20:
360:
Iwasaki K, Harada N, Sasaki K, Yamane S, Iida K, Suzuki K, Hamasaki A, Nasteska D, Shibue K, Joo E, Harada T, Hashimoto T, Asakawa Y, Hirasawa A, Inagaki N (March 2015). "Free fatty acid receptor GPR120 is highly expressed in enteroendocrine K cells of the upper small intestine and has a critical
72:. In addition, they slow the rate of absorption of nutrients into the blood stream by reducing gastric emptying and may directly reduce food intake. The two main candidate peptides that fulfill criteria for an incretin are the intestinal
191:
was the first drug in this class to be used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes; it first received FDA approval in 2005. More recently, longer-acting and more potent GLP-1 analogs have been developed, most notably
218:
The incretin effect describes the phenomenon whereby oral glucose intake elicits a higher insulin response compared to intravenously introduced glucose that produces the same levels of serum glucose levels.
210:
analog with agonist activity at GIP and GLP-1 receptors. It was approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes in the United States in May 2022, and for the management of obesity in
November 2023.
319:
Jorsal T, Rhee NA, Pedersen J, Wahlgren CD, Mortensen B, Jepsen SL, Jelsing J, Dalbøge LS, Vilmann P, Hassan H, Hendel JW, Poulsen SS, Holst JJ, Vilsbøll T, Knop FK (February 2018).
142:
receptors on K cells and L cells to stimulate their respective production and secretion of GIP and GLP-1. Both GLP-1 and GIP are rapidly inactivated by the enzyme
450:, Nauck MA (November 2006). "The incretin system: glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes".
563:"The incretin effect in healthy individuals and those with type 2 diabetes: physiology, pathophysiology, and response to therapeutic interventions"
493:
Amori RE, Lau J, Pittas AG (July 2007). "Efficacy and safety of incretin therapy in type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis".
184:
196:, which received FDA approval for the treatment of type 2 diabetes in 2017. It was subsequently approved for the management of
83:(GIP, also known as: glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide). GIP is produced and secreted into the blood circulation by
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37:
that stimulate a decrease in blood glucose levels. Incretins are released after eating and augment the secretion of
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673:
104:
88:
80:
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release. He also proposed that such incretins could be used as a treatment for diabetes mellitus.
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and thus prevent the enzymatic degradation of GLP-1 and GIP. The first medication in this class,
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Most of the earliest incretin-targeting agents to be approved fell into the class of
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principally act as agonists of the GLP-1 receptor and are thus insulinotropic.
180:, received FDA approval in 2006 for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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532:(8th ed.). United Kingdom: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone. p. 385.
200:. In 2021, it was in the Top 100 most-prescribed drugs in the United States.
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321:"Enteroendocrine K and L cells in healthy and type 2 diabetic individuals"
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146:(DPP-4) and are members of the glucagon peptide superfamily.
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408:"Probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics and insulin sensitivity"
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527:
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613:"The Origin and Understanding of the Incretin Concept"
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while GLP1 is produced and secreted into the blood by
280:"Incretin hormones: Their role in health and disease"
528:Rang HP, Ritter JM, Flower R, Henderson G (2016).
87:, i.e., single cells located in the mucosa of the
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157:based on incretins are used in the treatment of
405:
561:Nauck, Michael A; Meier, Juris J (June 2016).
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234:Jean La Barre used the word "incretin" for a
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361:role in GIP secretion after fat ingestion".
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406:Kim YA, Keogh JB, Clifton PM (June 2018).
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567:The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology
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278:Nauck MA, Meier JJ (February 2018).
134:form in the intestines, bind to the
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284:Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism
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16:Group of gastrointestinal hormones
14:
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1:
579:10.1016/s2213-8587(15)00482-9
464:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69705-5
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161:as well as the management of
105:lower gastrointestinal tracts
103:located in the mucosa of the
530:Rang and Dale's Pharmacology
89:upper gastrointestinal tract
7:
249:
10:
695:
617:Frontiers in Endocrinology
412:Nutrition Research Reviews
222:
81:gastric inhibitory peptide
23:GLP-1 and DPP-4 inhibitors
611:Rehfeld JF (2018-07-16).
425:10.1017/S095442241700018X
338:10.1007/s00125-017-4450-9
41:released from pancreatic
630:10.3389/fendo.2018.00387
159:type 2 diabetes mellitus
238:, which stimulates the
206:(Mounjaro) is a potent
116:Short-chain fatty acids
77:glucagon-like peptide-1
507:10.1001/jama.298.2.194
144:dipeptidyl peptidase-4
53:–dependent mechanism.
24:
22:
375:10.1210/en.2014-1653
70:islets of Langerhans
47:islets of Langerhans
674:Intestinal hormones
458:(9548): 1696–705.
240:endocrine pancreas
25:
297:10.1111/dom.13129
290:(Suppl 1): 5–21.
64:release from the
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679:Gastric hormones
669:Peptide hormones
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172:; these inhibit
170:DPP-4 inhibitors
112:large intestines
56:Some incretins (
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256:Secretin family
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214:Incretin effect
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60:) also inhibit
30:are a group of
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573:(6): 525–536.
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369:(3): 837–46.
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185:GLP-1 analogs
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128:butyric acids
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51:blood-glucose
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418:(1): 35–51.
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325:Diabetologia
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232:physiologist
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150:Medical uses
132:microganisms
79:(GLP-1) and
55:
27:
26:
384:2433/215430
236:gut hormone
204:Tirzepatide
194:semaglutide
178:sitagliptin
155:Medications
118:(primarily
66:alpha cells
663:Categories
448:Drucker DJ
262:References
242:including
95:and upper
43:beta cells
587:2213-8587
548:903083639
227:In 1932,
189:Exenatide
130:), which
124:propionic
32:metabolic
28:Incretins
649:30061863
595:26876794
515:17622601
480:25748028
472:17098089
434:29037268
393:25535828
347:28956082
306:29364588
250:See also
93:duodenum
74:peptides
62:glucagon
35:hormones
640:6054964
623:: 387.
244:insulin
229:Belgian
223:History
198:obesity
163:obesity
101:L cells
97:jejunum
85:K cells
68:of the
45:of the
39:insulin
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452:Lancet
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126:, and
120:acetic
476:S2CID
174:DPP-4
140:FFAR3
136:FFAR2
108:small
58:GLP-1
49:by a
645:PMID
591:PMID
583:ISSN
544:OCLC
534:ISBN
511:PMID
495:JAMA
468:PMID
430:PMID
389:PMID
343:PMID
302:PMID
183:The
138:and
110:and
635:PMC
625:doi
575:doi
503:doi
499:298
460:doi
456:368
420:doi
379:hdl
371:doi
367:156
333:doi
292:doi
208:GIP
165:.
91:'s
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603:^
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270:^
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