Incarceration in the United States

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further backed by Moriah Balingit, who states that when compared to white students, black students are suspended and expelled at greater rates according to the Civil Rights Data Collection, that has records with specific information for the 2015–2016 school year of about 96,000 schools. In addition, further data shows that although black students only accounted for 15% of the student population, they represented a 31% of the arrests. Hispanic children share this in common with their black counterparts, as they too are more susceptible to harsher discipline like suspension and expulsion. This trend can be seen throughout numerous studies of this type of material and particularly in the south. Furthermore, between 1985 and 1989, there was an increase in referrals of minority youth to juvenile court, petitioned cases, adjudicated delinquency cases, and delinquency cases placed outside the home. During this time period, the number of African American youth detained increased by 9% and the number of Hispanic youths detained increased by 4%, yet the proportion of White youth declined by 13%. Documentation of this phenomenon can be seen as early as 1975 with the book

1841:". Minimum security prisoners live in less-secure dormitories, which are regularly patrolled by correctional officers. As in medium security facilities, they have communal showers, toilets, and sinks. A minimum-security facility generally has a single fence that is watched, but not patrolled, by armed guards. At facilities in very remote and rural areas, there may be no fence at all. Prisoners may often work on community projects, such as roadside litter cleanup with the state department of transportation or wilderness conservation. Many minimum security facilities are small camps located in or near military bases, larger prisons (outside the security perimeter) or other government institutions to provide a convenient supply of convict labor to the institution. Many states allow persons in minimum-security facilities access to the Internet. 1411:, legislation like this led to the extreme increase in drug offense imprisonment and "increasing racial disproportions among the arrestees". The number of incarcerated drug offenders has increased twelvefold since 1980. In 2000, 22 percent of those in federal and state prisons were convicted on drug charges. In 2011, 55.6% of the 1,131,210 sentenced people in state prisons were being held for violent crimes (this number excludes the 200,966 imprisoned people being held due to parole violations, of which 39.6% were re-incarcerated for a subsequent violent crime). Also in 2011, 3.7% of the state prison population consisted of imprisoned people whose highest conviction was for drug possession (again excluding those incarcerated for parole violations of which 6.0% were re-incarcerated for a subsequent act of drug possession). 140: 669:

population has decreased the most. Since 2002, the year it reached its peak levels, the number of Black people in prison declined from 622,700 to 378,000 (a 39% decrease). Since 1998, the year the white prison population reached its peak, the number of white people in prison declined from 533,200 to 356,000 (a 25% decrease). Since 2011, the year the Hispanic prison population reached its peak, the number of Hispanic people in prison declined from 347,300 to 273,800 (a 21% decrease). Since 2010, the year the American Indian prison population reached its peak, the number of American Indians in prison declined from 23,800 to 18,700 (a 21% decrease). Finally, since 2016, the year the Asian prison population reached its peak, the number of Asian people in prison declined from 18,000 to 14,700.

2778: Moreover, more than 2.7 million children in the United States have an incarcerated parent. That translates to one out of every 27 children in the United States having an incarcerated parent. Approximately 80 percent of women who go to jail each year are mothers. This ripple effect on the individual's family amplifies the debilitating effect that entails arresting individuals. Given the general vulnerability and naivete of children, it is important to understand how such a traumatic event adversely affects children. The effects of a parent's incarceration on their children have been found as early as three years old. Local and state governments in the United States have recognized these harmful effects and have attempted to address them through public policy solutions. 35: 2987:

to any specific job. People who have felony records have a harder time finding a job. The psychological effects of incarceration can also impede an ex-felon's search for employment. Prison can cause social anxiety, distrust, and other psychological issues that negatively affect a person's reintegration into an employment setting. Men who are unemployed are more likely to participate in crime which leads to there being a 67% chance of a person with a previous felony conviction being charged again. In 2008, the difficulties males with a previous felony conviction in the United States had finding employment lead to approximately a 1.6% decrease in the employment rate alone. This is a loss of between $ 57 and $ 65 billion of output to the U.S. economy.

1176:, over half of all prisoners in 2005 had experienced mental illness as identified by "a recent history or symptoms of a mental health problem"; of this population, jail inmates experienced the highest rates of symptoms of mental illness at 60 percent, followed by 49 percent of state prisoners and 40 percent of federal prisoners. Not only do people with recent histories of mental illness end up incarcerated, but many who have no history of mental illness end up developing symptoms while in prison. In 2006, the Bureau of Justice Statistics found that a quarter of state prisoners had a history of mental illness, whereas 3 in 10 state prisoners had developed symptoms of mental illness since becoming incarcerated with no recent history of mental illness. 2812:. It is hypothesized that the chronic stress that results directly from the uncertainty of the parent's legal status is the primary influence for the extensive list of acute and chronic conditions that could develop later in life. In addition to the chronic stress, the immediate instability in a child's life deprives them of certain essentials e.g. money for food and parental love that are compulsory for leading a healthy life. Though most of the adverse effects that result from parental incarceration are regardless of whether the mother or father was arrested, some differences have been discovered. For example, males whose father have been incarcerated display more behavioral issues than any other combination of parent/child. 2881: 1528: 2953:

the family difficult, but also into society as they are faced with establishing secure housing, insurance, and a new job. As such, policymakers find it necessary to ease the transition of an incarcerated individual to the pre-arrest situation. Of the four outlined phases, re-entry is the least emphasized from a public policy perspective. This is not to say it is the least important, however, as there are concerns that time in a correctional facility can deteriorate the caretaking ability of some prisoners. As a result, Oklahoma has taken measurable strides by providing parents with the tools they need to re-enter their families, including classes on parenting skills.

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prison track. Implicitly, when a student is extracted from the classroom, the more likely that student is to drop out of school as a result of being in class less. As a dropout, that child is then ill-prepared to obtain a job and become a fruitful citizen. Explicitly, schools sometimes do not funnel their pupils to the prison systems inadvertently; rather, they send them directly. Once in juvenile court, even sympathetic judges are not likely to evaluate whether the school's punishment was warranted or fair. For these reasons, it is argued that zero-tolerance policies lead to an exponential increase in the juvenile prison populations.

159: 3369:, and ingrained racism within modern society. According to Garza, "Black Lives Matter is an ideological and political intervention in a world where Black lives are systematically and intentionally targeted for demise. It is an affirmation of Black folks' contributions to this society, our humanity, and our resilience in the face of deadly oppression." This movement has focused on specific racial issues faced by African Americans in the justice system including police brutality, ending capital punishment, and eliminating "the criminalization and dehumanization of Black youth across all areas of society." 2570:. Despite federal statistics including statements made by former Attorney General Eric Holder, according to research on corrections expenditure published in the ▲Church white paper "On Security", Federal Prisons and Detention FY15 Requested Budget was just $ 8.5 billion. Federal Bureau of Prisons' spending was $ 6.9 billion counting 20,911 correctional officers of 43,297 positions. Total U.S. States' and Federal Prisons and Detention including county jail subsidies was only $ 56.9 billion. Adding local jails' spending, $ 64.9 billion was spent on corrections in nominal 2014 dollars. 3052:

individuals die from extreme heat as a result. Although prisons are supposed to provide fans and ice to individuals during extreme heat events, they do not always follow through. During the winter, prisons do not have proper heating. Many incarcerated individuals complain that the Department of Corrections does not provide supplies such as blankets during cold weather, and they have to depend on donations or suffer with nothing. Environmental justice and energy justice activists argue the lack of adequate heating and cooling in prisons is a form of "cruel and unusual punishment," which violates their

1651: 2658: 3102:; half of all persons incarcerated under state jurisdiction are for non-violent offenses, and 20% are incarcerated for drug offenses (in state prisons; federal prison percentages are higher). "Human Rights Watch believes the extraordinary rate of incarceration in the United States wreaks havoc on individuals, families and communities, and saps the strength of the nation as a whole." The population of inmates housed in prisons and jails in the United States exceeds 2 million, with the per capita incarceration population higher than that officially reported by any other country. 2165:

privately run prisons had a lower cost per inmate, a lower rate of critical incidents, a safer environment for employees and inmates, and a higher proportional rate of inmates who completed basic education, literacy, and vocational training courses. However, the publicly run prison outperformed the privately run prisons in areas such as experiencing fewer escape attempts, controlling substance abuse through testing, offering a wider range of educational and vocational courses, and providing a broader range of treatment, recreation, social services, and rehabilitative services.

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lack of resources for their intimate needs. In prison, women are dehumanized and treated like objects in a way that has become normal. Like many other socio-political issues, women seem to be left out of the conversation when it comes to prison reform. Again, not many people consider the experiences that women have endured in their time of imprisonment. Women were degraded to an extreme extent, and sexual abuse was often brought on by the guards and officers who are supposed to watch over them. They are sexualized, and often sent to prison for a longer duration than men.

2670: 747:, increases in the severities of offenses, and a lack of community sanctions and treatment for women who violate laws. In the United States, authorities began housing women in correctional facilities separate from men in the 1870s. According to the ACLU, "More than half of the women in prisons and jails (56%) are incarcerated for drug or property offenses, and Black women are two times as likely to be incarcerated as white women." Black women tend to receive longer sentences and harsher punishments than white women for committing the same crimes. According to 1674:

serving time for felony offenses, usually longer than a year. Federal prisons are run by the U.S. Bureau of Prisons and hold people who have been convicted of federal crimes and pretrial detainees. Local jails are county or municipal facilities that incarcerate defendants prior to trial, and also hold those serving short sentences, typically under a year. Juvenile correctional facilities are operated by local authorities or the state and serve as longer-term placements for youth who have been adjudicated as delinquent and ordered by a judge to be confined.

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supported by the research on early child development that argue it is imperative that infants and young children are with a parental figure, preferably the mother, to ensure proper development. This approach received support at the federal level when then-Deputy Attorney General Sally Yates instituted several family-friendly measures, for certain facilities, including: improving infrastructure for video conferencing and informing inmates on how to contact their children if they were placed in the foster care system, among other improvements.

2974:, caregivers are now responsible for another individual who requires attention and resources to flourish. Depending on the relationship to the caregiver, the transition to a new household may not be easy for the child. The rationale behind targeting caregivers for intervention policies is to ensure the new environment for the children is healthy and productive. The federal government funds states to provide counseling to caretaking family members to alleviate some of the associated emotional burden. A more comprehensive program from 3788:(WPB). Use the dropdown menu to choose lists of countries by region or the whole world. Use the menu to select highest-to-lowest lists of prison population totals, prison population rates, percentage of pre-trial detainees/remand imprisoned people, percentage of imprisoned females, percentage of imprisoned foreign people, and occupancy rate. Column headings in WPB tables can be clicked to reorder columns lowest to highest, or alphabetically. For detailed information for each country click on any country name in lists. See also the 1758:—and related units. Jails operated by county and local governments are typically smaller than prisons and less able to manage security issues raised by overcrowding. Due to the variety of prisoners incarcerated in jails, from defendants awaiting trial, to people serving short sentences for minor crimes, to people with significant histories of escape attempts or violence, jails often have multiple levels of security within a single facility, as compared to prisons which often have specialized facilities for each security level. 1811: 2045: 2962: 18547: 1888:, planned to challenge the ban in Federal Court. Similar bans on an inmate's rights or a website's right to post such information has been ruled unconstitutional in other courts, citing First Amendment freedoms. Some faith-based initiatives promote the positive effects of correspondence on inmates, and some have made efforts to help ex-offenders reintegrate into society through job placement assistance. Inmates' ability to mail letters to other inmates has been limited by the courts. 14650: 14211: 2559: 2630:

wholly or partially excluded juvenile delinquency counseling from their corrections figures and fifteen states wholly or partially excluded spending on juvenile institutions. Seventeen states wholly or partially excluded spending on drug abuse rehabilitation centers and forty-one states wholly or partially excluded spending on institutions for the criminally insane. Twenty-two states wholly or partially excluded aid to local governments for jails. For details, see Table 36."

109: 1187:, for which "socially and psychologically meaningful contact is reduced to the absolute minimum, to a point that is insufficient for most detainees to remain mentally well functioning". Another factor to be considered is that most inmates do not get the mental health services that they need while incarcerated. Due to limited funding, prisons are not able to provide a full range of mental health services and thus are typically limited to inconsistent administration of 1791:" and is widely considered to possibly be the most secure prison in the United States. A.D.X. Florence has a standard supermax section where assaultive, violent, and gang-related inmates are kept under normal supermax conditions of 23-hour confinement and abridged amenities. A.D.X. Florence is considered to be of a security level above that of all other prisons in the United States, at least in the "ideological" ultramax part of it, which features permanent, 24-hour 18559: 2847:

population. Based on analysis of the 2002-4 Survey of Inmates in Local Jails, incarcerated individuals had higher rates of hypertension, diabetes, myocardial infarction, asthma, arthritis, cervical cancer, and hepatitis. The prison environment exacerbates chronic health conditions since they cannot be properly addressed and due to the stress of social isolation. In addition, low-income and POC populations are often more susceptible to poor health outcomes due to

2872:, incarceration, and re-entry. Re-entry is not relevant if a parent is not arrested for other crimes. During each of these phases, solutions can be implemented that mitigate the harm placed on the children during the process. While their parents are away, children rely on other caretakers (family or friends) to satisfy their basic need. Solutions for the children of incarcerated parents have identified caretakers as a focal point for successful intervention. 15809: 14626: 14187: 4684:. See page 2 for explanation of the difference between number of prisoners in custody and the number under jurisdiction. See appendix table 3 for "Estimated number of inmates held in custody in state or federal prisons or in local jails per 100,000 U.S. residents, by sex, race and Hispanic/Latino origin, and age, June 30, 2010". See appendix table 2 for "Inmates held in custody in state or federal prisons or in local jails, December 31, 2000, and 2009–2010." 779:

offense level, criminal history, district, and offense type," and noted that "females receive even shorter sentences relative to men than whites relative to blacks." A later study by Sonja B. Starr found sentences for men to be up to 60% higher when controlling for more variables. Several explanations for this disparity have been offered, including that women have more to lose from incarceration, and that men are the targets of discrimination in sentencing.

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The percentage breakdown of people incarcerated by offense-type is as follows: 47% of people are incarcerated for drug offenses, 42% for public order offenses, 7% for violent offenses, and 4% for property offenses. A further 60,000 people are incarcerated by the U.S. Marshals Service. Of these people, there are 21,000 incarcerated for drug offenses, 14,000 for immigration offenses, 9,000 for weapons offenses, and 7,000 for violent offenses.

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placing hundreds of bunk beds next to one another, in these gyms, without any type of barriers to keep inmates separated. In California, the inadequate security engendered by this situation, coupled with insufficient staffing levels, have led to increased violence and a prison health system that causes one death a week. This situation has led the courts to order California to release 27% of the current prison population, citing the

2217: 1822:, prisoners usually have one- or two-person cells operated from a remote control station. Each cell has its own toilet and sink. Inmates may leave their cells for work assignments or correctional programs and otherwise may be allowed in a common area in the cellblock or an exercise yard. The fences are generally double fences with watchtowers housing armed guards, plus often a third, lethal-current electric fence in the middle. 1519:, a study was conducted that tracked 404,638 prisoners in 30 states after their release from prison in 2005. From the examination it was found that within three years after their release 67.8% of the released prisoners were rearrested; within five years, 76.6% of the released prisoners were rearrested, and of the prisoners that were rearrested 56.7% of them were rearrested by the end of their first year of release. 2991:

record. Black males with no criminal record were called back at a rate of 14% while the rate dropped to 5% for those with a criminal record. Black men with no criminal background have a harder time finding employment than white men who have a history of criminal activity. While having a criminal record decreases the chance of a callback for white men by 50%, it decreases the callback chances for Black men by 64%.

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the world (655 per 100,000 population in 2016). According to the World Prison Population List (11th edition) there were around 10.35 million people in penal institutions worldwide in 2015. The U.S. had 2,173,800 prisoners in adult facilities in 2015. That means the U.S. held 21.0% of the world's prisoners in 2015, even though the U.S. represented only around 4.4 percent of the world's population in 2015.

4707:. See page 1 "highlights" section for the "1 in ..." numbers. See table 1 on page 2 for adult numbers. See table 5 on page 6 for male and female numbers. See appendix table 5 on page 13, for "Estimated number of persons supervised by adult correctional systems, by correctional status, 2000–2013." See appendix table 2: "Inmates held in custody in state or federal prisons or in local jails, 2000 and 2012–2013". 15821: 14638: 14199: 3272:

accompanying sentences are better suited to their individual conduct, rather than excessive prison terms more appropriate for violent criminals or drug kingpins…" Running through Holder's statements, the increasing economic burden of over-incarceration was stressed. As of August 2013, the Smart on Crime program is not a legislative initiative but an effort "limited to the DOJ's policy parameters".

2172:, a professor of political science at the University of Pennsylvania, studies that claim private prisons are cheaper to run than public prisons fail to "take into account the fundamental differences between private and public facilities," and that the prison industry "engages in a lot of cherry-picking and cost-shifting to maintain the illusion that the private sector does it better for less." The 1911: 2059:, yet it is underreported by most states, while some do not report it at all. Isolation of prisoners has been condemned by the UN in 2011 as a form of torture. At over 80,000 at any given time, the U.S. has more prisoners confined in isolation than any other country in the world. In Louisiana, with 843 prisoners per 100,000 citizens, there have been prisoners, such as the 12221:"Black men with a prison record have the most difficulty moving through the hiring process—their odds of a getting a callback for an interview or offered a job are 125 percent smaller than white male ex-prisoners. The likelihood that Hispanic men with a record will get another interview or will be offered a job is 18 percent smaller than the likelihood for white men." 1972:) that, according to Hylton's research, try to minimize the amount of care given to prisoners to maximize profits. After the privatization of healthcare in Arizona's prisons, medical spending fell by 30 million dollars and staffing was greatly reduced. Some 50 prisoners died in custody in the first 8 months of 2013, compared to 37 for the preceding two years combined. 2995:

Internet. A study conducted at Arizona State University in 2014 accounts for this missing information. This study was set up similarly to the Pager study, but with the addition of female job applicants, Hispanic job applicants, and online job applications. Men and women of white, Black, and Hispanic ethnicities account for 92% of the U.S. prison population.

2295:) the so-called "truth-in-sentencing" and "three-strikes-you're-out" laws. Truth-in-sentencing called for all violent offenders to serve 85 percent of their sentences before being eligible for release; three strikes called for mandatory life imprisonment for a third felony conviction. Some prison officers unions in publicly run facilities such as 661:"Blacks are more likely than whites to be confined awaiting trial (which increases the probability that an incarcerative sentence will be imposed), to receive incarcerative rather than community sentences, and to receive longer sentences. Racial differences found at each stage are typically modest, but their cumulative effect is significant." 10041:. By Christian Henrichson and Ruth Delaney. "Total taxpayer cost per inmate. Among the 40 states surveyed, representing more than 1.2 million inmates (of 1.4 million total people incarcerated in all 50 state prison systems), the total per-inmate cost averaged $ 31,286 and ranged from $ 14,603 in Kentucky to $ 60,076 in New York (see Figure 4)." 2125:

psychotic. Because of this, "deviant women have been constructed as insane" (Davis, 2011). Women are treated as if their crimes are more irrational because of their gender, and their sentencing can be harsher as a result. Women are even more inclined to be imprisoned in psychiatric hospitals than men, and prescribed psychiatric treatment.

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noticed an immediate and strong reaction to sudden departures from family structure norms. These behavioral externalizations are most evident at school when the child interacts with peers and adults. This behavior leads to punishment and less focus on education, which has obvious consequences for future educational and career prospects.

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effects of incarceration on male applicants applying online were nearly nonexistent. In fact, the study found that "there was no effect of race/ethnicity, prison record, or community college on men's success in advancing through the hiring process". The Arizona State University study also had results that contradicted Pager's study.

2108:(CDC) requested health data from 54 state and territorial health department jurisdictions. 32 (86%) of 37 jurisdictions that responded reported at least one confirmed COVID-19 case among inmates or staff members. As of April 21, 2020, there were 4,893 cases and 88 deaths among inmates and 2,778 cases and 15 deaths among staff members. 2769:. 2) There appears to be a connection between drugs and violent crimes, the discussion of which, he says, New Jim Crow theorists have avoided. 3) New theorists have overlooked class as a factor in incarceration. Black people with advanced degrees have fewer convictions, and Black people without advanced education have more. 189:. Imprisoned people were chained naked and whipped with rods. Others, who were criminally insane, were caged, or placed in cellars or closets. She insisted on changes throughout the rest of her life. While focusing on the insane, her comments also resulted in changes for other inmates. Late in the 1800s, Superintendent 2916:

contributing factor to the parent-child relationship. Allowing a parent to serve their sentence closer to their residence allows for easier visitation and a healthier relationship. Recognizing this, the New York Senate passed a bill in 2015 that would ensure convicted individuals be jailed in the nearest facility.

762:. Between 2000 and 2017, the incarceration rate for white women increased by 44%, while at the same time declining by 55% for African American women. The Sentencing Project reports that by 2021, incarceration rates had declined by 70% for African American women, while rising by 7% for white women. In 2017, the 665:

time in America's state prisons. Black Americans are imprisoned at 5 times the rate of white people, and American Indians and Hispanic people are imprisoned at 4 times and 2 times the white rate, respectively. Black and Hispanic people make up 33% of the U.S. population but 56% of the incarcerated population.

1258:(ICE). These immigrants seek asylum into the United states and are detained prior to release into the United States or deportation and removal from the country. During 2018, 396,448 people were booked into ICE custody: 242,778 of whom were detained by CBP and 153,670 by ICE's own enforcement operations. 10414:

Retrieved February 14, 2015. "Researchers at the Brennan Center for Justice placed crime statistics from all 50 states over the past four decades against 13 other potential explainers of crime reduction, including decreases in alcohol consumption, growth in income and data-driven policing techniques.

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announced the "Smart on Crime" program, which is "a sweeping initiative by the Justice Department that in effect renounces several decades of tough-on-crime anti-drug legislation and policies." Holder said the program "will encourage U.S. attorneys to charge defendants only with crimes "for which the

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There has been a growing movement to make prisons more sustainable through numerous "green prison" programs. Green prisons promote sustainable living while also focusing on the incarcerated individual's rehabilitation which will hopefully lead to low recidivism rates. This includes reducing waste and

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Felony records greatly influence the chances of people finding employment. Many employers seem to use criminal history as a screening mechanism without attempting to probe deeper. They are often more interested in incarceration as a measure of employability and trustworthiness instead of its relation

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The last phase of the incarceration process is re-entry back into the community, but more importantly, back into the family structure. Though the time away is painful for the family, it does not always welcome back the previously incarcerated individual with open arms. Not only is the transition into

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While serving a sentence, measures have been put in place to allow parents to exercise their duty as role models and caretakers. New York allows newborns to be with their mothers for up to one year. Studies have shown that parental, specifically maternal, presence during a newborn's early development

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that: "Imprisonment, inflicted by law as a punishment, is not according to the principles of wise legislation. It sinks useful subjects into burdens on the community, and has always a bad effect on their morals: nor can it communicate the benefit of example, being in its nature secluded from the eye

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passed a law in 2009 advocating for child safety during parental arrest and California provides funding to agencies to train personnel how to appropriately conduct an arrest in the presence of family members. Extending past the state level, the Department of Justice has provided guidelines for police

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overturned the ban on using private prisons. According to Sessions, "the (Obama administration) memorandum changed long-standing policy and practice, and impaired the bureau's ability to meet the future needs of the federal correctional system. Therefore, I direct the bureau to return to its previous

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The petty crimes of women are also not met with the same intensity of murder charges for men. According to Davis, "masculine criminality has always been deemed more "normal" than feminine criminality" (Davis, 2011). When a woman commits a crime, it is not as common and so it is practically considered

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Based on Angela Davis' "Are Prisons Obsolete?", the prison industrial complex and mass incarceration is shaped by gender. There are significant differences in the treatment of imprisoned men and women. Women endure physical, mental, and emotional trauma as they are forced to endure sexual abuse and a

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Many prisons in the United States are overcrowded. For example, California's 33 prisons have a total capacity of 100,000, but they hold 170,000 inmates. Many prisons in California and around the country are forced to turn old gymnasiums and classrooms into huge bunkhouses for inmates. They do this by

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group may sleep in cells, but share them two and two, and use bunk beds with lockers to store their possessions. Depending upon the facility, each cell may have showers, toilets and sinks. Cells are locked at night with one or more correctional officers supervising. There is less supervision over the

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Despite the country's disparate systems of confinement, the U.S. prison system may be generally identified with four main institutions: state prisons, federal prisons, local jails, and juvenile correctional facilities. State prisons are run by state departments of correction, holding sentenced people

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article, said that "it is the length of sentences that truly distinguishes American prison policy. Indeed, the mere number of sentences imposed here would not place the United States at the top of the incarceration lists. If lists were compiled based on annual admissions to prison per capita, several

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In 2016, there were an estimated 1.2 million violent crimes committed in the United States. Over the course of that year, U.S. law enforcement agencies made approximately 10.7 million arrests, excluding arrests for traffic violations. In that year, approximately 2.3 million people were

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The BOP receives all prisoner transfer treaty inmates sent from foreign countries, even if their crimes would have been, if committed in the United States, tried in state, DC, or territorial courts. Non-US citizens incarcerated in federal and state prisons are eligible to be transferred to their home

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people. LGBT youth not only experience these same challenges, but many also live in homes unwelcoming to their identities. This often results in LGBT youth running away and/or engaging in criminal activities, such as the drug trade, sex work, and/or theft, which places them at higher risk for arrest.

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In 2013, there were 628,900 adult males in local jails in the United States, and 1,463,500 adult males in state and federal prisons. In a study of sentencing in the United States in 1984, David B. Mustard found that males received 12 percent longer prison terms than females after "controlling for the

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In 2011, it was reported that 85 to 90% of women incarcerated were victims of sexual and domestic violence, which is significantly higher than the national average of 22.3% of women in the United States. Women who face sexual or domestic violence are more likely to commit crimes themselves and become

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The sociologists John Clegg and Adaner Usmani assert that the high incarceration rates are partly the result of anemic social policy. As such, resolving the issue will necessitate significant redistribution coming from economic elites. They add that mass incarceration is "not a technical problem for

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contend that the massive "carceral state" extends far beyond prisons, and distorts democracy, degrades society, and obstructs meaningful discourse on criminal punishment. More recently, scholars have argued that a system of mass incarceration necessarily interferes with a free society "characterized

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High rates of incarceration may be due to sentence length, which is further driven by many other factors. Shorter sentences may even diminish the criminal culture by possibly reducing re-arrest rates for first-time convicts. The U.S. Congress has ordered federal judges to make imprisonment decisions

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Another concern that incarcerated individuals face is not having access to adequate heating and cooling during extreme weather conditions which are only becoming more common due to climate change. As summers continue to get hotter, many prisons do not have air conditioning, and numerous incarcerated

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It is estimated that one in nine state government employees works in corrections. As the overall U.S. prison population declined in 2010, states are closing prisons. For instance, Virginia has removed 11 prisons since 2009. Like other small towns, Boydton in Virginia has to contend with unemployment

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According to The Corrections Yearbook, 2000, the average annual starting salary for public corrections officers was $ 23,002, compared to $ 17,628 for private prison guards. The poor pay is a likely factor in the high turnover rate in private prisons, at 52.2 percent compared to 16 percent in public

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Marie Gottschalk claims that while private prison companies and other economic interests were not the primary drivers of mass incarceration originally, they do much to sustain it today. The private prison industry has successfully lobbied for changes that increase the profit of their employers. They

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The Civil Rights Act of 1960 prompted the collection of employment data and the Elementary and Secondary Education Act required collection of data for school funding. However, the true depth of inequality in education was not known despite several significant education policies being enacted because

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In March 2020, the Department of Justice issued its report, noting the county and municipal jail population, totaling 738,400 inmates, had decreased by 12% over the last decade, from an estimated 258 jail inmates per 100,000 U.S. residents in 2008 to 226 per 100,000 in 2018. For the first time since

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Additionally, as punitive action leads to dropout rates, so does imprisonment. Data shows in the year 2000, one in three black male students ages 20–40 who did not complete high school were incarcerated. Moreover, about 70% of those in state prison have not finished high school. Lastly, if one is a

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broke down those numbers, finding that, relative to their share of the U.S. population, "black and American Indian youth are over represented in juvenile facilities while white youth are under represented.", Black youth comprise 14% of the national youth population, but "43% of boys and 34% of girls

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In 2013, there were 102,400 adult females in local jails in the United States, and 111,300 adult females in state and federal prisons. Within the U.S., the rate of female incarceration increased fivefold in a two-decade span ending in 2001; the increase occurred because of increased prosecutions and

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Among 37 jurisdictions reporting, 32 (86%) reported at least one confirmed COVID-19 case among incarcerated or detained persons or staff members, across 420 correctional and detention facilities. As of April 21, 2020, 4,893 cases and 88 deaths among incarcerated and detained persons and 2,778 cases

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website. From page 1 of the PDF: "The information is the latest available at the end of October 2015." And from page 2: "This report shows that more than 10.35 million people are held in penal institutions throughout the world, either as pre-trial detainees/remand prisoners or having been convicted

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While Pager's study is greatly informative, it does lack some valuable information. Pager only studied white and Black men, which leaves out women and people of other races. It also fails to account for the fact that applying for jobs has largely shifted from applying in person to applying over the

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is the ability to obtain, process, and understand health information to make appropriate health decisions. In the incarcerated population, low health literacy is linked with decreased confidence in taking medications, increased likelihood of emergency department visits, and difficulty self-managing

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In 1995, the government allocated $ 5.1 billion for new prison space. Every $ 100 million spent in construction costs $ 53 million per year in finance and operational costs over the next three decades. The government spends nearly $ 60 billion a year for prisons, and in 2005, it

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The National Association of State Budget Officers reports: "In fiscal 2009, corrections spending represented 3.4 percent of total state spending and 7.2 percent of general fund spending." They also report: "Some states exclude certain items when reporting corrections expenditures. Twenty-one states

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Bondsmen have lobbied to cut back local pretrial programs from Texas to California, pushed for legislation in four states limiting pretrial's resources, and lobbied Congress so that they won't have to pay the bond if the defendant commits a new crime. Behind them, the bondsmen have powerful special

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claims that private prisons in the U.S. have become "a lucrative business". Between 1990 and 2000, the number of private facilities grew from five to 100, operated by nearly 20 private firms. Over the same time period the stock price of the industry leader, Corrections Corporation of America (CCA),

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in the federal system), all prisoners have individual cells with sliding doors controlled from a secure remote control station. Prisoners are allowed out of their cells one out of twenty four hours (one hour and 30 minutes for prisoners in California). When out of their cells, prisoners remain

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rate, and found that those serving the longest time, 61 months or more, had a slightly lower re-arrest rate (54.2%) than every other category of prisoners. This is most likely explained by the older average age of those released with the longest sentences, and the study shows a strong negative

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issued a report, "Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2020", that said, based on the most recent census data and information from the Bureau of Prisons, an overwhelming majority of inmates in county and municipal jails were being held pre-trial, without having been convicted of a crime. The Pre-Trial

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As of September 30, 2009, in federal prisons, 7.9% of sentenced people were incarcerated for violent crimes, while at year end 2008 of sentenced people in state prisons, 52.4% had been jailed for violent crimes. In 2002 (latest available data by type of offense), 21.6% of convicted inmates in jails

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with mental illness. Inmates who have a mental illness tend to stay for longer days in jail compared to inmates who don't have a mental illness. Inmates with mental illness may struggle to understand and follow prison rules. Inmates with mental illness will usually get in trouble with more facility

1014:

The term "school-to-prison pipeline", also known as the "schoolhouse-to-jailhouse track", is a concept that was named in the 1980s. The school-to-prison pipeline is the idea that a school's harsh punishments—which typically push students out of the classroom—lead to the criminalization of students'

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Broader socioeconomic inequality and disparities at each stage of the criminal legal process result in the disproportionate imprisonment of people of color. In 2021, people of color constituted over two-thirds (69%) of the prison population. Nationally, one in 81 African American adults are serving

541:

The federal prison population is approximately 209,000. 148,000 of these people are incarcerated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons. Of these people, there are 69,000 people incarcerated for drug offenses, 61,000 for public order offenses, 11,000 for violent offenses, and 6,000 for property offenses.

537:

Approximately 1.8 million people are incarcerated in state or federal prisons or local jails. There are over 1 million people who are incarcerated in state prisons. There are 656,000 people incarcerated for violent offenses, 142,000 for property offenses, 132,000 for drug offenses, and 110,000

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writes, "Since the 1970s, the final wave of expansion of the prison system, there has been a huge expansion of prisons that exist at the federal and state level. Now, prisons are starting to become a private industry as more and more prisons are starting to become privatized rather than being under

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Prisons around the United States contribute to the water contamination of surrounding bodies of water. Prisons also contribute high amounts of air pollution which affects individuals incarcerated within the prison, surrounding communities, and the ecosystems in the surrounding area. Prisons around

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goal of making them more cognizant of the familial situation before entering the home. The guidelines go a step further and stipulate that if no information is available before the arrest, that officers ask the suspect about the possibility of any children in the house. San Francisco is not alone:

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An August 2016 report by the U.S. Department of Justice asserts that privately operated federal facilities are less safe, less secure and more punitive than other federal prisons. Shortly after this report was published, the DoJ announced it will stop using private prisons. On February 23, the DOJ

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facilities provide the highest level of prison security. These units hold those considered the most dangerous inmates, as well as inmates that have been deemed too high-profile or too great a national security risk for a normal prison. These include inmates who have committed assaults, murders, or

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The number of incarcerated individuals in U.S. jails and prisons jumped 500% in the three decades following the implementation of tougher sentencing laws associated with the War on Drugs and the "tough on crime" movement. The U.S. incarceration rate peaked in 2008 when about 1 in 100 US adults was

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With around 100 prisoners per 100,000, the United States had an average prison and jail population until 1980. Afterwards it drifted apart considerably. The United States has the highest prison and jail population (2,121,600 in adult facilities in 2016) as well as the highest incarceration rate in

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programs showed "43% lower odds of recidivating than inmates who did not." That same study showed that individuals who received vocational education and training saw a 28% increase in employment following incarceration, and those who participated in strictly academic educational programs saw an 8%

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rate doubled from 3.7% to 7.4% from 1973 to 2010. The claim that Zero Tolerance Policies affect students of color at a disproportionate rate is supported in the Code of Maryland Regulations study, that found black students were suspended at more than double the rate of white students. This data is

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At the same time these policies were growing, school districts adopted their own version of the "broken windows theory". The broken windows theory emphasizes the importance of cracking down on small offenses in order to make residents feel safer and discourage more serious crime. For schools, this

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system, the United States incarcerates more of its youth than any other country in the world, a reflection of the larger trends in incarceration practices in the United States. This has been a source of controversy for a number of reasons, including the overcrowding and violence in youth detention

73:

Since reaching its peak level of imprisonment in 2009, the U.S. has averaged a rate of decarceration of 2.3% per year. This figure includes the anomalous 14.1% drop in 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. There is significant variation among state prison population declines. Connecticut, New

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on May 7, 2023, the United States has the sixth highest incarceration rate in the world, at 531 people per 100,000. Expenses related to prison, parole, and probation operations have an annual estimated cost of around $ 81 billion. Court costs, bail bond fees, and prison phone fees amounted to

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Federal Prison Oversight Act was introduced which would require the Department of Justice's Inspector General to conduct detailed inspections of each of the Bureau of Prisons' 122 facilities and would create an independent Justice Department position to investigate complaints. This was introduced

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reasons that while it may seem contradictory that the notions of market freedom and the establishment of a robust market economy occurred simultaneously with the reality of mass incarceration during the neoliberal period, neoliberals and even the classical economic liberals who preceded them "had

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Effects of other types of incarceration, such as shorter stays in local county jails, can also affect employment at both the individual and macro level. At the community level, for example, jail incarceration has been found to diminish local labor markets, especially in areas with relatively high

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in 2014 requires judges to inquire if convicted individuals are single custodial parents, and if so, to authorize the mobility of important resources so the child's transition to different circumstances is monitored. The distance that the jail or prison is from the arrested individual's home is a

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associated with the day their parent was arrested. These single, adverse moments have long-reaching effects and policymakers around the country have attempted to ameliorate the situation. For example, the city of San Francisco in 2005 implemented training policies for its police officers with the

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loop without the presence of a parental figure. Given the chronic nature of these diseases, they can be detected and observed at distinct points in a child's development, allowing for research to determine if additional health services can be used to intervene in their lives and prevent increased

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medium security prisons, two of which were privately run by different corporations and one of which was publicly run. The data from this study suggested that the privately run prisons operated more cost-effectively without sacrificing the safety of inmates and staff. The study concluded that both

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The conditions for women, especially Black women, are often poor. Many prisons are known to do less to help Black women get out of the prison system. Because prisons are male dominated, a larger portion of the resources are allocated towards them. Another major issue that women face in prisons is

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As of September 2013, condoms for prisoners are only available in the U.S. State of Vermont (on September 17, 2013, the California Senate approved a bill for condom distribution inside the state's prisons, but the bill was not yet law at the time of approval) and in county jails in San Francisco.

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in New York. As Monroe County Penitentiary Superintendent, Brockway implemented a points-based behavior system that identified low risk offenders and allowed them to participate in education programs which was later included industrial/trade schools, moral education, and academia (Gehring, 1982).

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Some of the first structures built in English-settled America were jails, and by the 18th century, every English-speaking North American county had a jail. These jails served a variety of functions, such as a holding place for debtors, prisoners-of-war, and political prisoners, those bound in the

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and Bryan Sykes, a UW post-doctoral researcher, revealed that the increase in the United States's prison population since the 1970s is having profound demographic consequences that affect 1 in 50 Americans. Drawing data from a variety of sources that looked at prison and general populations, the

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employment on the marginalized urban "postindustrial proletariat". In this, he posits that the expansive prison system has become a core political institution, and that this "overgrown and intrusive penal state" is "deeply injurious to the ideals of democratic citizenship." Academic and activist

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For men with a criminal record, white men fared most favorably, being 125% more likely to receive a call back from an employer than black men, and 18% more likely than Hispanic men. Males with a prison record were less likely than males without a prison record to receive a callback. However, the

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The effects of an early traumatic experience of a child can be categorized into health effects and behavioral externalizations. Many studies have searched for a correlation between witnessing a parent's arrest and a wide variety of physiological issues. For example, Lee et al. showed significant

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contended that the U.S. incarceration system worked to bar Black men from voting. She wrote "there are more African Americans under correctional control – in prison or jail, on probation or parole – than were enslaved in 1850, a decade before the Civil War began". Alexander's work has drawn

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The American prison system is one of significant heterogeneity. In fact, it would be misleading to suggest that the U.S. has one "criminal justice system." Instead, there are thousands of systems across federal, state, local, tribal levels. In 2023, there were a reported "1,566 state prisons, 98

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Nonviolent crime was the main driver of the increase in the incarcerated population in the United States from 1980 to 2003. Violent crime rates had been relatively constant or declining over those decades. The prison population was increased primarily by public policy changes causing more prison

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Zero-tolerance policies are regulations that mandate specific consequences in response to outlined student misbehavior, typically without any consideration for the unique circumstances surrounding a given incident. Zero-tolerance policies both implicitly and explicitly usher the student into the

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As of 2023, 59% of incarcerated people are in state prisons; 12% are in federal prisons; and 29% are in local jails. Of the total state and federal prison population, 8% or 96,370 people are incarcerated in private prisons. An additional 2.9 million people are on probation, and over 800,000

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penal transportation and slavery systems; and those accused but not tried for crimes. Sentences for those convicted of crimes were rarely longer than three months and often lasted only a day. Poor citizens were often imprisoned for longer than their richer neighbors, as bail was rarely refused.

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In the 18th century, English philanthropists began to focus on the reform of convicted criminals in prison, whom they believed needed a chance to become morally pure to stop or slow crime. Since at least 1740, some of these philosophers have thought of solitary confinement as a way to create and

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Many prisons around the United States are built on or close to superfund sites which expose incarcerated individuals to environmental toxins such as high levels of lead and copper. Some prisons in the United States are also built next to landfills, toxic waste sites, and old mining sites. Since

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Inmates who maintain contact with family and friends in the outside world are less likely to be convicted of further crimes and usually have an easier reintegration period back into society. Inmates benefit from corresponding with friends and family members, especially when in-person visits are

1146:(which may be described as "protective custody"), physical and sexual violence, verbal abuse, and denial of medical care and other services. According to the National Inmate Survey, in 2011–12, 40 percent of transgender inmates reported sexual victimization compared to 4 percent of all inmates. 2990:

Although incarceration in general has a huge effect on employment, the effects become even more pronounced when looking at race. Devah Pager performed a study in 2003 and found that white males with no criminal record had a 34% chance of callback compared to 17% for white males with a criminal

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With rising levels of mass incarceration, the prison population faces significant health issues while incarcerated. Health surveys of inmates show that the prison population faces higher rates of chronic and infectious diseases, mental illness, and substance use disorders than the general U.S.

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specific to the parental incarceration. In a specific case study in Boston by Sack, within two months of the father being arrested, the adolescent boy in the family developed severe aggressive and antisocial behaviors. This observation is not unique; Sack and other researchers have

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contend the large pre-trial detention population serves as a compelling reason for bail reform anchored in a presumption of innocence. "We don't want people sitting in jails only because they cannot afford their financial bail," said Representative John Tilley (D) of Kentucky, a state that has

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writes that the "overwhelming majority" of prisoners and former prisoners of the U.S. prison system, which "has no equal in any other country or any other epoch," are extremely poor. And they stay poor as prison jobs pay an average wage of between 14 cents and $ 1.41 an hour. He notes that the

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In many cities and counties the criminal justice system is effectively a system for keeping the poor in poverty while generating revenue to fund not only the justice system but diverse other programs. The use of the legal system, not to promote justice, but to raise revenue, as documented so

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uses a numbered scale from one to five to represent the security level. Level five is the most secure, while level one is the least. State prison systems operate similar systems. California, for example, classifies its facilities from Reception Center through Levels I to V (minimum to maximum

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have written songs and poems that condemn racial disparities in the criminal justice system, specifically the alleged practice of police officers targeting African Americans. By presenting the negative implications of mass incarceration in a way that is widespread throughout popular culture,

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law requires nursery support for pregnant inmates in its facilities. California also has a stake in the support of incarcerated parents, too, through its requirement that women in jail with children be transferred to a community facility that can provide pediatric care. These regulations are

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Although significant gaps remain, there have been reductions in imprisonment disparities over the past decades. The extent of decarceration has varied by race and ethnicity, but all major racial and ethnic groups experienced decarceration since reaching their highest levels. The Black prison

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Incarceration of an individual does not have a singular effect: it affects those in the individual's tight-knit circle as well. For every mother that is incarcerated in the United States there are about another ten people (children, grandparents, community, etc.) that are directly affected.

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Within three years of being released, 67% of ex-prisoners are re-arrested, and 52% are re-incarcerated, according to a study based on 1994 data. Former inmate Wenona Thompson argues "I realized that I became part of a cycle, a system, that looked forward to seeing me there. And I was aware

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women's incarceration rate was growing faster than ever before, as the rate for black women declined. The incarceration rate of African American males is also falling sharply, even faster that white men's incarceration rate, contrary to the popular opinion that black males are increasingly

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In addition to externalizing undesirable behaviors, children of incarcerated parents are more likely to be incarcerated compared to those without incarcerated parents. More formally, transmission of severe emotional strain on a parent negatively impacts the children by disrupting the home

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rates. The American Psychological Association recommends a holistic approach to reducing recidivism rates among offenders by providing "cognitive–behavioral treatment focused on criminal cognition" or "services that target variable risk factors for high-risk offenders" due to the numerous

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of mentally ill persons beginning in the 1960s, when mental hospitals across the country began closing their doors. However, other researchers indicate that "there is no evidence for the basic criminalization premise that decreased psychiatric services explain the disproportionate risk of

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is supposed to monitor prisons in the United States. However, prisons often fail to provide Environment Impact Statements to the EPA each year, making it difficult to fully understand their environmental impact. Prisons also require a large amount of energy since they run 24 hours a day.

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are viewed as main contributors. Additionally, the "School to Prison Pipeline disproportionately impacts the poor, students with disabilities, and youth of color, especially African Americans, who are suspended and expelled at the highest rates, despite comparable rates of infraction."

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In 1994, the Gun-Free Schools Act was passed. It required that students have at least a year long suspension from school if they brought a weapon to school. Many states then adopted the Zero-tolerance policy which lead to an increase in suspensions, mainly for Black and Hispanic kids.

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reported in 2013 that numerous studies indicate private jails are actually filthier, more violent, less accountable, and possibly more costly than their public counterparts. The ACLU stated that the for-profit prison industry is "a major contributor to bloated state budgets and mass

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found that in 16 southern states, the elderly prisoner population increased on average by 145% between 1997 and 2007. The growth in the elderly population brought along higher health care costs, most notably seen in the 10% average increase in state prison budgets from 2005 to 2006.

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White women have odds of receiving a favorable response from hiring managers that are nearly 50 percent smaller than the odds of Hispanic women with a prison record, the odds of white women with a prison record are only five percent smaller than black women’s with a prison record.

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More than half—52 percent—of the positive outcomes observed during the audit benefitted the employment prospects of Hispanic women. White women received 36 percent of favorable responses. A complete breakdown of the distribution of favorable responses is reported in Table 3."

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In 2011, some 885 people died while being held in local jails (not in prisons after being convicted of a crime and sentenced) throughout the United States. According to federal statistics, roughly 4,400 inmates die in U.S. prisons and jails annually, excluding executions.

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is more likely to impact younger generations than a book or scholarly article would. Hip hop accounts of mass incarceration are based on victim-based testimony and are effective in inspiring others to speak out against the corrupt criminal justice system. The soul singer

1120:, 16 percent of transgender adults have been in prison and/or jail, compared to 2.7 percent of all adults. It has also been found that 13–15 percent of youth in detention identify as LGBT, whereas an estimated 4–8 percent of the general youth population identify as such. 74:

Jersey, and New York have reduced their prison populations by over 50% since reaching their peak levels. Twenty-five states have reduced their prison populations by 25% since reaching their peaks. The federal prison population downsized 27% relative to its peak in 2011.

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were in prison for violent crimes. Among unconvicted inmates in jails in 2002, 34% had a violent offense as the most serious charge. 41% percent of convicted and unconvicted jail inmates in 2002 had a current or prior violent offense; 46% were nonviolent recidivists.

4592:. Committee on Reducing Racial Inequalities in the Criminal Justice System, Committee on Law and Justice, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. 2969:

Though the effects on caregivers of these children vary based on factors such as the relationship to the prisoner and his or her support system, it is well known that it is a financial and emotional burden to take care of a child. In addition to taking care of their

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The conclusion was that the sharp increase in prison numbers has had a negligible effect on the downward trend in crime, with mass incarceration responsible for around 6% of property crime reduction in the 1990s and less than a single percentage point in the 2000s."

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Justice Institute noted, "Six out of 10 people in U.S. jails—nearly a half million individuals on any given day—are awaiting trial. People who have not been found guilty of the charges against them account for 95% of all jail population growth between 2000–2014."

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federal prisons, 3,116 local jails, 1,323 juvenile correctional facilities, 181 immigrant detention facilities, and 80 Indian country jails, as well as military prisons, civil commitment centers, state psychiatric hospitals, and prisons in the U.S. territories."

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reported that at least 3,278 Americans were serving life sentences without parole for nonviolent crimes, including "cursing at a policeman and selling $ 10 worth of drugs. More than 80 percent of these life sentences are the result of mandatory sentencing laws."

225:. These legal frameworks became mainstream practices resulting in mass incarceration and legal discrimination of African Americans and other marginalized groups in America. At this time, there was an increase in crime, causing officials to handle crime in a more 483:

declared drug abuse "public enemy number one" in a message to Congress. His message also called for federal resources to be used for the "prevention of new addicts and the rehabilitation of those who are addicted." Following this, the media began using the term

53:

in state or federal prisons and local jails. The United States has the largest known prison population in the world. It has 5% of the world’s population while having 20% of the world’s incarcerated persons. China, with more than four times more inhabitants, has

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The incarcerated population also has lower rates of health literacy. A 2016 study found that over 60% of patients had inadequate health literacy in a sample of formerly incarcerated individuals. According to the Health Resources & Services Administration,

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During the sentencing phase, the judge is the primary authority in determining the appropriate punishment. Consideration of the sentencing effects on the defendant's children could help with the preservation of the parent-child relationship. A law passed in

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There has also been a substantial effort to understand how this traumatic experience manifests in the child's mental health and to identify externalizations that may be helpful for a diagnosis. The most prominent mental health outcomes in these children are

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The incarceration of youths has been linked to the effects of family and neighborhood influences. One study found that the "behaviors of family members and neighborhood peers appear to substantially affect the behavior and outcomes of disadvantaged youths".

2686:. Higher rates of prison admissions increase crime rates, whereas moderate rates of prison admissions decrease crime. The rate of prisoner releases in a given year in a community is also positively related to that community's crime rate the following year. 2799:

diagnosis to children with a parental incarceration. Even while adjusting for various socioeconomic and racial factors, children with an incarcerated parent have a significantly higher chance of developing a wide variety of physical problems such as

61:

Drug offenses account for the incarceration of about 1 in 5 people in U.S. prisons. Violent offenses account for over 3 in 5 people (62%) in state prisons. Property offenses account for the incarceration of about 1 in 7 people (14%) in state prisons.

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Housing the approximately 500,000 people in jail in the U.S. awaiting trial who cannot afford bail costs $ 9 billion a year. Most jail inmates are petty, nonviolent offenders. In the early 1990s, most nonviolent defendants were released on their own

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in 2013 claims the conditions there are "hyper-violent", "barbaric" and "chaotic", with gangs routinely beating and exploiting mentally ill inmates who are denied medical care by prison staff. A May 2012 riot in the Corrections Corporation of America-run

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Nearly 53,000 youth were incarcerated in 2015. 4,656 of those were held in adult facilities, while the rest were in juvenile facilities. Of those in juvenile facilities, 69% are 16 or older, while over 500 are 12 or younger. As arrest and crime rates are

13120: 2529:, prison labor produces $ 11 billion worth of goods and services annually, with inmates often being forced to work dangerous jobs with no labor protections and little training, and are compensated with pennies per hour or sometimes nothing at all. 1467:, and tertiary education. In the early 1800s, tutors began to enter prisons and the idea of punishment began to shift towards rehabilitation. By the early 1990s, there were over 350 prison education programs nationwide. In 1994, Bill Clinton signed the 1990:

Also identified as an issue within the prison system is gang violence, because many gang members retain their gang identity and affiliations when imprisoned. Segregation of identified gang members from the general population of inmates, with different

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in state prisons declined by 12,400 over this period. Furthermore, while the number of sentenced violent offenders in state prison increased from 2000 through 2008, the expected length of stays for these offenders declined slightly during this period.

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meant more suspensions for small offenses like talking back to teachers, skipping class, or being disobedient or disruptive. This led to schools having police officers in schools, which in turn led to students being arrested and handled more harshly.

1285:, the U.N. Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights, asserted that the justice system throughout the U.S. is designed to keep people mired in poverty and to generate revenue to fund the justice system and other governmental programs. 538:

for public order offenses. The percentage breakdown of people in state prisons by offense-type is as follows: 63% of people are incarcerated for violent offenses, 13% for property offenses, 13% for drug offenses, and 11% for public order offenses.

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inmates were excluded from federal surveys. Studies in the 1990s by psychologists, social justice advocates, scholars, and researchers showed that inmate exclusion grossly inflates education attainment rates as the prison population grows and the

3247:(ACLU) on behalf of several inmates that Alabama's practice in doing so violated federal disabilities law. He noted the state's "outdated and unsupported assumptions about HIV and the prison system's ability to deal with HIV-positive prisoners." 2394:

Additionally, both CCA and GEO Group have been expanding into the immigrant detention market. Although the combined revenues of CCA and GEO Group were about $ 4 billion in 2017 from private prison contracts, their number one customer was

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ruling issued on May 23, 2011, California – which has the highest overcrowding rate of any prison system in the country – must alleviate overcrowding in the state's prisons, reducing the prisoner population by 30,000 over the next two years.

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environment. Societal stigma against individuals, specifically parents, who are incarcerated is passed down to their children. The children find this stigma to be overwhelming and it negatively impacts their short- and long-term prospects.

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argues that the expanding disparity of wealth and the increasing criminalization of those in poverty have culminated in the U.S. having the largest prison population "in the history of human civilization". The scholars Michael Meranze and

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argues that prisons in the U.S. have "become venues of profit as well as punishment;" as mass incarceration has increased, the prison system has become more about economic factors than criminality. Professor of Law at Columbia University

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A 2002 study survey, showed that among nearly 275,000 prisoners released in 1994, 67.5% were rearrested within 3 years, and 51.8% were back in prison. However, the study found no evidence that spending more time in prison raises the

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reported in 2015 that the majority of those incarcerated in local and county jails are there for minor violations and have been jailed for longer periods of time over the past 30 years because they are unable to pay court-imposed costs.

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prisons are not strictly regulated, the existence of these prisons inherently validates toxins to be prevalent in the environment. Incarcerated individuals are forced to breathe and consume these toxins with no government protection.

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In some, but not all, states' department of corrections, inmates reside in different facilities that vary by security level, especially in security measures, administration of inmates, type of housing, and weapons and tactics used by

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introduced the "Justice Is Not for Sale" Act, which would prohibit the United States government at federal, state and local levels from contracting with private firms to provide and/or operate detention facilities within two years.

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in juvenile facilities are Black. And even excluding youth held in Indian country facilities, American Indians make up 3% of girls and 1.5% of boys in juvenile facilities, despite comprising less than 1% of all youth nationally.".

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During our review, we have identified numerous offenders who, through misleading web postings and photos, have solicited thousands of dollars from individuals and have devised other creative and purposeful intents to defraud the

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To prevent the recidivism of individuals with mental illness, a variety of programs are in place that are based on criminal justice or mental health intervention models. Programs modeled after criminal justice strategies include

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supervised pretrial release costs about $ 7 a day per person while jail costs $ 115 a day. The jail system costs a quarter of every county tax dollar in Broward County and is the single largest expense to the county taxpayer.

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prohibited the use of prison labor with the exception of state institutions. However, lobbying by corporations eventually allowed them to use prison labor by 1979, and by 1995 businesses won exemptions from minimum wage laws.

1995:

being housed in separate units often results in the imprisonment of these gang members with their friends and criminal cohorts. Some feel this has the effect of turning prisons into "institutions of higher criminal learning".

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claims that prisoners and detainees face "abusive, degrading and dangerous" conditions within local, state and federal facilities, including those operated by for-profit contractors. The organization also raised concerns with

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contends that neoliberalism holds the state as incompetent when it comes to economic regulation but proficient at policing and punishing, and that this paradox has resulted in the expansion of penal confinement. According to

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criticized the United States for about ten judicial abuses, including the mistreatment of juvenile inmates. A UN report published in 2015 criticized the U.S. for being the only nation in the world to sentence juveniles to

13274: 1336:", the increase in the duration of incarceration in the last decade was most pronounced in the case of life prison sentences, which increased by 83% between 1992 and 2003 while violent crimes fell in the same period. 775:

incarcerated. The history of black women experiencing higher rates of abuse than white women provides one of many explanations for why African American women have faced higher rates of incarceration than white women.

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researchers found that the boom in prison population is hiding lowered rates of fertility and increased rates of involuntary migration to rural areas and morbidity that is marked by a greater exposure to and risk of

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Our growth … depends on a number of factors we cannot control, including crime rates …eductions in crime rates … could lead to reductions in arrests, convictions and sentences requiring incarceration at correctional

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sexual assault, which often comes from guards. Though this is a major issue for women, these types of assaults do not usually get the attention that they need, and the victims are often left not being taken care of.

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Archambeault, William G.; Donald R. Deis Jr. (1997–1998). "Cost Effectiveness Comparisons of Private Versus Public Prisons in Louisiana: A Comprehensive Analysis of Allen, Avoyelles, and Winn Correction Centers".

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Hinton, Elizabeth. "From the War on Crime to the War on Drugs". From the War on Poverty to the War on Crime: the Making of Mass Incarceration in America, by Elizabeth Hinton, Harvard University Press, 2017, pp.

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is 146 per 100,000 (as of 2016), Australia is 160 per 100,000 (as of 2016) and Ireland is 82 per 100,000 (as of Aug 2022). Comparing other developed countries, the rate of Spain is 133 per 100,000 (as of 2016),

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which there are smart, straightforward, but just not-yet-realized solutions. Rather they argue, it is a political problem, the solution of which will require "confronting the entrenched power of the wealthy."

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transitioning to renewable energy sources. However, there has been some pushback to the spread of green programs within prisons as environmental justice activists argue they only reinforce mass incarceration.

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Because of discriminatory practices and limited access to resources, transgender adults are also more likely to engage in criminal activities to be able to pay for housing, health care, and other basic needs.

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have opposed measures that would bring reduced sentencing or shorter prison terms. The private prison industry has been accused of being at least partly responsible for America's high rates of incarceration.

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Comparing other English-speaking developed countries, whereas the incarceration rate of the U.S. is 655 per 100,000 population of all ages, the incarceration rate of Canada is 114 per 100,000 (as of 2015),

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incarceration – not a part of any viable solution to these urgent problems." The primary reason Louisiana is the prison capital of the world is because of the for-profit prison industry. According to

2998:

The Arizona State University study also found that incarceration decreased employment opportunities. The findings indicated that the presence of a criminal record reduced callbacks by approximately 50%.

1297:

carceral state also "disappears" the incarcerated poor by erasing them from poverty statistics and national surveys, "which means there are millions more poor Americans than official statistics let on."

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people are on parole. At year-end 2021, 1,000,000 people were incarcerated in state prisons; 157,000 people were incarcerated in federal prisons; and 636,000 people were incarcerated in local jails.

13324: 14249: 1191:, or no psychiatric services at all. Human Rights Watch also claims that corrections officers routinely use excessive violence against mentally ill inmates for nonthreatening behaviors related to 2643:

According to a 2016 analysis of federal data by the U.S. Education Department, state and local spending on incarceration has grown three times as much as spending on public education since 1980.

1231:. It has been argued that the wide diversity of these program interventions points to a lack of clarity on which specific program components are most effective in reducing recidivism rates among 658:

Racial and ethnic disparities are a significant feature of the American prison system. These disparities accumulate across the criminal legal system. The National Academies of Sciences explains:

545:

Finally, 619,000 people are incarcerated in local jails. Jail incarceration accounts for a third of all incarceration. Over 80% of people incarcerated in local jails have not yet been convicted.

2417:

and are paid less than $ 1.25 an hour. Prisons have gradually become a source of low-wage labor for corporations seeking to outsource work to inmates. Corporations that use prison labor include

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Clear, Todd R.; Rose, Dina R.; Waring, Elin; Scully, Kristen (March 1, 2003). "Coercive mobility and crime: A preliminary examination of concentrated incarceration and social disorganization".

2213:, also in Mississippi, left one corrections officer dead and dozens injured. Similar riots have occurred in privatized facilities in Idaho, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Florida, California and Texas. 1975:

The poor quality of food provided to inmates has become an issue, as over the last decade corrections officials looking to cut costs have been outsourcing food services to corporations such as

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that allows for involuntary servitude "as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted". The film equates mass incarceration with the post-Civil War Jim Crow Era.

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to afford it. 62% of local jail inmates are awaiting trial. This rate varies from state to state. As of 2019, Illinois has the highest rate with 89% of inmates in local jails unconvicted.

2577:, the average cost of incarceration for federal inmates in fiscal year 2014 was $ 30,619.85. The average annual cost to confine an inmate in a residential re-entry center was $ 28,999.25. 2566:

Judicial, police, and corrections costs totaled $ 212 billion in 2011 according to the U.S. Census Bureau. In 2007, around $ 74 billion was spent on corrections according to the

2514:, took place in 17 states from coast to coast to protest what inmates regard as unfair treatment by the criminal justice system. In particular, inmates objected to being excluded from the 2587:

In California in 2008, it cost the state an average of $ 47,102 a year to incarcerate an inmate in a state prison. From 2001 to 2009, the average annual cost increased by about $ 19,500.

2532:

In 2023, a nation-wide movement had called to close the 'slavery loophole' in the 13th Amendment, allowing an exception for punishment of crime. According to constitutional scholars, the

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which forces them to work for pennies a day, a condition they assert is tantamount to "modern-day slavery". The strike was the result of a call to action after a deadly riot occurred at

2183:, "a majority of Louisiana inmates are housed in for-profit facilities, which must be supplied with a constant influx of human beings or a $ 182 million industry will go bankrupt." 17275: 1536: 27: 1861:

websites provide detailed information regarding mail policies. These rules can even vary within a single prison depending on which part of the prison an inmate is housed. For example,

151:

Spanish colonizers in Florida also brought their own ideas of confinement, and Spanish soldiers in St. Augustine, Florida, built the first substantial prison in North America in 1570.

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DeFina, Robert; Hannon, Lance (November 1, 2010). "For incapacitation, there is no time like the present: The lagged effects of prisoner reentry on property and violent crime rates".

8915: 6953:. Page 2 says: "At yearend 2015, an estimated 2,173,800 persons were either under the jurisdiction of state or federal prisons or in the custody of local jails in the United States". 13420: 3189:", which started around that time. More elected prosecutors were favored by voters for promising to take more harsh approaches than their opponents, such as locking up more people. 1897: 1054: 5378: 1442:

In 2018, sixty-eight percent of jail inmates were behind bars on felony charges, about two-thirds of the total jail population was awaiting court action or held for other reasons.

1015:

misbehaviors and result in increasing a student's probability of entering the prison system. Although the school-to-prison pipeline is aggravated by a combination of ingredients,

9411: 6109: 7833: 3173:, "neoliberal social and economic policy has more deeply embedded the carceral state within the lives of the poor, transforming what it means to be poor in America." Historian 17148: 15416: 13896: 1316:

Many legislatures continually have reduced discretion of judges in both the sentencing process and the determination of when the conditions of a sentence have been satisfied.

2808:, and developmental delays. The current literature acknowledges that there are a variety of poor health outcomes as a direct result of being separated from a parent by 2322:, which were purchased by GEO in 2005 and 2010. Such companies often sign contracts with states obliging them to fill prison beds or reimburse them for those that go unused. 1392:

sentences and lengthening time served, for example through mandatory minimum sentencing, "three strikes" laws, and reductions in the availability of parole or early release.

14242: 9352: 7513: 7501: 7489: 7459: 3478: 1468: 11514:

Hadden, Kristie B.; Puglisi, Lisa; Prince, Latrina; Aminawung, Jenerius A.; Shavit, Shira; Pflaum, David; Calderon, Joe; Wang, Emily A.; Zaller, Nickolas (August 1, 2018).

6885:, University Greifswald, FRIEDER DÜNKEL • BERND GENG • STEFAN HARRENDORF, Bewährungshilfe – Soziales • Strafrecht • Kriminalpolitik, Jg. 63, 2016, Heft 2, S. 178–200, 2016. 5772:

Skeem, Jennifer; Manchak, Sarah; Peterson, Jillian (April 2011). "Correctional Policy for Offenders with Mental Illness: Creating a New Paradigm for Recidivism Reduction".

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into law, which barred incarcerated people from receiving Pell Grants. This caused the number of educational programs to quickly decline due to a lack of federal funding.

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prior to incarceration such as poor nutrition, lower average levels of education, higher levels of community violence and drug use, and lower rates of healthcare access.

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In 2016, about 200,000, under 16%, of the 1.3 million people in state jails, were serving time for drug offenses. 700,000 were incarcerated for violent offenses.

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published a report in 2012 which asserts that the elderly prison population has climbed 1300% since the 1980s, with 125,000 inmates aged 55 or older now incarcerated.

6838: 16965: 16305: 16175: 14526: 14461: 13966: 5034: 563: 14590: 14531: 14486: 14235: 14107: 9992: 9956: 6982: 1576:, every state has a higher incarceration rate than "virtually any independent democracy on earth." Louisiana has the highest incarceration rate at 1,094. In 2012, 967:

facilities, the prosecution of youths as adults and the long term consequences of incarceration on the individual's chances for success in adulthood. In 2014, the

12001: 6875: 17555: 16435: 13821: 13189: 7525:

diZerega, M., & Agudelo, S. V. (2011). Piloting a tool for reentry: A promising approach to engaging family members. New York, NY: Vera Institute of Justice.

5027:. Click "National Crosstabs" at the top, and then choose the census years. Click "Show table" to get the total number of juvenile inmates for those years. Or go 2728:

for conviction of a felony. In addition, people who have been recently released from prison are ineligible for welfare in most states. They are not eligible for

488:". According to author Emily Dufton, Nixon "transformed the public image of the drug user into one of a dangerous and anarchic threat to American civilization." 6420:

U.S. Department of Justice Bureau of Justice Statistics: "Prisoners in 2012 Trends in Admissions and Releases, 1991–2012" by E. Ann Carson and Daniela Golinelli

5067: 4827: 18314: 17042: 16810: 16644: 16300: 15264: 14436: 13886: 10030: 9211: 6422:

Table 11: Estimated sentenced state imprisoned people on December 31, by most serious offense and type of admission, 1991, 2001, 2006, and 2011 | December 2013

5851: 3419:

Across the world, the U.S. military operates several detention facilities. At year-end 2021, a total of 1,131 prisoners were held under military jurisdiction.

3347: 2533: 2515: 1372:

From 2000 to 2008, the state prison population increased by 159,200 imprisoned people, and violent offenders accounted for 60% of this increase. The number of

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shortly after corruption and abuse was discovered at a federal prison complex in Atlanta with the hopes that it would prevent such occurrences in the future.

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1990, the 2018 jail incarceration rate for African Americans fell below 600 per 100,000, while the juvenile jail population dropped 56%, from 7,700 to 3,400.

1236:

violation rules. Suicide is the leading cause of death in many prisons. People who have a serious mental illness tend to die by suicide more often in prison.

17331: 16898: 16788: 14451: 12808: 10916:

Turney, Kristin (September 2014). "Stress proliferation across generations? Examining the relationship between parental incarceration and childhood health".

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Mental Illness, Human Rights, and US Prisons: Human Rights Watch Statement for the Record Senate Judiciary Committee Subcommittee on Human Rights and the Law

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released in 2017, criticizes mass incarceration and compares it to the history of slavery throughout the United States, beginning with the provision of the

1807:

in the cell block or an exterior cage. Movement out of the cell block or "pod" is tightly restricted using restraints and escorts by correctional officers.

18387: 16666: 6432: 11228:"Children's antisocial behavior, mental health, drug use, and educational performance after parental incarceration: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 4411: 1053:

The percentage of prisoners in federal and state prisons aged 55 and older increased by 33% from 2000 to 2005 while the prison population grew by 8%. The

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long argued for the need to ringfence free markets, limiting participation to those who could handle its rigors." Only then could they operate "freely".

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interest group and millions of dollars. Pretrial release agencies have a smattering of public employees and the remnants of their once-thriving programs.

2287:, the two largest operators of private facilities, have been contributors to ALEC, which lobbies for policies that would increase incarceration, such as 1705: 9608: 4097: 3003:

with a prison record fared most favorably in receiving a phone call back from potential employers, while African American women had modest results, and

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have gone on strike over safety concerns and overcrowding. Prisoners refer to the facility as a "slaughterhouse" as stabbings are a routine occurrence.

17243: 17101: 14112: 10005: 8653: 7853: 6917: 3053: 2640:, the true cost of incarceration exceeds $ 1 trillion, with half of that falling on the families, children and communities of those incarcerated. 2296: 2001: 1987:

found that because of lapses in food safety, prison inmates are 6.4 times more likely to contract a food-related illness than the general population.

18579: 16805: 16592: 14426: 6165: 3593: 11916:

Serin, Ralph C.; Lloyd, Caleb D.; Hanby, Laura J. (August 2010). "Enhancing Offender Re-Entry an Integrated Model for Enhancing Offender Re-Entry".

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ban severely impacted the reintegration of formerly incarcerated people to reintegrate back into society. This resulted in the restoral of federal

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funding for Prison Education Programs (PEP) and legislation like California bill SB416 that protects incarcerated students from predatory lending.

13760:, persons convicted of misdemeanors, and felons sentenced under state law to less than one year are held in county jails instead of state prisons. 8371: 4312:"Enslaved in a Free Country: Legalized Exploitation of Native Americans and African Americans in Early California and the Post-Emancipation South" 1045:

black male living post-Civil Rights Movement with no high school diploma, there is a 60% chance that they will be incarcerated in their lifetime.

17645: 17605: 15941: 14577: 14555: 14326: 14288: 14060: 13793: 11970:"The Collateral Consequences of Incarceration Revisited: A Qualitative Analysis of the Effects on Caregivers of Children of Incarcerated Parents" 10495: 9933: 9788: 9664: 3400: 12962: 12861: 2357:

for sending youths, convicted of minor crimes, to a privatized, for-profit juvenile facility run by the Mid Atlantic Youth Service Corporation.

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One in five children witness their parent arrested by authorities, and a study interviewing 30 children reported that the children experienced

2725: 13036: 10211: 9924:. "Total justice expenditures, by justice function, FY 1982–2007 (real dollars)". A total of around $ 74 billion for corrections in 2007. 8292: 8043: 6625: 2693:

from 1978 to 2003 indicated that the crime-reducing effects of increasing incarceration are totally offset by the crime-increasing effects of

2196:

stated that assault rates in private facilities were three times higher on average than in their public counterparts. In 2012, the for-profit

18262: 17667: 16903: 16110: 14491: 9536: 6599: 3040: 1399:". The War on Drugs initiative expanded during the presidency of Ronald Reagan. During Reagan's term, a bi-partisan Congress established the 1345: 9280: 8160: 1112:(lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender) youth are disproportionately more likely than the general population to come into contact with the 17285: 16882: 16698: 16639: 16222: 16180: 15936: 15931: 15926: 15921: 15916: 15911: 15906: 15901: 15896: 15891: 14516: 14431: 13931: 13150: 12145: 11124:

Poehlmann, Julie (September 2005). "Incarcerated mothers' contact with children, perceived family relationships, and depressive symptoms".

9628: 8613: 3866: 1592:

European countries would outpace the United States. But American prison stays are much longer, so the total incarceration rate is higher."

193:

also changed the landscape of prison life by introducing institutionalized learning programs to inmates for rehabilitation purposes at the

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treatment to inmates. By contrast, the cost of drug rehabilitation treatment outside of a prison costs about $ 8,000 per year per person.

992: 18409: 18252: 18147: 17892: 17630: 16750: 16661: 16403: 16388: 16270: 15824: 15396: 14642: 14563: 14203: 14102: 13724: 13167: 12904: 10103: 6292: 5385: 3219: 2652: 1080:

State governments pay all of their inmates' housing costs which significantly increase as prisoners age. Inmates are unable to apply for

737: 9762: 8239: 4995:"Gender and the Social Costs of Sentencing: An Analysis of Sentences Imposed on Male and Female Offenders in Three U.S. District Courts" 1486:

Prison education has proven to lower recidivism rates and increase employment for graduates upon release. A 2013 study conducted by the

511:. The 1980s saw a dramatic rise in the prison population, especially among non-violent offenders and people convicted of drug offenses. 18584: 18235: 17750: 17745: 17735: 17108: 16837: 16085: 15438: 14511: 14456: 14396: 14306: 14172: 14092: 14031: 12561: 12542:

SpearIt (January 1, 2014). "Economic Interest Convergence in Downsizing Imprisonment". Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network.

10053: 9646: 8629: 8349: 6505: 3068: 2978:

employs "kinship navigators" to address caretakers' needs with initiatives such as parental classes and connections to legal services.

2105: 1984: 1245: 10575: 10278:

Liedka, Raymond V.; Piehl, Anne Morrison; Useem, Bert (May 1, 2006). "The Crime-Control Effect of Incarceration: Does Scale Matter?".

8265: 7535:

Christian, Johnna; Mellow, Jeff; Thomas, Shenique (July 2006). "Social and economic implications of family connections to prisoners".

2744:, and frequently have smaller social networks. This contributes to their struggle finding employment upon release into the community. 18404: 18347: 18240: 18069: 17511: 16014: 15517: 14481: 8940: 2511: 2220: 13350: 12342: 5879: 1979:, A'Viands Food & Services Management, and ABL Management. A prison riot in Kentucky has been blamed on the low quality of food 1771:

members. Most states have either a supermax section of a prison facility or an entire prison facility designated as a supermax. The

18451: 18247: 17740: 17228: 17168: 16728: 16383: 16275: 16125: 14411: 14391: 14351: 14258: 13996: 11026:"Early childhood adversity, toxic stress, and the role of the pediatrician: translating developmental science into lifelong health" 8775: 6978: 4975: 3588: 3072: 2396: 1311: 1255: 1117: 788: 751:(2003), in many situations, white women are put in mental institutions, whereas black women are sent to prison for the same crime. 139: 12517: 10749:"POP1 Child population: Number of children (in millions) ages 0–17 in the United States by age, 1950–2017 and projected 2018–2050" 10118: 9362: 7288: 6106:"Statement on Visit to the USA, by Professor Philip Alston, United Nations Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights" 4905: 3405:

Imprisonment by the state judicial systems has steadily diminished since 2006 to 2012, from 689,536 annually to 553,843 annually.

82: 18357: 18330: 18289: 18284: 18257: 18187: 18074: 17870: 17677: 17265: 17089: 16987: 16619: 15588: 14688: 14521: 14376: 14356: 14316: 13961: 13941: 9974: 6734:

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Correctional Education: A Meta-Analysis of Programs That Provide Education to Incarcerated Adults

5574:"The carceral production of transgender poverty: How racialized gender policing deprives transgender women of housing and safety" 3448: 3428: 2729: 2621:

has decided to build a $ 110 million megajail to ease jail overcrowding. Jail costs an average of $ 60 a day nationally. In

1772: 1542: 496: 99: 55: 11361:

Shaw, Marcus (December 2016). "The racial implications of the effects of parental incarceration on intergenerational mobility".

9898: 8673: 6778: 6307: 3353:

The fight against mass incarceration has also been a part of the larger discourse in the 21st century movement for Black Lives.

2033:

established that prisons that received federal funds could not deny prisoners accommodations necessary for religious practices.

1634:

writes: "Over all, there are now more people under 'correctional supervision' in America—more than six million—than were in the

148:

maintain spiritually clean people in prisons. As English people immigrated to North America, so did these theories of penology.

18458: 18167: 17850: 17755: 17585: 17533: 17494: 17061: 17056: 16910: 16847: 16800: 16778: 16743: 16398: 16254: 15713: 14496: 14441: 14341: 14336: 14001: 13991: 13986: 13901: 8436:

Davis, A. Y. (2011). How Gender Structures the Prison System. In Are prisons obsolete? (pp. 60–67). essay, Seven Stories Press.

8004: 3332:, thematizes racial disparities in mass incarceration as well as other societal and family issues affecting African Americans. 2205: 2101: 1183:, one of the contributing factors to the disproportionate rates of mental illness in prisons and jails is the increased use of 973: 58:. Prison populations grew dramatically beginning in the 1970s, but began a decline around 2009, dropping 25% by year-end 2021. 13100: 8188: 7662: 6258: 5747: 5646:"Corrupting Justice: A Primer for LGBT Communities on Racism, Violence, Human Degradation & the Prison Industrial Complex" 3027:

concerns, including both the environmental footprint of prisons and incarcerated individuals' exposure to environmental harm.

18274: 18162: 18032: 17936: 17845: 17769: 17314: 17280: 16295: 16285: 16280: 16138: 16133: 15997: 15962: 14541: 14401: 14311: 14274: 14036: 13916: 13774: 12908: 12648: 9460: 9450: 9063: 7561: 7269: 7242: 6860: 5519: 5485: 4759: 4732: 4597: 4570: 4352: 3603: 3366: 2765:

has countered that 1) African Americans, as represented by such cities as the District of Columbia, have generally supported

2291:

and "truth-in-sentencing" legislation. In fact, in the early 1990s, when CCA was co-chair of ALEC, it co-sponsored (with the

2280: 968: 11458:"How does reentry get under the skin? Cumulative reintegration barriers and health in a sample of recently incarcerated men" 9212:

http://www.alternet.org/speakeasy/tikkundaily/americas-corrupt-justice-system-federal-private-prison-populations-grew-784-10

8891: 8832: 7701:"Inhumane Prison Conditions Still Threaten Life, Health of Alabama Inmates Living with HIV/AIDS, According to Court Filings" 5688: 4470: 3193:

Our vast network of federal and state prisons, with some 2.3 million inmates, rivals the gulags of totalitarian states.

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are incarcerated at a much higher rate than their counterparts in other developed nations. According to a 2015 study by the

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David Harris-Gershon, "America's Corrupt Justice System: Federal Private Prison Populations Grew by 784% in 10 Year Span",

8101: 8007:, pg. 9, three-judge court convened by the Chief Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit hearing 7259: 3578: 3563: 3463: 2360:

The industry is aware of what reduced crime rates could mean to their bottom line. This from the CCA's SEC report in 2010:

1664: 170:, to make a system they viewed as less cruel than dungeon prisons. They created a space where imprisoned people could read 34: 7902: 5194:

CATHERINE Y. KIM, DANIEL J. LOSEN & DAMON T. HEWITT, THE SCHOOL-TO-PRISON PIPELINE: STRUCTURING LEGAL REFORM 79 (2010)

2240:

in 2016 amid increased scrutiny of the private prison industry, climbed from $ 8 a share to $ 30. According to journalist

1880:

websites, citing concerns that inmates were using them to solicit money and defraud the public. Service providers such as

49:. In 2021, over five million people were under supervision by the criminal justice system, with nearly two million people 18426: 18414: 18352: 18109: 17600: 17499: 17096: 16755: 16651: 16535: 15812: 15227: 14630: 14536: 14471: 14416: 14406: 14346: 14321: 14301: 14191: 14041: 13911: 11344: 9326: 9256: 6023: 6006: 4388: 3388: 2303: 2200:

was the most violent prison in the state with 27 assaults per 100 offenders. A federal lawsuit filed by the ACLU and the

2153:, the number of people incarcerated rose. This created a demand for more prison space. The result was the development of 1901: 1362: 1164:

has been steadily increasing, with rates more than quadrupling from 1998 to 2006. Many have attributed this trend to the

1131:

of transgender people by law enforcement are the cause of the higher rate of imprisonment experienced by transgender and

559: 120: 12717: 11403:"Prevalence of chronic medical conditions among jail and prison inmates in the USA compared with the general population" 10521: 10227: 9844: 5547: 1850:

infrequent. However, guidelines exist as to what constitutes acceptable mail, and these policies are strictly enforced.

18399: 18225: 18220: 18157: 17919: 17880: 17840: 17687: 17640: 17620: 17233: 16860: 16855: 16760: 16708: 16237: 15992: 15851: 15671: 14026: 14006: 13976: 13921: 13906: 13881: 13861: 13851: 13826: 13675: 13587: 13574: 13448: 12997: 12922: 12591: 11606: 9591: 7472: 5501: 3438: 2637: 2224: 2210: 2197: 2037: 2024: 1873: 1431: 1251: 13756:

This template pertains only to agencies that handle sentenced felons (with sentences over 1-2 years). In many states,

12805:

Are Private Prisons to Blame for Mass Incarceration and its Evils? Prison Conditions, Neoliberalism, and Public Choice

11842:"Deputy Attorney General Sally Q. Yates Announces Family-Friendly Prison Policies to Strengthen Inmate-Familial Bonds" 9951: 7630: 5952: 2741: 2496: 18441: 18421: 18372: 18362: 18230: 18152: 18129: 18089: 17953: 17943: 17820: 17795: 17702: 17682: 17160: 16950: 16676: 16058: 15762: 15613: 15338: 15156: 15104: 14506: 14466: 14421: 14371: 14366: 14046: 14021: 13951: 13926: 13846: 13841: 13836: 13816: 13811: 13801: 13711: 13559: 13514: 13506: 13489: 13472: 12667: 12492: 10653: 10111: 9917: 9890: 9015: 7368: 6750: 6300: 6148: 5047: 4834: 4810: 4700: 4191: 4158: 3458: 3453: 3206: 2567: 2548: 2326: 2315: 1727: 1066: 10027: 8640: 8218: 7232: 5904:"How Often and How Consistently do Symptoms Directly Precede Criminal Behavior Among Offenders With Mental Illness?" 3232:

As of December 2012, two state prison systems, Alabama and South Carolina, segregated prisoners based on their

3078:

Mass incarceration on a scale almost unexampled in human history is a fundamental fact of our country today—perhaps

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also notes that in the past decade the number of inmates in for-profit prisons throughout the U.S. rose 44 percent.

2134: 1490:

found that correctional education led to a significant reduction in recidivism rates, and those who participated in

18446: 18392: 18377: 18279: 18114: 17590: 17543: 17538: 17440: 17367: 17067: 16832: 16361: 15322: 14585: 14361: 13981: 13936: 13876: 13866: 13806: 13014: 10050: 8693: 5087: 3568: 3483: 3335:

In addition to references in popular music, mass incarceration has also played a role in modern film. For example,

2408: 1928: 1905: 1223:

or parole, and jail aftercare/prison re-entry. Programs modeled after mental health interventions include forensic

20: 7929: 7726: 7180: 2682:

Three articles written in the early 2000s claim that increasing incarceration has a negative effect on crime, but

18480: 18269: 18210: 18119: 18010: 17985: 17482: 17472: 17037: 16955: 16893: 16877: 16723: 16718: 16482: 16462: 16452: 16447: 15776: 15769: 15501: 15113: 14386: 13891: 11571: 11169:"Unjust: the health records of youth with personal/family justice involvement in a large pediatric health system" 9737:"A mass incarceration expert says the 2018 prison strike could be "one of the largest the country has ever seen"" 7385: 4956:

Mustard, David B. "Racial, ethnic, and gender disparities in sentencing: Evidence from the U.S. Federal Courts".

4677: 3495: 3007:

received the poorest results, having the lowest probability of receiving a phone call from a potential employer.

2500: 2478: 2299:

have, in the past, also supported measures such as three-strike laws. Such laws increased the prison population.

1504: 1459:

encompasses any type of educational program offered within a prison, including literacy programs, high school or

1228: 12684: 12462: 9083: 9030: 8317: 6921: 6440: 5619:"It's War In Here": A Report on the Treatment of Transgender and Intersex People in New York State Men's Prisons 3138:

argues that the "explosive growth" of the incarcerated poor can be seen as part of the "punitive regulation" of

2495:, with inmates claiming they are subjected to poor sanitary conditions and jobs that amount to forced labor and 2333:

which advocates legislation favorable to the industry. Such private companies comprise what has been termed the

2078:-smuggler Henry Hendricksen, as they declared that US prisons do not meet their minimum humanitarian standards. 18463: 18137: 18084: 18000: 17990: 17958: 17887: 17875: 17830: 17717: 17615: 17477: 17397: 17387: 17173: 17030: 16733: 16691: 16634: 16408: 16319: 15692: 14097: 14016: 13871: 13856: 13692: 13655: 13638: 13618: 13595: 13549: 13535: 13433: 12949: 12845: 11325:

Petsch, P., & Rochlen, A. B. (2009). Children of Incarcerated Parents: Implications for School Counselors.

10967:

Geller, Amanda; Cooper, Carey E.; Garfinkel, Irwin; Schwartz-Soicher, Ofira; Mincy, Ronald B. (February 2012).

10280: 9110: 8873: 8819: 8589: 8509: 8481: 7687: 6731:

Davis, Lois M.; Bozick, Robert; Steele, Jennifer L.; Saunders, Jessica; Miles, Jeremy N. V. (August 22, 2013).

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cost an average of $ 23,876 a year to house a prisoner. It takes about $ 30,000 per year per person to provide

2173: 1709: 1605: 1527: 1092: 233:

were harshly affected by this. However, as the crime rate declined, the prison system started to focus more on

217:, were introduced. These concepts were encoded into legislative statutes in efforts to maintain the systems of 12304:"Tombstone Towns and Toxic Prisons: Prison Ecology and the Necessity of an Anti-prison Environmental Movement" 4038: 18215: 18079: 17995: 17926: 17897: 17835: 17725: 17697: 17341: 16713: 16606: 15844: 15236: 14611: 14135: 14130: 13630: 12837: 9043: 8980:

Beau Hodai, "Corporate Con Game. How the private prison industry helped shape Arizona's anti-immigrant law",

7874: 6530: 6340: 5459: 4860: 3844: 3643: 3414: 3036: 3000: 2848: 2334: 2140: 1325: 1317: 1224: 755: 12734: 9969: 9452:

Federal Prison Industries, Inc: Hearing Before the Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. House of Representatives

9184:

http://www.diversityinc.com/diversity-management/the-prison-industrial-complex-biased-predatory-and-growing/

5713: 4613: 1088:. Most Departments of Correction report spending more than 10 percent of the annual budget on elderly care. 1065:

relative to the overall prison population to continue to rise. Ronald Aday, a professor of aging studies at

18510: 18503: 18436: 18299: 18182: 18104: 18094: 17948: 17909: 17865: 17825: 17782: 17730: 17662: 17635: 17595: 17573: 17382: 17196: 17143: 17076: 16933: 16889: 16817: 16738: 16656: 16467: 16331: 16160: 16068: 15876: 15480: 13554:

Murakawa, Naomi (2014). The First Civil Right: How Liberals Built Prison America. Oxford University Press.

11073:

Murray, Joseph; Murray, Lynne (July 2010). "Parental incarceration, attachment and child psychopathology".

9476: 8981: 6946: 5357: 3378: 3139: 2662: 2519: 2342: 2090: 1960:

estimated that "somewhere between 20 and 40% of American prisoners are, at this very moment, infected with

1516: 1328:

continue to remove the human element from sentencing, such as the prerogative of the judge to consider the

1271: 1173: 194: 6172: 18431: 18382: 18197: 18099: 18022: 17904: 17800: 17625: 17610: 17548: 17183: 17138: 16945: 16827: 16681: 14681: 12758: 11516:"Health Literacy Among a Formerly Incarcerated Population Using Data from the Transitions Clinic Network" 10190: 8713: 5273:

Koon, Danfeng Soto-Vigil. "Exclusionary School Discipline: An Issue Brief and the Review of Literature."

4219: 3553: 2829:

risk of future health challenges. Murray et al. have been able to isolate the cause of the expression of

2307: 2271:

Controversy has surrounded the privatization of prisons with the exposure of the genesis of the landmark

2201: 2056: 1400: 504: 500: 492: 9166:

Detention Watch Network, "The Influence of the Private Prison Industry in Immigration Detention", 2012,

7956: 7411: 3742: 3365:, was designed as an online platform to fight against anti-Black sentiments such as mass incarceration, 3095:"recognizing that imprisonment is not an appropriate means of promoting correction and rehabilitation." 65:

The United States maintains a higher incarceration rate than most developed countries. According to the

18537: 18335: 18205: 18037: 18017: 18005: 17815: 17805: 17487: 17392: 17005: 16995: 16522: 16517: 16507: 16502: 16024: 15678: 15657: 15285: 15172: 14740: 13498: 13481: 9689: 9583: 9130: 8446: 8337: 3558: 2701: 2485: 2292: 1992: 1612:

prison camps and colonies (i.e. about 0.8 imprisoned per 100 USSR residents, according to numbers from

46: 12343:"Cruel, Unusual, and Toxic: The Environmental Implications of Mass Incarceration in the United States" 12104: 11863:

Naser, Rebecca L.; La Vigne, Nancy G. (March 2006). "Family Support in the Prisoner Reentry Process".

11457: 10499: 10307:

DeFina, Robert H.; Avanites, Thomas M. (2002). "The Weak Effect of Imprisonment on Crime: 1971-1998".

9147: 8961: 7979: 5379:"Disproportionate impact of K-12 school suspension and expulsion on black students in southern states" 4526: 495:

saw the expansion of federal efforts to prevent drug abuse and prosecute offenders. Reagan signed the

17914: 17220: 17025: 17020: 16582: 16036: 15563: 15473: 15431: 14266: 14067: 13779: 13766: 10038: 10009: 8025: 5829:. U.S. Department of Justice: Office of Justice Programs: Bureau of Justice Statistics. pp. 1–12 4242: 3884: 3647: 3598: 3384: 3237: 3106:

policy in the United States has also been criticized for a number of other reasons. In the 2014 book

2736:. It can be difficult for people to find employment, as employers often check a potential employee's 2581: 2574: 2012: 1858: 1275: 1250:

The United States government holds tens of thousands of immigrants in detention under the control of

1202:

Mental illness rarely stands alone when analyzing the risk factors associated with incarceration and

1009: 234: 86: 12825: 12674:. See tables 18 and 19. The rates are for adults. Rates per 100,000 can be converted to percentages. 11816: 10693:"Social Exclusion and Parental Incarceration Impacts on Adolescents' Networks and School Engagement" 9987: 9516: 8053: 7010: 6657:"Civil Rights Legislation and Legalized Exclusion: Mass Incarceration and the Masking of Inequality" 3716: 1395:

Perhaps the single greatest force behind the growth of the prison population has been the national "

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Gefangenenraten im internationalen und nationalen Vergleich (Prison rates international comparison)

6086: 5205:

Education Law: An Essential Guide for Attorneys, Teachers, Administrators, Parents and Students 195

4724: 3620: 3541: 3443: 3264: 3214: 2868:

There are four main phases that can be distinguished in the process of arresting a parent: arrest,

2766: 2145:

Prior to the 1980s, private prisons did not exist in the U.S. During the 1980s, as a result of the

1936: 1830:

internal movements of prisoners. The perimeter is generally double fenced and regularly patrolled.

1573: 1435:

eliminated commercial bail and relies on a risk assessment to determine a defendant's flight risk.

1420: 1142:

are particularly vulnerable to mistreatment by other inmates and staff. This mistreatment includes

1081: 1016: 996: 210: 14227: 12172: 12076:"Marked: Race, Crime, and Finding Work in an Era of Mass Incarceration by Devah Pager, an excerpt" 10176:. Chart using 2008 jail statistics showing "50 U.S. counties with the largest numbers of inmates." 10169: 10153: 10084: 10065: 9580:

Hijacked: How Neoliberalism Turned the Work Ethic against Workers and How Workers Can Take It Back

9007: 8854: 8582: 6200: 5223: 5218: 4929:

Gross, Kali Nicole. "African American women, mass incarceration, and the politics of protection."

4119: 3963: 2067:

found that over 120,000 people on any given day are in solitary confinement in the United States.

2004:'s prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment. The three-judge court considering requests by the 17521: 17257: 17015: 15982: 15783: 15706: 15622: 15459: 15271: 14843: 13684: 13064: 12989: 12866: 11668: 9232: 8739: 7722: 5617: 3500: 2622: 2617:

To ease jail overcrowding over 10 counties every year consider building new jails. As an example

2507: 2492: 2071: 2006: 1915: 1837:

facilities are considered to pose little physical risk to the public and are mainly non-violent "

1698: 1188: 1036: 12569: 9817:"As prison strikes heat up, former inmates talk about horrible state of labor and incarceration" 8489: 8485: 6002: 1767:

other serious violations in less secure facilities, and inmates known to be or accused of being

1650: 241:

US incarceration count, and rate per 100,000 population. Jails, state prisons, federal prisons.

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Boch, Samantha; Sezgin, Emre; Ruch, Donna; Kelleher, Kelly; Chisolm, Deena; Lin, Simon (2021).

10100: 9312: 6289: 6038: 5358:"The School-to-Prison Pipeline: Disproportionate Impact on Vulnerable Children and Adolescents" 4586:

Western, Bruce; Muhammad, Khalil Gibran; Negussie, Yamrot; Backes, Emily, eds. (May 17, 2023).

3997: 2902:

officers around the country to better accommodate for children in difficult family situations.

1165: 979:

According to federal data from 2011, around 40% of the nation's juvenile inmates are housed in

13325:"Ava DuVernay's Netflix film '13th' reveals how mass incarceration is an extension of slavery" 12790: 12547: 12429: 12031: 10748: 9711:"How the National Prisoner Strike Is Working to Help Incarcerated People in the United States" 9496: 9296: 8318:

Alabama Guards Stage Work Strike Months After Prisoner Uprising at Overcrowded Holman Facility

6852: 6848: 6479: 6365: 6122:

powerfully in the Department of Justice's report on Ferguson, is pervasive around the country.

4367: 18172: 17855: 16970: 16527: 16492: 16487: 16430: 16413: 16143: 15685: 15636: 15487: 15257: 13647: 13358: 12914: 12888: 12753: 12441: 12396: 10264: 10245:

Since 1980, spending on prisons has grown three times as much as spending on public education

10215: 10173: 10157: 10088: 10069: 9575: 9563: 9113: 8859: 8566: 8512: 7579: 6389: 5902:

Peterson, Jillian; Skeem, Jennifer; Kennealy, Patrick; Bray, Beth; Zvonkovic, Andrea (2014).

4060:"Confining Social Insecurity: Neoliberalism and the Rise of the 21st Century Debtors' Prison" 3910: 3792:

and click on the map links and/or the sidebar links to get to the region and country desired.

3615: 3524: 3233: 3098:

Critics have lambasted the United States for incarcerating a large number of non-violent and

3024: 2830: 2618: 2609: 2338: 2302:

In addition to CCA and GEO Group, companies operating in the private prison business include

2150: 2049: 1853:

Mail sent to inmates in violation of prison policies can result in sanctions such as loss of

1751: 1139: 1132: 1104: 13479:

Incarceration Nation: How the United States Became the Most Punitive Democracy in the World.

10774: 10426: 8468: 7438: 5903: 5521:

Standing With LGBT Prisoners: An Advocate's Guide to Ending Abuse and Combating Imprisonment

4749: 4718: 2661:

Property crime rates in the United States per 100,000 population beginning in 1960 (source:

2657: 2536:

had been violated as most US states forced inmates to work for no or marginal compensation.

1332:

of a crime to determine the appropriate length of the incarceration. As the consequence of "

1207:

intersecting risk factors experienced by mentally ill and non-mentally ill offenders alike.

18551: 18524: 17652: 17526: 17417: 16795: 16227: 16207: 16155: 16105: 16046: 15977: 15602: 15361: 15250: 14922: 14654: 14215: 12565: 11731:"The importance of early bonding on the long-term mental health and resilience of children" 10583: 8966: 8076: 7791: 6081: 5645: 5088:

Prisoners of Profit: Private Prison Empire Rises Despite Startling Record Of Juvenile Abuse

3804:"Ending 50 Years of Mass Incarceration: Urgent Reform Needed to Protect Future Generations" 2426: 2253: 1952: 1792: 1464: 1321: 1293: 1216: 1184: 1143: 8985: 7212: 4673: 2669: 1278:, jails in the U.S. have become "massive warehouses" of the impoverished since the 1980s. 1077:. Aday predicts that by 2020 16% percent of those serving life sentences will be elderly. 8: 18064: 17980: 17790: 17506: 17191: 16822: 16019: 15538: 15278: 13542:

From the War on Poverty to the War on Crime: The Making of Mass Incarceration in America.

13464: 13105: 12663: 10802:

Geller, Amanda; Garfinkel, Irwin; Cooper, Carey E.; Mincy, Ronald B. (December 1, 2009).

10249: 9938: 9913: 9521: 9481: 9048: 8945: 8698: 6938: 6139: 6019: 5671: 5337: 5246:, http://safequalityschools.org/pages/clayton-county-ga (last visited February 1, 2017). 5092: 5029: 4696: 4165:

Spanish soldiers in 1570 erected the first substantial prison, at St. Augustine, Florida.

4043: 2733: 2718: 2683: 2446: 2330: 2029: 2017: 1983:

provided to inmates, which was tainted with worms and human feces. A 2017 study from the

1795:

with rare human contacts or opportunity to earn better conditions through good behavior.

1742: 226: 12612: 10861:"The impact of parental incarceration on the physical and mental health of young adults" 10115: 9970:

Federal Prison System Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) FY 2015 Budget Request At A Glance

8338:"COVID-19 in Correctional and Detention Facilities — United States, February–April 2020" 7700: 6732: 3185:

Another possibly cause for this increase of incarceration since the 1970s could be the "

2391:

approach." The private prison industry has been booming under the Trump Administration.

17304: 17292: 17010: 17000: 16977: 16960: 16356: 16100: 16095: 15967: 15750: 15650: 15643: 15545: 15308: 14857: 14850: 14788: 13757: 13415: 12985:

The Rise and Fall of the Neoliberal Order: America and the World in the Free Market Era

12616: 12268: 12127: 12054: 11941: 11898: 11763: 11730: 11548: 11493: 11438: 11260: 11227: 11203: 11168: 11106: 11001: 10968: 10949: 10893: 10860: 10836: 10803: 10725: 10692: 10671: 10643: 10536: 10359: 9152: 8756: 8658: 8634: 8398: 8165: 7838: 7749: 7308: 7175: 7125: 7109: 7093: 7077: 7061: 7030: 7014: 6998: 6966: 6925: 6811: 6756: 6676: 6063: 6055: 5884: 5797: 5289:"Disproportionality in school discipline: An assessment of trends in Maryland, 2009–12" 5258:"Education Or Incarceration: Zero Tolerance Policies And The School To Prison Pipeline" 5158:"Education Or Incarceration: Zero Tolerance Policies And The School To Prison Pipeline" 5072: 4681: 4475: 4371: 4289: 4177: 4144: 4079: 4020: 3789: 3785: 3536: 3354: 2975: 2889: 2754: 2261: 2179: 1947:

during their incarceration, and 7% that they had been raped in their current facility.

1932: 1923: 1881: 1838: 1780: 1578: 1408: 1333: 1199:. These reports found that some inmates had been shocked, shackled and pepper sprayed. 1180: 1128: 230: 202: 78: 66: 9167: 6785: 6304: 6036:

Bruce Western (May 2011). "Poverty Politics and Crime Control in Europe and America".

5128: 3743:"Crime Is Down, Yet U.S. Incarceration Rates Are Still Among the Highest in the World" 1596:

behind bars. This incarceration rate exceeded the average incarceration levels in the

18047: 17203: 16555: 16053: 15972: 15957: 15743: 15720: 15509: 15494: 15466: 15452: 15165: 15028: 14726: 14167: 13707: 13688: 13671: 13651: 13634: 13614: 13610: 13591: 13570: 13555: 13545: 13531: 13510: 13502: 13485: 13468: 13444: 13429: 13222: 13217: 13215: 13213: 13211: 12993: 12945: 12918: 12841: 12786: 12644: 12543: 12323: 12272: 12075: 11986: 11969: 11945: 11933: 11902: 11890: 11768: 11750: 11612: 11602: 11553: 11535: 11497: 11485: 11477: 11442: 11430: 11422: 11378: 11308: 11300: 11265: 11247: 11208: 11190: 11149: 11141: 11098: 11090: 11055: 11047: 11006: 10988: 10941: 10933: 10898: 10880: 10841: 10823: 10819: 10730: 10712: 10659: 10649: 10629:

Children of the Prison Boom: Mass Incarceration and the Future of American Inequality

10556: 10390: 10363: 10351: 10293: 9587: 9456: 9106: 9011: 8815: 8811: 8760: 8505: 8477: 8363: 7879: 7858: 7753: 7721: 7364: 7265: 7238: 6856: 6760: 6746: 6710: 6668: 6419: 6144: 5926: 5789: 5595: 5481: 5410:

Feld, Barry C. (1999). "Bad Kids: Race and the Transformation of the Juvenile Court".

4806: 4755: 4728: 4593: 4566: 4441: 4385:"Richard Nixon: Special Message to the Congress on Drug Abuse Prevention and Control" 4348: 4281: 4187: 4154: 4083: 3750: 3512: 3328: 3296:

In relation to popular culture, mass incarceration has become a popular issue in the

2825: 2817: 2694: 2633:

As of 2007, the cost of medical care for inmates was growing by 10 percent annually.

2319: 2288: 2232: 1854: 1746: 1617: 1553: 1329: 1212: 1062: 744: 218: 12595: 12146:"The Psychological Impact of Incarceration: Implications for Post-Prison Adjustment" 12058: 11473: 10953: 9921: 8694:

Private Prisons: Immigration Convictions In Record Numbers Fueling Corporate Profits

6265: 6226: 6067: 5801: 5108:

The company you keep: The effects of family and neighborhood on disadvantaged youths

4498: 2544: 2522:

in April of that year, which was sparked by neglect and inhumane living conditions.

17963: 17810: 17516: 17336: 16346: 16187: 16170: 16165: 16004: 15664: 15629: 15375: 15354: 15243: 15202: 14892: 13520: 12941: 12437: 12408: 12315: 12260: 12252: 12119: 12046: 11981: 11925: 11880: 11872: 11758: 11742: 11543: 11527: 11469: 11414: 11370: 11296: 11292: 11255: 11239: 11198: 11180: 11133: 11110: 11082: 11037: 10996: 10980: 10925: 10888: 10872: 10831: 10815: 10720: 10704: 10576:"How mass incarceration turns people of color into permanent second-class citizens" 10548: 10386: 10343: 10316: 10289: 10014: 9894: 9182:, "The Prison Industrial Complex: Biased, Predatory and Growing", October 8, 2010, 9003: 8748: 8463: 8410: 8353: 8196: 7741: 7666: 7548: 7544: 7105: 6897: 6812:"Recidivism of Prisoners Released in 30 States in 2005: Patterns from 2005 to 2010" 6738: 6577: 6555: 6047: 5918: 5781: 5585: 5002: 4562:

The Growth of Incarceration in the United States: Exploring Causes and Consequences

4323: 4071: 3468: 3433: 3165: 3119: 3103: 3099: 2947: 2762: 2749: 2462: 2257: 2169: 1491: 1487: 1456: 1451: 1354: 1196: 1113: 963: 190: 13623: 13208: 13085: 12900: 12820: 12735:

READ: Matt Taibbi on "The Divide: American Injustice in the Age of the Wealth Gap"

12671: 12638: 12370: 11746: 9845:"US prison workers produce $ 11bn worth of goods and services a year for pittance" 6404: 6366:"United States – Punishment and Prejudice: Racial Disparities in the War on Drugs" 5157: 3135: 158: 17672: 17448: 17346: 17118: 16418: 16351: 16120: 16041: 15987: 15595: 15382: 15331: 15021: 14989: 14908: 14802: 14122: 13301: 12832: 10496:"6 Million Lost Voters: State-Level Estimates of Felony Disenfranchisement, 2016" 10479: 10458:

Alexander, Elizabeth (Fall 1998). "A Troubling Response To Overcrowded Prisons".

10122: 10107: 10034: 9690:"From media cutoffs to lockdown, tracing the fallout from the U.S. prison strike" 9671: 9218: 9190: 9087: 8898: 7026: 6950: 6882: 6311: 6296: 6134: 5821: 5288: 5257: 4704: 4181: 4148: 3781: 3032: 3004: 2856: 2809: 2737: 2454: 2450: 2350: 2346: 2314:

was formerly known as the Wackenhut Corrections division. It includes the former

2272: 2249: 1876:(DOC) stated that effective June 1, 2007, inmates would be prohibited from using 1872:

There have been several notable challenges to prison corresponding services. The

1810: 1788: 1762: 1289: 763: 759: 754:

However, since the early 2000s, the incarceration rates for African American and

515: 206: 13585:

Punishment for Sale: Private Prisons, Big Business, and the Incarceration Binge.

13441:

The Punishment Imperative: The Rise and Failure of Mass Incarceration in America

10051:

California Criminal Justice FAQ: How much does it cost to incarcerate an inmate?

9557: 9269:

Bernie Sanders declares war on the prison-industrial complex with major new bill

9103:

Punishment for Sale: Private Prisons, Big Business, and the Incarceration Binge.

8502:

Punishment for Sale: Private Prisons, Big Business, and the Incarceration Binge.

7745: 7142: 4649: 3938: 2044: 1750:

security) to specialized high security units (all considered Level V) including

18142: 18042: 17425: 16560: 16550: 16545: 16540: 16212: 16075: 16009: 15445: 15424: 15292: 15220: 15056: 15049: 15042: 14982: 14929: 13567:

Locked In: The True Causes of Mass Incarceration-and How to Achieve Real Reform

12882: 12739: 11929: 11185: 11137: 8780: 8616: 8560: 8322: 7293: 7217: 6902: 6462: 5670:

Beck, Allan; Berzofsky, Marcus; Caspar, Rachel; Krebs, Christopher (May 2013).

5190:

SCHOOL VIOLENCE: FROM DISCIPLINE TO DUE PROCESS 48 (James C. Hanks ed., 2004);

4440:(1999 Revised ed.). London: Oxford University Press. pp. 52–53, 167. 3573: 3473: 3362: 3323: 3313: 3240: 2971: 2378: 2276: 2192: 2064: 1622: 1613: 1587: 1161: 980: 959: 767: 508: 171: 12412: 12319: 12264: 12232: 12197: 11531: 11086: 10984: 10347: 9124: 8131: 7813: 7333: 7089: 7073: 6994: 6051: 5785: 5590: 5573: 4589:

Reducing Racial Inequality in Crime and Justice: Science, Practice, and Policy

4384: 4075: 18573: 17123: 16423: 16232: 15867: 15368: 15088: 15077: 14878: 13425: 13297:"Raphael Saadiq bears soulful witness to his family's anguish on 'Jimmy Lee'" 12327: 11937: 11894: 11754: 11539: 11481: 11426: 11418: 11382: 11304: 11251: 11194: 11145: 11094: 11051: 10992: 10937: 10929: 10884: 10827: 10804:"Parental Incarceration and Child Wellbeing: Implications for Urban Families" 10716: 10663: 10645:

War on the family : mothers in prison and the families they leave behind

10560: 10424: 10355: 9675: 9651: 8752: 7786: 7562:

DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS TO BAN INMATES FROM SOLICITING PEN PALS ON WEBSITES

7121: 7057: 6714: 6672: 6101: 5599: 4994: 4285: 3754: 3285: 3147: 3127: 2961: 2596: 2503:

labor union, asserted that it was the largest prison strike in U.S. history.

2438: 2387: 2311: 2154: 1968:

medical care to private companies such as Correctional Medical Services (now

1957: 1373: 1282: 1192: 1074: 480: 166:

One of the first prisons in America was founded in 1790 by the Pennsylvanian

13230:

Remarks to American Bar Association's Annual Convention in San Francisco, CA

12303: 11616: 11576:

Official web site of the U.S. Health Resources & Services Administration

11515: 10320: 10228:

The Full Cost Of Incarceration In The U.S. Is Over $ 1 Trillion, Study Finds

8415: 8399:"African American Women, Mass Incarceration, and the Politics of Protection" 4311: 2965:

Grandmothers are a common caregiver of children with an incarcerated parent.

572:

2021. People incarcerated in state or federal prisons by race and ethnicity.

17430: 17402: 16457: 15570: 15531: 15195: 15179: 14961: 14915: 14697: 13667: 13457: 13086:"Bulging Prison System Called Massive Intervention in American Family Life" 13060: 12979: 12774: 12430:"Global Study Evaluates Heat-Related Deaths Associated with Climate Change" 11772: 11557: 11489: 11434: 11269: 11212: 11153: 11102: 11059: 11042: 11025: 11010: 10945: 10902: 10876: 10845: 10734: 10606: 10409: 9694: 9633: 9436: 9207: 9134: 9068: 8367: 8358: 8223: 7907: 7640: 7208: 5930: 5793: 5173:

Sarah Biehl, The School-to-Prison Pipeline, 28 OHIO LAWYER, Jan.–Feb. 2014,

5052: 3358: 3336: 3301: 3281: 3258: 3226: 3210: 3198: 3186: 3174: 3160: 2592: 2558: 2146: 2060: 1776: 1597: 1427:

In 2017, 482,100 inmates in federal and state prisons were held pre-trial.

1396: 1124: 748: 485: 182: 50: 12253:"The Racialized Consequences of Jail Incarceration on Local Labor Markets" 11876: 10493: 10405:

Mass incarceration does not explain dramatic fall in US crime, study finds

9629:

Inmates strike in prisons nationwide over 'slave labor' working conditions

9477:

Unicor Under Fire For Dominating Small Competitors With Cheap Prison Labor

8102:"RBGG and Co-Counsel Win Affirmance at Supreme Court of the United States" 6699:"The History of Denying Federal Financial Aid to System-Impacted Students" 5068:

UN expert slams US as only nation to imprison kids for life without parole

5020: 4906:"New data show a dire forecast about incarceration rates didn't come true" 4098:

Jails Have Become Warehouses for the Poor, Ill and Addicted, a Report Says

3688:"Correctional Populations in the United States, 2021 – Statistical Tables" 3391:, is responsible for the administration of United States federal prisons. 2016:

courts found California's prisons have become criminogenic as a result of

1569:

is 69 per 100,000 (as of 2014), and Japan is 48 per 100,000 (as of 2014).

38:

U.S. timeline graphs of number of people incarcerated in jails and prisons

17707: 17238: 16575: 16477: 16217: 16080: 15836: 15347: 15315: 15188: 15149: 15142: 15035: 15014: 14975: 14936: 14864: 14712: 14573: 14551: 14284: 14080: 14056: 13789: 13660: 13600: 13275:"Hip Hop and the New Jim Crow: Rap Music's Insight on Mass Incarceration" 13168:"Bill Introduced To Bring Independent Oversight to Federal Prison System" 12691: 11402: 11312: 9763:"Major prison strike spreads across US and Canada as inmates refuse food" 9281:

Private federal prisons more dangerous, damning DoJ investigation reveals

8916:"Jailing Americans for Profit: The Rise of the Prison Industrial Complex" 8801: 7665:. California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. Archived from 7608: 6837:

Haymes, Stephen N.; de Haymes, María V.; Miller, Reuben J., eds. (2015).

5880:

Report: Mentally ill inmates are routinely abused by corrections officers

5527:. Washington, DC: National Center for Transgender Equality. pp. 1–88 3341: 3268: 3251: 3131: 3114: 3087: 2788: 2713:

that ... I would be one of those people who fill up their prisons".

2422: 2245: 2241: 2187: 1965: 1961: 1944: 1869:

inmates are usually under stricter mail guidelines for security reasons.

1768: 1631: 1566: 1232: 222: 13699: 13279:

University of Maryland Law Journal of Race, Religion, Gender & Class

13190:"Sweeping reversal of the War on Drugs announced by Atty General Holder" 12371:""Green" prisons: rethinking the "sustainability" of the carceral state" 9887:

Direct expenditures by justice function, 1982–2007 (billions of dollars)

9789:"U.S. Inmates Plan Nationwide Prison Strike To Protest Labor Conditions" 9517:

Prison Labor Booms As Unemployment Remains High; Companies Reap Benefits

9412:"$ 11 toothpaste: Immigrants pay big for basics at private ICE lock-ups" 7814:

With 2.3 Million People Incarcerated in the US, Prisons Are Big Business

6680: 6656: 6059: 5977: 5651:. American Friends Service Committee. American Friends Service Committee 5333:"Racial disparities in school discipline are growing, federal data show" 5310:"Racial disparities in school discipline are growing, federal data show" 5277:. University of California, Berkeley School of Law, n.d. Web. Apr. 2013. 4293: 4269: 2413:

About 18% of eligible prisoners held in federal prisons are employed by

108: 18563: 16570: 16376: 16202: 16197: 16115: 15135: 15063: 14899: 14885: 14871: 14836: 14733: 13525:

The Illusion of Free Markets: Punishment and the Myth of Natural Order.

12131: 11374: 10708: 10691:

Cochran, Joshua C.; Siennick, Sonja E.; Mears, Daniel P. (April 2018).

10474: 10445:

War on the Family: Mothers in Prison and the Children They Leave Behind

9934:

As Arrest Records Rise, Americans Find Consequences Can Last a Lifetime

9920:(BJS). By Tracey Kyckelhahn, PhD, BJS statistician. See table 2 of the 9869:‘Slavery by any name is wrong’: the push to end forced labor in prisons 9501: 9357: 8878: 7933: 7818: 7757: 7584: 5922: 4328: 3143: 2898: 2869: 2690: 2595:(trusted to show up at trial). Now most are given bail, and most pay a 2551:. Not adjusted for inflation. To view the inflation-adjusted data, see 1712: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1511: 1480: 1476: 1203: 175: 11885: 11401:

Binswanger, I. A.; Krueger, P. M.; Steiner, J. F. (November 1, 2009).

9914:

Justice Expenditures and Employment, FY 1982–2007 – Statistical Tables

8654:

Christopher Epps, Former Chief of Prisons in Mississippi, Is Arraigned

8469:

The Illusion of Free Markets: Punishment and the Myth of Natural Order

8146:"How Many Prisoners Are in Solitary Confinement in the United States?" 5673:

Sexual Victimization in Prisons and Jails Reported by Inmates, 2011–12

4703:(BJS). By Lauren E. Glaze and Danielle Kaeble, BJS Statisticians. See 4057: 1515:

correlation between recidivism and age upon release. According to the

529:

List of U.S. states by incarceration and correctional supervision rate

18059: 18052: 14996: 12690:. Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice. March 1999. Archived from 11243: 10966: 9988:

white paper On Security: 50 States' Departments of Corrections insert

9821: 9386:"Private prison investors set for giant windfall from Trump tax bill" 8293:"California Prisons Aim To Keep Sex Between Inmates Safe, If Illegal" 7042: 6844: 6639:– via The Sillerman Center for the Advancement of Philanthropy. 5048:

US criticised by UN for human rights failings on NSA, guns and drones

5006: 3318: 3309: 3155: 2893: 2792: 2434: 2430: 2354: 2284: 2237: 2161: 2063:, held for as long as forty years in isolation. A June 2023 study by 1862: 1220: 214: 18558: 12804: 12123: 8737:

John L. Campbell (2010). "Neoliberalism's penal and debtor states".

7834:

Whistleblower: Arizona inmates are dying from inadequate health care

6698: 5502:"Elderly Inmate Population Soared 1,300 Percent Since 1980s: Report" 4833:. Justice Research and Statistics Association (JRSA). Archived from 4587: 2884:

Forced home entry is a primary stressor for children in a residence.

2584:

study. It ranged from $ 14,603 in Kentucky to $ 60,076 in New York.

1687: 1608:

reached 168 million, and 1.2 to 1.5 million people were in the

503:

and expanded penalties for marijuana possession. He also signed the

81:

no longer exist in the United States, residents of some U.S. states

16242: 16192: 14751: 14719: 14257: 13645:

Punishing the Poor: The Neoliberal Government of Social Insecurity.

13292: 13069: 12050: 10552: 9541: 9203: 8678: 8538: 7564:– Missouri Department of Corrections, press release May 13, 2007. " 4880:"White women are going to prison at a higher rate than ever before" 4560: 3717:"Punishment Beyond Prisons: Incarceration and Supervision by State" 3151: 2912: 2796: 2469: 2442: 2325:

Private companies which provide services to prisons combine in the

2216: 2097: 1866: 1784: 1755: 1537:

Comparison of United States incarceration rate with other countries

1404: 1085: 186: 28:

Comparison of United States incarceration rate with other countries

12910:

Punishing the Poor: The Neoliberal Government of Social Insecurity

12397:"Something in the air: Toxic pollution in and around U.S. prisons" 11968:

Turanovic, Jillian J.; Rodriguez, Nancy; Pratt, Travis C. (2012).

10494:

Uggen, Christopher; Ryan Larson; Sarah Shannon (October 6, 2016).

8161:"Solitary confinement is still widespread in US prisons and jails" 7854:

Appalling Prison and Jail Food Leaves Prisoners Hungry for Justice

7433: 7431: 7429: 6962: 6742: 5721: 4976:"Men Sentenced to Longer Prison Terms for Same Crimes, Study Says" 2580:

State prisons averaged $ 31,286 per inmate in 2010 according to a

758:

women have declined, while incarceration rates have increased for

14809: 14781: 14760: 13421:

The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness

13037:"There is nothing inevitable about America's over-use of prisons" 12963:

Laissez-faire with strip-searches: America's two-faced liberalism

11596: 11226:

Murray, Joseph; Farrington, David P.; Sekol, Ivana (March 2012).

7635: 6082:

Study says US jails have become "massive warehouses" for the poor

5286: 5275:

The Chief Justice Earl Warren Institute on Law and Social Policy

4438:

Making Crime Pay: Law and Order in Contemporary American Politics

3297: 2801: 2418: 2075: 1980: 1976: 1969: 1910: 1877: 185:

claimed that prison conditions in the U.S. were, in her opinion,

167: 14666: 13746: 13121:"Federal judge blocks Alabama policy of segregating HIV inmates" 10969:"Beyond absenteeism: father incarceration and child development" 9647:

The Largest Prison Strike in U.S. History Enters Its Second Week

2704:, falling crime rates cannot be ascribed to mass incarceration. 83:

can still be incarcerated for unpaid court fines and assessments

14820: 13496:

Caught: The Prison State and the Lockdown of American Politics.

12857: 10522:"Majority of employers background check employees … Here's why" 10189:. National Association of State Budget Officers. Archived from 9353:"Under Trump, the Private-Prison Boom Shows No Sign of Slowing" 7426: 5436: 5434: 5432: 5224:

http://www2.ed.gov/policy/gen/guid/school-discipline/index.html

5021:

Easy Access to the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement

4412:"The War on Drugs: How President Nixon Tied Addiction to Crime" 3069:

Torture in the United States § Domestic police and prisons

2805: 2684:

this effect becomes smaller as the incarceration rate increases

2458: 2414: 1639: 1562: 1558: 1073:, concurs. One out of six prisoners in California is serving a 143:

Lines of men in prisoner's uniforms marching towards a building

15417:

Association for the Protection and Assistance of the Convicted

13351:"A Herstory of the #BlackLivesMatter Movement by Alicia Garza" 12883:

Caught: The Prison State and the Lockdown of American Politics

9558:

Caught: The Prison State and the Lockdown of American Politics

9537:

Boycott, Divest and Sanction Corporations That Feed on Prisons

9327:"Private prison industry sees boon under Trump administration" 8561:

Caught: The Prison State and the Lockdown of American Politics

7234:

The Russian economy: from Lenin to Putin. By Steven Rosefielde

5019:

Sickmund, M., Sladky, T.J., Kang, W., & Puzzanchera, C.. "

4565:. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. April 24, 2014. 3134:

ideology in the late 1970s to mass incarceration. Sociologist

3082:

fundamental fact, as slavery was the fundamental fact of 1850.

15734: 14767: 12463:"Heat-Related Prison Deaths Are Rising Due to Climate Change" 12105:"The Impact of Incarceration on Wage Mobility and Inequality" 10537:"The Effects of Imprisonment in a Time of Mass Incarceration" 8714:

Inmates riot at for-profit Texas immigrant detention facility

5689:"Mental Illness Soars In Prisons, Jails While Inmates Suffer" 4777:"HOW INCARCERATING WOMEN FUELS OUR MASS INCARCERATION CRISIS" 4585: 3479:

Social groups in male and female prisons in the United States

3305: 3146:

era to mitigate societal fallout from economic deregulation,

3023:

Mass incarceration in the United States has created numerous

1635: 1609: 1601: 11513: 10859:

Lee, Rosalyn D.; Fang, Xiangming; Luo, Feijun (April 2013).

8614:"Gangs Ruled Prison as For-Profit Model Put Blood on Floor." 8583:"Banking on Bondage: Private Prisons and Mass Incarceration" 8542:

Journal of the Oklahoma Criminal Justice Research Consortium

7903:"Prison Food Is Making U.S. Inmates Disproportionately Sick" 7334:"Improving California's Prison Inmate Classification System" 6898:

American Exception. Inmate Count in US Dwarfs Other Nations'

5429: 5238:, 77 BROOK. L. REV. 861, 901–02 (2012); Moll & Simmons, 4716: 162:

Total incarceration in the United States by year (1920–2014)

13606:

The Divide: American Injustice in the Age of the Wealth Gap

13183: 13181: 13179: 13177: 10425:

John J. Gibbons and Nicholas de B. Katzenbach (June 2006).

8807:

The Divide: American Injustice in the Age of the Wealth Gap

8336:

Wallace M; Hagan L; Curran KG; et al. (May 15, 2020).

8077:"Justices, 5-4, Tell California to Cut Prisoner Population" 7727:"Sexual Coercion Rates in Seven Midwestern Prisons for Men" 7359:

Griffin III, O. Hayden; Woodward, Vanessa H., eds. (2018).

4183:

With Liberty for Some: 500 Years of Imprisonment in America

4150:

With Liberty for Some: 500 Years of Imprisonment in America

3867:"The United States is (Very) Slowly Reducing Incarceration" 3109:

The Divide: American Injustice in the Age of the Wealth Gap

2934: 2526: 2283:(ALEC) in the Grand Hyatt in Washington, D.C. Both CCA and 1885: 1109: 12613:"US Addiction to Incarceration Puts 2.3 Million in Prison" 11283:

Sack, W. H. (May 1977). "Children of imprisoned fathers".

10801: 9031:

California Prison Guards Union Pushes For Prison Expansion

4774: 3150:

retrenchment, increasing inequality and the imposition of

1300: 10535:

Beckett, Katherine; Goldberg, Allison (January 1, 2022).

9793: 9313:

U.S. reverses Obama-era move to phase out private prisons

8335: 8048: 6730: 6166:"The Meaning of "Life": Long Prison Sentences in Context" 2493:

large, coordinated prison strikes took place in 11 states

1814:

Incarceration Rate by State, 2016; excludes jail inmates.

1460: 564:

Racial inequality in the American criminal justice system

13701:"Pushout: The Criminalization of Black Girls in Schools" 13174: 11456:

Semenza, Daniel C.; Link, Nathan W. (December 1, 2019).

11400: 10243:

Emma Brown and Danielle Douglas-Gabriel (July 7, 2016).

10028:

The Price of Prisons: What Incarceration Costs Taxpayers

9709:

Tarr, Duncan; Onderchanin, Stephanie (August 21, 2018).

9044:

Prison Quotas Push Lawmakers To Fill Beds, Derail Reform

8026:"In a California Prison, Bunk Beds Replace Pickup Games" 6983:

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

6164:

Mauer, Marc; King, Ryan S; Young, Malcolm C (May 2004).

5953:"Serious Mental Illness Prevalence in Jails and Prisons" 5513: 5511: 5110:. No. w3705. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1991. 4216:

Valerie Jenness | UCI Professor | Criminology Department

3220:

infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and HIV or AIDS

2933:

are crucial to both physical and cognitive development.

1582:

described the state as the prison capital of the world.

1123:

According to Yarbrough (2021), higher rates of poverty,

13223:"Smart on Crime: Reforming The Criminal Justice System" 12905:"America as Living Laboratory of the Neoliberal Future" 11967: 9297:

Justice Department Will Stop the Use of Private Prisons

8986:

http://inthesetimes.com/article/6084/corporate_con_game

8612:

Margaret Newkirk & William Selway (July 12, 2013).

6600:"College Behind Bars: How Educating Prisoners Pays Off" 5859:. Human Rights Watch. September 22, 2009. pp. 1–14 5611: 5609: 5440: 4212:"United States Prison System History – Valerie Jenness" 3288:

in the prison system has raised human rights concerns.

2761:

Yale Law Professor, and opponent of mass incarceration

2275:

law. This law was written by Arizona State Congressman

1898:

Pregnancy and prenatal care in American women's prisons

13232:. US Department of Justice. August 12, 2013. p. 7 12670:(BJS). By Heather C. West, PhD, BJS Statistician. See 12518:"The Rise of Green Prison Programs | Psychology Today" 12070: 12068: 11166: 9410:

Conlin, Michelle; Cooke, Kristina (January 18, 2019).

7361:

Routledge handbook of corrections in the United States

7340:. California Legislative Analyst's Office. May 2, 2019 6840:

The Routledge Handbook of Poverty in the United States

4309: 3642:

Jacob Kang-Brown, Chase Montagnet, and Jasmine Heiss.

3171:

The Routledge Handbook of Poverty in the United States

3073:

Human rights in the United States § Prison system

2089:

In September 2016, a group of corrections officers at

1156:

Mentally ill people in United States jails and prisons

18535: 12809:

University of California, Hastings College of the Law

12205:. U.S. Department of Justice. pp. 36–37, 39, 50. 11632:"Children of Incarcerated Parents Framework Document" 11225: 11024:

Garner, Andrew S.; Shonkoff, Jack P. (January 2012).

10333: 10006:

Annual Determination of Average Cost of Incarceration

9665:

Work Stoppage Prison Strike Continues in 11 US States

9084:

Who's Getting Rich Off the Prison-Industrial Complex?

8776:"CCA changes name to CoreCivic amid ongoing scrutiny" 8385:

and 15 deaths among staff members have been reported.

8132:"Solitary confinement should be banned in most cases" 7534: 7473:"Correctional Populations in the United States, 2016" 6836: 6207:. Federal Bureau of Investigation. September 25, 2017 5897: 5895: 5846: 5844: 5508: 5025:

Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

4058:

Genevieve LeBaron and Adrienne Roberts (March 2012).

3275: 1160:

In the United States, the percentage of inmates with

209:, new concepts of the prison system, such as parole, 13382:"Toughness on Crime gradually gives way to fairness" 13101:"Federal Guilty Pleas Soar As Bargains Trump Trials" 12002:"Having a Parent Behind Bars Costs Children, States" 10690: 10265:"Violent crime rate per 1,000 persons age 12 and up" 8941:

Big business, legislators pushed for stiff sentences

7998: 7852:

David M. Reutter, Gary Hunter & Brandon Sample.

7307:

Foundation, The Annie E. Casey (November 14, 2020).

6777:

Langan, Patrick A.; Levin, David J. (June 2, 2002).

5815: 5813: 5811: 5748:"U.S. Jails Struggle With Role As Makeshift Asylums" 5606: 4944:

Battle cries: Black women and intimate partner abuse

4676:(NCJ 236319). By Lauren E. Glaze, BJS Statistician. 4310:

Middleton Manning, Beth Rose; Gayle, Steven (2022).

1169:

incarceration for individuals with mental illness".

12937:Frances Goldin, Debby Smith, Michael Smith (2014). 12664:

Prison Inmates at Midyear 2009 – Statistical Tables

12640:

Hard Time Blues: How Politics Built a Prison Nation

12244: 12065: 11704: 9168:

http://www.detentionwatchnetwork.org/privateprisons

8833:"Prison Economics Help Drive Ariz. Immigration Law" 8044:"Calif. Faces Tough Choices on Overcrowded Prisons" 7932:. Florida Department of Corrections. Archived from 7358: 6939:

Correctional Populations in the United States, 2015

6314:

for the percent of inmates in for violent offenses.

6252: 6250: 6248: 6171:. The Sentencing Project. p. 3. Archived from 5720:. National Institute of Corrections. Archived from 5420: 4871: 4697:

Correctional Populations in the United States, 2013

4674:

Correctional Populations in the United States, 2010

3885:"Mass Incarceration Costs $ 182 Billion Every Year" 2740:. Formerly incarcerated individuals may experience 2057:

Solitary confinement is widely used in U.S. prisons

1239: 10604: 10573: 7957:"Prison Attacks Calling Attention to Overcrowding" 7204: 7202: 7200: 7198: 7164: 7162: 7160: 7143:"States of Incarceration: The Global Context 2021" 5892: 5841: 5376: 4270:"Zebulon Brockway of Elmira: 19th Century CE Hero" 4120:"Rise of the Penitentiary | Yale University Press" 3777: 3775: 3773: 3771: 2297:California Correctional Peace Officers Association 2160:A 1998 study was performed using three comparable 1522: 13194:ABA's 560-member policy making House of Delegates 12862:Guest column: Real reason behind prison explosion 12657: 12381:(5): 345–353 – via Copernicus Publications. 12347:Arizona Journal of Environmental Law & Policy 11345:"Intergenerational Effects of Mass Incarceration" 10101:Jail Inmates at Midyear 2009 – Statistical Tables 10085:Bail Burden Keeps U.S. Jails Stuffed With Inmates 9439:. CRS Report for Congress. Updated July 13, 2007. 8892:Prison Privatization and the Use of Incarceration 8608: 8606: 7901:Fassler, Joe; Brown, Claire (December 27, 2017). 6869: 6578:"Jail Incarceration Rate Decreased by 12 Percent" 6415: 6413: 5823:Mental Health Problems of Prison and Jail Inmates 5820:James, Doris; Glaze, Lauren (December 14, 2006). 5808: 5151: 5149: 4244:Memorial to the Legislature of Massachusetts 1843 3594:Race in the United States criminal justice system 2244:, major investors in the prison industry include 18571: 17271:Native American recognition in the United States 15757:United Kingdom and British overseas territories 12718:"U.S. Prison Study Faults System and the Public" 10277: 10154:Bondsman Lobby Targets Pretrial Release Programs 10149: 10147: 10094: 10080: 10078: 9999: 9990:. February 2, 2015. Retrieved October 16, 2014. 9954:. December 1, 2014. Retrieved October 16, 2020. 9624: 9622: 8736: 8641:A Tour of East Mississippi Correctional Facility 8219:There's an alarming number of deaths in US jails 7384:Field, Ray; Sanchez, Alexandra (June 25, 2015). 7213:1 in 100 U.S. Adults Behind Bars, New Study Says 6969:. 321,032,786 people in the US on June 30, 2015. 6893: 6891: 6299:. By Doris J. James. July 18, 2004. NCJ 201932. 6283: 6245: 5637: 3291: 3267:'s House of Delegates meeting, Attorney General 2824:(PTSD). These problems worsen in a typical 14259:Incarceration of juveniles in the United States 14074:(incarcerated long-term felons until year 2001) 11915: 11806:"Bonding and Attachment in Maltreated Children" 10534: 10205: 10170:Jails Stuffed To Capacity In Many U.S. Counties 10135:Census of Jails, 2005–2019 – Statistical Tables 10110:. By Minton D. Todd. June 3, 2010. NCJ 230122. 9972:. December 21, 2013. Retrieved September 2014. 9963: 9945: 9708: 9606: 9325:Watkins, Eli; Tatum, Sophie (August 18, 2017). 8290: 7980:"California Prisons Must Cut Inmate Population" 7832:Abigail Leonard & Adam May (May 28, 2014). 7806: 7725:& David Struckman-Johnson (December 2000). 7363:. New York London: Routledge. p. 105-107. 7195: 7157: 6626:"Post-Secondary Education for People in Prison" 6480:"United States of America | World Prison Brief" 6257:West, Heather; Sabol, William (December 2010). 5478:Aging Prisoners: Crisis in American Corrections 5475: 4267: 4240: 3768: 3589:Human rights in the United States#Prison system 3401:List of United States state correction agencies 2510:, sponsored by Jailhouse Lawyers Speak and the 1339: 1071:Aging Prisoners: Crisis in American Corrections 12775:"The Inherent Problem with Mass Incarceration" 12493:"Why people are freezing in America's prisons" 11407:Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 11023: 10306: 10066:Inmates Who Can't Make Bail Face Stark Options 10059: 10021: 9815:Bozelko, Chandra; Lo, Ryan (August 25, 2018). 8953: 8909: 8907: 8603: 8263: 6907:April 22, 2008. Page 1, Section A, Front Page. 6784:. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Archived from 6506:"What You Need To Know About Ending Cash Bail" 6410: 6264:. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Archived from 6163: 5676:. National Criminal Justice Reference Service. 5565: 5423:School Suspensions: Are they helping children? 5146: 4897: 4527:"U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: United States" 3584:Felony disenfranchisement in the United States 3259:Department of Justice "Smart on Crime" Program 1042:School Suspensions: Are they helping children? 45:is one of the primary means of punishment for 19:For the incarceration rate in particular, see 17668:Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States 15852: 14682: 14243: 13732: 13187: 12170: 11862: 11728: 10626: 10163: 10144: 10075: 9927: 9909: 9907: 9687: 9619: 8523: 7690:. Human Rights Watch, retrieved May 22, 2015. 7663:"California Prison Reform and Rehabilitation" 7004: 6979:The World Population Prospects: 2015 Revision 6888: 6035: 5216:U.S. Dep't of Educ. Office for Civil Rights, 2484:In 2010, Prisoners in Georgia engaged in the 2468:Initially, laws passed during the era of the 2337:. An example of this phenomenon would be the 1654:U.S. federal prisoner distribution since 1950 1469:Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act 1346:Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act 507:. Support for Reagan's crime legislation was 70:another $ 38 billion in costs annually. 13748:Incarceration of adults in the United States 13015:"The Economic Origins of Mass Incarceration" 12685:"America's One-Million Nonviolent Prisoners" 12302:Bradshaw, Elizabeth A. (September 1, 2018). 11597:Gabel, Katherine.; Johnston, Denise (1995). 11072: 10376: 9981: 9882: 9880: 9324: 9233:"Corrections Yearbook 2000: Private Prisons" 8732: 8730: 8728: 8726: 8459: 8457: 8455: 7900: 7383: 7140: 7099: 6832: 6830: 6828: 4692: 4690: 4345:Cosa Nostra: A History of the Sicilian Mafia 4176: 4143: 4039:The U.S. Is Locking People Up For Being Poor 3987: 3229:concluded 97% of all federal cases in 2011. 3213:, associate professor of sociology from the 2732:and must wait two years for eligibility for 2636:According to a 2016 study by researchers at 2204:on behalf of prisoners at the privately run 13012: 12562:"The effect of prison on criminal behavior" 11669:"Safeguarding Children of Arrested Parents" 11455: 10187:"Fiscal Year 2009 State Expenditure Report" 9609:"Town struggles to survive close of prison" 9409: 9237:National Criminal Justice Reference Service 8904: 8874:The Hidden History of ALEC and Prison Labor 8576: 8574: 8342:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 8186: 7780: 7778: 7136: 7134: 6956: 6918:World Prison Population List (11th edition) 6776: 6654: 6623: 6398: 5303: 5301: 4747: 4471:Nation Behind Bars: A Human Rights Solution 2653:Collateral consequences of criminal charges 1855:imprisonment time reduced for good behavior 738:Incarceration of women in the United States 15866: 15859: 15845: 15439:International Network of Prison Ministries 14689: 14675: 14250: 14236: 14173:Immigration detention in the United States 13739: 13725: 13088:(Press release). University of Washington. 12180:. Center for Economic and Policy Research. 10858: 10676:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 10179: 9904: 9760: 9350: 8959: 8350:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 8329: 8125: 8123: 7930:"Gang and Security Threat Group Awareness" 7631:"Prisoners' Rights – Legal Correspondence" 7606: 7306: 7283: 7281: 7230: 7020: 6932: 6779:"Recidivism of Prisoners Released in 1994" 6772: 6770: 6338: 6332: 6195: 6193: 6143:. Crown Publishing Group. pp. 22–23. 5663: 5625:. Sylvia Rivera Law Project. pp. 1–50 5287:O'Conner, R.; Porowski, A.; Passa (2014). 4958:The Journal of Law, Economics & Policy 4720:Women in Prison: Gender and Social Control 4205: 4203: 4018: 3801: 2573:In 2014, among facilities operated by the 2106:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1985:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1246:Immigration detention in the United States 522: 17281:Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes 13252:"Prison Strip Search is Sexually Abusive" 12743:April 14, 2014. Retrieved April 18, 2014. 11985: 11884: 11762: 11729:Winston, Robert; Chicot, Rebecca (2016). 11547: 11259: 11202: 11184: 11123: 11041: 11000: 10892: 10835: 10724: 10457: 10438: 10436: 9893:(BJS). Retrieved January 1, 2012, by the 9877: 9814: 9033:. The Huffington Post. September 9, 2013. 9008:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195384055.001.0001 8913: 8901:. The Sentencing Project, September 2004. 8723: 8630:East Mississippi prison called 'barbaric' 8452: 8414: 8357: 8266:"Everybody wants condom vending machines" 8240:"How often do prisoners die behind bars?" 7257: 7171:"Louisiana is the world's prison capital" 6825: 6256: 5741: 5739: 5589: 5571: 5460:"Aging inmates clogging nation's prisons" 5203:Ralph M. Gerstein & Lois A. Gerstein 4877: 4699:(NCJ 248479). Published December 2014 by 4687: 4667: 4327: 3740: 2512:Incarcerated Workers Organizing Committee 2221:Tallahatchie County Correctional Facility 1945:coerced or pressured into sexual activity 1728:Learn how and when to remove this message 18580:Incarceration rates in the United States 15265:Mentally ill people in the United States 13583:Selman, Donna and Paul Leighton (2010). 13439:Todd R. Clear; Natasha A. Frost (2015). 12899: 12772: 12636: 12490: 12442:10.1163/9789004322714_cclc_2021-0157-490 12340: 12301: 11629: 10627:Wakefield, Sara; Wildeman, Christopher. 10498:. The Sentencing Project. Archived from 10472: 9842: 9574: 9495:Beth Schwartzapfel (February 12, 2009). 9448: 9230: 9101:Selman, Donna and Paul Leighton (2010). 8571: 8500:Selman, Donna and Paul Leighton (2010). 7954: 7775: 7131: 7036: 6650: 6648: 6646: 6633:Social Justice Funders Opportunity Brief 6383: 6227:"Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2016" 5680: 5298: 4825: 4499:"Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2023" 4496: 3845:"Prisoners in 2021 – Statistical Tables" 3644:People in Jail and Prison in Spring 2021 3126:Some scholars have linked the ascent of 2960: 2879: 2758:increased attention in the years since. 2668: 2656: 2557: 2543: 2215: 2198:Walnut Grove Youth Correctional Facility 2043: 1909: 1809: 1649: 1526: 1353: 1312:Criminal sentencing in the United States 1118:National Center for Transgender Equality 789:Youth incarceration in the United States 157: 138: 33: 17332:List of counties and county equivalents 13379: 13083: 12978: 12709: 12610: 12606: 12604: 12541: 12491:Asgarian, Roxanna (December 13, 2019). 12486: 12484: 12424: 12422: 12390: 12388: 12364: 12362: 12360: 12297: 12295: 12293: 12291: 12289: 12102: 11509: 11507: 11396: 11394: 11392: 10574:Michelle Alexander (December 6, 2010). 10212:One in 100: Behind Bars in America 2008 10156:. 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Published June 2010, by 12368: 12250: 12230: 12195: 12191: 12189: 12187: 12098: 12096: 12025: 12023: 11342: 10915: 10797: 10795: 10772: 10641: 10433: 10403:Oliver Laughland (February 12, 2015). 9889:. Inflation adjusted to 2007 dollars. 9786: 9383: 9351:Washington, John (December 14, 2017). 8639:Retrieved December 1, 2014. See also: 8237: 8074: 8023: 7784: 7386:"What's life like in Supermax prison?" 7115: 7051: 6809: 6696: 6624:Strait, Abigail; Eaton, Susan (2016). 6597: 6503: 6100: 5736: 5445:. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. 5355: 5126: 4992: 4936: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4614:"National Trends – Racial Disparities" 4555: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4521: 4519: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4409: 4391:from the original on December 12, 2013 4361: 4342: 4305: 4303: 4268:Gehring, Thom; Gehering, Thom (1982). 4263: 4261: 4096:Timothy Williams (February 11, 2015). 3981: 3864: 3842: 3741:Robertson, Campbell (April 25, 2019). 3682: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3638: 3636: 2927: 2724:In 2016, over 6 million Americans had 2206:East Mississippi Correctional Facility 1414: 15840: 14670: 14231: 13720: 13682:Punishment and Inequality in America. 13564: 13348: 13272: 13196:. 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The 103: 13588:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers 13291: 13127:. December 21, 2012. Archived from 13099:Fields, Gary (September 24, 2012). 12961:Bernard Harcourt (April 30, 2012). 12939:Imagine: Living in a Socialist USA. 12773:Donelson, Raff (November 5, 2022). 12184: 12093: 12020: 10792: 10775:"Bailing moms out for Mother's Day" 10642:Renny., Golden (October 18, 2013). 10605:Michael O'Hear (November 8, 2014). 9735:Neufeld, Jennie (August 22, 2018). 9688:Kamala Kelkar (December 18, 2016). 9475:Nate C. Hindman (August 15, 2012). 8580: 8447:How private prisons game the system 8005:Order for population reduction plan 7875:"Prison Riot Caused by Prison Food" 7261:Gulag: a history. 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(2009). 5236:Policing School Discipline 3852:U.S. Department of Justice 3559:Crime in the United States 3412: 3398: 3376: 3066: 2945: 2707: 2702:Brennan Center for Justice 2650: 2646: 2562:Federal prison yearly cost 2506:Starting August 21, 2018, 2486:2010 Georgia prison strike 2406: 2353:, were receiving judicial 2293:National Rifle Association 2138: 2132: 1895: 1662: 1540: 1534: 1502: 1449: 1343: 1309: 1281:A December 2017 report by 1243: 1219:, specialty mental health 1153: 1102: 1048: 1007: 786: 735: 557: 526: 207:Progressive Era of America 97: 93: 47:crime in the United States 25: 18: 18497: 18323: 18196: 18128: 17781: 17777: 17768: 17716: 17581: 17572: 17468: 17439: 17416: 17355: 17322: 17313: 17256: 17244:Comparison of governments 17219: 17182: 17159: 17075: 17055: 16986: 16924: 16846: 16769: 16627: 16618: 16614: 16605: 16327: 16318: 16263: 16223:Post-Cold War (1991–2008) 16064:drafting and ratification 16037:Articles of Confederation 15950: 15884: 15875: 15802: 15612: 15580: 15555: 15474:Prison abolition movement 15432:Florida Justice Institute 15408: 15212: 15127: 15087: 15006: 14953: 14828: 14819: 14750: 14704: 14620: 14604: 14572: 14550: 14283: 14267:Federal Bureau of Prisons 14265: 14181: 14160: 14144: 14121: 14079: 14068:Federal Bureau of Prisons 14055: 13788: 13780:Federal Prison Industries 13767:Federal Bureau of Prisons 13765: 13754: 13704:, New York: The New Press 12413:10.1177/14624745221114826 12320:10.1007/s10612-018-9399-6 12265:10.1177/21533687221101209 11719:N.Y. Corrections Law §611 11658:N.M. Stat. Ann. §29-7-7.3 11532:10.1007/s11524-018-0276-0 11087:10.1080/14751790903416889 10985:10.1007/s13524-011-0081-9 10447:(DVD). Peace Productions. 10427:"Confronting Confinement" 10348:10.1080/07418820300095451 10106:November 7, 2011, at the 10039:Vera Institute of Justice 10037:. February 29, 2012, the 10012:on March 9, 2015, in the 9526:Retrieved April 15, 2015. 9506:Retrieved April 15, 2015. 9437:Federal Prison Industries 8674:The Private Prison Racket 8526:African American Families 8013:Coleman v. Schwarzenegger 7609:"Employment Upon Release" 7412:"My Life in the Supermax" 6295:December 8, 2011, at the 6052:10.1177/0094306110404514d 5957:Treatment Advocacy Center 5786:10.1007/s10979-010-9223-7 5591:10.1177/14624745211017818 5077:Retrieved March 13, 2015. 4754:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 1–. 4076:10.1017/S1743923X12000062 3990:"Debtors' prison – again" 3871:Brennan Center of Justice 3648:Vera Institute of Justice 3599:Race and the War on Drugs 3507:Conditions of confinement 3385:Federal Bureau of Prisons 3238:U.S. District Court Judge 2841: 2820:, depression (mood), and 2787:correlation between high 2772: 2742:employment discrimination 2582:Vera Institute of Justice 2575:Federal Bureau of Prisons 2341:, in which two judges in 2335:prison–industrial complex 2141:Prison–industrial complex 2013:Coleman v. Schwarzenegger 1859:Department of Corrections 1606:Soviet Union's population 1276:Vera Institute of Justice 1272:poor in the United States 1116:system. According to the 1010:School-to-prison pipeline 798:placement, 1997–2015. US 795: 679: 672: 570: 87:Vera Institute of Justice 18263:Prescription drug prices 17383:Mayor–council government 17373:Coterminous municipality 17363:Consolidated city-county 17129:Agriculture commissioner 16779:House of Representatives 16687:National Security Agency 16337:Contiguous United States 15525:The Prison Phoenix Trust 14969:Administrative detention 14103:Northern Mariana Islands 13528:Harvard University Press 13409: 12401:Punishment & Society 11419:10.1136/jech.2009.090662 10930:10.1177/0022146514544173 10808:Social Science Quarterly 10779:Prison Policy Initiative 10309:Social Science Quarterly 10254:Retrieved July 12, 2016. 10125:for percent unconvicted. 10033:August 13, 2014, at the 9546:Retrieved April 4, 2015. 9157:Retrieved March 5, 2015. 8962:"What Makes Alec Smart?" 8920:The Rutherford Institute 8853:Sullivan, Laura (2010). 8753:10.1177/1362480609352783 8474:Harvard University Press 7843:Retrieved July 22, 2014. 7514:Minimum Security Prisons 7502:Maximum-Security Prisons 7460:Maximum-Security Prisons 7258:Applebaum, Anne (2003). 7046:Irish Penal Reform Trust 6310:October 5, 2011, at the 6231:Prison Policy Initiative 6087:World Socialist Web Site 5578:Punishment & Society 5476:Aday, Ronald H. (2003). 5057:Retrieved April 5, 2014. 4725:Lynne Rienner Publishers 4503:Prison Policy Initiative 4368:United States of America 4241:Dix, Dorothea L (1843), 4027:. California Penal Code. 3889:Equal Justice Initiative 3721:Prison Policy Initiative 3621:Incarceration in Florida 3542:Prison Policy Initiative 3444:Equal Justice Initiative 3300:community. Artists like 3265:American Bar Association 3215:University of Washington 3031:the country violate the 2726:lost their right to vote 2677: 2402: 2098:coronavirus disease 2019 1933:medical care for inmates 1574:Prison Policy Initiative 1495:increase in employment. 1421:Prison Policy Initiative 1419:In 2020, the non-profit 997:Prison Policy Initiative 796:Juveniles in residential 782: 211:indeterminate sentencing 18348:Criticism of government 17693:Social welfare programs 17286:State-recognized tribes 16271:Outline of U.S. history 15983:Continental Association 15603:Films featuring prisons 15460:Mount Tamalpais College 15114:Prisoner-of-war escapes 14844:Corrective labor colony 13685:Russell Sage Foundation 13680:Western, Bruce (2007). 13643:Wacquant, Loïc (2009). 13477:Enns, Peter K. (2016). 12990:Oxford University Press 12867:The Florida Times-Union 12522:www.psychologytoday.com 12395:Toman, Elisa L (2023). 12369:Jewkes, Yvonne (2014). 12231:Carson, E. Ann (2014). 12196:Carson, E. Ann (2014). 11813:The ChildTrauma Academy 11707:Principles of Penal Law 11520:Journal of Urban Health 10379:Social Science Research 10321:10.1111/1540-6237.00106 8835:. NPR. October 28, 2010 8740:Theoretical Criminology 8009:Plata v. Schwarzenegger 7723:Cindy Struckman-Johnson 7490:Medium-Security Prisons 6843:. London and New York: 5978:"ERO FY18 Achievements" 5889:Retrieved May 17, 2015. 5669: 5643: 5615: 5545: 5184:Zero-Tolerance Policies 5033:for all the years. And 4805:. Seven Stories Press. 3501:Inmate telephone system 2921:Principles of Penal Law 2767:tough on crime policies 2623:Broward County, Florida 2539: 2488:to garner more rights. 2386:under Attorney General 2072:Supreme Court of Norway 2007:Plata v. Schwarzenegger 1916:Mule Creek State Prison 1802:prison or area (called 1227:and forensic intensive 1189:psychotropic medication 1017:zero-tolerance policies 523:Incarcerated population 56:fewer persons in prison 18410:Environmental movement 18253:Health insurance costs 18148:Educational attainment 17673:Federal Reserve System 17631:Science and technology 17134:Insurance commissioner 16672:Intelligence Community 16367:minor outlying islands 16130:Civil rights movement 15237:Contemplative programs 14944:Youth detention center 14796:Prisoner of conscience 13462:Are Prisons Obsolete?. 12643:. Thomas Dunne Books. 11232:Psychological Bulletin 11043:10.1542/peds.2011-2662 10877:10.1542/peds.2012-0627 9486:Retrieved May 9, 2014. 9217:July 20, 2015, at the 8897:July 14, 2007, at the 8359:10.15585/mmwr.mm6919e1 7873:Marx, Rebecca (2009). 7414:. The Marshall Project 6881:July 14, 2018, at the 6463:"Jail Inmates in 2016" 6390:"Incarcerated America" 6039:Contemporary Sociology 5911:Law and Human Behavior 5901: 5850: 5819: 5774:Law and Human Behavior 5771: 5745: 5712: 5686: 5517: 4865:The Sentencing Project 4801:Davis, Angela (2003). 4618:counciloncj.foleon.com 3808:The Sentencing Project 3531:Prison advocacy groups 3280:The procedural use of 3203: 3092: 2966: 2885: 2831:Anti-social behaviours 2674: 2666: 2615: 2563: 2555: 2367: 2228: 2053: 1919: 1839:white collar criminals 1815: 1655: 1532: 1365: 1318:Determinate sentencing 1166:deinstitutionalization 163: 144: 39: 18236:Immigrant health care 17751:Transportation safety 17746:Transportation policy 17736:Public transportation 16806:President pro tempore 16662:Executive departments 16431:National Park Service 16086:Territorial evolution 15488:Prison-Ashram Project 13648:Duke University Press 13170:. September 30, 2022. 12915:Duke University Press 12860:(December 29, 2014). 12375:Geographica Helvetica 11877:10.1300/j076v43n01_05 11804:Perry, Bruce (2013). 10580:The American Prospect 10234:. September 13, 2016. 10214:. February 28, 2008. 10174:National Public Radio 10158:National Public Radio 10114:. See Table 7 of the 10089:National Public Radio 10070:National Public Radio 9678:. September 20, 2016. 9189:June 7, 2015, at the 8998:Page, Joshua (2011). 8860:National Public Radio 8416:10.1093/jahist/jav226 8272:. Grist Magazine, Inc 7516:Retrieved 15 May 2024 7504:Retrieved 15 May 2024 7492:Retrieved 15 May 2024 7462:Retrieved 15 May 2024 7289:The Caging of America 7211:(February 28, 2008). 6484:www.prisonstudies.org 6303:. See Table 3 of the 6104:(December 15, 2017). 6020:How The Program Works 5345:on September 2, 2019. 5320:on September 2, 2019. 4803:Are Prisons Obsolete? 4650:"Search Publications" 4343:Dickie, John (2007). 4222:on September 11, 2016 4064:Politics & Gender 3939:"Search Publications" 3616:Prisons in California 3525:Kids for cash scandal 3377:Further information: 3191: 3076: 3025:environmental justice 2964: 2883: 2672: 2660: 2619:Lubbock County, Texas 2610:National Public Radio 2601: 2561: 2547: 2508:another prison strike 2362: 2339:Kids for cash scandal 2264:. The aforementioned 2219: 2151:Reagan Administration 2050:Orleans Parish Prison 2047: 1914:Living facilities in 1913: 1896:Further information: 1813: 1752:Security Housing Unit 1653: 1628:The Caging of America 1530: 1463:equivalent programs, 1357: 1133:gender non-conforming 1105:LGBT people in prison 1103:Further information: 519:government control." 161: 142: 37: 18405:Environmental issues 18070:Political ideologies 17969:Indigenous languages 17169:List of legislatures 16966:separation of powers 16667:Independent agencies 16593:World Heritage Sites 16228:September 11 attacks 16151:Spanish–American War 16091:Mexican–American War 16047:Confederation period 15978:Continental Congress 15672:Ireland, Republic of 15362:Solitary confinement 14923:Prisoner-of-war camp 14655:United States portal 14564:District of Columbia 14216:United States portal 14072:District of Columbia 13665:Carceral Capitalism. 13565:Pfaff, John (2017). 13131:on December 21, 2012 12566:Public Safety Canada 12308:Critical Criminology 11173:Health & Justice 10502:on February 21, 2020 10460:Civil Rights Journal 10172:. January 20, 2010. 9586:. pp. 270–271. 9365:on December 17, 2017 9259:. Sanders.senate.gov 7787:"Sick on the Inside" 7763:on February 17, 2012 7669:on February 18, 2011 7643:on December 15, 2007 7441:. Injustice Security 6791:on December 14, 2011 5724:on February 17, 2015 5133:www.prisonpolicy.org 4933:102.1 (2015): 25–33. 4748:Cyndi Banks (2003). 4180:(October 19, 2000). 4147:(October 19, 2000). 3911:"Prisoners, 1925–81" 3387:, a division of the 3100:victimless offenders 2254:Fidelity Investments 2112:Conditions for Women 2102:pandemic in the U.S. 1884:, together with the 1793:solitary confinement 1743:corrections officers 1706:improve this article 1465:vocational education 1294:Princeton University 1217:mental health courts 1185:solitary confinement 1144:solitary confinement 610:White (non-Hispanic) 499:, which established 18248:Health care finance 17741:Rail transportation 17507:Imperial presidency 17229:State constitutions 17174:List of legislators 17124:Auditor/Comptroller 17097:Lieutenant governor 16823:Library of Congress 16714:Diplomatic Security 16357:Indian reservations 16020:American Revolution 15539:Prison Reform Trust 14605:Military facilities 14596:U.S. Virgin Islands 14113:U.S. Virgin Islands 13758:pre-trial detainees 13628:Prisons of Poverty. 13465:Seven Stories Press 13416:Alexander, Michelle 13295:(August 23, 2019). 13106:Wall Street Journal 12779:Oklahoma Law Review 12722:The Washington Post 12697:on October 28, 2010 12572:on February 4, 2009 12152:. November 23, 2015 11822:on October 22, 2018 10250:The Washington Post 10232:The Huffington Post 9939:Wall Street Journal 9936:. August 18, 2014. 9655:September 16, 2016. 9576:Anderson, Elizabeth 9522:The Huffington Post 9482:The Huffington Post 9049:The Huffington Post 8946:The Palm Beach Post 8718:Al Jazeera America. 8699:The Huffington Post 8524:Smith and Hattery. 8326:September 28, 2016. 8244:The Washington Post 8056:on January 21, 2014 7588:. December 17, 2002 6345:Wall Street Journal 6271:on October 27, 2011 6259:"Prisoners in 2009" 6140:Poverty, by America 5552:The Huffington Post 5391:on October 21, 2017 5338:The Washington Post 5182:David M. Pedersen, 5093:The Huffington Post 4980:The Huffington Post 4178:Christianson, Scott 4145:Christianson, Scott 4102:The New York Times. 4044:The Huffington Post 3994:The Tampa Bay Times 3361:after the death of 2928:Incarceration phase 2719:drug rehabilitation 2612:, January 22, 2010. 2491:In September 2016, 2447:Chevron Corporation 2236:which rebranded as 2030:Cutter v. Wilkinson 2018:prison overcrowding 1415:Pre-trial detention 1407:. According to the 242: 18358:affirmative action 18331:Capital punishment 18290:Poverty and health 18285:Physician shortage 18258:Health care prices 18188:Standard of living 17871:standard of living 17678:Financial position 17305:Hawaiian home land 17293:Indian reservation 17266:Tribal sovereignty 17109:Secretary of state 16978:United States Code 16894:Territorial courts 16866:Associate Justices 16751:Inspector generals 16238:War in Afghanistan 16101:Reconstruction era 15968:Stamp Act Congress 15546:WriteAPrisoner.com 15309:Protective custody 14858:Extermination camp 14789:Political prisoner 13611:Spiegel & Grau 13361:on October 9, 2014 12880:Marie Gottschalk. 12826:Prisons of Poverty 12617:Human Rights Watch 12080:press.uchicago.edu 11375:10.1111/soc4.12440 10753:www.childstats.gov 10709:10.1111/jomf.12464 10586:on October 1, 2011 10193:on August 23, 2011 10008:. A notice by the 9993:▲Church Publishing 9957:▲Church Publishing 9637:September 9, 2016. 9555:Marie Gottschalk. 8812:Spiegel & Grau 8659:The New York Times 8635:The Clarion-Ledger 8558:Marie Gottschalk. 8081:The New York Times 8030:The New York Times 7959:. Associated Press 7839:Al Jazeera America 7734:The Prison Journal 7176:The Times-Picayune 7126:World Prison Brief 7110:World Prison Brief 7094:World Prison Brief 7078:World Prison Brief 7062:World Prison Brief 7031:World Prison Brief 7015:World Prison Brief 6999:World Prison Brief 6967:U.S. Census Bureau 6943:BJS Statisticians. 6926:World Prison Brief 6661:Sociological Forum 6393:Human Rights Watch 5951:Carroll, Heather. 5923:10.1037/lhb0000075 5885:Al Jazeera America 5331:Balingit, Moriah. 5308:Balingit, Moriah. 5244:Clayton County, GA 5234:Catherine Y. Kim, 5073:Al Jazeera America 4946:. NYU Press, 2008. 4840:on August 27, 2023 4476:Human Rights Watch 4372:World Prison Brief 4329:10.5070/LP63259632 4124:yalebooks.yale.edu 3891:. February 6, 2017 3790:WPB main data page 3786:World Prison Brief 3747:The New York Times 3537:November Coalition 3236:. On December 21, 3209:(August 3, 2008), 2976:Washington (state) 2967: 2890:flashbulb memories 2886: 2782:Impact on children 2755:Michelle Alexander 2730:subsidized housing 2675: 2667: 2564: 2556: 2497:modern day slavery 2262:The Vanguard Group 2229: 2180:The Times-Picayune 2054: 2025:U.S. Supreme Court 1950:In August 2003, a 1924:Human Rights Watch 1920: 1882:WriteAPrisoner.com 1816: 1656: 1638:Archipelago under 1579:The Times-Picayune 1533: 1409:Human Rights Watch 1366: 1334:three strikes laws 1322:mandatory minimums 1213:diversion programs 1181:Human Rights Watch 981:private facilities 745:recreational drugs 599:Incarceration rate 584:% of US population 554:Race and ethnicity 240: 231:Sicilian Americans 195:Elmira Reformatory 164: 145: 119:. You can help by 67:World Prison Brief 40: 18533: 18532: 18493: 18492: 18489: 18488: 18459:National security 18168:Income inequality 18048:Statue of Liberty 17851:income inequality 17764: 17763: 17756:Trucking industry 17568: 17567: 17564: 17563: 17495:Foreign relations 17483:Electoral College 17464: 17463: 17252: 17251: 17204:District attorney 17051: 17050: 16878:Courts of appeals 16601: 16600: 16314: 16313: 16255:COVID-19 pandemic 16208:Feminist Movement 16054:American frontier 15973:Thirteen Colonies 15834: 15833: 15770:England and Wales 15510:Prison Legal News 15495:Prison Fellowship 15453:Justice Defenders 15123: 15122: 14727:Prison healthcare 14664: 14663: 14225: 14224: 14168:Civil confinement 14070:, Misdemeanants: 13521:Harcourt, Bernard 13501:. Book Hardcover 13388:. pp. 1B, 2B 13355:The Feminist Wire 12793:– via SSRN. 12650:978-0-312-26811-4 12234:Prisoners in 2013 12199:Prisoners in 2013 12006:www.pewtrusts.org 11572:"Health Literacy" 11369:(12): 1102–1109. 11363:Sociology Compass 10871:(4): e1188–1195. 10541:Crime and Justice 10336:Justice Quarterly 9462:978-0-7567-0060-7 9206:, crossposted on 8984:, June 20, 2010, 8464:Harcourt, Bernard 8297:Around the Nation 7880:The Village Voice 7859:Prison Legal News 7792:Harper's Magazine 7271:978-0-7679-0056-0 7244:978-1-4051-1337-3 6862:978-0-41-567344-0 6565:. March 31, 2020. 5752:The Seattle Times 5487:978-0-275-97123-6 4942:Potter, Hillary. 4761:978-1-57607-929-4 4734:978-1-58826-228-8 4599:978-0-309-69337-0 4572:978-0-309-29801-8 4354:978-0-340-93526-2 3782:Highest to Lowest 3513:Prison Legal News 3355:#BlackLivesMatter 3054:Eighth Amendment. 2826:positive feedback 2818:anxiety disorders 2695:prisoner re-entry 2427:Victoria's Secret 2320:Cornell Companies 2289:three-strike laws 2233:Dartmouth College 1747:Bureau of Prisons 1738: 1737: 1730: 1618:Steven Rosefielde 1604:system, when the 1554:England and Wales 1266:Class and poverty 1172:According to the 1150:Mentally disabled 1063:elderly prisoners 974:life imprisonment 956: 955: 756:Hispanic American 734: 733: 656: 655: 476: 475: 219:racial capitalism 137: 136: 18592: 18562: 18561: 18550: 18549: 18548: 18541: 18513: 18506: 18393:African American 18275:Health insurance 18163:Household income 18033:National symbols 17964:American English 17937:Federal holidays 17846:household income 17779: 17778: 17775: 17774: 17579: 17578: 17517:Anti-Americanism 17441:Special district 17368:Independent city 17337:County executive 17320: 17319: 17114:Attorney general 17073: 17072: 17062:Federal District 16645:Executive Office 16625: 16624: 16616: 16615: 16612: 16611: 16372:populated places 16352:federal enclaves 16347:federal district 16325: 16324: 16188:American Century 16171:Great Depression 16166:Roaring Twenties 16126:Women's suffrage 16005:Halifax Resolves 15998:Founding Fathers 15993:military history 15958:Pre-colonial era 15882: 15881: 15861: 15854: 15847: 15838: 15837: 15827: 15823: 15822: 15815: 15811: 15810: 15795: 15786: 15779: 15777:Northern Ireland 15772: 15765: 15758: 15753: 15746: 15737: 15730: 15723: 15716: 15709: 15702: 15695: 15688: 15681: 15674: 15667: 15660: 15653: 15646: 15639: 15632: 15625: 15605: 15598: 15591: 15573: 15566: 15548: 15541: 15534: 15527: 15520: 15513: 15504: 15497: 15490: 15483: 15476: 15469: 15462: 15455: 15448: 15441: 15434: 15427: 15420: 15399: 15392: 15385: 15378: 15371: 15364: 15357: 15350: 15341: 15334: 15325: 15318: 15311: 15302: 15295: 15288: 15281: 15274: 15267: 15260: 15253: 15246: 15239: 15230: 15223: 15205: 15198: 15191: 15182: 15175: 15168: 15159: 15152: 15145: 15138: 15116: 15107: 15100: 15080: 15073: 15066: 15059: 15052: 15045: 15038: 15031: 15024: 15017: 14999: 14992: 14985: 14983:Maximum security 14978: 14971: 14964: 14946: 14939: 14932: 14925: 14918: 14911: 14902: 14895: 14888: 14881: 14874: 14867: 14860: 14853: 14846: 14839: 14826: 14825: 14812: 14805: 14798: 14791: 14784: 14777: 14770: 14763: 14743: 14736: 14729: 14722: 14715: 14691: 14684: 14677: 14668: 14667: 14652: 14651: 14640: 14639: 14628: 14627: 14556:Federal district 14252: 14245: 14238: 14229: 14228: 14213: 14212: 14201: 14200: 14189: 14188: 14123:Military prisons 14061:Federal district 13741: 13734: 13727: 13718: 13717: 13705: 13580: 13454: 13398: 13397: 13395: 13393: 13377: 13371: 13370: 13368: 13366: 13357:. Archived from 13346: 13340: 13339: 13337: 13335: 13320: 13314: 13313: 13311: 13309: 13289: 13283: 13282: 13270: 13264: 13263: 13261: 13259: 13248: 13242: 13241: 13239: 13237: 13227: 13219: 13206: 13205: 13203: 13201: 13185: 13172: 13171: 13164: 13158: 13157: 13155: 13147: 13141: 13140: 13138: 13136: 13117: 13111: 13110: 13096: 13090: 13089: 13081: 13075: 13058: 13052: 13051: 13049: 13047: 13033: 13027: 13026: 13010: 13004: 13003: 12976: 12970: 12959: 12953: 12942:Harper Perennial 12935: 12929: 12928: 12897: 12891: 12878: 12872: 12855: 12849: 12818: 12812: 12801: 12795: 12794: 12770: 12764: 12750: 12744: 12732: 12726: 12725: 12713: 12707: 12706: 12704: 12702: 12696: 12689: 12681: 12675: 12661: 12655: 12654: 12634: 12628: 12627: 12625: 12623: 12608: 12599: 12598: 12588: 12582: 12581: 12579: 12577: 12558: 12552: 12551: 12539: 12533: 12532: 12530: 12528: 12514: 12508: 12507: 12505: 12503: 12488: 12479: 12478: 12476: 12474: 12459: 12453: 12452: 12450: 12448: 12426: 12417: 12416: 12392: 12383: 12382: 12366: 12355: 12354: 12338: 12332: 12331: 12299: 12284: 12283: 12281: 12279: 12257:Race and Justice 12248: 12242: 12241: 12239: 12228: 12222: 12206: 12204: 12193: 12182: 12181: 12179: 12168: 12162: 12161: 12159: 12157: 12142: 12136: 12135: 12109: 12100: 12091: 12090: 12088: 12086: 12072: 12063: 12062: 12036: 12027: 12018: 12017: 12015: 12013: 11998: 11992: 11991: 11989: 11965: 11959: 11956: 11950: 11949: 11913: 11907: 11906: 11888: 11860: 11854: 11853: 11851: 11849: 11844:. April 26, 2016 11838: 11832: 11831: 11829: 11827: 11821: 11815:. Archived from 11810: 11801: 11795: 11792: 11786: 11783: 11777: 11776: 11766: 11726: 11720: 11717: 11711: 11710: 11702: 11696: 11693: 11687: 11686: 11684: 11682: 11673: 11665: 11659: 11656: 11650: 11649: 11647: 11645: 11636: 11627: 11621: 11620: 11594: 11588: 11587: 11585: 11583: 11578:. March 31, 2017 11568: 11562: 11561: 11551: 11511: 11502: 11501: 11453: 11447: 11446: 11398: 11387: 11386: 11358: 11352: 11351: 11349: 11340: 11334: 11323: 11317: 11316: 11280: 11274: 11273: 11263: 11244:10.1037/a0026407 11223: 11217: 11216: 11206: 11188: 11164: 11158: 11157: 11121: 11115: 11114: 11070: 11064: 11063: 11045: 11021: 11015: 11014: 11004: 10964: 10958: 10957: 10913: 10907: 10906: 10896: 10856: 10850: 10849: 10839: 10814:(5): 1186–1202. 10799: 10790: 10789: 10787: 10785: 10770: 10764: 10763: 10761: 10759: 10745: 10739: 10738: 10728: 10688: 10682: 10681: 10675: 10667: 10639: 10633: 10632: 10624: 10618: 10617: 10615: 10613: 10602: 10596: 10595: 10593: 10591: 10582:. Archived from 10571: 10565: 10564: 10532: 10526: 10525: 10518: 10512: 10511: 10509: 10507: 10491: 10485: 10484: 10470: 10464: 10463: 10455: 10449: 10448: 10440: 10431: 10430: 10422: 10416: 10401: 10395: 10394: 10385:(6): 1004–1014. 10374: 10368: 10367: 10331: 10325: 10324: 10304: 10298: 10297: 10275: 10269: 10268: 10261: 10255: 10241: 10235: 10225: 10219: 10209: 10203: 10202: 10200: 10198: 10183: 10177: 10167: 10161: 10151: 10142: 10132: 10126: 10098: 10092: 10082: 10073: 10063: 10057: 10048: 10042: 10025: 10019: 10015:Federal Register 10003: 9997: 9985: 9979: 9967: 9961: 9949: 9943: 9931: 9925: 9911: 9902: 9895:Internet Archive 9884: 9875: 9866: 9860: 9859: 9857: 9855: 9840: 9834: 9833: 9831: 9829: 9812: 9806: 9805: 9803: 9801: 9784: 9778: 9777: 9775: 9773: 9758: 9752: 9751: 9749: 9747: 9732: 9726: 9725: 9723: 9721: 9706: 9700: 9699: 9685: 9679: 9662: 9656: 9644: 9638: 9626: 9617: 9616: 9604: 9598: 9597: 9572: 9566: 9553: 9547: 9533: 9527: 9513: 9507: 9493: 9487: 9473: 9467: 9466: 9446: 9440: 9433: 9427: 9426: 9424: 9422: 9407: 9401: 9400: 9398: 9396: 9381: 9375: 9374: 9372: 9370: 9361:. Archived from 9348: 9342: 9341: 9339: 9337: 9322: 9316: 9310: 9304: 9303:August 18, 2016. 9294: 9288: 9287:August 12, 2016. 9278: 9272: 9266: 9260: 9254: 9248: 9247: 9245: 9243: 9228: 9222: 9210:, May 23, 2013, 9200: 9194: 9177: 9171: 9164: 9158: 9144: 9138: 9127: 9122: 9116: 9099: 9093: 9080: 9074: 9060: 9054: 9040: 9034: 9028: 9022: 9021: 8995: 8989: 8978: 8972: 8971: 8957: 8951: 8937: 8931: 8930: 8928: 8926: 8911: 8902: 8889: 8883: 8870: 8864: 8851: 8845: 8844: 8842: 8840: 8829: 8823: 8799: 8793: 8792: 8790: 8788: 8771: 8765: 8764: 8734: 8721: 8710: 8704: 8690: 8684: 8670: 8664: 8650: 8644: 8626: 8620: 8610: 8601: 8600: 8598: 8596: 8587: 8581:Shapiro, David. 8578: 8569: 8556: 8550: 8549: 8536: 8530: 8529: 8521: 8515: 8498: 8492: 8461: 8450: 8443: 8437: 8434: 8428: 8427: 8425: 8423: 8418: 8394: 8388: 8387: 8381: 8379: 8361: 8333: 8327: 8315: 8309: 8308: 8306: 8304: 8288: 8282: 8281: 8279: 8277: 8261: 8255: 8254: 8252: 8250: 8235: 8229: 8215: 8209: 8208: 8206: 8204: 8195:. Archived from 8193:Cannabis Culture 8184: 8178: 8177: 8175: 8173: 8156: 8150: 8149: 8148:. February 2012. 8142: 8136: 8135: 8127: 8118: 8117: 8115: 8113: 8098: 8092: 8091: 8089: 8087: 8072: 8066: 8065: 8063: 8061: 8052:. Archived from 8040: 8034: 8033: 8021: 8015: 8002: 7996: 7995: 7993: 7991: 7975: 7969: 7968: 7966: 7964: 7952: 7946: 7945: 7943: 7941: 7936:on June 19, 2006 7926: 7920: 7919: 7917: 7915: 7898: 7892: 7891: 7889: 7887: 7870: 7864: 7850: 7844: 7830: 7824: 7810: 7804: 7803: 7801: 7799: 7782: 7773: 7772: 7770: 7768: 7762: 7756:. Archived from 7731: 7719: 7713: 7712: 7710: 7708: 7697: 7691: 7685: 7679: 7678: 7676: 7674: 7659: 7653: 7652: 7650: 7648: 7639:. Archived from 7627: 7621: 7620: 7618: 7616: 7604: 7598: 7597: 7595: 7593: 7576: 7570: 7559: 7553: 7552: 7532: 7526: 7523: 7517: 7511: 7505: 7499: 7493: 7487: 7481: 7480: 7469: 7463: 7457: 7451: 7450: 7448: 7446: 7435: 7424: 7423: 7421: 7419: 7407: 7401: 7400: 7398: 7396: 7381: 7375: 7374: 7356: 7350: 7349: 7347: 7345: 7330: 7324: 7323: 7321: 7319: 7304: 7298: 7285: 7276: 7275: 7255: 7249: 7248: 7228: 7222: 7206: 7193: 7192: 7190: 7188: 7183:on March 3, 2015 7179:. Archived from 7166: 7155: 7154: 7152: 7150: 7138: 7129: 7119: 7113: 7103: 7097: 7087: 7081: 7071: 7065: 7055: 7049: 7040: 7034: 7024: 7018: 7008: 7002: 6992: 6986: 6976: 6970: 6963:Population Clock 6960: 6954: 6936: 6930: 6920:(PDF). From the 6914: 6908: 6895: 6886: 6873: 6867: 6866: 6834: 6823: 6822: 6816: 6807: 6801: 6800: 6798: 6796: 6790: 6783: 6774: 6765: 6764: 6728: 6719: 6718: 6694: 6685: 6684: 6652: 6641: 6640: 6630: 6621: 6615: 6614: 6612: 6610: 6595: 6589: 6588: 6582: 6573: 6567: 6566: 6560: 6552: 6546: 6545: 6543: 6541: 6527: 6521: 6520: 6518: 6516: 6501: 6495: 6494: 6492: 6490: 6476: 6470: 6469: 6467: 6459: 6453: 6452: 6450: 6448: 6439:. Archived from 6429: 6423: 6417: 6408: 6402: 6396: 6387: 6381: 6380: 6378: 6376: 6362: 6356: 6355: 6353: 6351: 6336: 6330: 6329: 6321: 6315: 6287: 6281: 6280: 6278: 6276: 6270: 6263: 6254: 6243: 6242: 6240: 6238: 6233:. March 16, 2016 6223: 6217: 6216: 6214: 6212: 6197: 6188: 6187: 6185: 6183: 6178:on July 10, 2010 6177: 6170: 6161: 6155: 6154: 6135:Desmond, Matthew 6131: 6125: 6124: 6118: 6116: 6098: 6092: 6078: 6072: 6071: 6033: 6027: 6016: 6010: 5999: 5993: 5992: 5990: 5988: 5974: 5968: 5967: 5965: 5963: 5948: 5942: 5941: 5939: 5937: 5908: 5899: 5890: 5876: 5870: 5868: 5866: 5864: 5858: 5848: 5839: 5838: 5836: 5834: 5828: 5817: 5806: 5805: 5769: 5763: 5762: 5760: 5758: 5743: 5734: 5733: 5731: 5729: 5710: 5704: 5703: 5701: 5699: 5684: 5678: 5677: 5667: 5661: 5660: 5658: 5656: 5650: 5641: 5635: 5634: 5632: 5630: 5624: 5613: 5604: 5603: 5593: 5569: 5563: 5562: 5560: 5558: 5543: 5537: 5536: 5534: 5532: 5526: 5515: 5506: 5505: 5498: 5492: 5491: 5473: 5464: 5463: 5456: 5447: 5446: 5438: 5427: 5426: 5418: 5412: 5411: 5407: 5401: 5400: 5398: 5396: 5390: 5384:. Archived from 5383: 5374: 5365: 5364: 5362: 5353: 5347: 5346: 5341:. Archived from 5328: 5322: 5321: 5316:. Archived from 5305: 5296: 5295: 5293: 5284: 5278: 5271: 5265: 5264: 5262: 5253: 5247: 5232: 5226: 5214: 5208: 5201: 5195: 5180: 5174: 5171: 5165: 5164: 5162: 5156:Heitzeg, Nancy. 5153: 5144: 5143: 5141: 5139: 5124: 5111: 5104: 5098: 5084: 5078: 5064: 5058: 5044: 5038: 5017: 5011: 5010: 5007:10.15779/Z38F32G 4990: 4984: 4983: 4972: 4966: 4965: 4953: 4947: 4940: 4934: 4927: 4921: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4901: 4895: 4894: 4892: 4890: 4875: 4869: 4868: 4856: 4850: 4849: 4847: 4845: 4839: 4832: 4823: 4817: 4816: 4798: 4792: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4772: 4766: 4765: 4745: 4739: 4738: 4714: 4708: 4694: 4685: 4671: 4665: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4646: 4629: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4610: 4604: 4603: 4583: 4577: 4576: 4557: 4542: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4523: 4514: 4513: 4511: 4509: 4494: 4481: 4468: 4462: 4458: 4452: 4451: 4433: 4427: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4407: 4401: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4381: 4375: 4365: 4359: 4358: 4340: 4334: 4333: 4331: 4307: 4298: 4297: 4265: 4256: 4255: 4254: 4252: 4238: 4232: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4218:. Archived from 4207: 4198: 4197: 4174: 4168: 4167: 4141: 4135: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4116: 4105: 4094: 4088: 4087: 4055: 4049: 4035: 4029: 4028: 4016: 4010: 4009: 4007: 4005: 3985: 3979: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3960: 3954: 3953: 3951: 3949: 3935: 3926: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3907: 3901: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3881: 3875: 3874: 3862: 3856: 3855: 3849: 3840: 3819: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3799: 3793: 3779: 3766: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3738: 3732: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3712: 3703: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3684: 3651: 3640: 3469:Prisoner suicide 3434:Death in custody 3409:Military prisons 3367:police brutality 3339:'s Netflix film 3201: 3166:Bernard Harcourt 3120:Marie Gottschalk 3104:Criminal justice 3090: 3039:frequently. The 2948:Prisoner reentry 2924:of the people." 2906:Sentencing phase 2864:Policy solutions 2763:James Forman Jr. 2750:The New Jim Crow 2689:A 2010 study of 2613: 2463:Costco Wholesale 2266:Bloomberg report 2258:General Electric 2193:Bloomberg report 2170:Marie Gottschalk 2002:Eighth Amendment 1867:maximum security 1835:minimum security 1800:maximum security 1733: 1726: 1722: 1719: 1713: 1690: 1682: 1642:at its height." 1492:prison education 1488:RAND Corporation 1457:Prison education 1452:Prison education 1446:Prison education 1197:bipolar disorder 1114:criminal justice 976:without parole. 964:criminal justice 793: 792: 677: 676: 568: 567: 243: 239: 191:Zebulon Brockway 132: 129: 111: 104: 85:as of 2016. The 79:debtor's prisons 18600: 18599: 18595: 18594: 18593: 18591: 18590: 18589: 18570: 18569: 18568: 18556: 18546: 18544: 18536: 18534: 18529: 18516: 18509: 18502: 18485: 18471:Opioid epidemic 18388:Native American 18368:intersex rights 18319: 18315:Life expectancy 18305:Medical deserts 18295:Race and health 18192: 18178:Personal income 18124: 18028:National anthem 17861:personal income 17826:Economic issues 17760: 17712: 17560: 17460: 17449:School district 17435: 17418:Minor divisions 17412: 17351: 17309: 17248: 17234:Statutory codes 17215: 17178: 17155: 17065: 17060: 17047: 16982: 16939:civil liberties 16920: 16911:Other tribunals 16890:District courts 16842: 16801:current members 16784:current members 16765: 16699:Law enforcement 16597: 16310: 16259: 16250:Great Recession 16121:Progressive Era 16111:Native genocide 16042:Perpetual Union 16030:Treaty of Paris 15988:United Colonies 15946: 15871: 15865: 15835: 15830: 15818: 15806: 15798: 15791: 15782: 15775: 15768: 15761: 15756: 15749: 15742: 15733: 15726: 15719: 15712: 15705: 15698: 15691: 15684: 15677: 15670: 15663: 15656: 15649: 15642: 15635: 15628: 15621: 15608: 15601: 15594: 15587: 15576: 15569: 15562: 15551: 15544: 15537: 15530: 15523: 15516: 15507: 15500: 15493: 15486: 15479: 15472: 15465: 15458: 15451: 15444: 15437: 15430: 15423: 15415: 15404: 15395: 15390:Women in prison 15388: 15381: 15374: 15367: 15360: 15353: 15346: 15337: 15330: 15321: 15314: 15307: 15298: 15293:Private prisons 15291: 15284: 15277: 15270: 15263: 15256: 15249: 15242: 15235: 15226: 15219: 15208: 15201: 15194: 15187: 15178: 15171: 15164: 15155: 15148: 15141: 15134: 15119: 15112: 15103: 15096: 15083: 15076: 15069: 15062: 15055: 15048: 15041: 15034: 15027: 15020: 15013: 15002: 14995: 14988: 14981: 14974: 14967: 14960: 14954:Security levels 14949: 14942: 14935: 14928: 14921: 14914: 14907: 14898: 14891: 14884: 14877: 14870: 14863: 14856: 14849: 14842: 14835: 14815: 14808: 14803:Prisoner of war 14801: 14794: 14787: 14780: 14773: 14766: 14759: 14746: 14739: 14732: 14725: 14718: 14711: 14700: 14695: 14665: 14660: 14649: 14616: 14600: 14568: 14546: 14279: 14261: 14256: 14226: 14221: 14210: 14177: 14156: 14140: 14117: 14075: 14051: 13784: 13761: 13750: 13745: 13698:Morris, M. W., 13577: 13569:. Basic Books. 13451: 13438: 13412: 13407: 13405:Further reading 13402: 13401: 13391: 13389: 13378: 13374: 13364: 13362: 13347: 13343: 13333: 13331: 13329:Washington Post 13321: 13317: 13307: 13305: 13302:Chicago Tribune 13290: 13286: 13271: 13267: 13257: 13255: 13250: 13249: 13245: 13235: 13233: 13225: 13221: 13220: 13209: 13199: 13197: 13186: 13175: 13166: 13165: 13161: 13153: 13149: 13148: 13144: 13134: 13132: 13125:Washington Post 13119: 13118: 13114: 13097: 13093: 13082: 13078: 13074:March 17, 2013. 13059: 13055: 13045: 13043: 13035: 13034: 13030: 13011: 13007: 13000: 12992:. p. 132. 12977: 12973: 12960: 12956: 12936: 12932: 12925: 12898: 12894: 12879: 12875: 12856: 12852: 12833:Wayback Machine 12819: 12815: 12802: 12798: 12771: 12767: 12751: 12747: 12733: 12729: 12714: 12710: 12700: 12698: 12694: 12687: 12683: 12682: 12678: 12662: 12658: 12651: 12635: 12631: 12621: 12619: 12609: 12602: 12590: 12589: 12585: 12575: 12573: 12560: 12559: 12555: 12540: 12536: 12526: 12524: 12516: 12515: 12511: 12501: 12499: 12489: 12482: 12472: 12470: 12461: 12460: 12456: 12446: 12444: 12428: 12427: 12420: 12393: 12386: 12367: 12358: 12339: 12335: 12300: 12287: 12277: 12275: 12249: 12245: 12237: 12229: 12225: 12202: 12194: 12185: 12177: 12169: 12165: 12155: 12153: 12144: 12143: 12139: 12124:10.2307/3088944 12107: 12101: 12094: 12084: 12082: 12074: 12073: 12066: 12034: 12028: 12021: 12011: 12009: 12000: 11999: 11995: 11966: 11962: 11957: 11953: 11914: 11910: 11861: 11857: 11847: 11845: 11840: 11839: 11835: 11825: 11823: 11819: 11808: 11802: 11798: 11793: 11789: 11784: 11780: 11727: 11723: 11718: 11714: 11703: 11699: 11694: 11690: 11680: 11678: 11671: 11667: 11666: 11662: 11657: 11653: 11643: 11641: 11639:Urban Institute 11634: 11628: 11624: 11609: 11595: 11591: 11581: 11579: 11570: 11569: 11565: 11512: 11505: 11454: 11450: 11413:(11): 912–919. 11399: 11390: 11359: 11355: 11347: 11341: 11337: 11324: 11320: 11281: 11277: 11224: 11220: 11165: 11161: 11122: 11118: 11071: 11067: 11036:(1): e224–231. 11022: 11018: 10965: 10961: 10914: 10910: 10857: 10853: 10800: 10793: 10783: 10781: 10771: 10767: 10757: 10755: 10747: 10746: 10742: 10689: 10685: 10669: 10668: 10656: 10640: 10636: 10625: 10621: 10611: 10609: 10603: 10599: 10589: 10587: 10572: 10568: 10533: 10529: 10520: 10519: 10515: 10505: 10503: 10492: 10488: 10480:The Denver Post 10471: 10467: 10456: 10452: 10441: 10434: 10423: 10419: 10402: 10398: 10375: 10371: 10332: 10328: 10305: 10301: 10276: 10272: 10263: 10262: 10258: 10242: 10238: 10226: 10222: 10210: 10206: 10196: 10194: 10185: 10184: 10180: 10168: 10164: 10152: 10145: 10141:. October 2021. 10133: 10129: 10123:Wayback Machine 10108:Wayback Machine 10099: 10095: 10083: 10076: 10064: 10060: 10049: 10045: 10035:Wayback Machine 10026: 10022: 10004: 10000: 9986: 9982: 9968: 9964: 9950: 9946: 9932: 9928: 9912: 9905: 9885: 9878: 9867: 9863: 9853: 9851: 9841: 9837: 9827: 9825: 9813: 9809: 9799: 9797: 9785: 9781: 9771: 9769: 9759: 9755: 9745: 9743: 9733: 9729: 9719: 9717: 9707: 9703: 9686: 9682: 9672:Wayback Machine 9663: 9659: 9645: 9641: 9627: 9620: 9613:Washington Post 9605: 9601: 9594: 9573: 9569: 9554: 9550: 9534: 9530: 9514: 9510: 9494: 9490: 9474: 9470: 9463: 9447: 9443: 9434: 9430: 9420: 9418: 9416:www.reuters.com 9408: 9404: 9394: 9392: 9382: 9378: 9368: 9366: 9349: 9345: 9335: 9333: 9323: 9319: 9311: 9307: 9295: 9291: 9279: 9275: 9267: 9263: 9255: 9251: 9241: 9239: 9229: 9225: 9219:Wayback Machine 9201: 9197: 9191:Wayback Machine 9178: 9174: 9165: 9161: 9145: 9141: 9125: 9123: 9119: 9100: 9096: 9081: 9077: 9061: 9057: 9041: 9037: 9029: 9025: 9018: 8996: 8992: 8979: 8975: 8958: 8954: 8938: 8934: 8924: 8922: 8912: 8905: 8899:Wayback Machine 8890: 8886: 8871: 8867: 8852: 8848: 8838: 8836: 8831: 8830: 8826: 8800: 8796: 8786: 8784: 8772: 8768: 8735: 8724: 8711: 8707: 8691: 8687: 8671: 8667: 8651: 8647: 8627: 8623: 8611: 8604: 8594: 8592: 8585: 8579: 8572: 8557: 8553: 8537: 8533: 8522: 8518: 8499: 8495: 8462: 8453: 8445:Khalek, Rania. 8444: 8440: 8435: 8431: 8421: 8419: 8395: 8391: 8377: 8375: 8334: 8330: 8316: 8312: 8302: 8300: 8289: 8285: 8275: 8273: 8262: 8258: 8248: 8246: 8236: 8232: 8216: 8212: 8202: 8200: 8185: 8181: 8171: 8169: 8157: 8153: 8144: 8143: 8139: 8128: 8121: 8111: 8109: 8100: 8099: 8095: 8085: 8083: 8073: 8069: 8059: 8057: 8042: 8041: 8037: 8022: 8018: 8003: 7999: 7989: 7987: 7976: 7972: 7962: 7960: 7953: 7949: 7939: 7937: 7928: 7927: 7923: 7913: 7911: 7899: 7895: 7885: 7883: 7871: 7867: 7851: 7847: 7831: 7827: 7811: 7807: 7797: 7795: 7783: 7776: 7766: 7764: 7760: 7729: 7720: 7716: 7706: 7704: 7699: 7698: 7694: 7686: 7682: 7672: 7670: 7661: 7660: 7656: 7646: 7644: 7629: 7628: 7624: 7614: 7612: 7605: 7601: 7591: 7589: 7578: 7577: 7573: 7560: 7556: 7533: 7529: 7524: 7520: 7512: 7508: 7500: 7496: 7488: 7484: 7471: 7470: 7466: 7458: 7454: 7444: 7442: 7437: 7436: 7427: 7417: 7415: 7408: 7404: 7394: 7392: 7382: 7378: 7371: 7357: 7353: 7343: 7341: 7332: 7331: 7327: 7317: 7315: 7305: 7301: 7286: 7279: 7272: 7256: 7252: 7245: 7229: 7225: 7207: 7196: 7186: 7184: 7167: 7158: 7148: 7146: 7139: 7132: 7120: 7116: 7104: 7100: 7088: 7084: 7072: 7068: 7056: 7052: 7041: 7037: 7025: 7021: 7009: 7005: 6993: 6989: 6977: 6973: 6961: 6957: 6937: 6933: 6929:and sentenced." 6915: 6911: 6896: 6889: 6883:Wayback Machine 6874: 6870: 6863: 6835: 6826: 6814: 6808: 6804: 6794: 6792: 6788: 6781: 6775: 6768: 6753: 6729: 6722: 6695: 6688: 6667:(S1): 589–611. 6653: 6644: 6628: 6622: 6618: 6608: 6606: 6596: 6592: 6580: 6574: 6570: 6558: 6554: 6553: 6549: 6539: 6537: 6529: 6528: 6524: 6514: 6512: 6502: 6498: 6488: 6486: 6478: 6477: 6473: 6465: 6461: 6460: 6456: 6446: 6444: 6431: 6430: 6426: 6418: 6411: 6403: 6399: 6388: 6384: 6374: 6372: 6364: 6363: 6359: 6349: 6347: 6337: 6333: 6323: 6322: 6318: 6312:Wayback Machine 6297:Wayback Machine 6288: 6284: 6274: 6272: 6268: 6261: 6255: 6246: 6236: 6234: 6225: 6224: 6220: 6210: 6208: 6199: 6198: 6191: 6181: 6179: 6175: 6168: 6162: 6158: 6151: 6132: 6128: 6114: 6112: 6099: 6095: 6079: 6075: 6034: 6030: 6017: 6013: 6000: 5996: 5986: 5984: 5976: 5975: 5971: 5961: 5959: 5949: 5945: 5935: 5933: 5906: 5900: 5893: 5877: 5873: 5862: 5860: 5856: 5849: 5842: 5832: 5830: 5826: 5818: 5809: 5770: 5766: 5756: 5754: 5744: 5737: 5727: 5725: 5711: 5707: 5697: 5695: 5693:Huffington Post 5685: 5681: 5668: 5664: 5654: 5652: 5648: 5642: 5638: 5628: 5626: 5622: 5614: 5607: 5570: 5566: 5556: 5554: 5544: 5540: 5530: 5528: 5524: 5516: 5509: 5500: 5499: 5495: 5488: 5474: 5467: 5458: 5457: 5450: 5443:Race in America 5439: 5430: 5419: 5415: 5408: 5404: 5394: 5392: 5388: 5381: 5375: 5368: 5360: 5354: 5350: 5329: 5325: 5314:Washington Post 5306: 5299: 5291: 5285: 5281: 5272: 5268: 5260: 5254: 5250: 5233: 5229: 5215: 5211: 5207:(2nd ed. 2007). 5202: 5198: 5181: 5177: 5172: 5168: 5160: 5154: 5147: 5137: 5135: 5125: 5114: 5105: 5101: 5085: 5081: 5065: 5061: 5045: 5041: 5018: 5014: 4991: 4987: 4974: 4973: 4969: 4954: 4950: 4941: 4937: 4928: 4924: 4914: 4912: 4910:Washington Post 4902: 4898: 4888: 4886: 4884:Washington Post 4876: 4872: 4857: 4853: 4843: 4841: 4837: 4830: 4824: 4820: 4813: 4799: 4795: 4785: 4783: 4773: 4769: 4762: 4746: 4742: 4735: 4727:. p. vii. 4715: 4711: 4695: 4688: 4672: 4668: 4658: 4656: 4648: 4647: 4632: 4622: 4620: 4612: 4611: 4607: 4600: 4584: 4580: 4573: 4559: 4558: 4545: 4535: 4533: 4525: 4524: 4517: 4507: 4505: 4495: 4484: 4469: 4465: 4459: 4455: 4448: 4434: 4430: 4420: 4418: 4408: 4404: 4394: 4392: 4383: 4382: 4378: 4366: 4362: 4355: 4341: 4337: 4308: 4301: 4266: 4259: 4250: 4248: 4239: 4235: 4225: 4223: 4208: 4201: 4194: 4175: 4171: 4161: 4142: 4138: 4128: 4126: 4118: 4117: 4108: 4095: 4091: 4056: 4052: 4036: 4032: 4017: 4013: 4003: 4001: 4000:on July 6, 2010 3986: 3982: 3972: 3970: 3962: 3961: 3957: 3947: 3945: 3937: 3936: 3929: 3919: 3917: 3909: 3908: 3904: 3894: 3892: 3883: 3882: 3878: 3863: 3859: 3847: 3841: 3822: 3812: 3810: 3800: 3796: 3780: 3769: 3759: 3757: 3739: 3735: 3725: 3723: 3713: 3706: 3696: 3694: 3686: 3685: 3654: 3641: 3634: 3629: 3425: 3417: 3411: 3403: 3397: 3381: 3375: 3373:Federal prisons 3326:'s 2019 album, 3294: 3286:cavity searches 3278: 3261: 3202: 3197: 3154:and underpaid, 3091: 3086: 3075: 3065: 3033:Clean Water Act 3021: 2984: 2959: 2950: 2944: 2930: 2908: 2878: 2866: 2857:health literacy 2844: 2810:law enforcement 2784: 2775: 2738:criminal record 2710: 2680: 2655: 2649: 2614: 2608: 2542: 2455:Koch Industries 2451:Bank of America 2411: 2405: 2351:Michael Conahan 2347:Mark Ciavarella 2273:Arizona SB 1070 2250:Bank of America 2143: 2137: 2131: 2114: 2036:According to a 1964:". Prisons may 1908: 1894: 1847: 1827:medium security 1777:A.D.X. Florence 1763:Supermax prison 1734: 1723: 1717: 1714: 1703: 1691: 1680: 1678:Security levels 1667: 1661: 1648: 1545: 1539: 1525: 1507: 1501: 1454: 1448: 1417: 1361:, study by the 1348: 1342: 1314: 1308: 1303: 1290:Matthew Desmond 1268: 1248: 1242: 1229:case management 1158: 1152: 1107: 1101: 1051: 1012: 1006: 960:juvenile courts 797: 791: 785: 764:Washington Post 740: 690: 683: 681: 675: 601: 593: 579:Race, ethnicity 566: 556: 551: 531: 525: 516:Valerie Jenness 477: 235:rehabilitation. 205:and during the 133: 127: 124: 117:needs expansion 102: 96: 30: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 18598: 18588: 18587: 18582: 18567: 18566: 18554: 18531: 18530: 18528: 18527: 18522: 18515: 18514: 18507: 18499: 18498: 18495: 18494: 18491: 18490: 18487: 18486: 18484: 18483: 18478: 18473: 18468: 18467: 18466: 18456: 18455: 18454: 18444: 18439: 18434: 18429: 18427:Mass shootings 18424: 18419: 18418: 18417: 18415:Climate change 18412: 18402: 18397: 18396: 18395: 18390: 18385: 18380: 18375: 18370: 18365: 18360: 18353:Discrimination 18350: 18345: 18344: 18343: 18333: 18327: 18325: 18321: 18320: 18318: 18317: 18312: 18307: 18302: 18297: 18292: 18287: 18282: 18277: 18272: 18267: 18266: 18265: 18260: 18255: 18245: 18244: 18243: 18238: 18233: 18228: 18223: 18218: 18208: 18202: 18200: 18194: 18193: 18191: 18190: 18185: 18180: 18175: 18170: 18165: 18160: 18155: 18150: 18145: 18143:American Dream 18140: 18134: 18132: 18126: 18125: 18123: 18122: 18117: 18112: 18110:Transportation 18107: 18102: 18097: 18092: 18087: 18082: 18077: 18072: 18067: 18062: 18057: 18056: 18055: 18050: 18045: 18043:Mount Rushmore 18040: 18030: 18025: 18020: 18015: 18014: 18013: 18008: 18003: 17998: 17993: 17983: 17978: 17977: 17976: 17971: 17966: 17956: 17951: 17946: 17941: 17940: 17939: 17929: 17924: 17923: 17922: 17912: 17907: 17902: 17901: 17900: 17895: 17885: 17884: 17883: 17878: 17873: 17868: 17863: 17858: 17853: 17848: 17843: 17838: 17833: 17823: 17818: 17813: 17808: 17803: 17798: 17793: 17787: 17785: 17772: 17766: 17765: 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16773: 16767: 16766: 16764: 16763: 16758: 16753: 16748: 16747: 16746: 16741: 16739:Secret Service 16736: 16731: 16726: 16721: 16716: 16711: 16706: 16696: 16695: 16694: 16689: 16684: 16679: 16669: 16664: 16659: 16654: 16652:Vice President 16649: 16648: 16647: 16642: 16631: 16629: 16622: 16609: 16603: 16602: 16599: 16598: 16596: 16595: 16590: 16585: 16580: 16579: 16578: 16573: 16568: 16563: 16558: 16553: 16548: 16543: 16532: 16531: 16530: 16525: 16520: 16515: 16510: 16505: 16500: 16495: 16490: 16485: 16480: 16475: 16470: 16465: 16460: 16455: 16450: 16440: 16439: 16438: 16436:National Parks 16428: 16427: 16426: 16421: 16416: 16411: 16406: 16396: 16391: 16389:Extreme points 16386: 16381: 16380: 16379: 16374: 16369: 16364: 16359: 16354: 16349: 16344: 16339: 16328: 16322: 16316: 16315: 16312: 16311: 16309: 16308: 16303: 16298: 16293: 16288: 16283: 16278: 16273: 16267: 16265: 16261: 16260: 16258: 16257: 16252: 16247: 16246: 16245: 16240: 16230: 16225: 16220: 16215: 16210: 16205: 16200: 16195: 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15559: 15557: 15556:Leaving prison 15553: 15552: 15550: 15549: 15542: 15535: 15528: 15521: 15514: 15505: 15498: 15491: 15484: 15477: 15470: 15463: 15456: 15449: 15446:Justice Action 15442: 15435: 15428: 15425:Black and Pink 15421: 15412: 15410: 15406: 15405: 15403: 15402: 15401: 15400: 15386: 15379: 15372: 15365: 15358: 15351: 15344: 15343: 15342: 15328: 15327: 15326: 15312: 15305: 15304: 15303: 15289: 15282: 15275: 15268: 15261: 15254: 15247: 15240: 15233: 15232: 15231: 15216: 15214: 15210: 15209: 15207: 15206: 15199: 15192: 15185: 15184: 15183: 15176: 15162: 15161: 15160: 15146: 15139: 15131: 15129: 15125: 15124: 15121: 15120: 15118: 15117: 15110: 15109: 15108: 15098:Prison escapes 15093: 15091: 15085: 15084: 15082: 15081: 15074: 15067: 15060: 15053: 15046: 15039: 15032: 15025: 15018: 15010: 15008: 15004: 15003: 15001: 15000: 14993: 14986: 14979: 14972: 14965: 14957: 14955: 14951: 14950: 14948: 14947: 14940: 14933: 14926: 14919: 14912: 14905: 14904: 14903: 14896: 14882: 14875: 14868: 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May 24, 2016 11993: 11980:(4): 913–959. 11960: 11951: 11908: 11855: 11833: 11796: 11787: 11778: 11721: 11712: 11697: 11688: 11660: 11651: 11622: 11608:978-0029110423 11607: 11589: 11563: 11526:(4): 547–555. 11503: 11448: 11388: 11353: 11335: 11318: 11291:(2): 163–174. 11275: 11238:(2): 175–210. 11218: 11159: 11132:(3): 350–357. 11116: 11081:(4): 289–309. 11065: 11016: 10959: 10924:(3): 302–319. 10908: 10851: 10791: 10765: 10740: 10703:(2): 478–498. 10683: 10654: 10634: 10619: 10597: 10566: 10553:10.1086/721018 10527: 10513: 10486: 10465: 10450: 10432: 10417: 10396: 10369: 10326: 10315:(3): 635–653. 10299: 10288:(2): 245–276. 10270: 10256: 10236: 10220: 10204: 10178: 10162: 10143: 10127: 10093: 10074: 10058: 10043: 10020: 10010:Prisons Bureau 9998: 9980: 9962: 9944: 9926: 9903: 9876: 9861: 9835: 9807: 9779: 9753: 9727: 9701: 9680: 9657: 9639: 9618: 9599: 9593:978-1009275439 9592: 9567: 9548: 9528: 9508: 9488: 9468: 9461: 9441: 9435:Nathan James. 9428: 9402: 9376: 9343: 9317: 9305: 9289: 9273: 9261: 9249: 9223: 9195: 9172: 9159: 9139: 9126:Prison Payback 9117: 9094: 9075: 9055: 9035: 9023: 9016: 8990: 8982:In These Times 8973: 8952: 8932: 8903: 8884: 8865: 8846: 8824: 8794: 8781:The Tennessean 8766: 8722: 8705: 8685: 8665: 8645: 8621: 8602: 8570: 8551: 8531: 8516: 8493: 8451: 8438: 8429: 8389: 8328: 8323:Democracy Now! 8310: 8283: 8270:Grist Magazine 8256: 8230: 8210: 8199:on May 2, 2013 8179: 8151: 8137: 8119: 8093: 8067: 8035: 8016: 7997: 7984:New York Times 7970: 7947: 7921: 7893: 7865: 7845: 7825: 7805: 7774: 7740:(4): 379–390. 7714: 7692: 7680: 7654: 7622: 7599: 7571: 7554: 7543:(4): 443–452. 7527: 7518: 7506: 7494: 7482: 7464: 7452: 7425: 7402: 7376: 7369: 7351: 7325: 7299: 7294:The New Yorker 7277: 7270: 7250: 7243: 7223: 7218:New York Times 7194: 7156: 7130: 7114: 7098: 7082: 7066: 7050: 7035: 7019: 7003: 6987: 6971: 6955: 6931: 6909: 6903:New York Times 6887: 6868: 6861: 6824: 6802: 6766: 6751: 6720: 6686: 6642: 6616: 6590: 6568: 6547: 6531:"Bail or Jail" 6522: 6496: 6471: 6454: 6443:on May 9, 2020 6424: 6409: 6397: 6382: 6357: 6331: 6324:"News brief". 6316: 6282: 6244: 6218: 6189: 6156: 6149: 6126: 6093: 6073: 6046:(3): 283–286. 6028: 6011: 5994: 5969: 5943: 5917:(5): 439–449. 5891: 5871: 5840: 5807: 5780:(2): 110–126. 5764: 5735: 5705: 5679: 5662: 5636: 5605: 5564: 5538: 5507: 5493: 5486: 5465: 5448: 5428: 5413: 5402: 5366: 5348: 5323: 5297: 5279: 5266: 5248: 5227: 5209: 5196: 5175: 5166: 5145: 5112: 5099: 5079: 5059: 5039: 5012: 4985: 4967: 4948: 4935: 4922: 4896: 4870: 4851: 4818: 4811: 4793: 4767: 4760: 4740: 4733: 4709: 4686: 4666: 4630: 4605: 4598: 4578: 4571: 4543: 4531:www.census.gov 4515: 4482: 4463: 4453: 4446: 4428: 4402: 4376: 4360: 4353: 4335: 4299: 4257: 4233: 4199: 4192: 4169: 4159: 4136: 4106: 4089: 4050: 4030: 4011: 3980: 3955: 3927: 3902: 3876: 3857: 3820: 3794: 3767: 3733: 3704: 3652: 3631: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3624: 3623: 3618: 3612: 3611: 3607: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3581: 3576: 3574:Penal populism 3571: 3566: 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1845:Correspondence 1843: 1820:close security 1736: 1735: 1694: 1692: 1685: 1679: 1676: 1660: 1659:Prison systems 1657: 1647: 1644: 1623:The New Yorker 1614:Anne Applebaum 1588:New York Times 1535:Main article: 1524: 1521: 1503:Main article: 1500: 1497: 1450:Main article: 1447: 1444: 1430:Advocates for 1416: 1413: 1374:drug offenders 1341: 1338: 1310:Main article: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1267: 1264: 1244:Main article: 1241: 1238: 1162:mental illness 1154:Main article: 1151: 1148: 1100: 1097: 1069:and author of 1050: 1047: 1008:Main article: 1005: 1002: 962:and the adult 954: 953: 950: 947: 944: 940: 939: 936: 933: 930: 926: 925: 922: 919: 916: 912: 911: 908: 905: 902: 898: 897: 894: 891: 888: 884: 883: 880: 877: 874: 870: 869: 866: 863: 860: 856: 855: 852: 849: 846: 842: 841: 838: 835: 832: 828: 827: 824: 821: 818: 814: 813: 810: 807: 804: 800: 799: 787:Main article: 784: 781: 771:incarcerated. 766:reported that 732: 731: 728: 725: 721: 720: 717: 714: 710: 709: 706: 703: 699: 698: 695: 692: 686: 685: 674: 671: 654: 653: 650: 647: 644: 638: 637: 634: 631: 628: 622: 621: 618: 615: 612: 606: 605: 596: 586: 581: 575: 574: 555: 552: 550: 547: 527:Main article: 524: 521: 474: 473: 470: 467: 463: 462: 459: 456: 452: 451: 448: 445: 441: 440: 437: 434: 430: 429: 426: 423: 419: 418: 415: 412: 408: 407: 404: 401: 397: 396: 393: 390: 386: 385: 382: 379: 375: 374: 371: 368: 364: 363: 360: 357: 353: 352: 349: 346: 342: 341: 338: 335: 331: 330: 327: 324: 320: 319: 316: 313: 309: 308: 305: 302: 298: 297: 294: 291: 287: 286: 283: 280: 276: 275: 272: 269: 265: 264: 261: 258: 254: 253: 250: 247: 238: 201:Following the 135: 134: 114: 112: 98:Main article: 95: 92: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 18597: 18586: 18583: 18581: 18578: 18577: 18575: 18565: 18560: 18555: 18553: 18552:United States 18543: 18542: 18539: 18526: 18523: 18521: 18518: 18517: 18512: 18508: 18505: 18501: 18500: 18496: 18482: 18479: 18477: 18474: 18472: 18469: 18465: 18462: 18461: 18460: 18457: 18453: 18450: 18449: 18448: 18445: 18443: 18440: 18438: 18435: 18433: 18430: 18428: 18425: 18423: 18420: 18416: 18413: 18411: 18408: 18407: 18406: 18403: 18401: 18400:Energy policy 18398: 18394: 18391: 18389: 18386: 18384: 18381: 18379: 18376: 18374: 18371: 18369: 18366: 18364: 18361: 18359: 18356: 18355: 18354: 18351: 18349: 18346: 18342: 18341:incarceration 18339: 18338: 18337: 18334: 18332: 18329: 18328: 18326: 18322: 18316: 18313: 18311: 18308: 18306: 18303: 18301: 18298: 18296: 18293: 18291: 18288: 18286: 18283: 18281: 18278: 18276: 18273: 18271: 18268: 18264: 18261: 18259: 18256: 18254: 18251: 18250: 18249: 18246: 18242: 18239: 18237: 18234: 18232: 18229: 18227: 18226:Prenatal care 18224: 18222: 18221:Birth control 18219: 18217: 18214: 18213: 18212: 18209: 18207: 18204: 18203: 18201: 18199: 18195: 18189: 18186: 18184: 18181: 18179: 18176: 18174: 18171: 18169: 18166: 18164: 18161: 18159: 18158:Homeownership 18156: 18154: 18151: 18149: 18146: 18144: 18141: 18139: 18136: 18135: 18133: 18131: 18127: 18121: 18118: 18116: 18113: 18111: 18108: 18106: 18103: 18101: 18098: 18096: 18093: 18091: 18088: 18086: 18083: 18081: 18078: 18076: 18073: 18071: 18068: 18066: 18063: 18061: 18058: 18054: 18051: 18049: 18046: 18044: 18041: 18039: 18036: 18035: 18034: 18031: 18029: 18026: 18024: 18021: 18019: 18016: 18012: 18009: 18007: 18004: 18002: 17999: 17997: 17994: 17992: 17989: 17988: 17987: 17984: 17982: 17979: 17975: 17972: 17970: 17967: 17965: 17962: 17961: 17960: 17957: 17955: 17952: 17950: 17947: 17945: 17942: 17938: 17935: 17934: 17933: 17930: 17928: 17925: 17921: 17918: 17917: 17916: 17913: 17911: 17908: 17906: 17903: 17899: 17896: 17894: 17891: 17890: 17889: 17886: 17882: 17881:working class 17879: 17877: 17874: 17872: 17869: 17867: 17864: 17862: 17859: 17857: 17854: 17852: 17849: 17847: 17844: 17842: 17841:homeownership 17839: 17837: 17834: 17832: 17829: 17828: 17827: 17824: 17822: 17819: 17817: 17814: 17812: 17809: 17807: 17804: 17802: 17799: 17797: 17794: 17792: 17789: 17788: 17786: 17784: 17780: 17776: 17773: 17771: 17767: 17757: 17754: 17752: 17749: 17747: 17744: 17742: 17739: 17737: 17734: 17732: 17729: 17727: 17724: 17723: 17721: 17719: 17715: 17709: 17706: 17704: 17701: 17699: 17696: 17694: 17691: 17689: 17686: 17684: 17681: 17679: 17676: 17674: 17671: 17669: 17666: 17664: 17661: 17659: 17656: 17654: 17651: 17647: 17644: 17642: 17639: 17637: 17634: 17632: 17629: 17627: 17624: 17622: 17621:Manufacturing 17619: 17617: 17614: 17612: 17609: 17607: 17604: 17602: 17599: 17597: 17594: 17592: 17589: 17588: 17587: 17584: 17583: 17580: 17577: 17575: 17571: 17557: 17554: 17550: 17549:Third parties 17547: 17545: 17542: 17540: 17537: 17536: 17535: 17532: 17528: 17525: 17523: 17520: 17518: 17515: 17514: 17513: 17510: 17508: 17505: 17501: 17498: 17497: 17496: 17493: 17489: 17486: 17484: 17481: 17480: 17479: 17476: 17474: 17471: 17470: 17467: 17455: 17452: 17451: 17450: 17447: 17446: 17444: 17442: 17438: 17432: 17429: 17427: 17424: 17423: 17421: 17419: 17415: 17409: 17406: 17404: 17401: 17399: 17396: 17394: 17391: 17389: 17386: 17384: 17381: 17379: 17376: 17374: 17371: 17369: 17366: 17364: 17361: 17360: 17358: 17354: 17348: 17345: 17343: 17340: 17338: 17335: 17333: 17330: 17329: 17327: 17325: 17321: 17318: 17316: 17312: 17306: 17303: 17299: 17296: 17295: 17294: 17291: 17287: 17284: 17282: 17279: 17277: 17274: 17273: 17272: 17269: 17267: 17264: 17263: 17261: 17259: 17255: 17245: 17242: 17240: 17237: 17235: 17232: 17230: 17227: 17226: 17224: 17222: 17218: 17210: 17207: 17206: 17205: 17202: 17198: 17195: 17194: 17193: 17190: 17189: 17187: 17185: 17181: 17175: 17172: 17170: 17167: 17166: 17164: 17162: 17158: 17150: 17147: 17146: 17145: 17142: 17140: 17137: 17135: 17132: 17130: 17127: 17125: 17122: 17120: 17117: 17115: 17112: 17110: 17107: 17103: 17100: 17099: 17098: 17095: 17091: 17088: 17087: 17086: 17083: 17082: 17080: 17078: 17074: 17071: 17069: 17063: 17058: 17054: 17044: 17041: 17039: 17036: 17032: 17029: 17027: 17024: 17022: 17019: 17017: 17014: 17012: 17009: 17007: 17004: 17002: 16999: 16998: 16997: 16994: 16993: 16991: 16989: 16985: 16979: 16976: 16972: 16969: 16967: 16964: 16962: 16959: 16957: 16954: 16953: 16952: 16949: 16947: 16944: 16940: 16937: 16936: 16935: 16932: 16931: 16929: 16927: 16923: 16917: 16916:U.S. attorney 16914: 16912: 16909: 16905: 16902: 16900: 16897: 16896: 16895: 16891: 16888: 16884: 16881: 16880: 16879: 16876: 16872: 16869: 16867: 16864: 16862: 16861:Chief Justice 16859: 16858: 16857: 16856:Supreme Court 16854: 16853: 16851: 16849: 16845: 16839: 16836: 16834: 16831: 16829: 16826: 16824: 16821: 16819: 16816: 16812: 16809: 16807: 16804: 16802: 16799: 16798: 16797: 16794: 16790: 16787: 16785: 16782: 16781: 16780: 16777: 16776: 16774: 16772: 16768: 16762: 16761:Public policy 16759: 16757: 16756:Civil service 16754: 16752: 16749: 16745: 16742: 16740: 16737: 16735: 16732: 16730: 16727: 16725: 16722: 16720: 16717: 16715: 16712: 16710: 16707: 16705: 16702: 16701: 16700: 16697: 16693: 16690: 16688: 16685: 16683: 16680: 16678: 16675: 16674: 16673: 16670: 16668: 16665: 16663: 16660: 16658: 16655: 16653: 16650: 16646: 16643: 16641: 16638: 16637: 16636: 16633: 16632: 16630: 16626: 16623: 16621: 16617: 16613: 16610: 16608: 16604: 16594: 16591: 16589: 16586: 16584: 16581: 16577: 16574: 16572: 16569: 16567: 16564: 16562: 16559: 16557: 16554: 16552: 16549: 16547: 16544: 16542: 16539: 16538: 16537: 16533: 16529: 16526: 16524: 16521: 16519: 16516: 16514: 16511: 16509: 16506: 16504: 16501: 16499: 16496: 16494: 16491: 16489: 16486: 16484: 16481: 16479: 16476: 16474: 16471: 16469: 16466: 16464: 16461: 16459: 16456: 16454: 16451: 16449: 16446: 16445: 16444: 16441: 16437: 16434: 16433: 16432: 16429: 16425: 16424:Sierra Nevada 16422: 16420: 16417: 16415: 16412: 16410: 16407: 16405: 16402: 16401: 16400: 16397: 16395: 16392: 16390: 16387: 16385: 16382: 16378: 16375: 16373: 16370: 16368: 16365: 16363: 16362:insular zones 16360: 16358: 16355: 16353: 16350: 16348: 16345: 16343: 16340: 16338: 16335: 16334: 16333: 16330: 16329: 16326: 16323: 16321: 16317: 16307: 16304: 16302: 16299: 16297: 16294: 16292: 16289: 16287: 16284: 16282: 16279: 16277: 16274: 16272: 16269: 16268: 16266: 16262: 16256: 16253: 16251: 16248: 16244: 16241: 16239: 16236: 16235: 16234: 16233:War on Terror 16231: 16229: 16226: 16224: 16221: 16219: 16216: 16214: 16213:LGBT Movement 16211: 16209: 16206: 16204: 16201: 16199: 16196: 16194: 16191: 16189: 16186: 16182: 16179: 16178: 16177: 16174: 16172: 16169: 16167: 16164: 16162: 16159: 16157: 16154: 16152: 16149: 16145: 16142: 16140: 16137: 16135: 16132: 16131: 16129: 16127: 16124: 16122: 16119: 16117: 16114: 16112: 16109: 16107: 16104: 16102: 16099: 16097: 16094: 16092: 16089: 16087: 16084: 16082: 16079: 16077: 16074: 16070: 16067: 16065: 16062: 16061: 16060: 16057: 16055: 16052: 16048: 16045: 16043: 16040: 16039: 16038: 16035: 16031: 16028: 16026: 16023: 16022: 16021: 16018: 16016: 16013: 16011: 16008: 16006: 16003: 15999: 15996: 15994: 15991: 15989: 15986: 15984: 15981: 15979: 15976: 15974: 15971: 15969: 15966: 15965: 15964: 15961: 15959: 15956: 15955: 15953: 15949: 15943: 15940: 15938: 15935: 15933: 15930: 15928: 15925: 15923: 15920: 15918: 15915: 15913: 15910: 15908: 15905: 15903: 15900: 15898: 15895: 15893: 15890: 15889: 15887: 15883: 15880: 15878: 15874: 15869: 15868:United States 15862: 15857: 15855: 15850: 15848: 15843: 15842: 15839: 15826: 15817: 15814: 15805: 15804: 15801: 15794: 15793:United States 15790: 15785: 15781: 15778: 15774: 15771: 15767: 15764: 15760: 15759: 15755: 15752: 15748: 15745: 15741: 15736: 15732: 15731: 15729: 15725: 15722: 15718: 15715: 15711: 15708: 15704: 15701: 15697: 15694: 15690: 15687: 15683: 15680: 15676: 15673: 15669: 15666: 15662: 15659: 15655: 15652: 15648: 15645: 15641: 15638: 15634: 15631: 15627: 15624: 15620: 15619: 15617: 15615: 15611: 15604: 15600: 15597: 15593: 15590: 15586: 15585: 15583: 15579: 15572: 15568: 15565: 15561: 15560: 15558: 15554: 15547: 15543: 15540: 15536: 15533: 15529: 15526: 15522: 15519: 15515: 15512: 15511: 15506: 15503: 15499: 15496: 15492: 15489: 15485: 15482: 15478: 15475: 15471: 15468: 15464: 15461: 15457: 15454: 15450: 15447: 15443: 15440: 15436: 15433: 15429: 15426: 15422: 15418: 15414: 15413: 15411: 15409:Organizations 15407: 15398: 15397:United States 15394: 15393: 15391: 15387: 15384: 15380: 15377: 15373: 15370: 15366: 15363: 15359: 15356: 15352: 15349: 15345: 15340: 15339:United States 15336: 15335: 15333: 15329: 15324: 15323:United States 15320: 15319: 15317: 15313: 15310: 15306: 15301: 15300:United States 15297: 15296: 15294: 15290: 15287: 15283: 15280: 15276: 15273: 15272:Mobile phones 15269: 15266: 15262: 15259: 15255: 15252: 15248: 15245: 15241: 15238: 15234: 15229: 15228:United States 15225: 15224: 15222: 15218: 15217: 15215: 15213:Social issues 15211: 15204: 15200: 15197: 15193: 15190: 15186: 15181: 15177: 15174: 15170: 15169: 15167: 15163: 15158: 15157:United States 15154: 15153: 15151: 15147: 15144: 15140: 15137: 15133: 15132: 15130: 15126: 15115: 15111: 15106: 15102: 15101: 15099: 15095: 15094: 15092: 15090: 15086: 15079: 15075: 15072: 15071:Trusty system 15068: 15065: 15061: 15058: 15054: 15051: 15047: 15044: 15040: 15037: 15033: 15030: 15026: 15023: 15019: 15016: 15012: 15011: 15009: 15005: 14998: 14994: 14991: 14987: 14984: 14980: 14977: 14973: 14970: 14966: 14963: 14959: 14958: 14956: 14952: 14945: 14941: 14938: 14934: 14931: 14927: 14924: 14920: 14917: 14913: 14910: 14906: 14901: 14897: 14894: 14890: 14889: 14887: 14883: 14880: 14876: 14873: 14869: 14866: 14862: 14859: 14855: 14852: 14848: 14845: 14841: 14838: 14834: 14833: 14831: 14827: 14824: 14822: 14818: 14811: 14807: 14804: 14800: 14797: 14793: 14790: 14786: 14783: 14779: 14776: 14772: 14769: 14765: 14762: 14758: 14757: 14755: 14753: 14749: 14742: 14738: 14735: 14731: 14728: 14724: 14721: 14717: 14714: 14710: 14709: 14707: 14703: 14699: 14698:Incarceration 14692: 14687: 14685: 14680: 14678: 14673: 14672: 14669: 14657: 14656: 14647: 14645: 14644: 14635: 14633: 14632: 14623: 14622: 14619: 14613: 14610: 14609: 14607: 14603: 14597: 14594: 14592: 14589: 14587: 14584: 14583: 14581: 14579: 14578:Insular areas 14575: 14571: 14565: 14562: 14561: 14559: 14557: 14553: 14549: 14543: 14540: 14538: 14535: 14533: 14532:West Virginia 14530: 14528: 14525: 14523: 14520: 14518: 14515: 14513: 14510: 14508: 14505: 14503: 14500: 14498: 14495: 14493: 14490: 14488: 14485: 14483: 14480: 14478: 14475: 14473: 14470: 14468: 14465: 14463: 14460: 14458: 14455: 14453: 14450: 14448: 14445: 14443: 14440: 14438: 14437:New Hampshire 14435: 14433: 14430: 14428: 14425: 14423: 14420: 14418: 14415: 14413: 14410: 14408: 14405: 14403: 14400: 14398: 14397:Massachusetts 14395: 14393: 14390: 14388: 14385: 14383: 14380: 14378: 14375: 14373: 14370: 14368: 14365: 14363: 14360: 14358: 14355: 14353: 14350: 14348: 14345: 14343: 14340: 14338: 14335: 14333: 14330: 14328: 14325: 14323: 14320: 14318: 14315: 14313: 14310: 14308: 14305: 14303: 14300: 14298: 14295: 14294: 14292: 14290: 14286: 14282: 14276: 14273: 14272: 14270: 14268: 14264: 14260: 14253: 14248: 14246: 14241: 14239: 14234: 14233: 14230: 14218: 14217: 14208: 14206: 14205: 14196: 14194: 14193: 14184: 14183: 14180: 14174: 14171: 14169: 14166: 14165: 14163: 14159: 14153: 14150: 14149: 14147: 14145:State prisons 14143: 14137: 14134: 14132: 14129: 14128: 14126: 14124: 14120: 14114: 14111: 14109: 14106: 14104: 14101: 14099: 14096: 14094: 14091: 14090: 14088: 14086: 14085:Insular areas 14082: 14078: 14073: 14069: 14064: 14062: 14058: 14054: 14048: 14045: 14043: 14040: 14038: 14037:West Virginia 14035: 14033: 14030: 14028: 14025: 14023: 14020: 14018: 14015: 14013: 14010: 14008: 14005: 14003: 14000: 13998: 13995: 13993: 13990: 13988: 13985: 13983: 13980: 13978: 13975: 13973: 13970: 13968: 13965: 13963: 13960: 13958: 13955: 13953: 13950: 13948: 13945: 13943: 13942:New Hampshire 13940: 13938: 13935: 13933: 13930: 13928: 13925: 13923: 13920: 13918: 13915: 13913: 13910: 13908: 13905: 13903: 13902:Massachusetts 13900: 13898: 13895: 13893: 13890: 13888: 13885: 13883: 13880: 13878: 13875: 13873: 13870: 13868: 13865: 13863: 13860: 13858: 13855: 13853: 13850: 13848: 13845: 13843: 13840: 13838: 13835: 13833: 13830: 13828: 13825: 13823: 13820: 13818: 13815: 13813: 13810: 13808: 13805: 13803: 13800: 13799: 13797: 13795: 13791: 13787: 13781: 13778: 13776: 13773: 13772: 13770: 13768: 13764: 13759: 13753: 13749: 13742: 13737: 13735: 13730: 13728: 13723: 13722: 13719: 13713: 13712:9781620973424 13709: 13703: 13702: 13696: 13694: 13690: 13686: 13683: 13679: 13677: 13673: 13669: 13666: 13662: 13659: 13657: 13653: 13649: 13646: 13642: 13640: 13636: 13632: 13629: 13625: 13622: 13620: 13616: 13612: 13609: 13607: 13602: 13599: 13597: 13593: 13589: 13586: 13582: 13578: 13572: 13568: 13563: 13561: 13560:9780199892808 13557: 13553: 13551: 13547: 13543: 13539: 13537: 13533: 13529: 13526: 13522: 13519: 13516: 13515:9781400852147 13512: 13508: 13507:9780691164052 13504: 13500: 13497: 13493: 13491: 13490:9781316500613 13487: 13483: 13480: 13476: 13474: 13473:9781583225813 13470: 13466: 13463: 13459: 13458:Davis, Angela 13456: 13452: 13446: 13443:. NYU Press. 13442: 13437: 13435: 13431: 13427: 13426:The New Press 13424: 13422: 13417: 13414: 13413: 13387: 13383: 13376: 13360: 13356: 13352: 13345: 13330: 13326: 13319: 13304: 13303: 13298: 13294: 13288: 13280: 13276: 13269: 13253: 13247: 13231: 13224: 13218: 13216: 13214: 13212: 13195: 13191: 13184: 13182: 13180: 13178: 13169: 13163: 13152: 13146: 13130: 13126: 13122: 13116: 13108: 13107: 13102: 13095: 13087: 13080: 13073: 13071: 13066: 13062: 13057: 13042: 13041:The Economist 13038: 13032: 13024: 13020: 13016: 13009: 13001: 12995: 12991: 12987: 12986: 12981: 12980:Gerstle, Gary 12975: 12968: 12967:The Guardian. 12964: 12958: 12951: 12947: 12943: 12940: 12934: 12926: 12920: 12916: 12912: 12911: 12906: 12902: 12896: 12890: 12886: 12884: 12877: 12870: 12868: 12863: 12859: 12854: 12847: 12843: 12839: 12836: 12834: 12830: 12827: 12822: 12821:Loïc Wacquant 12817: 12810: 12806: 12800: 12792: 12788: 12784: 12780: 12776: 12769: 12762: 12760: 12755: 12749: 12742: 12741: 12736: 12731: 12723: 12719: 12712: 12693: 12686: 12680: 12673: 12669: 12665: 12660: 12652: 12646: 12642: 12641: 12633: 12618: 12614: 12607: 12605: 12597: 12593: 12587: 12571: 12567: 12563: 12557: 12549: 12545: 12538: 12523: 12519: 12513: 12498: 12494: 12487: 12485: 12468: 12464: 12458: 12443: 12439: 12435: 12431: 12425: 12423: 12414: 12410: 12406: 12402: 12398: 12391: 12389: 12380: 12376: 12372: 12365: 12363: 12361: 12352: 12348: 12344: 12337: 12329: 12325: 12321: 12317: 12313: 12309: 12305: 12298: 12296: 12294: 12292: 12290: 12274: 12270: 12266: 12262: 12258: 12254: 12247: 12236: 12235: 12227: 12220: 12215: 12210: 12201: 12200: 12192: 12190: 12188: 12176: 12175: 12167: 12151: 12147: 12141: 12133: 12129: 12125: 12121: 12117: 12113: 12106: 12099: 12097: 12081: 12077: 12071: 12069: 12060: 12056: 12052: 12048: 12044: 12040: 12033: 12026: 12024: 12007: 12003: 11997: 11988: 11983: 11979: 11975: 11971: 11964: 11955: 11947: 11943: 11939: 11935: 11931: 11927: 11923: 11919: 11912: 11904: 11900: 11896: 11892: 11887: 11882: 11878: 11874: 11871:(1): 93–106. 11870: 11866: 11859: 11843: 11837: 11818: 11814: 11807: 11800: 11791: 11782: 11774: 11770: 11765: 11760: 11756: 11752: 11748: 11744: 11740: 11736: 11732: 11725: 11716: 11708: 11701: 11692: 11677: 11670: 11664: 11655: 11640: 11633: 11626: 11618: 11614: 11610: 11604: 11600: 11593: 11577: 11573: 11567: 11559: 11555: 11550: 11545: 11541: 11537: 11533: 11529: 11525: 11521: 11517: 11510: 11508: 11499: 11495: 11491: 11487: 11483: 11479: 11475: 11471: 11467: 11463: 11459: 11452: 11444: 11440: 11436: 11432: 11428: 11424: 11420: 11416: 11412: 11408: 11404: 11397: 11395: 11393: 11384: 11380: 11376: 11372: 11368: 11364: 11357: 11346: 11339: 11332: 11328: 11322: 11314: 11310: 11306: 11302: 11298: 11294: 11290: 11286: 11279: 11271: 11267: 11262: 11257: 11253: 11249: 11245: 11241: 11237: 11233: 11229: 11222: 11214: 11210: 11205: 11200: 11196: 11192: 11187: 11182: 11178: 11174: 11170: 11163: 11155: 11151: 11147: 11143: 11139: 11135: 11131: 11127: 11120: 11112: 11108: 11104: 11100: 11096: 11092: 11088: 11084: 11080: 11076: 11069: 11061: 11057: 11053: 11049: 11044: 11039: 11035: 11031: 11027: 11020: 11012: 11008: 11003: 10998: 10994: 10990: 10986: 10982: 10978: 10974: 10970: 10963: 10955: 10951: 10947: 10943: 10939: 10935: 10931: 10927: 10923: 10919: 10912: 10904: 10900: 10895: 10890: 10886: 10882: 10878: 10874: 10870: 10866: 10862: 10855: 10847: 10843: 10838: 10833: 10829: 10825: 10821: 10817: 10813: 10809: 10805: 10798: 10796: 10780: 10776: 10769: 10754: 10750: 10744: 10736: 10732: 10727: 10722: 10718: 10714: 10710: 10706: 10702: 10698: 10694: 10687: 10679: 10673: 10665: 10661: 10657: 10655:9781135939700 10651: 10647: 10646: 10638: 10630: 10623: 10608: 10601: 10585: 10581: 10577: 10570: 10562: 10558: 10554: 10550: 10546: 10542: 10538: 10531: 10523: 10517: 10501: 10497: 10490: 10482: 10481: 10476: 10469: 10461: 10454: 10446: 10443:Lyons, John. 10439: 10437: 10428: 10421: 10413: 10411: 10406: 10400: 10392: 10388: 10384: 10380: 10373: 10365: 10361: 10357: 10353: 10349: 10345: 10341: 10337: 10330: 10322: 10318: 10314: 10310: 10303: 10295: 10291: 10287: 10283: 10282: 10274: 10266: 10260: 10253: 10251: 10246: 10240: 10233: 10229: 10224: 10217: 10213: 10208: 10192: 10188: 10182: 10175: 10171: 10166: 10159: 10155: 10150: 10148: 10140: 10136: 10131: 10124: 10120: 10117: 10113: 10109: 10105: 10102: 10097: 10090: 10086: 10081: 10079: 10071: 10067: 10062: 10055: 10052: 10047: 10040: 10036: 10032: 10029: 10024: 10018: 10016: 10011: 10007: 10002: 9996: 9994: 9989: 9984: 9978: 9976: 9971: 9966: 9960: 9958: 9953: 9948: 9942: 9940: 9935: 9930: 9923: 9919: 9915: 9910: 9908: 9900: 9896: 9892: 9888: 9883: 9881: 9873: 9870: 9865: 9850: 9846: 9839: 9824: 9823: 9818: 9811: 9796: 9795: 9790: 9783: 9768: 9764: 9757: 9742: 9738: 9731: 9716: 9712: 9705: 9697: 9696: 9691: 9684: 9677: 9676:The Real News 9673: 9669: 9666: 9661: 9654: 9653: 9652:The Intercept 9648: 9643: 9636: 9635: 9630: 9625: 9623: 9614: 9610: 9603: 9595: 9589: 9585: 9581: 9577: 9571: 9565: 9561: 9559: 9552: 9545: 9543: 9538: 9532: 9525: 9523: 9518: 9512: 9505: 9503: 9498: 9492: 9485: 9483: 9478: 9472: 9464: 9458: 9454: 9453: 9445: 9438: 9432: 9417: 9413: 9406: 9391: 9387: 9380: 9364: 9360: 9359: 9354: 9347: 9332: 9328: 9321: 9314: 9309: 9302: 9298: 9293: 9286: 9285:The Guardian. 9282: 9277: 9270: 9265: 9258: 9253: 9238: 9234: 9227: 9220: 9216: 9213: 9209: 9205: 9199: 9192: 9188: 9185: 9181: 9176: 9169: 9163: 9156: 9154: 9149: 9143: 9136: 9132: 9128: 9121: 9115: 9112: 9108: 9104: 9098: 9091: 9089: 9085: 9079: 9072: 9070: 9065: 9059: 9052: 9050: 9045: 9039: 9032: 9027: 9019: 9017:9780195384055 9013: 9009: 9005: 9001: 8994: 8987: 8983: 8977: 8969: 8968: 8963: 8956: 8949: 8947: 8942: 8936: 8921: 8917: 8910: 8908: 8900: 8896: 8893: 8888: 8881: 8880: 8875: 8869: 8863: 8861: 8856: 8850: 8834: 8828: 8821: 8817: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8803: 8798: 8783: 8782: 8777: 8770: 8762: 8758: 8754: 8750: 8746: 8742: 8741: 8733: 8731: 8729: 8727: 8719: 8715: 8709: 8702: 8700: 8695: 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A10 7985: 7981: 7974: 7958: 7951: 7935: 7931: 7925: 7910: 7909: 7904: 7897: 7882: 7881: 7876: 7869: 7862: 7860: 7855: 7849: 7842: 7840: 7835: 7829: 7822: 7820: 7815: 7809: 7794: 7793: 7788: 7781: 7779: 7759: 7755: 7751: 7747: 7743: 7739: 7735: 7728: 7724: 7718: 7702: 7696: 7689: 7684: 7668: 7664: 7658: 7642: 7638: 7637: 7632: 7626: 7610: 7603: 7587: 7586: 7581: 7575: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7550: 7546: 7542: 7538: 7531: 7522: 7515: 7510: 7503: 7498: 7491: 7486: 7478: 7474: 7468: 7461: 7456: 7440: 7434: 7432: 7430: 7413: 7406: 7391: 7387: 7380: 7372: 7370:9781317291213 7366: 7362: 7355: 7339: 7335: 7329: 7314: 7310: 7303: 7297: 7295: 7290: 7284: 7282: 7273: 7267: 7264:. Doubleday. 7263: 7262: 7254: 7246: 7240: 7236: 7235: 7227: 7220: 7219: 7214: 7210: 7205: 7203: 7201: 7199: 7182: 7178: 7177: 7172: 7165: 7163: 7161: 7144: 7137: 7135: 7127: 7123: 7118: 7111: 7107: 7102: 7095: 7091: 7086: 7079: 7075: 7070: 7063: 7059: 7054: 7047: 7044: 7039: 7032: 7028: 7023: 7016: 7012: 7007: 7000: 6996: 6991: 6984: 6980: 6975: 6968: 6964: 6959: 6952: 6948: 6944: 6940: 6935: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6913: 6906: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6892: 6884: 6880: 6877: 6872: 6864: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6846: 6842: 6841: 6833: 6831: 6829: 6820: 6813: 6806: 6787: 6780: 6773: 6771: 6762: 6758: 6754: 6752:9780833081087 6748: 6744: 6743:10.7249/rr266 6740: 6736: 6735: 6727: 6725: 6716: 6712: 6708: 6704: 6700: 6693: 6691: 6682: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6651: 6649: 6647: 6638: 6634: 6627: 6620: 6605: 6601: 6594: 6586: 6579: 6572: 6564: 6557: 6551: 6536: 6532: 6526: 6511: 6507: 6500: 6485: 6481: 6475: 6464: 6458: 6442: 6438: 6434: 6428: 6421: 6416: 6414: 6406: 6401: 6394: 6391: 6386: 6371: 6367: 6361: 6346: 6342: 6335: 6327: 6320: 6313: 6309: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6291: 6286: 6267: 6260: 6253: 6251: 6249: 6232: 6228: 6222: 6206: 6202: 6196: 6194: 6174: 6167: 6160: 6152: 6150:9780593239919 6146: 6142: 6141: 6136: 6130: 6123: 6111: 6107: 6103: 6102:Alston, Philp 6097: 6090: 6088: 6083: 6077: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6040: 6032: 6025: 6021: 6015: 6008: 6004: 5998: 5983: 5979: 5973: 5958: 5954: 5947: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5905: 5898: 5896: 5888: 5886: 5881: 5875: 5855: 5854: 5847: 5845: 5825: 5824: 5816: 5814: 5812: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5768: 5753: 5749: 5742: 5740: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5709: 5694: 5690: 5683: 5675: 5674: 5666: 5647: 5640: 5621: 5620: 5612: 5610: 5601: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5568: 5553: 5549: 5542: 5523: 5522: 5514: 5512: 5503: 5497: 5489: 5483: 5479: 5472: 5470: 5461: 5455: 5453: 5444: 5437: 5435: 5433: 5424: 5417: 5406: 5387: 5380: 5373: 5371: 5359: 5352: 5344: 5340: 5339: 5334: 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4356: 4350: 4346: 4339: 4330: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4306: 4304: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4264: 4262: 4246: 4245: 4237: 4226:September 11, 4221: 4217: 4213: 4206: 4204: 4195: 4193:9781555534684 4189: 4185: 4184: 4179: 4173: 4166: 4162: 4160:9781555534684 4156: 4152: 4151: 4146: 4140: 4125: 4121: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4103: 4099: 4093: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4054: 4047: 4045: 4040: 4034: 4026: 4022: 4015: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3984: 3969: 3965: 3959: 3944: 3940: 3934: 3932: 3916: 3912: 3906: 3890: 3886: 3880: 3872: 3868: 3861: 3853: 3846: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3809: 3805: 3798: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3737: 3722: 3718: 3711: 3709: 3693: 3689: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3649: 3645: 3639: 3637: 3632: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3613: 3609: 3608: 3605: 3602: 3600: 3597: 3595: 3592: 3590: 3587: 3585: 3582: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3551: 3547: 3546: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3534: 3530: 3529: 3526: 3523: 3522: 3519:Controversies 3518: 3517: 3514: 3511: 3510: 3506: 3505: 3502: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3493: 3489: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3426: 3420: 3416: 3406: 3402: 3395:State prisons 3392: 3390: 3386: 3380: 3370: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3351: 3349: 3345: 3343: 3338: 3333: 3331: 3330: 3325: 3320: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3289: 3287: 3283: 3273: 3270: 3266: 3256: 3253: 3250:In 2022, the 3248: 3246: 3242: 3239: 3235: 3230: 3228: 3227:plea bargains 3223: 3221: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3200: 3194: 3190: 3188: 3183: 3179: 3176: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3148:welfare state 3145: 3141: 3137: 3136:Loïc Wacquant 3133: 3129: 3124: 3121: 3116: 3112: 3110: 3105: 3101: 3096: 3089: 3083: 3081: 3074: 3070: 3060: 3056: 3055: 3049: 3045: 3042: 3038: 3037:Clean Air Act 3034: 3028: 3026: 3019:Environmental 3016: 3012: 3008: 3006: 3002: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2979: 2977: 2973: 2963: 2954: 2949: 2939: 2936: 2925: 2922: 2917: 2914: 2903: 2900: 2895: 2891: 2882: 2873: 2871: 2861: 2858: 2852: 2850: 2839: 2835: 2832: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2813: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2779: 2770: 2768: 2764: 2759: 2756: 2752: 2751: 2745: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2722: 2720: 2714: 2705: 2703: 2698: 2696: 2692: 2687: 2685: 2671: 2664: 2659: 2654: 2644: 2641: 2639: 2634: 2631: 2627: 2624: 2620: 2611: 2605: 2600: 2598: 2597:bail bondsman 2594: 2588: 2585: 2583: 2578: 2576: 2571: 2569: 2560: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2537: 2535: 2530: 2528: 2523: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2504: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2489: 2487: 2482: 2480: 2474: 2471: 2466: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2410: 2400: 2398: 2392: 2389: 2388:Jeff Sessions 2383: 2380: 2375: 2371: 2366: 2361: 2358: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2323: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2312:The GEO Group 2309: 2305: 2300: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2269: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2234: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2212: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2194: 2189: 2184: 2182: 2181: 2175: 2171: 2168:According to 2166: 2163: 2158: 2156: 2155:privatization 2152: 2148: 2142: 2136: 2129:Privatization 2126: 2122: 2118: 2109: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2094: 2092: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2077: 2073: 2070:In 1999, the 2068: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2051: 2046: 2042: 2039: 2038:Supreme Court 2034: 2032: 2031: 2026: 2023:In 2005, the 2021: 2019: 2015: 2014: 2009: 2008: 2003: 1997: 1994: 1988: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1973: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1958:Wil S. Hylton 1955: 1954: 1948: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1929:prisoner rape 1925: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1889: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1870: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1851: 1842: 1840: 1836: 1833:Prisoners in 1831: 1828: 1823: 1821: 1812: 1808: 1805: 1804:high security 1801: 1796: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1779:, located in 1778: 1774: 1770: 1765: 1764: 1759: 1757: 1753: 1748: 1744: 1732: 1729: 1721: 1718:November 2012 1711: 1707: 1701: 1700: 1695:This section 1693: 1689: 1684: 1683: 1675: 1671: 1666: 1652: 1643: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1624: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1583: 1581: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1555: 1549: 1544: 1538: 1529: 1520: 1518: 1513: 1506: 1496: 1493: 1489: 1484: 1482: 1478: 1472: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1453: 1443: 1440: 1436: 1433: 1432:decarceration 1428: 1425: 1422: 1412: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1393: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1378: 1375: 1370: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1347: 1337: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1313: 1298: 1295: 1291: 1286: 1284: 1283:Philip Alston 1279: 1277: 1273: 1263: 1259: 1257: 1253: 1247: 1237: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1208: 1205: 1200: 1198: 1194: 1193:schizophrenia 1190: 1186: 1182: 1179:According to 1177: 1175: 1170: 1167: 1163: 1157: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1121: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1106: 1096: 1094: 1089: 1087: 1083: 1078: 1076: 1075:life sentence 1072: 1068: 1064: 1059: 1056: 1046: 1043: 1038: 1035:The national 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1018: 1011: 1001: 998: 994: 988: 984: 982: 977: 975: 970: 965: 961: 951: 948: 945: 942: 941: 937: 934: 931: 928: 927: 923: 920: 917: 914: 913: 909: 906: 903: 900: 899: 895: 892: 889: 886: 885: 881: 878: 875: 872: 871: 867: 864: 861: 858: 857: 853: 850: 847: 844: 843: 839: 836: 833: 830: 829: 825: 822: 819: 816: 815: 811: 808: 805: 802: 801: 794: 790: 780: 776: 772: 769: 765: 761: 757: 752: 750: 746: 739: 729: 726: 723: 722: 718: 715: 712: 711: 707: 704: 701: 700: 696: 693: 688: 687: 678: 670: 666: 662: 659: 651: 648: 645: 643: 640: 639: 635: 632: 629: 627: 624: 623: 619: 616: 613: 611: 608: 607: 604: 603:(per 100,000) 600: 597: 595: 592:incarcerated 590: 587: 585: 582: 580: 577: 576: 573: 569: 565: 561: 546: 543: 539: 535: 530: 520: 517: 512: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 489: 487: 482: 481:Richard Nixon 471: 468: 465: 464: 460: 457: 454: 453: 449: 446: 443: 442: 438: 435: 432: 431: 427: 424: 421: 420: 416: 413: 410: 409: 405: 402: 399: 398: 394: 391: 388: 387: 383: 380: 377: 376: 372: 369: 366: 365: 361: 358: 355: 354: 350: 347: 344: 343: 339: 336: 333: 332: 328: 325: 322: 321: 317: 314: 311: 310: 306: 303: 300: 299: 295: 292: 289: 288: 284: 281: 278: 277: 273: 270: 267: 266: 262: 259: 256: 255: 251: 248: 245: 244: 237: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 199: 196: 192: 188: 184: 179: 177: 173: 169: 160: 156: 152: 149: 141: 131: 122: 118: 115:This section 113: 110: 106: 105: 101: 91: 88: 84: 80: 75: 71: 68: 63: 59: 57: 52: 48: 44: 36: 32: 29: 22: 18442:Human rights 18422:Gun politics 18373:Islamophobia 18363:antisemitism 18340: 18231:Hospice care 18173:Middle class 18153:Homelessness 18130:Social class 18090:Social class 17954:Human rights 17944:Homelessness 17856:middle class 17821:Demographics 17796:Architecture 17703:Unemployment 17683:Labor unions 17431:Town meeting 17408:City council 17403:City manager 17144:State police 17006:Marine Corps 16996:Armed Forces 16971:civil rights 16951:Constitution 16523:Southwestern 16518:Southeastern 16508:Northwestern 16503:Northeastern 16468:Mid-Atlantic 16458:Great Plains 16176:World War II 16059:Constitution 15963:Colonial era 15942:2008–present 15792: 15728:Soviet Union 15571:Work release 15532:Prison Radio 15508: 15279:Overcrowding 14962:House arrest 14916:Penal colony 14653: 14641: 14629: 14497:South Dakota 14487:Rhode Island 14482:Pennsylvania 14462:North Dakota 14214: 14202: 14190: 14002:South Dakota 13992:Rhode Island 13987:Pennsylvania 13967:North Dakota 13747: 13700: 13681: 13668:Semiotext(e) 13664: 13661:Wang, Jackie 13644: 13627: 13604: 13601:Taibbi, Matt 13584: 13566: 13541: 13524: 13495: 13478: 13461: 13440: 13419: 13390:. 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