235:
383:
177:
315:
35:
27:
363:
227:
2162:
2015:
2061:
1974:
1962:
327:
2073:
351:
2124:
2049:
1950:
1737:
195:, a Persian polymath, once wanted to measure the height of the sun. He lacked the necessary equipment to measure this height. He was forced to create a calibrated arc on the back of a counting board, which he then used as a makeshift quadrant with the help of a plumb line. He determined the location's latitude using the measurements taken with this rudimentary tool. This quadrant was most likely an inclinometer based on the quarter-circle panel.
339:
2097:
2150:
2138:
2174:
2085:
520:
1781:
2198:
2114:
2037:
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1938:
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2186:
1986:
467:
185:
the liquid stands, with reference to the flat base. The zero line is parallel to the base, and when the liquid stands on that line, the flat side is horizontal; the 90 degree is perpendicular to the base, and when the liquid stands on that line, the flat side is perpendicular or plumb. Intervening angles are marked, and, with the aid of simple
511:
abovementioned accelerations have a huge impact on the accelerometer, but a limited effect on the measured rotation rates of the gyroscope. An algorithm can combine both signals to get the best value out of each sensor. This way it is possible to separate the actual tilt angle from the errors introduced by external accelerations.
510:
As inclinometers measure the angle of an object with respect to the force of gravity, external accelerations like rapid motions, vibrations or shocks will introduce errors in the tilt measurements. To overcome this problem, it is possible to use a gyroscope in addition to an accelerometer. Any of the
474:
Traditional spirit levels and pendulum-based electronic leveling instruments are usually constrained by only single-axis and narrow tilt measurement range. However, most precision leveling, angle measurement, alignment and surface flatness profiling tasks essentially involve a two-dimensional surface
184:
Inclinometers include examples such as Well's in-clinometer, the essential parts of which are a flat side, or base, on which it stands, and a hollow disc just half filled with some heavy liquid. The glass face of the disc is surrounded by a graduated scale that marks the angle at which the surface of
303:
Certain highly sensitive electronic inclinometer sensors can achieve an output resolution to 0.0001°; depending on the technology and angle range, it may be limited to 0.01°. An inclinometer sensor's true or absolute accuracy (which is the combined total error), however, is a combination of initial
402:
and measure angular tilt with respect to this horizon. They are used in cameras, aircraft flight controls, automobile security systems, and speciality switches and are also used for platform leveling, boom angle indication, and in other applications requiring measurement of tilt.
308:, repeatability, and the temperature drifts of zero and sensitivity—electronic inclinometers accuracy can typically range from ±0.01–2° depending on the sensor and situation. Typically in room ambient conditions the accuracy is limited to the sensor linearity specification.
497:
The accelerometer sensors may generate numerical data in the form of vibration profiles to enable a machine installer to track and assess alignment quality in real-time and verify a structure's positional stability by comparing leveling profiles before and after it is set
490:
Simultaneous measurement of two-dimensional (X-Y plane) tilt angles (i.e. pitch & roll), can eliminate tedious swapping back-and-forth experienced when using a single-axis level, for example to adjust machine footings to attain a precise leveling
217:
One of the more famous inclinometer installations was on the panel of the Ryan NYP "The Spirit of St. Louis"—in 1927 Charles
Lindbergh chose the lightweight Rieker Inc P-1057 Degree Inclinometer to give him climb and descent angle information.
155:
in often two axes of a reference plane in two axes. In contrast, a full motion would use at least three axes and often additional sensors. One way to measure tilt angle with reference to the earth's ground plane, is to use an
242:
Hand-held clinometers are used for a variety of surveying and measurement tasks. In land surveying and mapping, a clinometer can provide a rapid measurement of the slope of a geographic feature, or used for
1060:
1005:
840:
Another example is a virtual version of a wooden maze with obstacles in which you have to maneuver a ball by tilting the maze. A homebrew tilt sensor interface was made for the
714:
382:
1030:
494:
Digital compensation and precise calibration for non-linearity, for example for operating temperature variation, resulting in higher accuracy over a wider measurement range.
809:
However, unlike these other controllers in which the tilt sensor serves as a supplement to normal control methods, it serves as one of the central features of
Nintendo's
362:
1965:
2076:
2052:
406:
Important specifications to consider for tilt sensors and inclinometers are the tilt angle range and the number of axes. The axes are usually, but not always,
688:
747:
series of hand-held game systems. The tilt sensor allows players to control aspects of the game by twisting the game system. Games that use this feature:
2100:
1886:
2153:
206:
instrument developed in the 1870s that includes a sighting tube and inclinometer, arranged so that the surveyor may align the sighting tube (and its
2040:
1064:
1009:
1094:
2851:
1319:
680:
it measures the angle of elevation, and ultimately computing the altitudes of, many things otherwise inaccessible for direct measurement.
615:
Measuring the height of a building, tree, or other feature using a vertical angle and a distance (determined by taping or pacing), using
1125:
2896:
1827:
1038:
707:
234:
1879:
1837:
189:, the instrument indicates the rate of fall per set distance of horizontal measurement, and set distance of the sloping line.
314:
1802:
1006:"Tracker Freedom® Wireless Dual Inclinometry | Tracker Freedom® Wireless Instruments | Products and Solutions"
1772:
1337:
2306:
1904:
1872:
3022:
752:
475:
plane angle rather than two independent orthogonal single-axis objects. Two-axis inclinometers that are built with
422:
1767:
868:
768:
414:
285:
Temperature (drift), zero offset, linearity, vibration, shock, cross-axis sensitivity, acceleration/deceleration.
3032:
1784:
483:
476:
2554:
2435:
1977:
1086:
981:
479:
tilt sensors provides simultaneous two-dimensional angle readings of a surface plane tangent to earth datum.
1118:
710:
2867:
1750:
776:
428:
731:, it is a specific system for single use. They are attached to the products during the shipping process.
326:
160:. Typical applications can be found in the industry and in game controllers. In aircraft, the "ball" in
2467:
1912:
176:
2770:
2165:
1842:
1267:
486:
inclinometers over conventional single-axis "bubble" or mechanical leveling instruments may include:
278:(Overall accuracy varies depending on the type of tilt sensor (or inclinometer) and technology used)
1359:
955:
2846:
2836:
2708:
2698:
2528:
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1895:
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are emplaced at major earthworks such as dams to monitor the long-term stability of the structure.
3027:
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2601:
2281:
2222:
1807:
1797:
1792:
1745:
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834:
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252:
165:
458:
profile (CiA 410). In this case, these inclinometers are compatible and partly interchangeable.
350:
263:
guns may have an associated clinometer used to facilitate aiming of shells over long distances.
3017:
2949:
2760:
2574:
2410:
2385:
2236:
2215:
2107:
1832:
1822:
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1953:
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2841:
2798:
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2616:
1999:
1852:
1847:
1557:
829:
799:
294:
The angle measurement precision and accuracy is limited to slightly better than one arcsec.
129:
63:
51:
338:
8:
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2755:
2311:
2296:
2256:
2229:
2004:
1994:
1817:
1349:
1327:
760:
652:
648:
542:
Determining the angle of the Earth's magnetic field with respect to the horizontal plane.
373:
133:
116:. Clinometers measure both inclines and declines using three different units of measure:
677:. Numerous neck and back measurements require the simultaneous use of two inclinometers.
2716:
2425:
2208:
2127:
1667:
1642:
937:
911:
660:
399:
817:. Along with accelerometers, the tilt sensors are a primary method of control in most
432:
are both built around a tilt sensor mechanism, which is built into the cartridge. The
34:
2813:
2559:
2450:
2420:
2271:
1672:
1652:
1287:
1198:
1173:
941:
929:
687:
speaker hangs. Confirmation of the angle achieved via use of a laser built into the
630:
444:
186:
214:
of the inclinometer when the line of sight is at the angle set on the inclinometer.
2863:
2750:
2641:
2606:
2581:
2440:
2261:
1602:
1504:
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1229:
921:
589:
161:
121:
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2721:
2656:
2651:
2549:
2415:
2286:
2141:
1277:
1141:
1098:
667:
137:
16:
Instrument used to measure the inclination of a surface relative to local gravity
226:
2926:
2818:
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2301:
2291:
2177:
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1434:
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1103:
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593:
575:
248:
117:
26:
19:
This article is about static measurement of tilt. For dynamic measurement, see
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728:
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256:
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2014:
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413:
Common implementations of tilt sensors and inclinometers are accelerometer,
2974:
2969:
2959:
2939:
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2060:
1973:
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1304:
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1204:
1188:
824:
It is now being used in many different aspects, instead of just games like
674:
623:
616:
578:
or strata, or the slope of an embankment or cutting; a kind of plumb level.
211:
2026:
1961:
2984:
2681:
2564:
2503:
2072:
1722:
1514:
1429:
1309:
1242:
1237:
1162:
612:
Measuring the slope angle of a tape or chain during distance measurement.
606:
588:
Indicating pitch and roll of vehicles, nautical craft, and aircraft. See
571:
Measuring movements in walls or the ground in civil engineering projects.
244:
199:
141:
2123:
2048:
1949:
557:
Measuring angles of elevation, slope, or incline, e.g. of an embankment.
288:
A clear line of sight between the user and the measured point is needed.
2808:
2788:
2676:
2488:
2483:
2405:
2395:
2276:
2021:
1941:
1702:
1403:
1210:
1183:
1081:
925:
873:
863:
858:
841:
810:
684:
561:
407:
305:
125:
602:
Measuring the "look angle" of a satellite antenna towards a satellite.
2964:
2944:
2830:
2646:
2631:
2247:
2189:
1989:
1682:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1547:
1537:
1354:
1344:
1299:
1294:
1193:
878:
825:
724:
720:
697:
Setting firing angle of a cannon or gun (determines projectile range)
641:
548:
504:
267:
260:
207:
203:
192:
79:
59:
20:
447:, for example, to measure the inclination of land to be built upon.
152:
2994:
2881:
2611:
2586:
2513:
2430:
2096:
1677:
1637:
1552:
1489:
1462:
1398:
1393:
1364:
1134:
744:
740:
713:
uses tilt sensors (or inclinometers) to measure tree height in its
535:(in the Northern Hemisphere) or the two stars of the constellation
273:
255:
can be done with a clinometer using standardized methods including
247:. In prospecting for minerals, clinometers are used to measure the
2149:
2137:
916:
291:
A well defined object is required to obtain the maximum precision.
2934:
2906:
2591:
2518:
2508:
2498:
2493:
2201:
2173:
1687:
1597:
1529:
1519:
1499:
1484:
1457:
1452:
1414:
1178:
1031:"Inclinometer – Digital Inclinometers – J-Tech Dualer IQ 12-1059"
656:
565:
532:
455:
420:
Tilt sensor technology has also been implemented in video games.
67:
2084:
1220:
454:. In addition, those inclinometers may support the standardized
2916:
2911:
2901:
2891:
2823:
2596:
2544:
2354:
2197:
2113:
2036:
1707:
1614:
1419:
798:
Tilt sensors can also be found in game controllers such as the
582:
519:
440:
game controllers also use tilt as a means to play video games.
410:. The tilt angle range is the range of desired linear output.
1937:
304:
sets of sensor zero offset and sensitivity, sensor linearity,
2369:
1509:
388:
Mechanical spirit level clinometer with micrometer adjustment
55:
2185:
1985:
1061:"New Tilt Sensor Helps to Prevent Unsafe Working Conditions"
694:
Setting correct orientation of solar panels while installing
568:, or for measuring the depth and rate of landslide movement.
564:. Such inclinometers are, for instance, used for monitoring
450:
Some inclinometers provide an electronic interface based on
2364:
2359:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2324:
1408:
1137:
634:
536:
466:
599:
Monitoring the boom angle of cranes and material handlers.
1444:
1385:
818:
560:
Measuring slight differences in slopes, particularly for
545:
Showing a deviation from the true vertical or horizontal.
437:
828:
and flight simulators. It can be used for sport gaming,
1082:
554:
Alerting an equipment operator that it may tip over.
417:, electrolytic, gas bubble in liquid, and pendulum.
982:"MEMS Inclinometer from POSITAL: How do they work?"
897:
128:is an example of an inclinometer that was used for
30:
Drawing of an inclinometer, Museo
Galileo, Florence
743:used tilt sensor technology in five games for its
551:, to measure an angle of inclination or elevation.
3009:
1133:
461:
274:Factors which influence the use of inclinometers
1087:MEMS inclinometer and technical specifications
502:
1880:
1119:
168:is sometimes referred to as an inclinometer.
1894:
609:to the optimal angle to maximize its output.
1063:. www.frederickscompany.com. Archived from
637:in still water and the roll in rough water.
398:Tilt sensors and inclinometers generate an
210:) with the reflection of the bubble in the
1887:
1873:
1126:
1112:
764:(Game Boy Advance)(not released in Europe)
915:
518:
465:
233:
225:
175:
33:
25:
956:"Rieker Inc P-1057 Degree Inclinometer"
703:Help prevent unsafe working conditions.
683:Measuring and fine tuning the angle of
673:Measuring the inclination angle of the
3010:
230:Measuring the distance across a stream
1868:
1107:
482:Typical advantages of using two-axis
251:of geologic formations. In forestry,
1758:
898:Carolina Sparavigna, Amelia (2013).
523:Symbol used in geotechnical drawings
393:
70:'s direction. It is also known as a
1780:
979:
622:Measuring the angle of drilling in
13:
14:
3044:
1905:Offshore geotechnical engineering
1075:
904:International Journal of Sciences
38:Measuring slope with a clinometer
2196:
2184:
2172:
2160:
2148:
2136:
2122:
2112:
2095:
2083:
2071:
2059:
2047:
2035:
2013:
1984:
1972:
1960:
1948:
1936:
1779:
1757:
1736:
1735:
1219:
832:, and other odd uses such as in
655:in rocks, in combination with a
381:
361:
349:
337:
325:
313:
869:Liquid capacitive inclinometers
769:Koro Koro Puzzle Happy Panechu!
514:
443:Inclinometers are also used in
1053:
1023:
998:
973:
948:
891:
772:(Game Boy Advance)(Japan only)
368:Clinometer designed to enable
320:Blériot Monoplane Inclinometer
1:
2555:Mechanically stabilized earth
884:
753:Yoshi's Universal Gravitation
715:Forest Inventory and Analysis
647:Measuring the orientation of
539:(in the Southern Hemisphere).
470:Two-axis digital inclinometer
462:Two-axis digital inclinometer
452:CAN (Controller Area Network)
423:Yoshi's Universal Gravitation
238:Measuring a building's height
66:of an object with respect to
54:used for measuring angles of
2307:Hydraulic conductivity tests
527:Inclinometers are used for:
7:
2868:Stress distribution in soil
847:
531:Determining latitude using
298:
10:
3049:
2018:Pore pressure measurement
900:"The Science of Al-Biruni"
332:Nautical wall inclinometer
171:
114:pitch & roll indicator
18:
2925:
2880:
2779:
2771:Preconsolidation pressure
2743:
2734:
2707:
2527:
2476:
2463:
2378:
2332:
2323:
2246:
2166:Standard penetration test
1924:
1911:
1902:
1731:
1630:
1528:
1443:
1384:
1318:
1268:Hemispherical photography
1228:
1217:
1148:
802:Freestyle Pro and Sony's
784:)(not released in Europe)
670:in the joints of the body
640:Measuring steepness of a
2267:California bearing ratio
2065:Rotary-pressure sounding
1896:Geotechnical engineering
1828:Machine and metalworking
1573:Lombard Steam Log Hauler
735:
166:turn and bank indicators
3023:Dimensional instruments
2687:Geosynthetic clay liner
2662:Expanded clay aggregate
2282:Proctor compaction test
2223:Crosshole sonic logging
2209:Nuclear densometer test
1966:Geo-electrical sounding
1838:Measuring and alignment
835:WarioWare: Smooth Moves
253:tree height measurement
221:
2950:Earthquake engineering
2761:Lateral earth pressure
2386:Hydraulic conductivity
2237:Wave equation analysis
2216:Exploration geophysics
2108:Deformation monitoring
2077:Rotary weight sounding
524:
471:
266:Permanently-installed
239:
231:
181:
39:
31:
3033:Surveying instruments
2128:Settlement recordings
2053:Rock control drilling
1954:Cone penetration test
1067:on 23 September 2016.
777:Kirby Tilt 'n' Tumble
522:
469:
429:Kirby Tilt 'n' Tumble
237:
229:
180:The Well's clinometer
179:
37:
29:
2990:Agricultural science
2692:Cellular confinement
1803:Cutting and abrasive
1785:WikiProject Forestry
830:first-person shooter
800:Microsoft Sidewinder
134:astronomical objects
130:celestial navigation
2882:Numerical analysis
2766:Overburden pressure
2756:Pore water pressure
2536:Shoring structures
2411:Reynolds' dilatancy
2312:Water content tests
2297:Triaxial shear test
2257:Soil classification
2230:Pile integrity test
1328:Aerial firefighting
761:WarioWare: Twisted!
689:remote inclinometer
374:Vickers machine gun
2857:Slab stabilisation
2837:Stability analysis
1668:Hydraulic debarker
1643:Firewood processor
1097:2019-02-22 at the
926:10.18483/ijSci.364
815:Nunchuk attachment
756:(Game Boy Advance)
661:structural geology
525:
503:Inclinometer with
472:
400:artificial horizon
372:capability with a
356:Digital protractor
240:
232:
182:
40:
32:
3005:
3004:
2876:
2875:
2852:Sliding criterion
2814:Response spectrum
2730:
2729:
2560:Pressure grouting
2459:
2458:
2319:
2318:
2272:Direct shear test
1978:Permeability test
1862:
1861:
1673:Log house moulder
1199:Tree planting bar
1174:Groasis Waterboxx
445:civil engineering
415:Liquid Capacitive
394:Sensor technology
344:Simple clinometer
187:conversion tables
162:turn coordinators
124:, and topos. The
122:percentage points
3040:
2864:Bearing capacity
2751:Effective stress
2741:
2740:
2642:Land reclamation
2582:Land development
2477:Natural features
2474:
2473:
2441:Specific storage
2330:
2329:
2262:Atterberg limits
2200:
2188:
2176:
2164:
2152:
2140:
2126:
2116:
2101:Screw plate test
2099:
2087:
2075:
2063:
2051:
2039:
2017:
1988:
1976:
1964:
1952:
1940:
1922:
1921:
1889:
1882:
1875:
1866:
1865:
1783:
1782:
1761:
1760:
1739:
1738:
1718:Wood-drying kiln
1653:Forestry mulcher
1603:Washington Winch
1505:Portable sawmill
1320:Fire suppression
1223:
1128:
1121:
1114:
1105:
1104:
1069:
1068:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1037:. Archived from
1027:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1008:. Archived from
1002:
996:
995:
993:
992:
977:
971:
970:
968:
966:
952:
946:
945:
919:
895:
700:Electronic games
590:turn coordinator
581:Some automotive
574:Determining the
385:
365:
353:
341:
329:
317:
151:can measure the
132:and location of
3048:
3047:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2980:Earth materials
2921:
2883:
2872:
2781:
2775:
2726:
2703:
2657:Earth structure
2652:Erosion control
2550:Ground freezing
2540:Retaining walls
2523:
2465:
2455:
2416:Angle of repose
2374:
2315:
2249:
2242:
2241:
2202:Visible bedrock
2154:Simple sounding
2142:Shear vane test
1918:instrumentation
1917:
1915:
1907:
1898:
1893:
1863:
1858:
1857:
1727:
1626:
1524:
1473:safety features
1468:safety clothing
1439:
1380:
1314:
1278:Increment borer
1224:
1215:
1153:
1144:
1132:
1099:Wayback Machine
1078:
1073:
1072:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1044:
1042:
1041:on 8 April 2018
1029:
1028:
1024:
1015:
1013:
1004:
1003:
999:
990:
988:
978:
974:
964:
962:
954:
953:
949:
896:
892:
887:
850:
738:
729:tilt indicators
668:range of motion
517:
508:
464:
396:
389:
386:
377:
366:
357:
354:
345:
342:
333:
330:
321:
318:
301:
276:
224:
174:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3046:
3036:
3035:
3030:
3028:Forestry tools
3025:
3020:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2931:
2929:
2927:Related fields
2923:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2888:
2886:
2878:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2847:Classification
2844:
2839:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2819:Seismic hazard
2816:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2785:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2747:
2745:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2713:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2533:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2480:
2478:
2471:
2461:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2446:Shear strength
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2421:Friction angle
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2336:
2334:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2302:Oedometer test
2299:
2294:
2292:Sieve analysis
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2252:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2193:
2192:
2181:
2180:
2178:Total sounding
2169:
2168:
2157:
2156:
2145:
2144:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2120:
2104:
2103:
2092:
2091:
2080:
2079:
2068:
2067:
2056:
2055:
2044:
2043:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1981:
1980:
1969:
1968:
1957:
1956:
1945:
1944:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1919:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1892:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1869:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1793:Types of tools
1789:
1788:
1787:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1648:Forest railway
1645:
1640:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1612:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1543:Feller buncher
1540:
1534:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1460:
1455:
1449:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1435:Splitting maul
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1390:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1367:
1362:
1360:Fire retardant
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1324:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1248:Biltmore stick
1245:
1240:
1234:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1157:
1146:
1145:
1131:
1130:
1123:
1116:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1089:
1084:
1077:
1076:External links
1074:
1071:
1070:
1052:
1022:
997:
972:
947:
889:
888:
886:
883:
882:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
849:
846:
796:
795:
792:Game Boy Color
788:Command Master
785:
782:Game Boy Color
773:
765:
757:
737:
734:
733:
732:
718:
711:Forest Service
704:
701:
698:
695:
692:
681:
678:
671:
664:
645:
638:
629:Measuring the
627:
620:
613:
610:
603:
600:
597:
594:slip indicator
586:
579:
572:
569:
558:
555:
552:
546:
543:
540:
516:
513:
507:
501:
500:
499:
495:
492:
463:
460:
395:
392:
391:
390:
387:
380:
378:
367:
360:
358:
355:
348:
346:
343:
336:
334:
331:
324:
322:
319:
312:
300:
297:
296:
295:
292:
289:
286:
283:
275:
272:
249:strike and dip
223:
220:
202:is a handheld
173:
170:
94:gradient meter
72:tilt indicator
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3045:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3018:Inclinometers
3016:
3015:
3013:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2955:Geomorphology
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2879:
2869:
2865:
2862:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2799:Consolidation
2797:
2795:
2794:Frost heaving
2792:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2778:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2700:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2672:Geosynthetics
2670:
2668:
2667:Crushed stone
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2622:Cut-and-cover
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2462:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2391:Water content
2389:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2245:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2089:Sample series
2086:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1923:
1920:
1914:
1913:Investigation
1910:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1885:
1883:
1878:
1876:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1756:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1734:
1733:
1730:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1713:Whoopie sling
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1698:Chainsaw mill
1696:
1694:
1693:Stump grinder
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1263:Diameter tape
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1155:afforestation
1151:
1150:Tree planting
1147:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1129:
1124:
1122:
1117:
1115:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1092:Inclinometers
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1066:
1062:
1056:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1026:
1012:on 2013-07-03
1011:
1007:
1001:
987:
983:
976:
961:
960:riekerinc.com
957:
951:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
918:
913:
910:(12): 52–60.
909:
905:
901:
894:
890:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
854:Grade (slope)
852:
851:
845:
843:
838:
837:
836:
831:
827:
822:
820:
816:
812:
807:
805:
804:PlayStation 3
801:
794:)(Japan only)
793:
789:
786:
783:
779:
778:
774:
771:
770:
766:
763:
762:
758:
755:
754:
750:
749:
748:
746:
742:
730:
726:
722:
719:
716:
712:
709:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
686:
682:
679:
676:
672:
669:
665:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
643:
639:
636:
632:
628:
625:
621:
618:
614:
611:
608:
604:
601:
598:
595:
591:
587:
584:
580:
577:
573:
570:
567:
563:
559:
556:
553:
550:
547:
544:
541:
538:
534:
530:
529:
528:
521:
512:
506:
496:
493:
489:
488:
487:
485:
480:
478:
468:
459:
457:
453:
448:
446:
441:
439:
435:
434:PlayStation 3
431:
430:
425:
424:
418:
416:
411:
409:
404:
401:
384:
379:
375:
371:
370:indirect fire
364:
359:
352:
347:
340:
335:
328:
323:
316:
311:
310:
309:
307:
293:
290:
287:
284:
281:
280:
279:
271:
269:
264:
262:
258:
257:triangulation
254:
250:
246:
236:
228:
219:
215:
213:
209:
205:
201:
196:
194:
190:
188:
178:
169:
167:
163:
159:
158:accelerometer
154:
150:
145:
143:
139:
138:ancient times
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
82:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
36:
28:
22:
2975:Biogeography
2970:Hydrogeology
2960:Soil science
2940:Geochemistry
2699:Infiltration
2627:Cut and fill
2570:Soil nailing
2436:Permeability
2401:Bulk density
2118:Inclinometer
2117:
2041:Ram sounding
1926:
1762:
1740:
1658:Hand compass
1610:Steam donkey
1495:Lumber edger
1480:Crosscut saw
1425:Log splitter
1350:Fire flapper
1305:Tree caliper
1273:Inclinometer
1272:
1258:Cruising rod
1207:(Tuley tube)
1205:Tree shelter
1201:(dibble bar)
1189:Root trainer
1065:the original
1055:
1043:. Retrieved
1039:the original
1035:quickmedical
1034:
1025:
1014:. Retrieved
1010:the original
1000:
989:. Retrieved
985:
975:
963:. Retrieved
959:
950:
907:
903:
893:
839:
833:
826:motocrossing
823:
808:
806:controller.
797:
775:
767:
759:
751:
739:
624:well logging
617:trigonometry
605:Adjusting a
526:
515:Applications
509:
481:
473:
449:
442:
427:
421:
419:
412:
405:
397:
302:
277:
265:
241:
216:
212:spirit level
197:
191:
183:
148:
146:
113:
110:declinometer
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
80:
75:
71:
47:
44:inclinometer
43:
41:
2985:Archaeology
2709:Foundations
2682:Geomembrane
2565:Slurry wall
2504:Water table
2468:Interaction
2464:Structures
2451:Sensitivity
2248:Laboratory
1853:Woodworking
1723:Woodchipper
1515:Two-man saw
1430:Marking axe
1411:(shake axe)
1310:Wedge prism
1283:Rangefinder
1243:Angle gauge
1230:Mensuration
1163:Caulk boots
607:solar panel
576:dip of beds
245:cave survey
200:Abney level
149:tilt sensor
142:Renaissance
106:level meter
102:level gauge
98:gradiometer
90:slope gauge
86:slope alert
76:tilt sensor
3012:Categories
2842:Mitigation
2824:Shear wave
2809:Earthquake
2804:Compaction
2789:Permafrost
2780:Phenomena/
2677:Geotextile
2602:Embankment
2592:Excavation
2529:Earthworks
2489:Vegetation
2484:Topography
2406:Thixotropy
2396:Void ratio
2379:Properties
2277:Hydrometer
2022:Piezometer
1942:Core drill
1741:Categories
1563:Helicopter
1404:Brush hook
1238:3D scanner
1211:Tree spade
1184:Pottiputki
1016:2013-07-19
991:2017-01-04
885:References
874:Theodolite
864:Hypsometer
859:Goniometer
842:Palm (PDA)
811:Wii Remote
685:line array
666:Measuring
653:lineations
562:geophysics
408:orthogonal
376:circa 1918
306:hysteresis
268:tiltmeters
81:tilt meter
64:depression
52:instrument
48:clinometer
2965:Hydrology
2945:Petrology
2833:analysis
2831:Landslide
2736:Mechanics
2647:Track bed
2632:Fill dirt
2617:Terracing
2190:Trial pit
2005:Statnamic
1990:Load test
1773:equipment
1751:equipment
1703:Tree tyer
1683:Log flume
1663:Hand hook
1593:Skid cone
1588:Pike pole
1583:Pickaroon
1568:Log truck
1558:Harvester
1548:Forwarder
1538:Cant hook
1372:(rakehoe)
1355:Fire rake
1345:Driptorch
1300:Relascope
1295:Microtome
1194:Seed trap
1142:equipment
980:POSITAL.
942:119230163
934:2305-3925
917:1312.7288
879:Tiltmeter
727:also use
725:transport
721:Logistics
642:ski slope
566:volcanoes
549:Surveying
505:gyroscope
491:position.
261:artillery
208:crosshair
204:surveying
193:Al-Biruni
126:astrolabe
60:elevation
21:Tiltmeter
2995:Agrology
2884:software
2782:problems
2612:Causeway
2587:Landfill
2514:Subgrade
2431:Porosity
2426:Cohesion
1808:Forestry
1798:Cleaning
1678:Log pond
1638:Denailer
1553:Go-devil
1490:Head saw
1463:Chainsaw
1399:Broadaxe
1394:Billhook
1365:Helitack
1170:(hoedag)
1135:Forestry
1095:Archived
848:See also
813:and the
745:Game Boy
741:Nintendo
717:program.
585:systems.
299:Accuracy
259:. Major
2935:Geology
2907:SVSlope
2717:Shallow
2637:Grading
2575:Tieback
2519:Subsoil
2509:Bedrock
2499:Topsoil
2494:Terrain
2287:R-value
2250:testing
2000:Dynamic
1927:in situ
1925:Field (
1833:Masonry
1823:Kitchen
1763:Commons
1688:Machete
1598:Skidder
1530:Logging
1520:Whipsaw
1500:Polesaw
1485:Dragsaw
1458:Bucksaw
1453:Bow saw
1415:Hatchet
1376:Pulaski
1179:Mattock
1045:7 April
986:Posital
965:7 April
821:games.
657:compass
533:Polaris
456:CANopen
282:Gravity
172:History
153:tilting
140:to the
118:degrees
68:gravity
2917:Plaxis
2912:UTEXAS
2902:SVFlux
2892:SEEP2D
2744:Forces
2597:Trench
2545:Gabion
2355:Gravel
1995:Static
1843:Mining
1813:Garden
1708:Tsakat
1615:Yarder
1578:Peavey
1420:Labrys
1370:McLeod
1168:Hoedad
940:
932:
675:pelvis
649:planes
583:safety
112:, and
50:is an
2897:STABL
2370:Loess
2333:Types
1848:Power
1768:tools
1746:tools
1631:Other
1620:swing
1510:Resaw
1333:DC-10
1288:laser
1253:Chain
1138:tools
938:S2CID
912:arXiv
736:Games
659:, in
633:of a
136:from
62:, or
56:slope
2722:Deep
2365:Loam
2360:Peat
2350:Sand
2345:Silt
2340:Clay
2325:Soil
2027:Well
1818:Hand
1445:Saws
1409:Froe
1386:Axes
1338:UAVs
1140:and
1047:2018
967:2018
930:ISSN
723:and
708:USDA
706:The
651:and
635:ship
631:list
592:and
537:Crux
484:MEMS
477:MEMS
436:and
426:and
222:Uses
198:The
2607:Cut
1916:and
922:doi
819:Wii
498:up.
438:Wii
164:or
84:,
46:or
42:An
3014::
2866:*
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920:.
908:-1
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902:.
844:.
147:A
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120:,
108:,
104:,
100:,
96:,
92:,
88:,
78:,
74:,
58:,
2470:)
2466:(
1929:)
1888:e
1881:t
1874:v
1152:,
1127:e
1120:t
1113:v
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