289:, rooms with one or two of the long sides opened and rooms that shared a long wall. Rectangular buildings were used for quite different functions in almost all Inca buildings, from humble houses to palaces and temples. Even so, there are some examples of curved walls on Inca buildings, mostly in regions outside the central area of Peru. Two-storeyed buildings were infrequent; when they were built the second floor was accessed from the outside via a stairway or high terrain rather than from the first floor. Wall apertures, including doors, niches and windows, usually had a
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20:
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648:. Thus it seems that ashlar may have been more greatly valued by the Inca, perhaps considered more difficult than polygonal ("pillow-faced") masonry. Though polygonal masonry may be aesthetically more impressive, the facture of ashlar masonry tends to be unforgiving to mistakes; if the corner of a polygonal masonry block is broken, it can be reshaped to fit, but ashlar masonry blocks must remain intact.
419:
cut and polished stone blocks, as well as of double jambs. A problem with this hypothesis is the question of how expertise was preserved in the three hundred years between the collapse of
Tiwanaku and the appearance of the Inca Empire and its architecture. As a solution, John Hyslop has argued that the Tiahuanaco stonemasonry tradition was preserved in the
730:
and spiritual authority. For example, in the royal estate of
Chinchero, the Incas adapted their large-scale earthwork and massive stone construction to the land's dramatically steep valley in order to create intense, visual drama. Similarly to the architecture of other mountainous Inca citadels, such as
693:
and used partially worked, irregularly shaped rocks to complement the organic qualities and diversity of the natural environment. Through the dry fitted masonry techniques of caninacukpirca, the Incas shaped their stone to conceal natural outcrops, fit tight crevices, and ultimately incorporate the
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that required all males between 15-50 to work on large public construction projects. Hyslop comments that the 'secret' to the production of fine Inca masonry “…was the social organization necessary to maintain the great numbers of people creating such energy-consuming monuments.” Spanish
Chronicler
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to inhabit. The Sapa Inca naturalized and asserted their political rule through their palaces' aesthetic appeal to a reciprocal relationship between their imperialism and the earth itself. The blended, architectural aesthetic colored their political expansion in a sense of inseparable, timeless,
418:
accounts the Incas were impressed by these monuments and employed large numbers of stoneworkers from nearby regions in the construction of their own buildings. In addition to these references, they also identified some formal similarities between
Tiwanaku and Inca architecture including the use of
274:
walls were also quite common, usually laid over stone foundations. The material used in the Inca buildings depended on the region, for instance, in the coast they used large rectangular adobe blocks while in the Andes they used local stones. The most common shape in Inca architecture was the
513:
The stones were moved by teams of men pulling with ropes, as shown in the drawings of chronicler Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala. Cieza De Leon also writes "4000 of them quarried and cut the stones; 6000 hauled them with great cables of leather and hemp." Similar ropes used on Incan
364:
classified Inca fine masonry in two types: coursed, which features rectangular shaped stones, and polygonal, which features blocks of irregular shape. Forty years later, Peruvian architect
Santiago Agurto established four subtypes by dividing the categories identified by Rowe:
625:
Another building method was called "pillow-faced" architecture. The Incas would sand large, finely-shaped stones which they would fit together in jigsaw-like patterns. Pillow-faced architecture was typically used for temples and royal places like Machu Picchu.
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grass. Small ropes of these materials have been shown to support a load of 4000lbs, and larger ropes may have been able to hold up to 50,000lbs. The stones were rolled to their positions using wooden beams on earth ramps. An unfinished
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with oxalate increases the etching potential of the mixture. This would correspond with both contemporary descriptions of the Incan masonry process and regional folklore suggesting that Incan masons and a local bird species, the
709:, while aesthetically disguising the boundaries between mountain and edifice. In combination, the diversity of stone shape, materiality, and facture all furthered the naturalistic illusion of the Inca's built environment.
434:
culture, a civilization contemporary to
Tiwanaku. According to Ann Kendall, the Huari introduced their tradition of building rectangular enclosures in the Cusco region, which formed a model for the development of the Inca
1970:
673:
Inca architecture is strongly characterized by its use of the natural environment. The Inca managed to seamlessly merge their architecture into the surrounding land and its specificities. At its peak, the
297:
as a form of ornamentation. Other kinds of decoration were scarce; some walls were painted or adorned with metal plaques, in rare cases walls were sculpted with small animals or geometric patterns.
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near the stone's base, many of which can still be seen on Incan walls. Adjustments could have been performed by eye alone or aided by the use of a compressible dust, such as the dried sap of the
1845:
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734:, the Chinchero estate's dynamic construction into the severe landscape demonstrated the raw, physical power of the Incas, and projected an authoritative aura for those who approached.
1780:
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Usually the walls of Incan buildings were slightly inclined inside and the corners were rounded. This, in combination with masonry thoroughness, led Incan buildings to have a peerless
1790:
506:
Water engineer Ken Wright estimates that 60 percent of the Inca construction effort was underground. The Inca built their cities with locally available materials, usually including
322:
could be grouped together to form blocks in Inca settlements. A testimony of the importance of these compounds in Inca architecture is that the central part of the Inca capital of
1179:
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spanning most of the western length of the continent and placed their distinctive architecture along the way, thereby visually asserting their imperial rule along the frontier.
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was a major impetus behind the construction of Inca structures, and much of the remaining architecture we see today was most likely royal estates or mobile capitals for
4818:
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439:. There is evidence that such traditions were preserved in the Cusco region after the decline of the Wari as is attested by the enclosures found at sites such as
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Inca employment and integration of the natural environment into their architecture played an essential role in their program of civilizational expansion and
360:"). However, despite this fame, most Inca buildings were actually made out of fieldstone and adobe as described above. In the 1940s, American archaeologist
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The first two types were used on important buildings or perimeter walls while the last two were employed mostly on terrace walls and river canalization.
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622:, masonry was stable; during strong earthquakes, stone blocks have been observed "dancing" and settling into their original positions afterwards.
2020:
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686:. Yet despite geographic variances, Inca architecture remained consistent in its ability to visually blend the built and natural environment.
474:; this late Inca period fortress/palace is still largely intact despite being constructed of adobe and located in an earthquake-prone area of
4748:
3005:
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or granite. To cut these hard rocks the Inca used stone, bronze or copper tools, usually splitting the stones along natural fracture lines.
318:
units served widely different purposes as they formed the basis of simple dwellings as well as of temples and palaces; furthermore, several
1975:
1915:
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1945:
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Inca architecture is widely known for its fine masonry, which features precisely cut and shaped stones closely fitted without mortar ("
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1985:
4406:
1453:"IntroductionComing to Terms with Inka Rocks | A Culture of StoneInka Perspectives on Rock | Books Gateway | Duke University Press"
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as their structural foundations (to help keep the buildings stable). This was for stabilizing their structures built in the
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234:, still contains many fine examples of Inca architecture, although many walls of Inca masonry have been incorporated into
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165:
414:, an archaeological site in modern Bolivia built several centuries before the Inca Empire. They argue that according to
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314:, a rectangular enclosure housing three or more rectangular buildings placed symmetrically around a central courtyard.
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was to use the topography and existing materials of the land as part of the design. The capital of the Inca empire,
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Pedro Cieza De Leon wrote that
Pachacuti "ordered 20,000 men sent in from the provinces" for the construction of
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still has a ramp in place. Father Cobo saw Incan builders using a similar ramp during the construction of the
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Dean, Carolyn (September 2007). "The Inka
Married the Earth: Integrated Outcrops and the Making of Place".
776:
Dean, Carolyn (September 2007). "The Inka
Married the Earth: Integrated Outcrops and the Making of Place".
2505:
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4196:
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478:. Remaining traces of the original paint guided this 2005 reconstruction. Laser scan data taken from a
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1365:"Rock and Rule | A Culture of StoneInka Perspectives on Rock | Books Gateway | Duke University Press"
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Additional surface smoothing near the edges of blocks has been attributed by some researchers to a
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1484:
Vergara, Teresa. “Arte y
Cultura del Tahuantinsuyo”. Historia del Peru. Editorial Lexus, 2000.
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2315:
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242:(Machu Pikchu) is a surviving example of Inca architecture. Other significant sites include
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1201:"Inka Road Symposium 08 - Inka Engineering: The Technology and Culture of Roads and Bridges"
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121:
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8:
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227:
145:
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Extraordinary manpower would have been necessary for large construction projects. The
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1523:
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1432:
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Sedimentary coursed masonry: in which stones are laid out in horizontal rows (i.e.,
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2005:
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employed a system of tribute to the Inca government in the form of labor, called
275:
rectangular building without any internal walls and roofed with wooden beams and
97:
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1990:
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19:
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2015:
1663:
1276:"On the reddish, glittery mud the Inca used for perfecting their stone masonry"
596:
471:
343:
160:
155:
102:
92:
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1404:
At Home with the Sapa Inca : Architecture, Space, and Legacy at Chinchero
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masonry was used in the most sacred, elite Incan structures; for example, the
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A trapezoidal doorway, a common element in Inca architecture, at Machu Picchu
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and Luise Margolies, Inca stonemasonry was inspired by the architecture of
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135:
42:
32:
1627:
Buildings & Landscapes: Journal of the Vernacular Architecture Forum
1593:
1336:
At Home with the Sapa Inca: Architecture, Space, and Legacy at Chinchero
797:
564:). Abrasive finishers, such as sand or pumice, may also have been used.
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24:
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Estudios acerca de la construcciĂłn, arquitectura y planeamiento incas
726:
611:
608:
507:
357:
67:
3095:
2990:
2140:
1623:"Witnessing the In-visibility of Inca Architecture in Colonial Peru"
1275:
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2390:
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in the Hatun Rumiyoc street of Cusco, is an example of Inca masonry
411:
219:
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2720:
1534:
Aspects of inca architecture: description, function and chronology
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1552:
with the Sapa Inca: Architecture, Space, and Legacy at Chinchero.
1205:
698:
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679:
527:
223:
285:. There were several variations of this basic design, including
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Encased coursed masonry: in which stone blocks are not aligned
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1406:. University of Texas: University of Texas Press. p. 6.
702:
683:
633:
479:
443:(Chuqi K'iraw), 28 kilometers southeast of the Inca capital.
323:
271:
231:
82:
28:
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A second major influence on Inca architecture came from the
308:
The most common composite form in Inca architecture was the
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3554:
3432:
2255:
475:
467:
294:
831:
Vergara, Teresa, “Arte y Cultura del Tahuantinsuyo”, p.317
427:, which features walls resembling Inca polygonal masonry.
353:, or what was once storehouses for grain and other crops.
3825:
607:
thanks to high static and dynamic steadiness, absence of
542:
It is speculated that stones were initially fit using
1280:
Journal of Earth Sciences & Environmental Studies
600:, were capable of softening rocks with a local herb.
334:
and the Inca palaces. The best preserved examples of
546:. The stones would then be lifted into place with a
349:
Another popular feature of Inca architecture is the
1541:
Inca architecture and construction at Ollantaytambo
721:. Patronage of powerful elites and rulers of the
446:
222:, founded in the 2nd century B.C.E. in present-day
218:. The Incas inherited an architectural legacy from
1156:"Inca Culture At The Time Of The Spanish Conquest"
585:are able to process sulfidic minerals and produce
293:shape; they could be fitted with double or triple
4756:
1429:Callachaca: Style and Status in an Inca Community
4876:
3396:
1693:
1501:. Lima: Cámara Peruana de la Construcción, 1987.
1431:. University of Iowa: University of Iowa Press.
1269:
1267:
1265:
1536:. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, 1985.
1508:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1980.
689:In particular, Inca walls practiced mortarless
1224:
1222:
4742:
3784:
3382:
1679:
1262:
369:Cellular polygonal masonry: with small blocks
185:
4863:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
266:or semi-worked stone blocks and dirt set in
3798:
1566:An introduction to the archaeology of Cuzco
1522:. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1990.
1219:
1149:
1147:
1125:
1123:
16:Pre-Columbian architecture in South America
4749:
4735:
3791:
3777:
3389:
3375:
1686:
1672:
1543:. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
1504:Gasparini, Graziano and Margolies, Luize.
1198:
1180:"El primer nueva corĂłnica y buen gobierno"
1177:
771:
769:
767:
765:
763:
651:
579:. Some species of bacteria from the genus
192:
178:
1638:
1616:Peru Cultural Society – Inca Architecture
1291:
1273:
375:polygonal masonry: with very large stones
1144:
1120:
655:
461:
450:
391:
299:
250:. The Incas also developed an extensive
18:
1228:
760:
640:("Golden Enclosure") in Cuzco, and the
342:, an Inca settlement located along the
238:structures. The famous royal estate of
4877:
1568:. Cambridge: Harvard University, 1944.
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1359:
1357:
1355:
4730:
3772:
3370:
1667:
1426:
694:landscape into their infrastructure.
1620:
1571:
1401:
1333:
1312:
1153:
1129:
775:
575:mining slurry and plants containing
1445:
1384:
1352:
636:("House of the Chosen Woman"), the
618:points. During a small or moderate
466:Digital reconstruction of original
13:
257:
14:
4921:
1609:
1231:"Inca Quarrying and Stonecutting"
3496:
447:Masonry and construction methods
262:Inca buildings were made out of
226:. A core characteristic of the
49:
1420:
1327:
1306:
1192:
1171:
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1068:
1055:
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4758:Architecture of South America
1586:10.1080/00043079.2007.10786358
899:
886:
873:
860:
847:
834:
825:
812:
790:10.1080/00043079.2007.10786358
1:
4051:Anatolian Seljuk architecture
2911:Quriwayrachina, La ConvenciĂłn
1475:
1338:. University of Texas Print.
1229:Protzen, Jean-Pierre (1983).
668:
4900:Archaeological sites in Peru
3398:Native American architecture
1695:Archaeological sites in Peru
1132:"Chronicles of Peru Part II"
1102:Aspects of Inca architecture
7:
4910:South American architecture
3016:Tampu Mach'ay, Huancavelica
1554:University of Texas Print
1178:Ayala, Felipe (1600–1650).
737:
712:
697:The Inca also used natural
10:
4926:
4905:Pre-Columbian architecture
2611:Ă‘awpallaqta, Huanca Sancos
2096:Huamanmarca, La ConvenciĂłn
1274:Tributsch, Helmut (2017).
470:painting on Room 42 wall,
31:, the capital city of the
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1701:
1250:10.1179/naw.1983.21.1.005
1199:Ochsendorf, John (2015).
1074:Gasparini and Margolies,
1061:Gasparini and Margolies,
1048:Gasparini and Margolies,
970:Gasparini and Margolies,
957:Gasparini and Margolies,
866:Gasparini and Margolies,
3211:Wamanmarka, Chumbivilcas
2906:Quriwayrachina, Ayacucho
2766:Pumamarka, San Sebastián
2696:Pirca Pirca, La Libertad
1520:Inca settlement planning
1427:Niles, Susan A. (1987).
754:
484:University of California
423:region in sites such as
207:is the most significant
3816:History of construction
3800:History of architecture
2411:Llaqta Qulluy, Tayacaja
2196:Inka Wasi, Huancavelica
652:Symbolism and patronage
3811:Architectural timeline
3056:The Toads of Wiraqucha
2506:Mawk'allaqta, La UniĂłn
2496:Mawk'allaqta, Castilla
2406:Llaqta Qulluy, Conayca
2181:Inka Tampu, Vilcabamba
1539:Protzen, Jean-Pierre.
665:
487:
459:
403:
305:
36:
4890:Architectural history
4353:America and Australia
3973:Medieval Scandinavian
3171:Ventanillas de Otuzco
2756:Pukara, Vilcas Huamán
2501:Mawk'allaqta, Espinar
2401:Llaqta Qulluy, Acoria
2316:Kunturmarka, Ayacucho
2226:Inti Watana, Urubamba
2216:Inti Watana, Ayacucho
2176:Inka Tampu, Huayopata
1640:10.1353/bdl.2007.0006
1621:Nair, Stella (2007).
1402:Nair, Stella (2015).
1334:Nair, Stella (2015).
659:
571:"mortar" composed of
465:
454:
399:polygonal masonry at
395:
303:
22:
4895:Architectural styles
4595:Critical regionalism
3570:Mesoamerican pyramid
3346:Yanaqi - Qillqamarka
2901:Quriwayrachina, Anta
2621:Ă‘awpallaqta, Lucanas
2616:Ă‘awpallaqta, Fajardo
2521:Mawk'allaqta, Sandia
2516:Mawk'allaqta, Paruro
2511:Mawk'allaqta, Melgar
2416:Llaqta Qulluy, Vilca
2361:Laguna de las Momias
2171:Inka Raqay, Ayacucho
2166:Inka Raqay, ApurĂmac
1756:Awkimarka (ApurĂmac)
1711:Ahuila Gencha Machay
1315:"Machu Picchu, Peru"
1313:Mala, Alisa (2021).
1293:10.25177/jeses.3.1.2
1130:Leon, Cieza (1553).
719:cultural imperialism
616:stress concentration
486:research partnership
279:, usually made from
4534:Stripped Classicism
4509:International style
4492:Rationalist-Fascist
4141:Portuguese Colonial
3891:Pre-Islamic Persian
3486:Territorial Revival
2996:Soro Mik'aya Patjxa
2891:Qurimarka, ApurĂmac
2806:Purunllacta, Soloco
2771:Pumamarka, Urubamba
2191:Inka Wasi, Ayacucho
2111:Huaycán de Pariachi
1906:Choquequirao Puquio
1866:Chauchilla Cemetery
1761:Awkimarka (Huánuco)
1460:read.dukeupress.edu
1372:read.dukeupress.edu
1154:Rowe, John (1946).
456:Twelve-angled stone
326:consisted of large
228:architectural style
4539:Postconstructivism
4482:Streamline Moderne
3226:Wanakawri, Huánuco
2801:Purunllacta, Cheto
2661:Paracas Candelabra
2321:Kunturmarka, Pasco
2221:Inti Watana, Calca
1497:Agurto, Santiago.
705:mountain range of
666:
605:seismic resistance
561:Barnadesia horrida
516:suspension bridges
488:
460:
408:Graziano Gasparini
404:
306:
37:
4872:
4871:
4844:other territories
4724:
4723:
3766:
3765:
3364:
3363:
2741:Pukara, Coporaque
2701:Pirca Pirca, Lima
2061:Huaca Huallamarca
1871:ChavĂn de Huantar
1653:Project MUSE
1506:Inca architecture
1076:Inca architecture
1063:Inca architecture
1050:Inca architecture
998:Inca architecture
972:Inca architecture
959:Inca architecture
868:Inca architecture
744:Suspension bridge
662:Diego Sayri TĂşpac
205:Inca architecture
202:
201:
151:Invasion of Chile
4917:
4864:
4852:Falkland Islands
4766:Sovereign states
4751:
4744:
4737:
4728:
4727:
4616:Deconstructivism
4375:Spanish Colonial
4136:Spanish Colonial
4036:Western Chalukya
3844:Ancient Egyptian
3793:
3786:
3779:
3770:
3769:
3500:
3391:
3384:
3377:
3368:
3367:
3221:Wanakawri, Cusco
3216:Wamanmarka, Lima
3051:Templo del Zorro
2896:Qurimarka, Cusco
2386:Llamachayuq Qaqa
2366:Lauricocha Caves
2346:K'allapayuq Urqu
2331:Kusichaka valley
2076:Huaca San Marcos
2051:Huaca del DragĂłn
2046:Huaca de la Luna
1716:Amaru Marka Wasi
1688:
1681:
1674:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1642:
1605:
1574:The Art Bulletin
1496:
1483:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1457:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1399:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1369:
1361:
1350:
1349:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1271:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1235:
1226:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1213:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1151:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1138:
1127:
1118:
1111:
1105:
1098:
1092:
1085:
1079:
1072:
1066:
1059:
1053:
1046:
1040:
1033:
1027:
1020:
1014:
1007:
1001:
994:
988:
981:
975:
968:
962:
955:
949:
942:
936:
929:
923:
916:
910:
903:
897:
890:
884:
877:
871:
864:
858:
851:
845:
838:
832:
829:
823:
816:
810:
809:
778:The Art Bulletin
773:
749:Inca rope bridge
589:as a byproduct;
569:chemical etching
236:Spanish Colonial
194:
187:
180:
166:Spanish conquest
141:History of Cusco
131:Kingdom of Cusco
53:
39:
38:
4925:
4924:
4920:
4919:
4918:
4916:
4915:
4914:
4875:
4874:
4873:
4868:
4862:
4845:
4843:
4833:
4760:
4755:
4725:
4720:
4635:
4604:
4553:
4487:Totalitarianism
4477:New Objectivity
4418:
4271:Serbo-Byzantine
4266:Russo-Byzantine
4155:
4114:
3989:
3966:Islamic Persian
3902:
3820:
3802:
3797:
3767:
3762:
3719:
3661:
3501:
3492:
3400:
3395:
3365:
3360:
3336:Wiraqucha Pirqa
3081:Toquepala Caves
2846:Qillqay Mach'ay
2746:Pukara, Fajardo
2471:Marcahuamachuco
2441:Machu Pitumarka
2266:Jisk'a Iru Muqu
2236:Intini Uyu Pata
2151:Incahuasi, Lima
2081:Huaca Santa Ana
2006:Guitarrero Cave
1831:Caves of Sumbay
1731:Asiru Phat'jata
1697:
1692:
1612:
1494:
1481:
1478:
1473:
1464:
1462:
1455:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1439:
1425:
1421:
1414:
1400:
1385:
1376:
1374:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1353:
1346:
1332:
1328:
1319:
1317:
1311:
1307:
1298:
1296:
1272:
1263:
1254:
1252:
1233:
1227:
1220:
1211:
1209:
1197:
1193:
1184:
1182:
1176:
1172:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1152:
1145:
1136:
1134:
1128:
1121:
1115:Inka settlement
1112:
1108:
1099:
1095:
1089:Inka settlement
1086:
1082:
1073:
1069:
1060:
1056:
1047:
1043:
1037:Inka settlement
1034:
1030:
1024:Estudios acerca
1021:
1017:
1011:An introduction
1008:
1004:
995:
991:
985:Inka settlement
982:
978:
969:
965:
961:, pp. 181, 185.
956:
952:
946:Inka settlement
943:
939:
933:Inka settlement
930:
926:
920:Inka settlement
917:
913:
907:Inka settlement
904:
900:
894:Inka settlement
891:
887:
881:Inka settlement
878:
874:
865:
861:
855:inca settlement
852:
848:
842:Inka settlement
839:
835:
830:
826:
820:Inka settlement
817:
813:
774:
761:
757:
740:
715:
671:
654:
577:calcium oxalate
537:Cusco Cathedral
518:were made with
449:
416:ethnohistorical
260:
258:Characteristics
198:
146:Chimor–Inca War
17:
12:
11:
5:
4923:
4913:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4866:
4859:
4854:
4848:
4846:
4838:
4835:
4834:
4832:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4770:
4768:
4762:
4761:
4754:
4753:
4746:
4739:
4731:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4692:
4691:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4670:
4669:
4664:
4654:
4649:
4643:
4641:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4612:
4610:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4561:
4559:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4505:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4472:Constructivism
4469:
4464:
4459:
4458:
4457:
4447:
4445:Prairie School
4442:
4437:
4432:
4426:
4424:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4389:
4388:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4356:
4355:
4350:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4326:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4268:
4253:
4252:
4251:
4241:
4240:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4163:
4161:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4122:
4120:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4091:
4090:
4080:
4075:
4074:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4040:
4039:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4020:
4019:
4018:
4013:
4008:
3997:
3995:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3978:Pre-Romanesque
3975:
3970:
3969:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3938:
3937:
3936:
3931:
3923:
3918:
3912:
3910:
3908:1st millennium
3904:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3866:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3854:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3830:
3828:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3813:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3796:
3795:
3788:
3781:
3773:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3729:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3700:Platform mound
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3671:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3576:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3511:
3509:
3507:Building types
3503:
3502:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3425:
3416:
3410:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3394:
3393:
3386:
3379:
3371:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3291:Wayna Tawqaray
3288:
3283:
3281:Wat'a, Huánuco
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3191:Viracochapampa
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3166:Venado cautivo
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3141:Usnu, Ayacucho
3138:
3133:
3128:
3126:Uchkus Inkañan
3123:
3121:T'uqu T'uquyuq
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2341:Khuchi Mach'ay
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2246:Intiyuq K'uchu
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2071:Huaca Pucllana
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2016:Hatun Misapata
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1846:Cerro Trinidad
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1691:
1690:
1683:
1676:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1618:
1611:
1610:External links
1608:
1607:
1606:
1580:(3): 502–518.
1569:
1562:
1546:Nair, Stella.
1544:
1537:
1532:Kendall, Ann.
1530:
1518:Hyslop, John.
1516:
1502:
1492:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1471:
1444:
1437:
1419:
1412:
1383:
1351:
1345:978-1477302507
1344:
1326:
1305:
1286:(1): 309–323.
1261:
1244:(1): 183–214.
1218:
1191:
1170:
1143:
1119:
1106:
1093:
1080:
1067:
1054:
1041:
1028:
1026:, pp. 144–175.
1015:
1002:
989:
976:
963:
950:
937:
924:
911:
898:
885:
872:
859:
846:
833:
824:
811:
784:(3): 502–518.
758:
756:
753:
752:
751:
746:
739:
736:
714:
711:
670:
667:
653:
650:
552:lifting bosses
472:Tambo Colorado
448:
445:
387:
386:
379:
376:
370:
344:Urubamba River
259:
256:
200:
199:
197:
196:
189:
182:
174:
171:
170:
169:
168:
163:
158:
156:Neo-Inca State
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
125:
124:
118:
117:
116:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
62:
61:
55:
54:
46:
45:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4922:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4865:
4860:
4858:
4857:French Guiana
4855:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4841:
4836:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4752:
4747:
4745:
4740:
4738:
4733:
4732:
4729:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4659:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4638:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4626:New Classical
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4607:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4570:Structuralism
4568:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4556:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4514:Functionalism
4512:
4510:
4507:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4451:
4450:Expressionism
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4421:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4402:Liberty style
4400:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4390:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4335:Neo-Manueline
4333:
4331:
4328:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4309:
4308:Monumentalism
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4298:Mediterranean
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4254:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4245:
4242:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4158:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4117:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4078:Romano-Gothic
4076:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4003:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3942:
3939:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3905:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3892:
3889:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3879:Ancient Roman
3877:
3875:
3874:Ancient Greek
3872:
3871:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3805:
3801:
3794:
3789:
3787:
3782:
3780:
3775:
3774:
3771:
3759:
3758:Talud-tablero
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3722:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3664:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3579:Twin-pyramids
3577:
3575:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3504:
3499:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3449:
3448:Mayan Revival
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3392:
3387:
3385:
3380:
3378:
3373:
3372:
3369:
3357:
3356:Yuraq Mach'ay
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3146:Usnu, Huánuco
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2921:Qhapaq Kancha
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2821:Puyupatamarca
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2631:Ollantaytambo
2629:
2627:
2626:Ă‘usta Hispana
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2356:La Otra Banda
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2286:Killa Mach'ay
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2186:Inka Tunuwiri
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2126:Huayna Picchu
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2116:Huánuco Pampa
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2056:Huaca del Sol
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2021:Hatun Rumiyoc
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
2001:Guellayhuasin
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1971:El Cañoncillo
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1806:Cajamarquilla
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1786:Baths of Boza
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1746:Auquilohuagra
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1689:
1684:
1682:
1677:
1675:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1567:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1529:
1528:0-292-73852-8
1525:
1521:
1517:
1515:
1514:0-253-30443-1
1511:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1493:
1491:
1490:9972-625-35-4
1487:
1480:
1479:
1461:
1454:
1448:
1440:
1438:9781587291685
1434:
1430:
1423:
1415:
1413:9781477302491
1409:
1405:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1373:
1366:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1347:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1316:
1309:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1232:
1225:
1223:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1195:
1181:
1174:
1157:
1150:
1148:
1133:
1126:
1124:
1116:
1110:
1103:
1097:
1090:
1084:
1077:
1071:
1064:
1058:
1051:
1045:
1038:
1032:
1025:
1019:
1012:
1006:
999:
993:
986:
980:
973:
967:
960:
954:
947:
941:
934:
928:
921:
915:
908:
902:
895:
889:
882:
876:
869:
863:
856:
850:
843:
837:
828:
821:
815:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
772:
770:
768:
766:
764:
759:
750:
747:
745:
742:
741:
735:
733:
728:
724:
720:
710:
708:
707:South America
704:
700:
695:
692:
687:
685:
681:
678:spanned from
677:
663:
658:
649:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
621:
617:
613:
610:
606:
601:
599:
598:
592:
588:
587:sulfuric acid
584:
583:
578:
574:
570:
565:
563:
562:
557:
553:
549:
545:
540:
538:
534:
530:
529:
523:
522:
517:
511:
509:
504:
502:
497:
493:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
464:
457:
453:
444:
442:
438:
433:
428:
426:
422:
421:Lake Titicaca
417:
413:
409:
406:According to
402:
398:
394:
390:
384:
380:
377:
374:
371:
368:
367:
366:
363:
359:
354:
352:
347:
345:
341:
340:Ollantaytambo
338:are found at
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
312:
302:
298:
296:
292:
288:
284:
283:
278:
273:
269:
265:
255:
253:
249:
248:Ollantaytambo
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
216:South America
213:
210:
209:pre-Columbian
206:
195:
190:
188:
183:
181:
176:
175:
173:
172:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
128:
127:
126:
123:
120:
119:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
69:
66:
65:
64:
63:
60:
57:
56:
52:
48:
47:
44:
41:
40:
34:
30:
26:
21:
4840:Dependencies
4684:Mesoamerican
4631:Contemporary
4609:2000–present
4600:Neo-futurism
4580:Blobitecture
4407:Modern Style
4323:Neoclassical
4094:
4071:Indo-Islamic
4046:Great Seljuk
4031:Vijayanagara
3925:East Slavic
3839:Mesopotamian
3535:GuachimontĂłn
3419:Mesoamerican
3413:
3286:Wayna Q'inti
3276:Wat'a, Cusco
3236:Waqra Pukara
3186:Vilcashuamán
2956:Sacsayhuamán
2886:Quri Winchus
2816:Pusuquy Pata
2791:Puqin Kancha
2751:Pukara, Puno
2446:Machu Q'inti
2431:Machu Picchu
2291:Killarumiyuq
2241:Intipa Ă‘awin
2161:Inka Mach'ay
2136:Huchuy Qosqo
2066:Huaca Prieta
2011:Hatun Machay
1991:Gran Pajatén
1901:Choquequirao
1896:Choquepuquio
1891:Chipaw Marka
1841:Cerro Pátapo
1633:(1): 50–65.
1630:
1626:
1577:
1573:
1565:
1564:Rowe, John.
1551:
1547:
1540:
1533:
1519:
1505:
1498:
1495:(in Spanish)
1482:(in Spanish)
1463:. Retrieved
1459:
1447:
1428:
1422:
1403:
1375:. Retrieved
1371:
1335:
1329:
1318:. Retrieved
1308:
1297:. Retrieved
1283:
1279:
1253:. Retrieved
1241:
1237:
1210:. Retrieved
1204:
1194:
1183:. Retrieved
1173:
1162:. Retrieved
1135:. Retrieved
1114:
1109:
1101:
1096:
1088:
1083:
1078:, pp. 12–13.
1075:
1070:
1062:
1057:
1049:
1044:
1036:
1031:
1023:
1018:
1013:, pp. 24–26.
1010:
1005:
997:
992:
984:
979:
971:
966:
958:
953:
945:
940:
935:, pp. 16–17.
932:
927:
922:, pp. 10–11.
919:
914:
906:
901:
893:
888:
880:
875:
867:
862:
854:
849:
841:
836:
827:
822:, pp. 11–12.
819:
814:
781:
777:
732:Machu Picchu
716:
696:
688:
672:
646:Machu Picchu
628:
624:
602:
595:
591:complexation
582:Thiobacillus
580:
566:
559:
555:
544:hammerstones
541:
526:
519:
512:
505:
501:Sacsayhuamán
489:
441:Choquequirao
436:
429:
405:
401:Sacsayhuamán
388:
362:John H. Rowe
355:
348:
335:
330:, including
327:
319:
315:
309:
307:
287:gabled roofs
280:
261:
244:Sacsayhuamán
240:Machu Picchu
212:architecture
204:
203:
122:Inca history
78:Architecture
77:
59:Inca society
23:Wall of the
4544:PWA Moderne
4430:Rationalism
4392:Art Nouveau
4380:Territorial
4360:Renaissance
4344:Queen Anne
4217:Elizabethan
4110:Plateresque
4105:Renaissance
4088:Sondergotik
3983:Carolingian
3929:Kievan Rus'
3738:Corbel arch
3705:Rope bridge
3635:Sweat lodge
3590:Plank house
3530:Earth lodge
3481:Territorial
3443:San Bartolo
3331:Wiñay Wayna
3326:Willkaraqay
3311:Wila Wilani
3266:Wari Willka
3256:Waraqu Urqu
3201:Waman Pirqa
3106:Tunay Q'asa
3086:Toro Muerto
3036:Taqrachullu
3026:Tanqa Tanqa
3021:Tampukancha
3011:Tambomachay
3006:Tambo Totem
2876:Qunchamarka
2866:Qullqapampa
2776:Pumaq Hirka
2726:Puka Pukara
2691:Pinkuylluna
2681:Pikimach'ay
2596:Nazca Lines
2591:Muyuq Marka
2576:Mullu Q'awa
2551:Mirq'imarka
2526:Mawk'ataray
2461:Maray Qalla
2451:Mallkuamaya
2436:Machu Pirqa
2426:Machu Colca
2381:Llamachayuq
2311:Kuntur Wasi
2206:Inkilltambo
2131:Huayrapongo
2091:Hualpayunca
2086:Huacramarca
2026:Hatun Uchku
1996:Gran Vilaya
1796:Buena Vista
1751:Awkin Punta
1238:Ă‘awpa Pacha
909:, pp. 9–10.
723:Inca empire
676:Inca Empire
612:frequencies
492:Inca Empire
425:Tanqa Tanqa
291:trapezoidal
264:fieldstones
252:road system
136:Inca Empire
98:Engineering
73:Agriculture
43:Inca Empire
33:Inca Empire
27:temple, at
4879:Categories
4701:Portuguese
4575:Postmodern
4524:Organicism
4412:Modernisme
4397:Jugendstil
4256:Revivalism
4244:Industrial
4227:Portuguese
4001:Romanesque
3896:Achaemenid
3695:Moki steps
3667:Structures
3461:Neo-Andean
3321:WilcahuaĂn
3261:Warawtampu
3231:Waqlamarka
3181:Vilcabamba
3136:Uskallaqta
3101:Tunanmarca
3046:Tarmatambo
2981:Sillustani
2966:Sayacmarca
2951:Runkuraqay
2881:Qunchupata
2856:Quillarumi
2836:Qillqatani
2731:Puka Tampu
2706:Pirhuaylla
2676:Pikillaqta
2671:Patallaqta
2646:Pachatusan
2641:Pachacamac
2556:Miyu Pampa
2546:Miraflores
2486:Markapukyu
2481:Markansaya
2476:Markahirka
2466:Marayniyoq
2421:Llaqtapata
2351:K'ipakhara
2336:Khichuqaqa
2231:Intikancha
2211:Inti Punku
2201:Inkapintay
2041:Honcopampa
2036:Hatunmarka
2031:Hatun Usnu
1981:El ParaĂso
1976:El Ingenio
1951:Coricancha
1941:Condorcaga
1931:Colcampata
1921:Cochabamba
1886:Chichakuri
1876:Chawaytiri
1861:Chanquillo
1851:Chacamarca
1836:Cerro BaĂşl
1741:Auga Punta
1560:1477302506
1476:References
1465:2018-04-12
1377:2018-04-12
1320:2022-09-30
1299:2022-09-30
1255:2022-09-30
1212:2022-01-02
1185:2022-01-02
1164:2022-01-02
1137:2022-01-02
883:, pp. 7–8.
844:, pp. 5–6.
669:Aesthetics
660:Palace of
642:Sun Temple
638:Coricancha
620:earthquake
548:rope sling
533:Sillustani
332:Qurikancha
25:Coricancha
4829:Venezuela
4774:Argentina
4662:Dravidian
4621:Neomodern
4585:High-tech
4565:Brutalism
4558:1950–2000
4502:Stalinist
4435:Mycenaean
4423:1900–1950
4261:Byzantine
4237:Ukrainian
4222:Naryshkin
4187:Edwardian
4160:1750–1900
4131:Palladian
4126:Manueline
4119:1500–1750
3994:1000–1500
3934:Muscovite
3921:Byzantine
3869:Classical
3857:Mycenaean
3834:Neolithic
3743:Roof comb
3675:Ballcourt
3560:Longhouse
3520:Corn crib
3251:Waraqayuq
3246:Warahirka
3206:Wamanilla
3176:Ventarron
3151:Usnu Muqu
3111:Tupu Inka
3091:Trinchera
3041:Tarahuasi
3031:Tantarica
3001:Susupillu
2961:Sara Sara
2936:Rumicolca
2916:Qasa Pata
2871:Qulu Qulu
2826:Qaqapatan
2796:Puruchuco
2736:Puka Urqu
2656:Pañamarca
2636:Pacatnamu
2606:Ninamarca
2601:Nina Kiru
2586:Muyu Urqu
2581:Muyu Muyu
2571:Mulinuyuq
2271:Kanamarka
2251:Iskuqucha
2156:Ingatambo
2106:Huankarán
1956:Cumbemayo
1946:Cota Coca
1926:Cochapata
1856:Chan Chan
1816:Carachupa
1811:Cao Viejo
1791:Bandurria
1776:Ayawayq'u
1771:Ayamachay
1721:Arhuaturo
1649:162206707
1602:194099969
1104:, p. 352.
1100:Kendall,
1065:, pp. 78.
1000:, p. 211.
996:Protzen,
974:, p. 187.
870:, p. 134.
806:194099969
727:Sapa Inca
634:Acllawasi
508:limestone
161:Civil War
103:Mythology
93:Education
4819:Suriname
4809:Paraguay
4794:Colombia
4674:Japanese
4652:Colonial
4640:Regional
4590:Arcology
4529:Art Deco
4519:Futurism
4462:De Stijl
4365:Romanian
4283:Egyptian
4278:Colonial
4232:Siberian
4042:Islamic
4011:Ottonian
4006:Galician
3916:Sasanian
3884:Herodian
3864:Etruscan
3725:Elements
3640:Temazcal
3515:Barabara
3301:Wichqana
3076:Titiqaqa
2971:Sayhuite
2941:Rumiwasi
2861:Quishuar
2781:Pumawasi
2761:Pukarani
2716:Pirwayuq
2686:Pilluchu
2666:Paraccra
2391:Llamayuq
2326:Kuntuyuq
2261:Jinkiori
2146:Inca Uyo
1966:El Brujo
1911:ChurajĂłn
1881:Cheqollo
1801:Cahuachi
1781:Azángaro
1766:Aya Muqu
1594:25067338
1117:, p. 20.
1113:Hyslop,
1091:, p. 23.
1087:Hyslop,
1052:, p. 25.
1039:, p. 15.
1035:Hyslop,
1022:Agurto,
987:, p. 12.
983:Hyslop,
948:, p. 17.
944:Hyslop,
931:Hyslop,
918:Hyslop,
905:Hyslop,
892:Hyslop,
879:Hyslop,
853:Hyslop,
840:Hyslop,
818:Hyslop,
798:25067338
738:See also
713:Politics
609:resonant
550:tied to
412:Tiwanaku
220:Tiwanaku
108:Religion
4824:Uruguay
4799:Ecuador
4779:Bolivia
4711:Spanish
4706:Russian
4647:Chinese
4467:Bauhaus
4370:Russian
4348:Britain
4330:Moorish
4313:Baroque
4303:Mission
4249:British
4212:Petrine
4207:Maltese
4202:Italian
4192:English
4167:Baroque
4066:Ottoman
4061:Timurid
4026:Hoysala
4022:Indian
3961:Fatimid
3956:Abbasid
3951:Moorish
3946:Umayyad
3941:Islamic
3848:Aegean
3690:E-Group
3680:Chultun
3630:Shabono
3610:Quiggly
3574:Triadic
3525:Chickee
3471:Revival
3438:RĂo Bec
3306:Wich'un
3296:Wichama
3161:Uyu Uyu
3156:Usqunta
2946:Runayoc
2926:Raqch'i
2811:Pusharo
2786:Punkuri
2561:Molloko
2536:Miculla
2456:Mameria
2396:Llamuqa
2376:Llactan
2276:Kanichi
2101:Huamboy
1986:Garagay
1961:Cutimbo
1821:CarajĂa
1206:YouTube
896:, p. 8.
857:, p. 6.
699:bedrock
691:masonry
680:Ecuador
664:, Yucay
558:plant (
556:llawlli
528:chullpa
383:ashlars
224:Bolivia
88:Cuisine
4804:Guyana
4784:Brazil
4716:Somali
4696:Newari
4679:Korean
4657:Indian
4549:Googie
4455:Cubism
4440:Modern
4340:Pueblo
4318:Rococo
4288:Gothic
4197:French
4172:Andean
4146:Mughal
4083:Gothic
4056:Mamluk
4016:Norman
3852:Minoan
3753:Sipapu
3748:Sascab
3733:Ashlar
3657:Wigwam
3620:Ramada
3615:Qullqa
3605:Qarmaq
3595:Pukara
3565:Maloca
3466:Pueblo
3456:Muisca
3406:Styles
3341:Yanaca
3241:Waqutu
3196:Vitcos
3131:Urpish
3116:T'akaq
3096:TĂşcume
3066:Tinyaq
2991:SĂłndor
2976:SechĂn
2931:Revash
2851:Quiaca
2841:Qillqa
2711:Piruro
2651:Paiján
2541:Millka
2371:LayzĂłn
2306:Kukuli
2301:Kuelap
2296:Kotosh
2141:Huiñao
1936:Collor
1736:Aspero
1706:Acaray
1657:228207
1655:
1647:
1600:
1592:
1558:
1526:
1512:
1488:
1435:
1410:
1342:
1009:Rowe,
804:
796:
630:Ashlar
614:, and
573:pyrite
437:kancha
397:Ashlar
373:Ashlar
351:qullqa
336:kancha
328:kancha
320:kancha
316:Kancha
311:kancha
277:thatch
268:mortar
4789:Chile
4667:Hindu
4385:Tudor
4293:Mayan
4182:Dutch
4177:Czech
4100:Aztec
4095:Incan
3715:Ushnu
3710:Sacbe
3652:Tupiq
3600:Qargi
3550:Jacal
3545:Igloo
3540:Hogan
3423:Aztec
3351:Yaynu
3316:Wilca
3271:Waruq
3071:TipĂłn
3061:Tikra
2986:Sipán
2831:Qenko
2721:PĂsac
2566:Moray
2531:Mazur
2491:Marpa
2281:Kenko
2121:Huari
1916:Chuya
1826:Caral
1726:Asana
1645:S2CID
1598:S2CID
1590:JSTOR
1550:home
1456:(PDF)
1368:(PDF)
1234:(PDF)
1159:(PDF)
802:S2CID
794:JSTOR
755:Notes
703:Andes
684:Chile
496:Mit'a
480:CyArk
324:Cusco
295:jambs
272:adobe
232:Cuzco
113:Roads
83:Ayllu
29:Cuzco
4885:Inca
4814:Peru
4689:Maya
4497:Nazi
4151:Sikh
3685:Cuel
3647:Tipi
3625:Ruka
3555:Kiva
3476:Deco
3433:Puuc
3428:Maya
3414:Inca
2256:Isog
1556:ISBN
1524:ISBN
1510:ISBN
1486:ISBN
1433:ISBN
1408:ISBN
1340:ISBN
597:pito
521:ichu
476:Peru
468:Inca
432:Wari
282:ichu
246:and
68:Army
4842:and
3826:BCE
3585:Oca
1635:doi
1582:doi
1288:doi
1246:doi
786:doi
682:to
644:at
531:in
358:dry
214:in
4881::
1651:.
1643:.
1631:14
1629:.
1625:.
1596:.
1588:.
1578:89
1576:.
1548:At
1458:.
1386:^
1370:.
1354:^
1282:.
1278:.
1264:^
1242:21
1240:.
1236:.
1221:^
1203:.
1146:^
1122:^
800:.
792:.
782:89
780:.
762:^
539:.
503:.
346:.
270:;
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3792:e
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3778:v
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3390:e
3383:t
3376:v
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1680:t
1673:v
1659:.
1637::
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1584::
1468:.
1441:.
1416:.
1380:.
1348:.
1323:.
1302:.
1290::
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