521:
1510:, retrieved
1506:the original
1500:
1494:
1485:February 11,
1483:, retrieved
1478:
1474:
1450:Bassett 1984
1445:
1433:
1426:Fussell 2009
1421:
1412:February 20,
1410:, retrieved
1404:
1398:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1328:, p. 49
1326:Bassett 1984
1321:
1316:, p. 50
1314:Bassett 1984
1309:
1298:, retrieved
1296:, p. 14
1290:
1280:
1273:Fussell 2009
1256:February 11,
1254:, retrieved
1249:
1240:
1230:February 13,
1228:. Retrieved
1224:
1214:
1203:, retrieved
1200:Toronto Star
1199:
1189:
1177:
1172:, p. 94
1170:Gillmor 2001
1165:
1153:
1143:February 22,
1141:. Retrieved
1137:
1128:
1123:, p. 96
1102:, retrieved
1098:the original
1092:
1086:
1075:, retrieved
1070:
1047:, retrieved
1042:
1020:December 11,
1018:. Retrieved
1008:
982:, retrieved
975:
951:
941:
937:McCrae, John
931:
926:, p. 93
924:Gillmor 2001
919:
908:, retrieved
904:the original
898:
892:
887:, p. 14
885:Bassett 1984
880:
875:, p. 31
868:
861:Gillmor 2001
856:
851:, p. 21
844:
833:, retrieved
829:the original
823:
817:
812:, p. 11
805:
796:
795:
730:Douglas Haig
704:
692:
669:Nancy Holmes
658:
643:
617:
602:
574:
565:
537:
510:
503:Arthur Foote
499:Charles Ives
487:
474:conscription
455:
451:Paul Fussell
448:
421:
418:
413:
409:
403:
400:
395:
383:
365:
359:
357:
353:
302:
300:
292:
285:printed text
280:
279:
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250:
239:
234:chlorine gas
219:
195:
185:
168:Memorial Day
164:Veterans Day
141:
131:
95:
93:
67:
25:
1960:February 7,
1864:February 8,
1836:February 8,
1813:February 8,
1785:February 8,
1645:Canada Post
1615:Canada Post
1512:February 8,
1300:February 7,
1205:February 7,
1104:February 7,
1077:February 7,
1049:February 7,
984:February 7,
910:February 6,
835:February 6,
695:red poppies
665:anachronism
640:near Ypres.
604:Canada Post
464:amidst the
460:during the
372:Publication
294:Publication
187:John McCrae
148:red poppies
115:John McCrae
56:John McCrae
2064:1915 poems
2058:Categories
2000:Faded Page
792:References
437:Popularity
174:Background
34:birthplace
1390:161990222
797:Footnotes
746:ANZAC Day
711:red poppy
629:in 1966.
548:pneumonia
495:pacifists
491:war bonds
394:magazine
144:war bonds
129:magazine
2035:LibriVox
2002:(Canada)
1859:BBC News
1807:BBC News
1757:April 8,
1568:Archived
1294:Magazine
939:(1919).
752:See also
585:quarters
556:Wimereux
540:Boulogne
515:pastoral
244:—
226:Flanders
100:war poem
544:colonel
253:poppies
224:in the
104:rondeau
98:" is a
79:Rondeau
1976:
1951:
1931:
1909:
1891:
1388:
522:Legacy
505:, and
246:McCrae
215:empire
127:London
1386:S2CID
650:Ypres
422:Punch
414:Punch
410:Punch
396:Punch
132:Punch
68:Punch
1974:ISBN
1962:2012
1949:ISBN
1929:ISBN
1907:ISBN
1889:ISBN
1866:2012
1838:2012
1815:2012
1787:2012
1759:2016
1730:2012
1679:2012
1653:2015
1627:2015
1598:2012
1541:2012
1514:2012
1487:2012
1414:2012
1302:2012
1258:2012
1232:2018
1207:2012
1145:2018
1106:2012
1079:2012
1051:2012
1022:2019
986:2012
912:2012
837:2012
693:The
530:The
476:but
308:blow
264:Poem
166:and
75:Form
1998:at
1378:doi
648:in
54:by
36:in
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23:.
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