29:
213:" injections may be required in some vaccines to provide an effective immune response against the pathogen. Attenuated vaccines are often preferable for generally healthy people because a single dose is often safe and very effective. However, some people cannot take attenuated vaccines because the pathogen poses too much risk for them (for example,
229:
The pathogen particles are destroyed and cannot divide, but the pathogens maintain some of their integrity to be recognized by the immune system and evoke an adaptive immune response. When manufactured correctly, the vaccine is not infectious, but improper inactivation can result in intact and
1140:
264:
Inactivated vaccines tend to produce an immune response that is primarily antibody-mediated. However, deliberate adjuvant selection allows inactivated vaccines to stimulate a more robust cell-mediated immune response.
245:, on its surface along with a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule. It can now interact with and activate T cells. The resulting helper T cells will then stimulate an
1142:
NACI literature review on the comparative effectiveness and immunogenicity of subunit and split virus inactivated influenza vaccines in adults 65 years of age and older
163:, that is, weakened). Pathogens for inactivated vaccines are grown under controlled conditions and are killed as a means to reduce infectivity and thus prevent
655:
28:
497:
Pathogens must be cultured and inactivated for the creation of killed whole-organism vaccines. This process slows down vaccine production when compared to
1291:
2346:
486:
Inactivated vaccines have a reduced ability to produce a robust immune response for long-lasting immunity when compared to live attenuated vaccines.
469:(OPV) becoming virulent, leading to the inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) replacing OPV in many countries with controlled wild-type polio transmission.
261:
against the specific pathogen and allows the immune system to respond more effectively and rapidly after subsequent encounters with that pathogen.
1489:
1378:
454:
Inactivated pathogens are more stable than live pathogens. Increased stability facilitates the storage and transport of inactivated vaccines.
1529:
1524:
1187:
465:
form and cause disease. For example, there have been rare instances of the live attenuated form of poliovirus present in the oral
1926:
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241:(APC) and transported to a draining lymph node in vaccinated people. The APC will place a piece of the antigen, an
1973:
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371:
2031:
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1829:
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Because inactivated pathogens tend to produce a weaker response by the immune system than live pathogens,
638:(14th ed.). Washington, D.C.: Public Health Foundation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
1951:
1388:
1371:
472:
Unlike live attenuated vaccines, inactivated vaccines do not replicate and are not contraindicated for
2001:
1172:
280:
are produced when an entire pathogen is 'killed' using heat, chemicals, or radiation, although only
1956:
1921:
1916:
1911:
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92:
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152:
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1306:
254:
250:
104:
526:
Petrovsky N, Aguilar JC (October 2004). "Vaccine adjuvants: current state and future trends".
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195:
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1854:
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945:
Plotkin S, Orenstein WA, Offit PA, eds. (2018). "Technologies for Making New
Vaccines".
633:
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893:"Vaccine technologies: From whole organisms to rationally designed protein assemblies"
2340:
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498:
424:
419:
319:
273:
Inactivated vaccines can be divided by the method used for killing the pathogen.
179:
171:
60:
989:
170:
Inactivated vaccines were first developed in the late 1800s and early 1900s for
2408:
2135:
2026:
1986:
1866:
1687:
1626:
852:
429:
360:
295:
191:
175:
1271:"Inactivated whole-cell (killed antigen) vaccines - WHO Vaccine Safety Basics"
1106:
908:
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1393:
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345:
187:
108:
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1648:
1237:
777:"How advances in immunology provide insight into improving vaccine efficacy"
688:
687:. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 23 July 2013. Archived from
2368:
2011:
1906:
1839:
1780:
1775:
1455:
1346:
1326:
1256:
1194:. The Board of Trustees of the University of South Carolina. Archived from
1125:
1066:
980:
Sanders B, Koldijk M, Schuitemaker H (2015). "Inactivated Viral
Vaccines".
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491:
349:
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2006:
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117:
2281:
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1946:
1896:
721:
Vetter V, Denizer G, Friedland LR, Krishnan J, Shapiro M (March 2018).
56:
221:). For those patients, an inactivated vaccine can provide protection.
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1901:
1769:
1338:
462:
381:
164:
155:
and then killed to destroy disease-producing capacity. In contrast,
2172:
2165:
2160:
2130:
1886:
1822:
1817:
837:"A guide to vaccinology: from basic principles to new developments"
654:
WHO Expert
Committee on Biological Standardization (19 June 2019).
401:
148:
144:
632:. In Hall E, Wodi AP, Hamborsky J, Morelli V, Schilllie S (eds.).
182:. Today, inactivated vaccines exist for many pathogens, including
1891:
1330:
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706:
385:
242:
234:
214:
136:
2194:
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1465:
1139:
National
Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) (May 2018).
1090:"Advances in Development and Application of Influenza Vaccines"
494:
are often required to produce and maintain protective immunity.
323:
720:
703:
2189:
2074:
1675:
1609:
1033:"Whole Inactivated Virus and Protein-Based COVID-19 Vaccines"
571:"The development of vaccines: how the past led to the future"
140:
1484:
635:
Epidemiology and
Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases
1031:
Hotez, Peter J.; Bottazzi, Maria Elena (27 January 2022).
979:
723:"Understanding modern-day vaccines: what you need to know"
159:
use pathogens that are still alive (but are almost always
770:
768:
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940:
938:
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521:
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1214:
1212:
982:
Vaccine
Analysis: Strategies, Principles, and Control
944:
763:
620:
618:
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614:
298:. This technique is used in the development of many
16:
Vaccine using a killed version of a disease pathogen
1132:
933:
512:
1263:
1209:
1081:
2347:Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services
611:
562:
294:are produced by using a detergent to disrupt the
2433:
525:
253:immune response and develop an antigen-specific
33:Typhoid prophylaxis for soldiers in World War I.
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890:
834:
951:(7th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier.
817:
774:
670:
973:
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642:
624:
288:exposure are widely used in human vaccines.
1314:
1300:
461:, inactivated vaccines cannot revert to a
27:
1246:
1236:
1155:. Cat.: HP40-213/2018E-PDF; Pub.: 180039.
1115:
1105:
1048:
1007:
916:
860:
800:
738:
586:
1185:
835:Pollard AJ, Bijker EM (February 2021).
569:Plotkin SA, Plotkin SL (October 2011).
2434:
1088:Chen J, Wang J, Zhang J, Ly H (2021).
891:Karch CP, Burkhard P (November 2016).
627:"Chapter 1: Principles of Vaccination"
581:(12) (published 2011-10-03): 889–893.
1295:
1225:Journal of Global Infectious Diseases
1024:
1221:"Fundamentals of vaccine immunology"
1218:
233:When a vaccine is administered, the
93:Vaccination policy § By country
306:A minority of sources use the term
278:Whole pathogen inactivated vaccines
13:
2374:Eradication of infectious diseases
2131:Androvax (androstenedione albumin)
257:response. This process creates an
14:
2453:
1964:Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
1277:. World Health Organization (WHO)
1050:10.1146/annurev-med-042420-113212
658:. World Health Organization (WHO)
2353:Alternative vaccination schedule
1323:Artificial induction of immunity
775:Slifka MK, Amanna I (May 2014).
540:10.1111/j.0818-9641.2004.01272.x
480:
107:in individuals; contribution to
372:Tick-borne encephalitis vaccine
2185:Ovandrotone albumin (Fecundin)
1:
1716:Group B streptococcal disease
1535:Vaccines for Children Program
793:10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.03.078
740:10.1080/07853890.2017.1407035
505:
448:
575:Nature Reviews. Microbiology
444:Advantages and disadvantages
224:
7:
1275:vaccine-safety-training.org
990:10.1007/978-3-662-45024-6_2
625:Wodi AP, Morelli V (2021).
528:Immunology and Cell Biology
329:
10:
2458:
853:10.1038/s41577-020-00479-7
841:Nature Reviews. Immunology
86:
2392:
2361:
2300:
2232:
2123:
2095:
2062:
1731:
1562:
1555:
1474:
1402:
1354:
1107:10.3389/fimmu.2021.711997
1037:Annual Review of Medicine
909:10.1016/j.bcp.2016.05.001
114:
99:
81:
70:
46:
38:
26:
21:
1711:Clostridioides difficile
1219:Clem AS (January 2011).
897:Biochemical Pharmacology
459:live attenuated vaccines
268:
151:that have been grown in
1974:Tick-borne encephalitis
1238:10.4103/0974-777X.77299
1094:Frontiers in Immunology
314:Under this definition,
239:antigen-presenting cell
237:will be taken up by an
2384:List of vaccine topics
1379:Mathematical modelling
230:infectious particles.
2379:Vaccinate Your Family
1830:Japanese encephalitis
207:immunologic adjuvants
2442:Inactivated vaccines
2262:John Franklin Enders
1186:Ghaffar A, Haqqi T.
316:inactivated vaccines
310:to broadly refer to
308:inactivated vaccines
292:Split virus vaccines
259:immunological memory
89:Vaccination schedule
1443:Virus-like particle
1367:Vaccine ingredients
1198:on 26 February 2014
681:"Types of Vaccines"
588:10.1038/nrmicro2668
356:Hepatitis A vaccine
129:inactivated vaccine
85:birth to adulthood
76:infectious diseases
22:Inactivated vaccine
2419:Never to phase III
2218:Hexavalent vaccine
2032:Epstein–Barr virus
1927:Oxford–AstraZeneca
1615:NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135
984:. pp. 45–80.
948:Plotkin's vaccines
727:Annals of Medicine
367:influenza vaccines
312:non-live vaccines.
300:influenza vaccines
286:beta-Propiolactone
167:from the vaccine.
2429:
2428:
2341:Vaccines and SIDS
2228:
2227:
2002:Hepatitis A and B
1978:Varicella zoster
1435:Subunit/component
999:978-3-662-45023-9
958:978-0-323-39302-7
787:(25): 2948–2957.
474:immunocompromised
436:Pertussis vaccine
378:COVID-19 vaccines
247:antibody-mediated
125:
124:
2449:
2320:MMR autism fraud
2267:Maurice Hilleman
2252:Hilary Koprowski
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566:
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499:genetic vaccines
320:subunit vaccines
219:immunodeficiency
118:edit on Wikidata
65:General practice
31:
19:
18:
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2432:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2424:
2409:Clinical trials
2388:
2357:
2296:
2272:Stanley Plotkin
2234:
2224:
2136:Cancer vaccines
2119:
2113:Schistosomiasis
2091:
2085:Trypanosomiasis
2058:
2022:Cytomegalovirus
1932:Pfizer–BioNTech
1727:
1551:
1500:Vaccine wastage
1470:
1398:
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612:
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451:
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425:Cholera vaccine
420:typhoid vaccine
334:Types include:
332:
271:
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217:or people with
121:
105:active immunity
103:development of
95:
61:Family medicine
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2042:Herpes simplex
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2016:
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1996:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1984:
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1966:
1961:
1960:
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1944:
1942:Sinopharm BIBP
1939:
1934:
1929:
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1914:
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1892:Bharat Biotech
1889:
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1515:Vaccine injury
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1478:
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1475:Administration
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1188:"Immunization"
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733:(2): 110–120.
702:
691:on 9 June 2013
669:
641:
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534:(5): 488–496.
510:
509:
507:
504:
503:
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482:
479:
478:
477:
470:
455:
450:
447:
445:
442:
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440:
439:
438:
432:
430:Plague vaccine
427:
422:
410:
409:
408:
398:Sinopharm WIBP
394:Sinopharm BIBP
374:
369:
363:
361:Rabies vaccine
358:
353:
331:
328:
304:
303:
296:viral envelope
289:
270:
267:
226:
223:
215:elderly people
209:and multiple "
139:consisting of
133:killed vaccine
123:
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112:
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74:prevention of
72:
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42:Killed vaccine
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2299:
2293:
2292:Drew Weissman
2290:
2288:
2285:
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2280:
2278:
2277:H. Fred Clark
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
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2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2247:Louis Pasteur
2245:
2243:
2242:Edward Jenner
2240:
2239:
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2231:
2219:
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2213:DTwP-HepB-Hib
2211:
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2208:DTaP-IPV-HepB
2206:
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2200:
2199:combination:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
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2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2097:Helminthiasis
2094:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1998:combination:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1696:DPT/DTwP/DTaP
1694:
1693:
1692:combination:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1605:Meningococcus
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1595:Leptospirosis
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1558:
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1546:
1543:
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1533:
1531:
1530:Vaccine court
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1526:
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1482:
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1387:
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1377:
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1234:
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1103:
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850:
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750:
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690:
686:
682:
676:
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650:
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646:
637:
636:
628:
621:
619:
617:
615:
606:
602:
598:
594:
589:
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580:
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572:
565:
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549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
522:
520:
518:
516:
511:
500:
496:
493:
489:
485:
484:
481:Disadvantages
475:
471:
468:
467:polio vaccine
464:
460:
456:
453:
452:
437:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
417:
416:
414:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
373:
370:
368:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
351:
347:
346:polio vaccine
343:
342:
340:
337:
336:
335:
327:
325:
321:
318:also include
317:
313:
309:
301:
297:
293:
290:
287:
283:
279:
276:
275:
274:
266:
262:
260:
256:
252:
251:cell-mediated
248:
244:
240:
236:
231:
222:
220:
216:
212:
208:
203:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
168:
166:
162:
158:
157:live vaccines
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
119:
113:
110:
109:herd immunity
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
84:
80:
77:
73:
69:
66:
62:
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54:
53:Public health
51:
49:
45:
41:
37:
30:
25:
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2369:Epidemiology
2345:
2317:
2203:DTaP-IPV/Hib
1994:Yellow fever
1907:EpiVacCorona
1659:Tuberculosis
1632:Pneumococcal
1600:Lyme disease
1428:Heterologous
1414:
1327:Immunization
1279:. Retrieved
1274:
1265:
1231:(1): 73–78.
1228:
1224:
1200:. Retrieved
1196:the original
1191:
1181:
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1134:
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1093:
1083:
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1040:
1036:
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900:
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693:. Retrieved
689:the original
685:Vaccines.gov
684:
660:. Retrieved
634:
578:
574:
564:
531:
527:
476:individuals.
412:
350:Salk vaccine
338:
333:
315:
311:
307:
305:
291:
282:formaldehyde
277:
272:
263:
232:
228:
204:
169:
132:
128:
126:
2405:from market
2301:Controversy
2235:researchers
2151:Hepatitis B
2037:Hepatitis C
1982:Chicken pox
1808:Hepatitis E
1803:Hepatitis B
1798:Hepatitis A
1744:Chikungunya
1721:Shigellosis
1575:Brucellosis
1461:Therapeutic
1415:Inactivated
1355:Development
1343:Inoculation
1335:Vaccination
656:"Influenza"
434:Whole-cell
196:hepatitis A
147:, or other
143:particles,
39:Other names
2336:Thiomersal
2282:Paul Offit
2257:Jonas Salk
2233:Inventors/
2104:research:
2081:research:
2018:research:
1947:Skycovione
1937:Sanofi–GSK
1882:SARS-CoV-2
1793:Hantavirus
1754:rVSV-ZEBOV
1739:Adenovirus
1707:research:
1585:Diphtheria
1423:Attenuated
1281:2021-11-11
1202:2009-03-10
1192:Immunology
1100:: 711997.
662:22 October
506:References
449:Advantages
326:vaccines.
161:attenuated
87:See also:
57:Immunology
2415:Phase III
2403:Withdrawn
2331:Pox party
2141:ALVAC-CEA
2063:Protozoan
1952:Sputnik V
1902:CoronaVac
1872:Rotavirus
1770:Pandemrix
1622:Pertussis
1563:Bacterial
1447:Synthetic
1410:Conjugate
1362:Adjuvants
1339:Infection
1171:ignored (
1161:cite book
1075:238747462
1059:0066-4219
967:989157433
488:Adjuvants
418:Injected
413:Bacterial
382:CoronaVac
344:Injected
225:Mechanism
200:pertussis
184:influenza
165:infection
149:pathogens
82:Frequency
48:Specialty
2436:Category
2173:Prostvac
2166:Gardasil
2161:Cervarix
2108:Hookworm
1987:Shingles
1969:Smallpox
1887:Corbevax
1823:Gardasil
1818:Cervarix
1556:Vaccines
1510:Schedule
1481:Global:
1389:Timeline
1331:Vaccines
1257:21572612
1126:34326849
1067:34637324
1018:81212732
927:27157411
903:: 1–14.
871:33353987
811:24709587
757:25514266
749:29172780
605:32506969
597:21963800
548:15479434
492:boosters
463:virulent
402:TURKOVAC
330:Examples
255:adaptive
145:bacteria
100:Outcomes
2362:Related
2308:General
2070:Malaria
1957:Valneva
1922:Novavax
1917:Moderna
1912:Janssen
1897:CanSino
1877:Rubella
1835:Measles
1701:Td/Tdap
1671:Typhoid
1654:Tetanus
1649:Q fever
1580:Cholera
1570:Anthrax
1439:Peptide
1403:Classes
1384:Storage
1248:3068582
1117:8313855
1009:7189890
918:5079805
862:7754704
802:4096845
781:Vaccine
457:Unlike
406:CoviVac
386:Covaxin
243:epitope
235:antigen
211:booster
190:(IPV),
180:typhoid
172:cholera
153:culture
137:vaccine
135:) is a
2398:WHO-EM
2318:Lancet
2195:TA-NIC
2180:NicVAX
2027:Dengue
1867:Rabies
1688:Typhus
1627:Plague
1505:Policy
1466:Toxoid
1394:Trials
1255:
1245:
1149:
1124:
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324:toxoid
192:rabies
178:, and
176:plague
2326:NCVIA
2190:TA-CD
2124:Other
2075:RTS,S
1855:Sabin
1850:Polio
1845:Mumps
1749:Ebola
1732:Viral
1681:ViCPS
1676:Ty21a
1610:MeNZB
1540:VAERS
1490:NITAG
1419:Live
1071:S2CID
1014:S2CID
753:S2CID
630:(PDF)
601:S2CID
552:S2CID
376:Some
365:Most
339:Viral
269:Types
188:polio
141:virus
116:[
2052:Zika
2012:MMRV
1860:Salk
1840:Mpox
1786:LAIV
1781:H5N8
1776:H5N1
1766:H1N1
1642:PPSV
1525:ACIP
1521:US:
1495:SAGE
1456:mRNA
1372:list
1253:PMID
1173:help
1147:ISBN
1122:PMID
1063:PMID
1055:ISSN
994:ISBN
963:OCLC
953:ISBN
923:PMID
867:PMID
807:PMID
745:PMID
697:2016
664:2021
593:PMID
544:PMID
490:and
322:and
284:and
198:and
131:(or
91:and
71:Uses
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2156:HPV
2146:BCG
2047:HIV
2007:MMR
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1761:Flu
1664:BCG
1637:PCV
1590:Hib
1545:VSD
1452:DNA
1347:J07
1243:PMC
1233:doi
1112:PMC
1102:doi
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