Independence movement in Puerto Rico

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Puerto Rico. The Free Association would be based on a free and voluntary political association, the specific terms of which shall be agreed upon between the United States and Puerto Rico as sovereign nations. Such agreement would provide the scope of the jurisdictional powers that the People of Puerto Rico agree to confer to the United States and retain all other jurisdictional powers and authorities. Under this option the American citizenship would be subject to negotiation with the United States Government; (2) Proclamation of Independence, I demand that the United States Government, in the exercise of its power to dispose of territory, recognize the national sovereignty of Puerto Rico as a completely independent nation and that the United States Congress enact the necessary legislation to initiate the negotiation and transition to the independent nation of Puerto Rico. My vote for Independence also represents my claim to the rights, duties, powers, and prerogatives of independent and democratic republics, my support of Puerto Rican citizenship, and a "Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation" between Puerto Rico and the United States after the transition process

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the United States to expedite the process to allow self-determination in Puerto Rico. More specifically, the group called on the United States to expedite a process that would allow the people of Puerto Rico to exercise fully their right to self-determination and independence: "allow the Puerto Rican people to take decisions in a sovereign manner, and to address their urgent economic and social needs, including unemployment, marginalization, insolvency and poverty".

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political organizations joined forces and formed the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party, with Coll y Cuchi as party president. The party's chief goal was to achieve independence from the United States. This party contended that by international law, the Spanish had no authority under the Treaty of Paris to cede the island, as it was no longer theirs. In 1924 Dr. Pedro Albizu Campos joined the party and was named vice-president.

2311:(files) concerning individuals of all social groups and ages. Approximately 75,000 persons were listed as under political police surveillance. Historians and critics found that the massive surveillance apparatus was directed primarily against Puerto Rico's independence movement. As a result, many independence supporters moved to the Popular Democratic Party to support its opposition to statehood. 1260:. Diego was elected to the House of Delegates, the only locally elected body of government then allowed by the U.S., over which Diego presided from 1904 to 1917. The House of Delegates was subject to the U.S. President's veto power and unsuccessfully voted for the island's right to independence and self-government. It petitioned against imposition of 2406:

associated state -- a type of independence in close alliance with the United States. Some 61 percent of those who answered the second question chose statehood. That 61 percent wasn't the majority, however. Over 470,000 voters intentionally left the second question blank, meaning that only 45 percent of those casting ballots supported statehood.

2059:(EPB, in english: Boricua Popular Army), and others began engaging in subversive activities against the US government and military to bring attention to the colonial condition of Puerto Rico. In 1977, Rubén Berríos Martínez, then the President of the Puerto Rican Independence Party, wrote a long and detailed article in 889:. Agüeybaná II's people, who were armed only with spears, bows, and arrows, were no match for the guns of the Spanish forces, resulting in Agüeybaná II being shot and killed in the battle. The revolt ultimately failed, and many Taíno either committed suicide or fled to the interior, mountainous regions of the island. 1100:, to be flown at the coup. The Mayor of Yauco, Francisco Lluch Barreras, learned of the planned uprising, and notified the island's Spanish governor. When Fidel Velez, one of the separatist leaders, learned that the word was out, he met with other leaders and forced them to begin the insurrection immediately. 2031:, four nationalists opened fire on US Representatives during a debate on the floor of the US Congress, wounding five men, one seriously. The Nationalists were tried and convicted in federal court and sentenced effectively to life imprisonment. In 1978 and 1979, their sentences were commuted by President 1014:(born on the island). The critical state of the economy, along with the increasing repression imposed by the Spanish, served as catalysts for the rebellion. The stronghold of the movement were towns located on the mountains of the west of the island. The rebels looted local stores and offices owned by 2381:

Sixty years later, a majority of those who voted on the second question of a 2012 referendum, to indicate what type of arrangement they preferred, voted to seek admission as a state into the United States. 61.16% voted for statehood, 33.34% voted for free association and 5.49% voted for independence.

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Note that the UN's Special Committee has often referred to Puerto Rico as a nation in its reports, because, internationally, the people of Puerto Rico are often considered to be a Caribbean nation with their own national identity. Most recently, in a June 2016 report, the Special Committee called for

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presented a legislative proposal to grant independence to Puerto Rico, but many people believed that it had unfavorable economic conditions. Barceló and the Liberal Party favored the Bill, because it would give Puerto Rico its independence; Muñoz Marín opposed the Bill because he wanted Puerto Rico's

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In 1919, Puerto Rico had two major organizations that supported independence: the Nationalist Youth and the Independence Association. Also in 1919, José Coll y Cuchí, a member of the Union Party of Puerto Rico, left the party and formed the Nationalist Association of Puerto Rico. In 1922, these three

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On March 24, 1897, Velez and his men marched towards Yauco, planning to attack the barracks of the Spanish Civil Guard, to gain control of their arms and ammunition. At arrival, they were ambushed by Spanish forces. When a firefight broke out, the rebels quickly retreated. On March 26, a group headed

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revolutionaries encountered heavy resistance from the Spanish militia and retreated to Lares. The Spanish militia rounded up the rebels and quickly brought the insurrection to an end. The government imprisoned some 475 rebels, and a military court imposed the death penalty, for treason and sedition,

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reporting that "calls for Puerto Rico's independence have existed since the days of Spanish colonial rule and continued after the United States seized control of the island in 1898 (...) although many Puerto Ricans express deep patriotism for the island, the independence impulse has never translated

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At approximately the same time as the referendum, Puerto Rico's legislators voted on a bill that allows the Governor to draft a state constitution and hold elections to choose senators and representatives to the federal Congress. Regardless of the outcome of the 2017 referendum and the bill, action

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In the 1960s, the United States received international condemnation for holding onto the world's oldest colony. By the 1960s, a new phase of the Puerto Rican independence movement began. Several organizations began to use "clandestine armed struggle" against the US government. Underground "people's

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The White House Task Force on Puerto Rico offers the following specifics: "Free Association is a type of independence. A compact of Free Association would establish a mutual agreement that would recognize that the United States and Puerto Rico are closely linked in specific ways as detailed in the

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With my vote, I make the initial request to the Federal Government to begin the process of the decolonization through: (1) Free Association: Puerto Rico should adopt a status outside of the Territory Clause of the Constitution of the United States that recognizes the sovereignty of the People of

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the referendum on the island's future was, in fact, a two-part vote that actually revealed that most want an end to the status quo, but not necessarily statehood ... And the results were: 809,000 votes for statehood, only 73,000 for independence, and 441,000 for sovereign free association ... So

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seek to achieve independence either through peaceful political means or violent revolutionary actions. The Independence Party has elected some legislative candidates, but in recent elections has not won more than a small percentage of votes for its gubernatorial candidates (2.04% in 2008) or the

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asserts that it "support the right of the United States citizens of Puerto Rico to be admitted to the Union as a fully sovereign state if they freely so determine," that Congress should "define the constitutionally valid options for Puerto Rico" to gain permanent non-territorial status, and said

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On May 11, 1930, Pedro Albizu Campos was elected president of the Nationalist Party. Under his leadership, in the 1930s the party became the largest independence movement in Puerto Rico. But, after disappointing electoral outcomes and strong repression by the territorial police, by the mid-1930s

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the referendum consisted of two questions. First, it asked voters if they wanted to keep their current U.S. commonwealth status. Dissatisfaction emerged victorious with 52 percent of the vote. The referendum then asked if voters wanted to become a U.S. state, an independent country, or a freely

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sentiments and political parties exist on the island. Since the beginning of the 19th century, organizations advocating independence in Puerto Rico have attempted both peaceful political means as well as violent revolutionary actions to achieve its objectives. The declaration of independence of

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was strongly in favor of statehood to help develop the economy and help to "solve our 500-year-old colonial dilemma ... Colonialism is not an option . ... It's a civil rights issue ... 3.5 million citizens seeking an absolute democracy," he told the news media. Benefits of statehood include an

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In a status referendum in 2012, which had a two-part vote, 5.5% voted for independence. Analysts noted that the results were ambiguous because of issues related to the structure of questions and supporters of the commonwealth status urging voters to abstain from voting on the second question.

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on the new constitution, to determine the status of the island's relationship to the U.S. The people voted by nearly 82% in favor of the new constitution and Free Associated State, or Commonwealth. Nationalists criticized the constitution because the Commonwealth was subject to US laws and to

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The previous plebiscites provided voters with three options: statehood, free association, and independence. The 2017 referendum offered three options: Statehood, Commonwealth and Independence/Free Association. If the majority vote for the latter, a second vote will be held to determine the

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The Puerto Rican independence movement took new measures after the Free Associate State was authorized. On October 30, 1950, with the new autonomist Commonwealth status about to go into effect, multiple Nationalist uprisings occurred, in an effort to focus world attention on the Movement's

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argued in the late 20th century that, after 1898 "Puerto Rico was turned into a plantation for U.S. agribusiness, later an export platform for taxpayer-subsidized U.S. corporations, and the site of major U.S. military bases and petroleum refineries." By 1930, over 40 percent of all the

2119:, while stating that "the Communist Party of the USA continues its support for independence of Puerto Rico and the transfer of all sovereign powers to Puerto Rico." Their platform supported the people's "acquisition of their internationally recognized right to independence and 2152:

that he supported Puerto Rican independence, saying that "it's an embarrassment that Latin America and the Caribbean in the 21st century still have colonies. Let the imperial elites of the U.S. say whatever they want." Also at this summit, the president of Argentina,

1718: 1904:, signed into law a bill passed by the Puerto Rican Senate, which was controlled by elected PPD representatives. It prohibited discussion of independence, militant independence activism, and significantly curtailed other Puerto Rican independence activities. The 2502:

additional $ 10 billion per year in federal funds, the right to vote in presidential elections, higher Social Security and Medicare benefits, and a right for its government agencies and municipalities to file for bankruptcy. The latter is currently prohibited.

4350: 939:, joined forces with the Venezuelan government, under the leadership of Simón Bolívar, to lead an insurrection against the Spanish colonial forces in Puerto Rico. The Spanish occupation forces were the object of more than thirty conspiracies. Some, like the 4887:

Wilma E. Reverón Collazo. Introducción a la historia del MPI en el 160 Aniversario del Natalicio de Eugenio María de Hostos. Capaprieto /Movimiento Independentista Nacional Hostosiano - Mayagüez. Mayagüez, Puerto Rico. 11 January 1999. Retrieved 4 Juna

1766:. Barceló and Muñoz Marín were both elected Senators. By 1936, differences between Muñoz Marín and Barceló began to surface, as well as between those followers who considered Muñoz Marín the true leader and those who considered Barceló as their leader. 2790: 2466:

reported in December 2013 that, since Puerto Ricans became US citizens in 1917, they have "been divided over their relationship with the mainland" on whether to become a US state, become independent, or a self-governing territory under US control.

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reported on the island economy's "dire financial straits." Referring to the 2012 referendum, it said that "Puerto Rico is unlikely to become a state any time soon. Because the island remains a territory, the decision is ultimately out of

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in the United States asserted in its 2012 platform that it "will continue to work on improving Puerto Rico's economic status by promoting job creation, education, health care, clean energy, and economic development on the Island." The

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approval by the US executive and legislative branches of government, branches which Puerto Ricans did not participate in electing. As the government suppressed the Nationalist leaders, their political activities and influence waned.

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by the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party, organized to commemorate the ending of slavery in Puerto Rico, resulted in the deaths of 17 unarmed citizens and 2 policemen at the hands of the territorial police, an event known as the

799:, With a voter turnout of 23%, it had the lowest turnout of any status referendum held in Puerto Rico. The independence option was linked to the Commonwealth option, obtaining 1.50%. A sixth referendum was held on November 3, 5668: 2594: 2208: 4457: 4402: 4346: 756:

proclaimed the flag of the revolt as the national flag of an independent “Republic of Puerto Rico”, making it the first flag of Puerto Rico. However, the rebels replaced the flag with a new revolutionary flag, the

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In March 2023, a diaspora group petitioned the United States Congress to create an American-Puerto Rican Commission to promote the decolonization and independence of Puerto Rico from the United States of America.

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New York: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2005; pp.66, 178. ("U.S. citizenship was extended to residents of Puerto Rico by virtue of the Jones Act, chap. 190, 39 Stat. 951 (1971) (codified at 48 U.S.C. § 731

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In April 2023, Puerto Rico's Status Act, which seeks to resolve its territorial status and relationship with the United States through a binding plebiscite at the federal level, was reintroduced in the House by

4029: 1304:." The American government supported American corporations with military force on occasion. The profits generated by this one-sided arrangement were enormous, as US corporations developed large plantations. 1283:

The newly created Puerto Rico Union Party advocated allowing voters to choose among non-colonial options, including annexation, an independent protectorate, and full autonomy. Another new party called the

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does not support independence for Puerto Rico, but calls for "full representation for the U.S. territories of Guam and Puerto Rico, all Native American reservations, and the District of Columbia."

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On February 23, 1936, Colonel Elisha Francis Riggs, formerly of the US Army and the highest police officer in the island, was assassinated in retaliation for the Río Piedras events by Nationalists

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United Nations. General Assembly. Special Committee on the Situation With Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples (1971).

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United Nations. General Assembly. Special Committee on the Situation With Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples (1971).

1916:, with anyone found guilty of disobeying the law in any way being subject to a sentence of up to ten years imprisonment, a fine of up to US$ 10,000 (equivalent to $ 127,000 in 2023), or both. 2073:

A number of social groups, political parties, and individuals worldwide have supported the concept of Puerto Rican independence. On the island itself, it is a fringe but intense movement, with

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The main political parties in Puerto Rico have supported a continuing relationship with the United States and been supported by the electorate. By the 1940s, voters had elected a majority of

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preference: full independence as a nation or associated free state status with independence but with a "free and voluntary political association" between Puerto Rico and the United States.

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wrote a manifesto for independence. The Independence Party was the first party in the history of the island to openly support independence from the United States as part of its platform.

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and how to assist it in achieving "independence" or "decolonization". In 1978, the Special Committee determined that a "colonial relationship" existed between the US and Puerto Rico.

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in San Juan to protest the legislative proposal to approve the present Puerto Rican flag, the official flag of the insular government. Nationalists preferred the flag used during the

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and other prominent Puerto Ricans were successful in interceding, and the national government ordered a general amnesty and release of all the prisoners. Numerous leaders, such as

955: 943:, the riots and sedition of 1897 and the Secret Societies at the end of the 19th century, became popular rebellions. The most widespread popular revolts, however, were the one in 3089: 2689: 2382:

Hundreds of thousands of voters abstained from the question, so the proportion of voters for statehood was actually 45% of the total eligible electorate rather than a majority.

1740:. The Liberal Party's political agenda was the same as that of the original Union Party, urging independence for Puerto Rico. Among those who joined him in the "new" party were 4754: 1315:

after serving as treasurer. He resigned in 1915, but stayed on the board. The company operated the largest sugar-refining operation in the world and was later renamed as the

4789: 2307:) to surveil, infiltrate, discredit, and disrupt domestic political organizations which it classified as suspect or subversive. The police documented thousands of extensive 1077:

owner, and Mateo Mercado. Later that year, the local Civil Guard discovered their plans and arrested all those involved. They were soon released and allowed to return home.

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owned by Domino Sugar and U.S. banking interests. These bank syndicates also owned the insular postal system, the coastal railroad, and the San Juan international seaport.

413: 395: 2281:) reduced political opposition in the island, as they vested the U.S. Congress with authority and veto power over any legislation or referendum initiated by Puerto Rico. 3600: 2486:

compact. Compacts of this sort are based on the national sovereignty of each country, and either nation can unilaterally terminate the association." The content of the

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Through the 1930s, U.S. banking interests and corporations expanded their control of lands throughout Latin America. Taking Puerto Rico was seen as a part of American "

1210:, he proposed the idea of independence for Puerto Rico. The men were disappointed when their ideas were rejected by the US government and the island was organized as a 5083: 4461:

Report of the Special Committee on the Situation with Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples

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Report of the Special Committee on the Situation with Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples

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of Yauco, but were overcome. The government arrested more than 150 rebels, charged them with various crimes against the state, and sent them to prison in the City of

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emerged, founded by Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón in 1912, which promoted Puerto Rico's independence. That same year, Scott Colón, Zeno Gandía, Matienzo Cintrón, and

926:, also known as "The Liberator from Puerto Rico", fought for the independence of South America together with Bolívar; he also wanted an independent Puerto Rico. 922:

to liberate South America from Spanish rule. Bolívar sought to create a federation of Latin American nations, to include Puerto Rico and Cuba. Brigadier General

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revolt of 1868. They made plans for a major coup in Puerto Rico. Lluberas returned to Puerto Rico with the new revolutionary flag of Puerto Rico adopted by the

1018:(Spanish-born residents) and took over the city hall. They took as prisoners Spanish merchants and local government officials. The revolutionaries placed their 6051: 1320: 377: 234: 4633: 2629: 1264:, but the US granted citizenship to island residents. Despite these failures, Diego became known as the "Father of the Puerto Rican Independence Movement." 2811: 357: 331: 244: 4061: 2857: 5633: 3723: 1940: 1415: 279: 1069:

In 1896, a group of residents of Yauco who supported independence joined forces to overthrow the Spanish government in the island. The group was led by

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might cover topics such as the role of the US military in Puerto Rico, the use of the U.S. currency, free trade between the two entities, and whether

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Muñoz Marín and his followers, who included Felisa Rincón de Gautier and Ernesto Ramos Antonini, held an assembly in the town of Arecibo to found the

6107: 6082: 5781: 3783: 2185: 683: 212: 4848: 4606:"Puerto Rico referendum historic, but complex: 809,000 vote for statehood, only 73,000 for independence, and 441,000 for sovereign free association" 4130: 3356: 5362: 2665: 2189: 2169: 2135: 4581: 4490:"Special Committee on Decolonization Approves Text Calling upon United States Government to Expedite Self-Determination Process for Puerto Rico" 4232: 3974: 5689: 5658: 4104: 3882: 3836: 3506:

28 December 1999; p. A03. "Apology Isn't Enough for Puerto Rico Spy Victims." Retrieved July 8, 2009, hosted at Latin American Studies website.

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presidential candidates and could be expected to vote for the same party for Congressional seats if statehood were approved by Congress.

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would surely use every tactic at its disposal to block a statehood bill," as the island voters have been overwhelmingly supportive of

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Since the second half of the 20th century, the independence movement has trailed significantly behind the pro-Commonwealth and pro-

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movements at the ballots. Independence also received the least support, less than 4.5% of the vote, in the status referendums in

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Diego resigned from the position in order to pursue independence. On 19 February 1904, he co-founded the Unionist Party, or the

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statehood did not actually receive 61% of the vote — until you ignore the nearly half a million people who cast blank ballots.

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During the 1932 elections, the Liberal Party faced the Alliance, then a coalition of the Republican Party of Puerto Rico and

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Albizu opted against the electoral political process. He advocated violent revolution as the means to achieve independence.

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on the high altar of the church to signify that the revolution had begun. The Republic of Puerto Rico was proclaimed, and

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that, while Puerto Rico's status should be supported by a referendum sponsored by "the U.S. government." Neither of the

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by Jose Nicolas Quiñones Torres and Ramon Torres fought Spanish colonial forces (mostly island men) in a barrio called

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Mireya Navarro (November 28, 2003). "New Light on Old F.B.I. Fight; Decades of Surveillance of Puerto Rican Groups".

3671: 3535: 3308: 2589: 1912:) also made it illegal to sing a patriotic song, and reinforced the 1898 law that had made it illegal to display the 1129: 189: 5572: 5194: 4434: 2154: 1860:. Rosado and Beauchamp were arrested, and summarily executed without a trial at the police headquarters in San Juan. 1656: 5982: 5608: 5252: 5041: 4893:

Chains of Empire, Projects of State: Political Education and U.S. Colonial Rule in Puerto Rico and the Philippines.

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In March 2023, Cuba reiterated its commitment to self-determination and independence of the people of Puerto Rico.

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campus, killed four Puerto Rican Nationalist Party supporters and one policeman. The event came to be known as the

1211: 749: 669: 571: 5267: 5119: 4630: 4347:"Grupo de la diáspora pide al Congreso crear una comisión estadounidense boricua para promover la descolonización" 3135: 2289: 929: 6072: 6010: 5856: 5036: 4030:"Americas Summit Sans United States: Venezuela, Argentina To Push For Puerto Rican Independence January 28, 2014" 2765: 2345: 2300: 2293: 2270: 2241: 1312: 1285: 1149: 815: 603: 596: 488: 105: 4435:"XIV Ministerial Conference of the Movement of Non-Aligned Nations. Durban, South Africa, 2004. See pages 14–15" 4058: 3944: 3937:"CPUSA Program: Multiracial, Multinational Unity for Full Equality and Against Racism: Core Forces for Progress" 3748: 5913: 5377: 2854: 2285: 1815: 1363: 773: 623: 115: 3727: 6000: 5952: 5761: 5593: 5051: 1763: 836: 835:

Some Modern Puerto Rican independence movements have claimed historic connection to the 16th century and the

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declared Puerto Rico a free republic. Two days after the creation of the Commonwealth, two Nationalists

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In recent years, primarily in online spaces, there has been a growth in support for reunification with

2418: 2257: 2228: 1646: 1027: 912: 299: 229: 5567: 5134: 5129: 5099: 1563: 1207: 1047: 1043: 983: 904: 5972: 5232: 5204: 4128:"Calle 13’s René "Residente" Pérez on Revolutionary Music, WikiLeaks & Puerto Rican Independence" 2740:""A Tremendous Jump for Progressive Forces": Puerto Rico Election Signals End of Two-Party Dominance" 1838: 1661: 1221:, sought independence from the United States via political accommodation. On June 5, 1900, President 1187: 266: 5562: 5397: 5227: 5154: 4111: 3871: 3847: 1586: 1558: 1257: 1164: 5840: 5337: 5179: 2997: 1176: 1148:

After four hundred years of colonial rule by the Spanish Empire, Puerto Rico gained autonomy as an

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hands ... the legislature is highly unlikely to prioritise a Puerto Rican statehood bill ... the

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supports the current status of Puerto Rico as a self-governing unincorporated territory, and the

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During the 1930s and 1940s, Nationalist partisans/guerrilleros took part in violent incidents:

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Roque Planas, "Puerto Rico Statehood: 5 Reasons Why The Island Won't Become The 51st State"

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In the mid-century, the "Cointelpro program" was a project conducted by the United States

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American Gunfight: The Plot To Kill Harry Truman – And The Shoot-Out That Stopped It

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After Puerto Rico became an American possession during the Spanish–American War in 1898,

1122: 1097: 1019: 987: 933: 908: 878: 870: 758: 717: 224: 31: 5169: 4543: 4519: 4275: 3026:

Pages: 305-06; Publisher: Sociedad Estatal Quinto Centenario (1992); Language: Spanish;

2498: 1897:, judge of the Federal Court in Puerto Rico. Winship tried to suppress the Nationalists. 803:, with 52.52% voting to being a state. A seventh referendum will be held on November 5, 417: 361: 6015: 5603: 5557: 5512: 5407: 5357: 5237: 4908: 4373: 2692:(in Spanish). Comisión Estatal de Elecciones de Puerto Rico. 2012-11-08. Archived from 2664:(in Spanish). Comisión Estatal de Elecciones de Puerto Rico. 2012-11-08. Archived from 2553: 2120: 1874: 1553: 1533: 1468: 1276: 1272: 1114: 1109: 1062: 1026:

was proclaimed interim president. The revolutionaries offered immediate freedom to any

979: 959: 944: 919: 199: 182: 5402: 5114: 3751:

Terrorist Organization Profile: Armed Commandos of Liberation. Retrieved on 2008-12-04

2164:

Other individuals and groups supporting Puerto Rican independence have included: poet

1857: 1811: 1591: 1311:, the first civilian U.S. governor of Puerto Rico, succeeded to the presidency of the 426: 5977: 5962: 5942: 5497: 5292: 5242: 4985: 4856: 4631:"The Economist explains" blog: D.R., "Could Puerto Rico become America's 51st state?" 4562: 4489: 4469: 4414: 3765: 3762:

Puerto Rico Under Colonial Rule: Political Persecution and the Quest for Human Rights

3706: 3667: 3640: 3584: 3554: 3531: 3475: 3304: 3070: 3027: 2918: 2897: 2805: 1759: 1631: 1344: 840: 498: 5537: 5247: 3179: 2193: 2055:(OVRP, in english: Organization of Volunteers for the Puerto Rican Revolution), The 1538: 982:

and declared the independence of the Republic of Puerto Rico on September 23, 1868.

5947: 5932: 5669:

Latin American and Caribbean Congress in Solidarity with Puerto Rico's Independence

5104: 4980: 3110: 2595:

Latin American and Caribbean Congress in Solidarity with Puerto Rico's Independence

2581: 2266: 2237: 1308: 1301: 1234: 1222: 5482: 5199: 5124: 4325: 3199: 2826: 2165: 1893:. Soon afterward, two Nationalist partisans/guerrilleros attempted to assassinate 1513: 1218: 381: 5882: 5718: 5648: 5638: 5422: 5412: 5332: 5109: 4820: 4637: 4612: 4588: 4459: 4404: 4282: 4156: 4134: 4088: 4065: 3819: 3689: 3497: 3427:

American Sugar Kingdom: The Plantation Economy of the Spanish Caribbean 1898-1934

3409: 3378:

American Sugar Kingdom: The Plantation Economy of the Spanish Caribbean 1898-1934

3360: 3269: 3250: 3186: 3139: 3117: 3004: 2985: 2960: 2941: 2880: 2861: 2634: 2462: 2173: 2061: 2016: 2004: 2003:

The National Guard, commanded by the Puerto Rico Adjutant General Major General

1993: 1965: 1961: 1886: 1864: 1503: 1430: 1420: 1249: 656: 3402: 5618: 5598: 5417: 5287: 4962: 3626: 3043: 2423: 1985: 1879: 1831: 1473: 1396: 1217:

A number of leaders, including a well-known intellectual and legislator called

1168: 974: 964: 940: 899: 744: 709: 344: 36: 4925:

Portraits of Notable Individuals in the Struggle for Puerto Rican Independence

4081: 4004: 2510:

will be necessary to implement changes to the status of Puerto Rico under the

2188:, a member of Organizacion Socialista Internacional; Puerto Rican nationalist 2158: 1944: 1799: 6066: 5532: 5492: 5437: 5209: 4923: 4860: 3749:

http://www.start.umd.edu/data/tops/terrorist_organization_profile.asp?id=3947

3659: 3530:; by Jorge Rodriguez Beruff; Publisher: Universidad de Puerto Rico; pg. 178; 3243: 2976: 2873: 2491: 2440: 2328: 1621: 1523: 1488: 1245: 1133: 1081: 1000: 713: 701: 583: 4747:"Puerto Rico Statehood, Independence, or Free Association Referendum (2017)" 3468:

Puerto Rico Por Encima de Todo: Vida y Obra de Antonio R. Barceló, 1868-1938

3391:

Beet sugar in the West; a history of the Utah-Idaho Sugar Company, 1891-1966

2319:

legislative elections (4.5-5% of the island-wide legislative vote in 2008).

5527: 5477: 5442: 5327: 3234:

San Juan, Puerto Rico: Litografía Real Hermanos, Inc. 1959. Tomo I. p. 114.

2139: 2032: 1956:

They catalyzed roughly a dozen skirmishes throughout Puerto Rico including

1853: 1616: 1606: 1493: 1335: 1324: 1316: 881:, killing 80 Spanish settlers. First explorer and governor of Puerto Rico, 738: 352: 2296:(PIP). It has continued to participate in the island's electoral process. 5367: 5352: 5272: 4882: 4441: 4150:"Oscar Lopez Rivera: Imprisoned for Supporting Puerto Rican Independence" 2763: 2224: 2065:

that declared that the 'only solution' was independence for Puerto Rico.

1807: 1340: 978:(Cry of Lares) took place, in which revolutionaries occupied the town of 734: 348: 140: 62: 4884:

Historia del Movimiento Pro Independencia--antecesor historico del MINH.

651: 3132: 2533: 2274: 1900:

On June 10, 1948, the United States-appointed Governor of Puerto Rico,

1195:

The United States was granted possession of Puerto Rico as part of the

1074: 818:

achieved 13.6% of the vote, a significant increase in support from the

768:

Current flag of Puerto Rico, also used by Puerto Rican independentists.

5005: 4849:"Puerto Rico movement pitches solution to economic woes: rejoin Spain" 2769: 2245: 1267: 854: 764: 4233:"Cuba repeats commitment to a just, supportive and sustainable world" 3936: 2143: 2015:

Acknowledging the importance of the question of Puerto Rican status,

1057: 885:, led the Spaniards in a series of offensives that culminated in the 862: 1702: 5706: 4593: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3297:

Dyreson, Mark; Mangan, J.A.; Park, Roberta J. (13 September 2013).

3150: 3148: 2935:"María de las Mercedes - La primera Independentista Puertorriquena" 2396: 1999: 1214:. Zeno Gandia returned to the island and continued as an activist. 730: 897:

Several revolts against the Spanish rulers by the native born, or

850: 5000: 4990: 2043:(MIRA, in english: Revolutionary Independence Movement in Arms), 903:, occurred in the 19th century. These include the conspiracy at 845: 3682: 3329: 3145: 2035:

to time served, and they were allowed to return to Puerto Rico.

1885:

On July 25, 1938, shots were fired at the US colonial governor,

954: 16:

Initiatives by inhabitants throughout the history of Puerto Rico

4995: 4782:"Will Puerto Rico become the newest star on the American flag?" 3491:"19 Were killed including 2 policemen caught in the cross-fire" 3232:

Historia de los Partidos Políticos Puertorriqueños (1898-1956).

1775:(Clear, Authentic and Complete Liberal Party), later named the 2111:

Minority parties have expressed different positions: in 2005,

1248:

to advocate for independence for Puerto Rico in the form of a

1182: 704:

have initiated several movements to gain independence for the

4960: 3813:

Paul Lewis, "Recruiting For Iraq War Undercut in Puerto Rico"

2766:"History from Puerto Rico: A Guide to the Island of Boriquén" 2662:"CEE Event - CONDICIÓN POLÍTICA TERRITORIAL ACTUAL - Resumen" 2529: 1153: 948: 4816:"Puerto Rico gov approves referendum in quest for statehood" 2053:

Organización de Voluntarios por la Revolución Puertorriqueña

1237:. The Executive Cabinet also included six American members. 1171:. The newfound autonomy was short-lived, as Puerto Rico was 1132:

where he lived in exile. Mattei Lluberas went into exile in

1054:, Lacroix, Aurelio Méndez and others, were sent into exile. 3837:"Moving America Forward: 2012 Democratic National Platform" 1331:

over the entire Puerto Rican economy through Domino Sugar.

4105:"Research Justice: Decolonizing Knowledge, Building Power" 4059:"Venezuelan Leader to Press for Puerto Rican Independence" 2915:

Puerto Rico in the American Century: A History Since 1898,

2517: 716:. Today, the movement is most commonly represented by the 4263:

The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion: 1803-1898,

2304: 2278: 2249: 2216: 2051:(FALN, in english: Armed Forces of National Liberation), 1826:

On April 6, 1932, Nationalist partisans marched into the

1717: 5862:

Chamber of Marketing, Industry, and Distribution of Food

4655:"Statehood remains an uneasy question for Puerto Ricans" 3474:; Page 292; Publisher: Ediciones Puerto (January 2008); 2344:

Since 1953, the United Nations has been considering the

4296:"Puerto Rico Votes on Status: A Primer on Independence" 2824: 2157:, pledged to vote for independence of Puerto Rico; and 4464:. Vol. 23. United Nations Publications. pp. 4409:. Vol. 23. United Nations Publications. pp. 3967:"2012 Green Party Platform: Puerto Rican Independence" 3429:, pp.221-227; University of North Carolina Press, 1999 742:

Puerto Rico occurred on September 23, 1868 during the

3380:, pp. 45-47; University of North Carolina Press, 1999 3370: 3180:

Chronology of Puerto Rico in the Spanish–American War

2715:"Is Statehood Next for Puerto Rico? It's Complicated" 2630:

United Nations list of non-self-governing territories

1868:

immediate independence but with favorable conditions.

1350: 86:

Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional Puertorriqueña

3664:

Elections in the Americas: A Data Handbook, Volume I

3046:

Noticias de la XVII Brigada Juan Rius Rivera en Cuba

2605:

Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional (Puerto Rico)

2543: 2512:

Territorial Clause of the United States Constitution

2223:

Levinson and Sparrow in their 2005 book suggest the

1837:

On October 24, 1935, a confrontation with police at

1065:" was the last revolt against the Spanish Government 958:

Roman Catholic Church and Plaza de la Revolución in

918:

Many Puerto Ricans became inspired by the ideals of

4203:"The Future Of Puerto Rico's Independence Movement" 1941:

Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s

1920: 1416:

Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s

5912: 5748: 5057:Puerto Rico Pro-Independence University Federation 2764:Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration (1940). 2258: 2229: 2142:in January 2014, Nicolas Maduro, the President of 2115:passed a resolution about Puerto Rico, condemning 2041:Movimiento Independentista Revolucionario en Armas 1953:dissatisfaction with the new commonwealth status. 1724:advocated armed revolution to achieve independence 1206:traveled to Washington, D.C. where, together with 843:. In this revolt, Agüeybaná II, the most powerful 825: 136:Puerto Rico Pro-Independence University Federation 4173:"Who will determine Puerto Rico's future status?" 3907:"Communist Party, USA: Resolution on Puerto Rico" 3784:"Independence for Puerto Rico: The Only Solution" 3296: 2828:Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology 2690:"CEE Event - OPCIONES NO TERRITORIALES - Resumen" 853:people of Puerto Rico at the time, together with 6064: 4380:. The North American Congress on Latin America. 3701:Navarro, Sharon Ann, and Mejia, Armando Xavier. 3625: 2810:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 2136:Community of Latin American and Caribbean States 3874:We Believe in America: 2012 Republican Platform 1709:, founder of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party 4905: 4520:Puerto Rico Election Code for the 21st Century 2640:Movimento Nacional Sindicalista de Puerto Rico 2047:(CAL, in english: Armed Liberation Commands), 1143: 712:between 1493 and 1898 and since then from the 5898: 5734: 4946: 4276:"Race Space and the Puerto Rican citizenship" 4261:Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow, 3705:, Santa Barbara, California: ABC–CLIO, 2004. 3142:, Flags of the World, Retrieved Feb. 25, 2009 1683: 1199:, which concluded the Spanish–American War. 752:. The revolting members and followers of the 677: 4378:The North American Congress on Latin America 3703:Latino Americans and Political Participation 3546: 3540: 3342:Puerto Rico: A Socio-Historic Interpretation 3283: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3156:Puerto Rico: A Socio-Historic Interpretation 2894:The French Revolution of 1789 and Its Impact 2029:1954 United States Capitol shooting incident 1889:during a parade; they killed Police Colonel 1307:Several years after leaving office, in 1913 791:A fourth referendum was held on November 6, 373:30th House of Representatives of Puerto Rico 4897:Comparative Studies in Society and History, 4626: 4624: 3635:. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 2532:rather than statehood, in what is known as 1772:Partido Liberal, Neto, Auténtico y Completo 1183:Seeking independence from the United States 1088:, which included the exiled group from the 5905: 5891: 5741: 5727: 4953: 4939: 4288: 4237:Prensa Latina - Latin American News Agency 4024: 4022: 3579:El ataque Nacionalista a La Fortaleza; by 3383: 2818: 2793:. Archived from the original on 2009-05-31 2421:, journalist and a co-host of the TV show 2202: 2100:in Puerto Rico supports independence: the 1690: 1676: 1436:Attempted assassination of Harry S. Truman 1378:Flag of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party 1163:. It was signed by Spanish Prime Minister 684: 670: 25: 4082:"Puerto Rico still deserves independence" 3583:; Page 7; Publisher: Publicaciones RENÉ; 3274: 2615:Proposed political status for Puerto Rico 2470: 2355: 2161:"called for an independent Puerto Rico." 1262:U.S. citizenship to Puerto Ricans in 1917 6108:Anti-American sentiment in North America 6083:Political advocacy groups in Puerto Rico 5047:Hostosian National Independence Movement 4723:. Puerto Rico Report. February 3, 2017. 4693:. Puerto Rico Report. February 3, 2017. 4621: 3781: 3516:The Puerto Ricans: a documentary history 3367:, 16 June 1915, accessed 2 November 2013 3175: 3173: 3123:, Sabana Grande, Retrieved Feb. 25, 2009 3084: 3082: 2969: 2855:"Land Tenure Development in Puerto Rico" 2768:. The University Society. Archived from 2206: 2127:had a platform supporting independence. 1998: 1806: 1716: 1701: 1266: 1186: 1056: 997:(Revolutionary Committee of Puerto Rico) 986:was the leader of this revolt. Earlier, 953: 907:in 1809, and the uprisings of people in 763: 291:17th Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico 91:Hostosian National Independence Movement 6021:South Carolina Declaration of Secession 5027:Independence Association of Puerto Rico 4809: 4807: 4019: 3463: 3461: 3393:; University of Washington Press, 1966. 3061: 3059: 3057: 2757: 2518:Online rise in reunification with Spain 2333: 1343:in Puerto Rico had been converted into 892: 96:Independence Association of Puerto Rico 6065: 5690:La Borinqueña by Lola Rodríguez de Tío 5634:Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s 5084:Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional 4846: 4792:from the original on February 25, 2017 4727:from the original on February 24, 2017 4697:from the original on February 24, 2017 4567:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 4500:from the original on February 11, 2017 4384:from the original on February 22, 2017 3782:Martinez, Ruben Berrios (April 1977). 3347: 3065:"Historia militar de Puerto Rico"; by 2848: 2684: 2682: 2656: 2654: 2049:Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional 875:Villa de Sotomayor (Sotomayor Village) 754:Revolutionary Committee of Puerto Rico 554:United States House of Representatives 121:Revolutionary Committee of Puerto Rico 6026:Virginia Secession Convention of 1861 5886: 5722: 5659:U.S. Capitol shooting incident (1954) 4934: 4371: 3917:from the original on 27 February 2014 3200:"José de Diego - Library of Congress" 3170: 3161: 3079: 2600:Latin America-United States relations 1042:on all the prisoners. But in Madrid, 822:when it received only 2.1% of votes. 4967:Independence movement in Puerto Rico 4813: 4804: 3947:from the original on 7 December 2015 3794:from the original on 23 January 2015 3518:, Markus Wiener Publishers, 2008P179 3458: 3054: 3013: 2896:. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1995. 2477:Puerto Rican status referendum, 2017 2362:Puerto Rican status referendum, 2012 2106:New Progressive Party of Puerto Rico 2068: 1295: 1112:. These attacks became known as the 1086:Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee 993:Comité Revolucionario de Puerto Rico 559:Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico 20:Independence movement in Puerto Rico 6042:2012 U.S. state secession petitions 4374:"Puerto Rico at the United Nations" 4213:from the original on 6 October 2014 3446:from the original on 6 October 2014 3300:Mapping an Empire of American Sport 2928: 2679: 2651: 2625:Special Committee on Decolonization 2340:Special Committee on Decolonization 2314:In the 21st century, a majority of 1984:. During the 1950 Jayuya Uprising, 1441:1954 United States Capitol shooting 13: 6093:Puerto Rican independence movement 4876: 4353:from the original on 15 March 2023 4243:from the original on 26 March 2023 3653: 3521: 3432: 3237: 3192: 3090:"1898 La Guerra Hispano Americana" 2988:. Retrieved on September 26, 2007. 2288:worked for independence. In 1946, 2263:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 2234:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 1938:Newsreel scenes in Spanish of the 1351:Formation of the Nationalist Party 820:2016 Puerto Rican general election 812:2020 Puerto Rican general election 14: 6119: 6052:List of state partition proposals 4917: 4814:Coto, Danica (February 3, 2017). 4753:. BALLOTPEDIA. February 6, 2017. 4717:"What's a Free Associated State?" 4687:"What's a Free Associated State?" 4667:from the original on 13 July 2014 4496:. United Nations. June 20, 2016. 4322:"2008 Election Results (Spanish)" 3317:from the original on 1 April 2023 3212:from the original on 11 July 2018 2590:Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2007 2021:plebiscite in Puerto Rico in 1952 2007:and under the orders of Governor 1751:By 1932 Luis Muñoz Rivera's son, 1121:. It was the first time that the 6088:Political history of Puerto Rico 5983:Northwest Territorial Imperative 4961: 4779: 4757:from the original on May 6, 2017 3997:"Platform - Socialist Party USA" 3024:Historia militar de Puerto Rico; 2825:Smithsonian Institution (1907). 2574: 2560: 2546: 2524:Captaincy General of Puerto Rico 2211:Puerto Rican Nationalist leader 2125:Green Party of the United States 1933: 1921:Events under Commonwealth status 1790: 1372: 1334:American professor and activist 1319:company. According to historian 1175:by the United States during the 830: 650: 163: 6098:Separatism in the United States 6011:Mississippi Secession Ordinance 5037:Puerto Rican Independence Party 4840: 4773: 4739: 4709: 4679: 4647: 4599: 4575: 4512: 4482: 4451: 4427: 4365: 4339: 4314: 4269: 4255: 4225: 4195: 4165: 4143: 4121: 4097: 4075: 4052: 3989: 3959: 3929: 3899: 3888:from the original on 2014-07-30 3864: 3829: 3806: 3775: 3754: 3742: 3716: 3695: 3676: 3629:; Bainbridge, John Jr. (2005). 3619: 3593: 3573: 3550:Puerto Rico Under Colonial Rule 3509: 3484: 3419: 3403:Noam Chomsky, "A Century Later" 3396: 3290: 3256: 3224: 3126: 3104: 3036: 2991: 2947: 2907: 2886: 2746:from the original on 2021-04-14 2721:from the original on 2021-04-10 2346:Political status of Puerto Rico 2301:Federal Bureau of Investigation 2294:Puerto Rican Independence Party 1313:American Sugar Refining Company 1256:, Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón and 1156:on November 25, 1897 through a 1136:, joining a group known as the 826:Seeking independence from Spain 816:Puerto Rican Independence Party 489:Puerto Rican Independence Party 106:Puerto Rican Independence Party 5914:Secession in the United States 5815:Statehood Students Association 5749:Advocacy groups in Puerto Rico 5573:Teófilo Villavicencio Marxuach 5205:José "Aguila Blanca" Maldonado 5042:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party 3344:, pp.52-83; Random House, 1972 3158:, pp.46-62; Random House, 1972 2867: 2831:. Harvard University. p. 2783: 2732: 2707: 2411:Similarly, as reported by the 2286:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party 2155:Cristina Fernández de Kirchner 2045:Comandos Armados de Liberación 1873:On March 21, 1937, a march in 1816:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party 1732:In 1932, the pro-independence 1657:Teófilo Villavicencio Marxuach 1323:, Charles Allen leveraged his 1286:Puerto Rico Independence Party 1225:named De Diego, together with 1173:invaded, occupied, and annexed 1080:In 1897, Lluberas traveled to 116:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party 1: 6001:Confederate States of America 5594:Ducoudray Holstein Expedition 5508:Pedro "Davilita" Ortiz Dávila 5268:Gilberto Concepción de Gracia 5120:María de las Mercedes Barbudo 4847:Kassam, Ashifa (2015-08-30). 3287:Ribes Tovar et al., p.122-144 3167:Ribes Tovar et al., p.106-109 2742:. Democracy Now. 2020-11-20. 2645: 2290:Gilberto Concepción de Gracia 1637:Pedro "Davilita" Ortiz Dávila 1150:overseas autonomous community 1090:Grito de Lares (Cry of Lares) 1039:Grito de Lares (Cry of Lares) 990:and Betances had founded the 930:María de las Mercedes Barbudo 645:Politics of the United States 531:Municipalities of Puerto Rico 245:Government-owned corporations 5654:Truman assassination attempt 5032:Liberal Party of Puerto Rico 3547:Bosque Pérez, Ramón (2006). 2975:The Women from Puerto Rico. 2954:Meaning of "Independentista" 2874:"Puerto Rico's First People" 2610:Puerto Rico (proposed state) 2392:Latin American News Dispatch 1734:Liberal Party of Puerto Rico 111:Puerto Rican Socialist Party 101:Liberal Party of Puerto Rico 7: 5825:Workers' Socialist Movement 5772:Constitution of Puerto Rico 5644:San Juan Nationalist revolt 5253:Marie Haydée Beltrán Torres 2620:Sovereigntism (Puerto Rico) 2539: 2488:Compact of Free Association 2368:Partido Popular Democrático 1970:San Juan Nationalist revolt 1426:San Juan Nationalist revolt 1144:Spanish Charter of Autonomy 759:current flag of Puerto Rico 10: 6124: 5022:Union Party of Puerto Rico 3683:FBI Files on Puerto Ricans 3553:. SUNY Press. p. 71. 3454:– via angelfire.com. 3094:www.proyectosalonhogar.com 2965:Spanish-English Dictionary 2521: 2474: 2359: 2337: 2215:died in a gun battle with 1863:In 1936, the U.S. Senator 1098:current flag of the island 494:Citizen's Victory Movement 300:26th Senate of Puerto Rico 240:Fiscal agent and financing 190:United States Constitution 131:Union Party of Puerto Rico 6034: 5993: 5920: 5872:Manufacturers Association 5849: 5833: 5805:Proposed political status 5780: 5754: 5698: 5677: 5586: 5376: 5348:María de Lourdes Santiago 5343:Manuel Rodríguez Orellana 5218: 5185:Antonio Valero de Bernabé 5092: 5065: 5014: 4973: 3692:. Retrieved on 2008-12-04 3354:Charles H. Allen Resigns" 3340:Maldonado-Denis, Manuel; 3154:Maldonado-Denis, Manuel; 2134:During the summit of the 1972:, and other shootouts in 1932: 1927: 1839:University of Puerto Rico 1789: 1784: 1777:People's Democratic Party 1191:Political cartoon of 1898 1125:was flown on the island. 1119:(Attempted Coup of Yauco) 1003:. Betances wrote several 924:Antonio Valero de Bernabé 609:Proposed political status 318:Larry Seilhamer Rodríguez 68: 56: 51:Puerto Rican independence 45: 24: 6103:Puerto Rican nationalism 5841:Center for a New Economy 5180:Arturo Alfonso Schomburg 5150:Francisco Ramírez Medina 5140:Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón 3009:Puerto Rico Encyclopedia 2494:would be U.S. citizens. 2394:, wrote as an editor in 2192:, and US Representative 2102:Popular Democratic Party 2057:Ejército Popular Boricua 1990:attempted to assassinate 1779:(PPD for Spanish name). 1760:Santiago Iglesias Pantin 1742:Felisa Rincón de Gautier 1227:Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón 1035:San Sebastián del Pepino 1024:Francisco Ramírez Medina 999:from their exile in the 947:in 1868, and the one in 506:Political party strength 484:Popular Democratic Party 400:Gabriel Rodríguez Aguiló 369:House of Representatives 195:Puerto Rico Constitution 5767:Civil Rights Commission 5664:Cerro Maravilla murders 5609:Levantamiento de Ciales 5568:Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff 5488:Tomás López de Victoria 5473:Andres Figueroa Cordero 5463:Carmelo Delgado Delgado 5283:José M. Dávila Monsanto 5145:Antonio Mattei Lluberas 5135:Francisco Gonzalo Marín 5130:Eugenio María de Hostos 5100:Ramón Emeterio Betances 5015:Political organizations 3389:Arrington, Leonard J.; 2203:20th century to present 2168:, professor and writer 2149:The Wall Street Journal 1795:Newsreel scenes of the 1602:Andres Figueroa Cordero 1597:Carmelo Delgado Delgado 1564:Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff 1519:Tomás López de Victoria 1358:Part of a series on the 1208:Eugenio María de Hostos 1197:Treaty of Paris of 1898 1138:Puerto Rican Commission 1071:Antonio Mattei Lluberas 1044:Eugenio María de Hostos 984:Ramón Emeterio Betances 837:Taíno rebellion of 1511 336:Ángel Chayanne Martínez 305:President of the Senate 156:Politics of Puerto Rico 6073:Independence movements 6047:Ordinance of Secession 5563:Antonio Vélez Alvarado 5458:Isabel Freire de Matos 5448:Juan Antonio Corretjer 5398:Margot Arce de Vázquez 5228:Antonio Rafael Barceló 5155:José Gualberto Padilla 5093:19th century activists 5073:Cadets of the Republic 5066:Militant organizations 4525:(78, 2.003(54)). 2011 4372:López, Ana M. (2014). 4285:, University of Dayton 4001:SocialistParty-USA.net 2717:. Medium. 2021-04-08. 2508:United States Congress 2471:2017 status referendum 2435: 2408: 2376:Estado Libre Associado 2356:2012 status referendum 2220: 2012: 1819: 1746:Ernesto Ramos Antonini 1725: 1710: 1612:Isabel Freire de Matos 1587:Margot Arce de Vázquez 1559:Antonio Vélez Alvarado 1499:Juan Antonio Corretjer 1402:Cadets of the Republic 1327:of Puerto Rico into a 1280: 1192: 1165:Práxedes Mateo Sagasta 1066: 969: 769: 698:history of Puerto Rico 549:Federal representation 255:Office of the Governor 81:Cadets of the Republic 5800:Independence movement 5523:Helen Rodríguez Trías 5503:Francisco Matos Paoli 5468:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco 5428:Rafael Cancel Miranda 5363:Carlos Alberto Torres 5263:Cayetano Coll y Cuchí 5219:20th and 21st century 5160:Lola Rodríguez de Tió 4974:Indigenous resistance 3760:Bosque Pérez, Ramón. 3189:, Library of Congress 3067:Héctor Andrés Negroni 3020:Héctor Andrés Negroni 2864:, University of Maine 2430: 2403: 2284:Founded in 1922, the 2210: 2190:Carlos Alberto Torres 2002: 1810: 1720: 1705: 1647:Helen Rodríguez Trías 1529:Francisco Matos Paoli 1509:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco 1479:Rafael Cancel Miranda 1270: 1190: 1161:(Charter of Autonomy) 1060: 1030:who would join them. 1010:Most dissidents were 957: 767: 526:Mayors in Puerto Rico 479:New Progressive Party 327:Carmelo Ríos Santiago 314:President pro tempore 235:Executive departments 5614:Río Piedras massacre 5318:Filiberto Ojeda Ríos 5298:Víctor Manuel Gerena 5233:Félix Benítez Rexach 5078:Boricua Popular Army 4824:. DC. Archived from 4183:on 21 September 2020 3764:. SUNY Press, 2006. 3581:Pedro Aponte Vázquez 3528:Strategy as Politics 2883:, Extra News website 2568:United States portal 2390:, co-founder of the 2334:United Nations' view 2213:Filiberto Ojeda Ríos 2117:American imperialism 2108:supports statehood. 1847:Río Piedras massacre 1662:Félix Benítez Rexach 1581:Notable nationalists 1392:Río Piedras massacre 1329:controlling interest 1321:Federico Ribes Tovar 1242:Union of Puerto Rico 1177:Spanish-American War 1167:and ratified by the 893:Puerto Rican revolts 309:Thomas Rivera Schatz 76:Boricua Popular Army 6006:Louisiana secession 5857:Chamber of Commerce 5820:Status quo movement 5685:Grito de Lares flag 5578:Olga Viscal Garriga 5553:Clemente Soto Vélez 5543:Vidal Santiago Díaz 5453:José Ferrer Canales 5388:Pedro Albizu Campos 5338:Ángel Rivero Méndez 5323:Antonio S. Pedreira 5308:Luis Lloréns Torres 5303:Edwin Irizarry Mora 5175:Segundo Ruiz Belvis 4828:on February 4, 2017 4660:The Washington Post 4617:New York Daily News 4070:Wall Street Journal 4007:on 4 September 2012 3601:"NY Latino Journal" 3503:The Washington Post 3472:Delma S. Arrigoitia 3263:Luis Llorens Torres 3205:Library of Congress 2414:New York Daily News 2129:Socialist Party USA 2113:Communist Party USA 1996:in Washington, DC. 1914:Flag of Puerto Rico 1722:Pedro Albizu Campos 1627:José Ferrer Canales 1569:Olga Viscal Garriga 1549:Clemente Soto Vélez 1544:Vidal Santiago Díaz 1459:Pedro Albizu Campos 1453:Nationalist leaders 1290:Luis Lloréns Torres 1123:flag of Puerto Rico 1073:, a wealthy coffee 988:Segundo Ruiz Belvis 932:, the first female 873:, who attacked the 657:Politics portal 387:Speaker pro tempore 21: 6078:COINTELPRO targets 6016:Missouri secession 5948:Confederate States 5850:Trade associations 5810:Statehood movement 5604:Intentona de Yauco 5558:Griselio Torresola 5513:Ruth Mary Reynolds 5408:Casimiro Berenguer 5358:Alejandrina Torres 5313:Oscar López Rivera 5278:Pedro Ortiz Dávila 5195:Fernando Fernandez 5190:Manuel Zeno Gandía 4909:The New York Times 4721:Puerto Rico Report 4691:Puerto Rico Report 4636:2013-12-24 at the 4611:2014-02-26 at the 4587:2017-10-07 at the 4281:2011-09-27 at the 4155:2014-02-27 at the 4133:2014-02-21 at the 4087:2014-02-25 at the 4072:, 26 January 2014. 4064:2016-03-11 at the 3818:2017-05-23 at the 3788:foreignaffairs.com 3688:2005-03-07 at the 3496:2012-11-22 at the 3408:2014-02-22 at the 3365:The New York Times 3359:2020-02-01 at the 3268:2011-09-27 at the 3249:2007-02-03 at the 3185:2018-01-04 at the 3138:2017-07-04 at the 3116:2000-12-08 at the 3003:2015-09-24 at the 2984:2011-06-11 at the 2959:2012-03-26 at the 2940:2011-04-21 at the 2879:2007-12-31 at the 2860:2006-09-13 at the 2554:Puerto Rico portal 2378:or Commonwealth. 2254:Jones–Shafroth Act 2221: 2182:Oscar López Rivera 2123:..." In 2012, the 2121:self-determination 2013: 1820: 1738:Antonio R. Barceló 1726: 1711: 1554:Griselio Torresola 1534:Ruth Mary Reynolds 1469:Casimiro Berenguer 1386:Events and revolts 1281: 1273:Theodore Roosevelt 1258:Antonio R. Barceló 1231:José Celso Barbosa 1204:Manuel Zeno Gandía 1193: 1158:Carta de Autonomía 1115:Intentona de Yauco 1067: 1063:Intentona de Yauco 1033:In the next town, 1020:revolutionary flag 970: 968:took place in 1868 887:Battle of Yagüecas 883:Juan Ponce de León 770: 729:A spectrum of pro- 564:Jenniffer González 391:José Torres Zamora 260:Transition process 250:Line of succession 19: 6060: 6059: 5880: 5879: 5716: 5715: 5628:Ley de la Mordaza 5518:Germán Rieckehoff 5433:José Coll y Cuchí 5380:Nationalist Party 5293:Leopoldo Figueroa 5243:Americo Boschetti 4475:978-92-1-810211-9 4420:978-92-1-810211-9 4349:. 15 March 2023. 4239:. 25 March 2023. 3977:on 6 October 2014 3770:978-0-7914-6417-5 3711:978-1-85109-523-0 3646:978-0-7432-6068-8 3607:on 26 August 2009 3589:978-1-931702-01-0 3560:978-0-7914-6417-5 3480:978-1-934461-69-3 3440:"Antonio Barcelo" 3100:on March 4, 2016. 3075:978-84-7844-138-9 3032:978-84-7844-138-9 2923:978-0-8078-3113-7 2917:UNC Press, 2007. 2902:978-0-313-29339-9 2438:In October 2013, 2098:two major parties 2069:Political support 1950: 1949: 1906:Ley de la Mordaza 1805: 1804: 1707:José Coll y Cuchí 1700: 1699: 1642:Germán Rieckehoff 1484:José Coll y Cuchí 1409:Ley de la Mordaza 1366:Nationalist Party 1345:sugar plantations 1296:American business 1254:Luis Muñoz Rivera 911:, San Germán and 708:, first from the 694: 693: 543:Federal relations 474:Political Parties 409:Urayoán Hernández 149: 148: 6115: 5921:Active movements 5907: 5900: 5893: 5884: 5883: 5743: 5736: 5729: 5720: 5719: 5170:Juan Ríus Rivera 5105:Mariana Bracetti 4965: 4955: 4948: 4941: 4932: 4931: 4913: 4891:Go, J. (2000). " 4871: 4870: 4868: 4867: 4844: 4838: 4837: 4835: 4833: 4811: 4802: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4777: 4771: 4770: 4764: 4762: 4743: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4713: 4707: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4683: 4677: 4676: 4674: 4672: 4651: 4645: 4628: 4619: 4603: 4597: 4579: 4573: 4572: 4566: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4548: 4542:. Archived from 4541: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4524: 4516: 4510: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4486: 4480: 4479: 4455: 4449: 4448: 4446: 4440:. Archived from 4439: 4431: 4425: 4424: 4400: 4394: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4369: 4363: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4343: 4337: 4336: 4334: 4333: 4324:. Archived from 4318: 4312: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4298:. Archived from 4292: 4286: 4273: 4267: 4259: 4253: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4229: 4223: 4222: 4220: 4218: 4209:. 29 July 2010. 4199: 4193: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4179:. Archived from 4169: 4163: 4147: 4141: 4125: 4119: 4118: 4116: 4110:. Archived from 4109: 4101: 4095: 4079: 4073: 4056: 4050: 4049: 4047: 4045: 4036:. Archived from 4026: 4017: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4003:. Archived from 3993: 3987: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3973:. Archived from 3963: 3957: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3933: 3927: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3913:. 20 July 2005. 3903: 3897: 3896: 3894: 3893: 3887: 3880: 3868: 3862: 3861: 3859: 3858: 3852: 3846:. Archived from 3841: 3833: 3827: 3826:, 18 August 2007 3810: 3804: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3779: 3773: 3758: 3752: 3746: 3740: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3726:. Archived from 3720: 3714: 3699: 3693: 3680: 3674: 3657: 3651: 3650: 3623: 3617: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3603:. Archived from 3597: 3591: 3577: 3571: 3570: 3568: 3567: 3544: 3538: 3525: 3519: 3513: 3507: 3488: 3482: 3465: 3456: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3436: 3430: 3423: 3417: 3416:, September 1998 3400: 3394: 3387: 3381: 3374: 3368: 3351: 3345: 3338: 3327: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3294: 3288: 3285: 3272: 3260: 3254: 3241: 3235: 3228: 3222: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3196: 3190: 3177: 3168: 3165: 3159: 3152: 3143: 3130: 3124: 3122: 3108: 3102: 3101: 3096:. Archived from 3086: 3077: 3063: 3052: 3051: 3040: 3034: 3017: 3011: 2998:"Grito de Lares" 2995: 2989: 2978:Mariana Bracetti 2973: 2967: 2951: 2945: 2932: 2926: 2913:Ayala, César J. 2911: 2905: 2892:Schwab, Gail M. 2890: 2884: 2871: 2865: 2852: 2846: 2845: 2840: 2839: 2822: 2816: 2815: 2809: 2801: 2799: 2798: 2787: 2781: 2780: 2778: 2777: 2761: 2755: 2754: 2752: 2751: 2736: 2730: 2729: 2727: 2726: 2711: 2705: 2704: 2702: 2701: 2686: 2677: 2676: 2674: 2673: 2658: 2584: 2582:Caribbean portal 2579: 2578: 2577: 2570: 2565: 2564: 2563: 2556: 2551: 2550: 2549: 2499:Ricardo Rosselló 2497:Former Governor 2455:Democratic Party 2451:Republican Party 2316:Independentistas 2280: 2264: 2260: 2251: 2235: 2231: 2093:Republican Party 2088:Democratic Party 2039:armies" such as 2009:Luis Muñoz Marín 1937: 1936: 1925: 1924: 1828:Capitol building 1814:, member of the 1794: 1793: 1782: 1781: 1753:Luis Muñoz Marín 1692: 1685: 1678: 1376: 1355: 1354: 1309:Charles H. Allen 1302:Manifest destiny 1279:in the Caribbean 1250:sovereign nation 1235:Charles H. Allen 1223:William McKinley 1084:and visited the 726:revolt of 1868. 686: 679: 672: 655: 654: 597:Political status 418:Tatito Hernández 362:José Luis Dalmau 167: 151: 150: 32:Medium blue flag 29: 22: 18: 6123: 6122: 6118: 6117: 6116: 6114: 6113: 6112: 6063: 6062: 6061: 6056: 6030: 5989: 5916: 5911: 5881: 5876: 5845: 5829: 5776: 5755:Civil liberties 5750: 5747: 5717: 5712: 5694: 5673: 5649:Utuado Uprising 5639:Jayuya Uprising 5582: 5423:Nemesio Canales 5413:Julia de Burgos 5403:Elías Beauchamp 5393:José S. Alegría 5379: 5372: 5333:Miguel Poventud 5220: 5214: 5115:Roberto Cofresí 5110:Mathias Brugman 5088: 5061: 5052:Socialist Front 5010: 4969: 4959: 4920: 4879: 4877:Further reading 4874: 4865: 4863: 4845: 4841: 4831: 4829: 4821:Washington Post 4812: 4805: 4795: 4793: 4778: 4774: 4760: 4758: 4745: 4744: 4740: 4730: 4728: 4715: 4714: 4710: 4700: 4698: 4685: 4684: 4680: 4670: 4668: 4653: 4652: 4648: 4638:Wayback Machine 4629: 4622: 4613:Wayback Machine 4604: 4600: 4589:Wayback Machine 4580: 4576: 4560: 4559: 4552: 4550: 4549:on May 21, 2014 4546: 4539: 4537:"Archived copy" 4535: 4528: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4517: 4513: 4503: 4501: 4488: 4487: 4483: 4476: 4456: 4452: 4444: 4437: 4433: 4432: 4428: 4421: 4401: 4397: 4387: 4385: 4370: 4366: 4356: 4354: 4345: 4344: 4340: 4331: 4329: 4320: 4319: 4315: 4305: 4303: 4294: 4293: 4289: 4283:Wayback Machine 4274: 4270: 4260: 4256: 4246: 4244: 4231: 4230: 4226: 4216: 4214: 4201: 4200: 4196: 4186: 4184: 4171: 4170: 4166: 4161:Dissident Voice 4157:Wayback Machine 4148: 4144: 4135:Wayback Machine 4126: 4122: 4114: 4107: 4103: 4102: 4098: 4089:Wayback Machine 4080: 4076: 4066:Wayback Machine 4057: 4053: 4043: 4041: 4034:Fox News Latino 4028: 4027: 4020: 4010: 4008: 3995: 3994: 3990: 3980: 3978: 3965: 3964: 3960: 3950: 3948: 3935: 3934: 3930: 3920: 3918: 3905: 3904: 3900: 3891: 3889: 3885: 3878: 3870: 3869: 3865: 3856: 3854: 3850: 3839: 3835: 3834: 3830: 3824:Washington Post 3820:Wayback Machine 3811: 3807: 3797: 3795: 3780: 3776: 3759: 3755: 3747: 3743: 3733: 3731: 3722: 3721: 3717: 3700: 3696: 3690:Wayback Machine 3681: 3677: 3658: 3654: 3647: 3627:Hunter, Stephen 3624: 3620: 3610: 3608: 3599: 3598: 3594: 3578: 3574: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3545: 3541: 3526: 3522: 3514: 3510: 3498:Wayback Machine 3489: 3485: 3466: 3459: 3449: 3447: 3438: 3437: 3433: 3424: 3420: 3410:Wayback Machine 3401: 3397: 3388: 3384: 3375: 3371: 3361:Wayback Machine 3352: 3348: 3339: 3330: 3320: 3318: 3311: 3295: 3291: 3286: 3275: 3270:Wayback Machine 3261: 3257: 3251:Wayback Machine 3242: 3238: 3230:Bolivar Pagan. 3229: 3225: 3215: 3213: 3198: 3197: 3193: 3187:Wayback Machine 3178: 3171: 3166: 3162: 3153: 3146: 3140:Wayback Machine 3131: 3127: 3120: 3118:Wayback Machine 3109: 3105: 3088: 3087: 3080: 3064: 3055: 3042: 3041: 3037: 3018: 3014: 3005:Wayback Machine 2996: 2992: 2986:Wayback Machine 2974: 2970: 2961:Wayback Machine 2952: 2948: 2942:Wayback Machine 2933: 2929: 2912: 2908: 2891: 2887: 2881:Wayback Machine 2872: 2868: 2862:Wayback Machine 2853: 2849: 2837: 2835: 2823: 2819: 2803: 2802: 2796: 2794: 2789: 2788: 2784: 2775: 2773: 2762: 2758: 2749: 2747: 2738: 2737: 2733: 2724: 2722: 2713: 2712: 2708: 2699: 2697: 2688: 2687: 2680: 2671: 2669: 2660: 2659: 2652: 2648: 2635:Falange Boricua 2580: 2575: 2573: 2566: 2561: 2559: 2552: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2526: 2520: 2479: 2473: 2463:Washington Post 2436: 2409: 2364: 2358: 2342: 2336: 2262: 2233: 2205: 2186:Roberto Barreto 2083:in the polls." 2079:Washington Post 2071: 2062:Foreign Affairs 2011:, occupy Jayuya 2005:Luis R. Esteves 1994:Harry S. Truman 1966:Utuado Uprising 1962:Jayuya Uprising 1934: 1928:External videos 1923: 1902:Jesús T. Piñero 1887:Blanton Winship 1865:Millard Tydings 1858:Elías Beauchamp 1812:Elías Beauchamp 1791: 1785:External videos 1764:Socialist Party 1736:was founded by 1696: 1667: 1666: 1592:Elías Beauchamp 1582: 1574: 1573: 1504:Julia de Burgos 1464:José S. Alegría 1454: 1446: 1445: 1431:Utuado uprising 1421:Jayuya Uprising 1387: 1379: 1365: 1353: 1298: 1185: 1146: 937:Independentista 895: 877:in present-day 833: 828: 748:revolt against 702:its inhabitants 696:Throughout the 690: 661: 649: 636: 635: 599: 589: 588: 544: 536: 535: 521: 511: 510: 499:Proyect Dignity 464: 456: 455: 446: 436: 435: 427:Ramón Luis Cruz 414:Minority Leader 396:Majority Leader 341:Minority Leader 323:Majority Leader 282: 272: 271: 215: 205: 204: 200:Puerto Rico law 185: 158: 145: 126:Socialist Front 59: 41: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6121: 6111: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6058: 6057: 6055: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6038: 6036: 6032: 6031: 6029: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5997: 5995: 5991: 5990: 5988: 5987: 5986: 5985: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5924: 5922: 5918: 5917: 5910: 5909: 5902: 5895: 5887: 5878: 5877: 5875: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5853: 5851: 5847: 5846: 5844: 5843: 5837: 5835: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5786: 5784: 5778: 5777: 5775: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5762:Bill of Rights 5758: 5756: 5752: 5751: 5746: 5745: 5738: 5731: 5723: 5714: 5713: 5711: 5710: 5702: 5700: 5696: 5695: 5693: 5692: 5687: 5681: 5679: 5675: 5674: 5672: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5621: 5619:Ponce massacre 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5599:Grito de Lares 5596: 5590: 5588: 5584: 5583: 5581: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5538:Isolina Rondón 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5418:Blanca Canales 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5384: 5382: 5374: 5373: 5371: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5288:Elizam Escobar 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5248:Juan Mari Brás 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5224: 5222: 5216: 5215: 5213: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5096: 5094: 5090: 5089: 5087: 5086: 5081: 5075: 5069: 5067: 5063: 5062: 5060: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5018: 5016: 5012: 5011: 5009: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4977: 4975: 4971: 4970: 4958: 4957: 4950: 4943: 4935: 4929: 4928: 4919: 4918:External links 4916: 4915: 4914: 4903: 4889: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4872: 4839: 4803: 4772: 4738: 4708: 4678: 4646: 4644:, October 2013 4620: 4598: 4574: 4511: 4494:United Nations 4481: 4474: 4450: 4447:on 2009-07-31. 4426: 4419: 4395: 4364: 4338: 4313: 4287: 4268: 4254: 4224: 4207:citylimits.org 4194: 4164: 4142: 4139:Democracy Now! 4120: 4117:on 2014-02-26. 4096: 4074: 4051: 4018: 3988: 3958: 3928: 3898: 3863: 3828: 3805: 3774: 3753: 3741: 3715: 3694: 3675: 3652: 3645: 3618: 3592: 3572: 3559: 3539: 3520: 3508: 3483: 3457: 3431: 3425:Ayala, Cesar; 3418: 3395: 3382: 3376:Ayala, Cesar; 3369: 3346: 3328: 3309: 3289: 3273: 3255: 3236: 3223: 3191: 3169: 3160: 3144: 3125: 3103: 3078: 3053: 3035: 3012: 2990: 2968: 2946: 2927: 2906: 2885: 2866: 2847: 2817: 2782: 2756: 2731: 2706: 2678: 2649: 2647: 2644: 2643: 2642: 2637: 2632: 2627: 2622: 2617: 2612: 2607: 2602: 2597: 2592: 2586: 2585: 2571: 2557: 2541: 2538: 2519: 2516: 2475:Main article: 2472: 2469: 2429: 2424:Democracy Now! 2402: 2360:Main article: 2357: 2354: 2338:Main article: 2335: 2332: 2250:April 12, 1900 2219:agents in 2005 2204: 2201: 2194:Luis Gutiérrez 2170:Jason Ferreira 2070: 2067: 1986:Blanca Canales 1948: 1947: 1930: 1929: 1922: 1919: 1918: 1917: 1898: 1883: 1880:Ponce massacre 1870: 1869: 1861: 1850: 1835: 1832:Grito de Lares 1803: 1802: 1797:Ponce Massacre 1787: 1786: 1698: 1697: 1695: 1694: 1687: 1680: 1672: 1669: 1668: 1665: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1583: 1580: 1579: 1576: 1575: 1572: 1571: 1566: 1561: 1556: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1539:Isolina Rondón 1536: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1474:Blanca Canales 1471: 1466: 1461: 1455: 1452: 1451: 1448: 1447: 1444: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1413: 1404: 1399: 1397:Ponce massacre 1394: 1388: 1385: 1384: 1381: 1380: 1377: 1369: 1368: 1360: 1359: 1352: 1349: 1297: 1294: 1184: 1181: 1169:Spanish Cortes 1145: 1142: 1128:Velez fled to 975:Grito de Lares 965:Grito de Lares 941:Lares uprising 894: 891: 849:of the native 832: 829: 827: 824: 745:Grito de Lares 724:(Cry of Lares) 720:Grito de Lares 710:Spanish Empire 692: 691: 689: 688: 681: 674: 666: 663: 662: 660: 659: 647: 641: 638: 637: 634: 633: 632: 631: 626: 621: 616: 606: 604:Current status 600: 595: 594: 591: 590: 587: 586: 581: 580: 579: 578: 577: 576: 575: 545: 542: 541: 538: 537: 534: 533: 528: 522: 519:Municipalities 517: 516: 513: 512: 509: 508: 503: 502: 501: 496: 491: 486: 481: 471: 465: 462: 461: 458: 457: 454: 453: 447: 442: 441: 438: 437: 434: 433: 432: 431: 430: 429: 420: 411: 402: 393: 384: 366: 365: 364: 355: 345:Eduardo Bhatia 338: 329: 320: 311: 283: 278: 277: 274: 273: 270: 269: 264: 263: 262: 257: 252: 247: 242: 237: 232: 230:Chief of Staff 227: 216: 211: 210: 207: 206: 203: 202: 197: 192: 186: 177: 176: 173: 172: 169: 168: 160: 159: 154: 147: 146: 144: 143: 138: 133: 128: 123: 118: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 72: 70: 66: 65: 60: 58:Region served 57: 54: 53: 47: 43: 42: 37:Grito de Lares 30: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6120: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6070: 6068: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6039: 6037: 6035:Miscellaneous 6033: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5998: 5996: 5992: 5984: 5981: 5980: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5925: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5908: 5903: 5901: 5896: 5894: 5889: 5888: 5885: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5854: 5852: 5848: 5842: 5839: 5838: 5836: 5832: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5790:Sovereigntism 5788: 5787: 5785: 5783: 5779: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5759: 5757: 5753: 5744: 5739: 5737: 5732: 5730: 5725: 5724: 5721: 5709: 5708: 5704: 5703: 5701: 5697: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5682: 5680: 5676: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5629: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5591: 5589: 5585: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5548:Daniel Santos 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5533:Isabel Rosado 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5493:Hugo Margenat 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5483:Lolita Lebrón 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5438:Oscar Collazo 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5385: 5383: 5381: 5375: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5238:Rubén Berríos 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5225: 5223: 5217: 5211: 5210:Marcos Xiorro 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5200:Agustín Stahl 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5125:José de Diego 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5097: 5095: 5091: 5085: 5082: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5070: 5068: 5064: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5019: 5017: 5013: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4978: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4956: 4951: 4949: 4944: 4942: 4937: 4936: 4933: 4927: 4926: 4922: 4921: 4911: 4910: 4904: 4902:(2), 333-362. 4901: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4885: 4881: 4880: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4843: 4827: 4823: 4822: 4817: 4810: 4808: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4776: 4769: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4742: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4712: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4682: 4666: 4662: 4661: 4656: 4650: 4643: 4642:The Economist 4639: 4635: 4632: 4627: 4625: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4607: 4602: 4596: 4595: 4590: 4586: 4583: 4578: 4570: 4564: 4545: 4538: 4521: 4515: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4485: 4477: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4462: 4454: 4443: 4436: 4430: 4422: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4407: 4399: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4368: 4352: 4348: 4342: 4328:on 2009-10-11 4327: 4323: 4317: 4302:on 2014-10-06 4301: 4297: 4291: 4284: 4280: 4277: 4272: 4264: 4258: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4228: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4198: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4168: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4151: 4146: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4129: 4124: 4113: 4106: 4100: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4083: 4078: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4060: 4055: 4040:on 2014-10-06 4039: 4035: 4031: 4025: 4023: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3992: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3962: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3932: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3902: 3884: 3877: 3875: 3867: 3853:on 2014-03-15 3849: 3845: 3838: 3832: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3814: 3809: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3778: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3757: 3750: 3745: 3730:on 2014-10-06 3729: 3725: 3719: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3698: 3691: 3687: 3684: 3679: 3673: 3672:9780199283576 3669: 3665: 3661: 3656: 3648: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3633: 3628: 3622: 3606: 3602: 3596: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3576: 3562: 3556: 3552: 3551: 3543: 3537: 3536:0-8477-0160-3 3533: 3529: 3524: 3517: 3512: 3505: 3504: 3499: 3495: 3492: 3487: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3464: 3462: 3445: 3441: 3435: 3428: 3422: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3404: 3399: 3392: 3386: 3379: 3373: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3355: 3350: 3343: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3316: 3312: 3310:9781317980360 3306: 3303:. Routledge. 3302: 3301: 3293: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3271: 3267: 3264: 3259: 3252: 3248: 3245: 3240: 3233: 3227: 3211: 3207: 3206: 3201: 3195: 3188: 3184: 3181: 3176: 3174: 3164: 3157: 3151: 3149: 3141: 3137: 3134: 3129: 3119: 3115: 3112: 3107: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3085: 3083: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3049: 3047: 3039: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3016: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2999: 2994: 2987: 2983: 2980: 2979: 2972: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2955: 2950: 2943: 2939: 2936: 2931: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2910: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2889: 2882: 2878: 2875: 2870: 2863: 2859: 2856: 2851: 2844: 2834: 2830: 2829: 2821: 2813: 2807: 2792: 2786: 2772:on 2007-11-05 2771: 2767: 2760: 2745: 2741: 2735: 2720: 2716: 2710: 2696:on 2012-11-09 2695: 2691: 2685: 2683: 2668:on 2012-11-09 2667: 2663: 2657: 2655: 2650: 2641: 2638: 2636: 2633: 2631: 2628: 2626: 2623: 2621: 2618: 2616: 2613: 2611: 2608: 2606: 2603: 2601: 2598: 2596: 2593: 2591: 2588: 2587: 2583: 2572: 2569: 2558: 2555: 2544: 2537: 2535: 2531: 2525: 2515: 2513: 2509: 2503: 2500: 2495: 2493: 2492:Puerto Ricans 2489: 2483: 2478: 2468: 2465: 2464: 2458: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2443: 2442: 2441:The Economist 2434: 2428: 2426: 2425: 2420: 2419:Juan Gonzalez 2417: 2415: 2407: 2401: 2400: 2398: 2393: 2389: 2383: 2379: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2363: 2353: 2349: 2347: 2341: 2331: 2329: 2324: 2320: 2317: 2312: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2297: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2282: 2279:March 2, 1917 2276: 2272: 2268: 2261: 2255: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2232: 2226: 2218: 2214: 2209: 2200: 2197: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2166:Martín Espada 2162: 2160: 2156: 2151: 2150: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2109: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2094: 2089: 2084: 2081: 2080: 2077: 2066: 2064: 2063: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2036: 2034: 2030: 2025: 2022: 2018: 2010: 2006: 2001: 1997: 1995: 1992:US President 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1954: 1946: 1943: 1942: 1931: 1926: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1896: 1895:Robert Cooper 1892: 1891:Luis Irizarry 1888: 1884: 1881: 1876: 1872: 1871: 1866: 1862: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1824: 1823: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1801: 1798: 1788: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1774: 1773: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1756: 1754: 1749: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1730: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1708: 1704: 1693: 1688: 1686: 1681: 1679: 1674: 1673: 1671: 1670: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1653: 1652:Daniel Santos 1650: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1622:Isabel Rosado 1620: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1584: 1578: 1577: 1570: 1567: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1524:Hugo Margenat 1522: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1514:Lolita Lebrón 1512: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1489:Oscar Collazo 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1456: 1450: 1449: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1410: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1389: 1383: 1382: 1375: 1371: 1370: 1367: 1362: 1361: 1357: 1356: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1305: 1303: 1293: 1291: 1287: 1278: 1275:wielding his 1274: 1269: 1265: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1252:, along with 1251: 1247: 1243: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1219:José de Diego 1215: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1200: 1198: 1189: 1180: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1141: 1139: 1135: 1134:New York City 1131: 1126: 1124: 1120: 1117: 1116: 1111: 1107: 1101: 1099: 1096:in 1895, the 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1082:New York City 1078: 1076: 1072: 1064: 1059: 1055: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1040: 1036: 1031: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1008: 1006: 1002: 998: 995: 994: 989: 985: 981: 977: 976: 972:In 1868, the 967: 966: 961: 956: 952: 950: 946: 942: 938: 935: 931: 927: 925: 921: 920:Simón Bolívar 916: 914: 913:Sabana Grande 910: 906: 902: 901: 890: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 857:, cacique of 856: 852: 848: 847: 842: 838: 831:Taíno revolts 823: 821: 817: 813: 808: 806: 802: 798: 794: 789: 787: 783: 779: 775: 766: 762: 760: 755: 751: 747: 746: 740: 736: 732: 727: 725: 722: 721: 715: 714:United States 711: 707: 703: 699: 687: 682: 680: 675: 673: 668: 667: 665: 664: 658: 653: 648: 646: 643: 642: 640: 639: 630: 627: 625: 622: 620: 617: 615: 614:Sovereigntism 612: 611: 610: 607: 605: 602: 601: 598: 593: 592: 585: 584:Insular Cases 582: 573: 569: 565: 562: 561: 560: 557: 556: 555: 552: 551: 550: 547: 546: 540: 539: 532: 529: 527: 524: 523: 520: 515: 514: 507: 504: 500: 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 482: 480: 477: 476: 475: 472: 470: 467: 466: 460: 459: 452: 451:Supreme Court 449: 448: 445: 440: 439: 428: 424: 423:Minority Whip 421: 419: 415: 412: 410: 406: 405:Majority Whip 403: 401: 397: 394: 392: 388: 385: 383: 382:Johnny Méndez 379: 376: 375: 374: 370: 367: 363: 359: 358:Minority Whip 356: 354: 350: 346: 342: 339: 337: 333: 332:Majority Whip 330: 328: 324: 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Retrieved 4853:The Guardian 4852: 4842: 4832:February 17, 4830:. Retrieved 4826:the original 4819: 4796:February 24, 4794:. Retrieved 4786:Miami Herald 4785: 4775: 4766: 4761:February 24, 4759:. Retrieved 4750: 4741: 4731:February 23, 4729:. Retrieved 4720: 4711: 4701:February 23, 4699:. Retrieved 4690: 4681: 4669:. Retrieved 4658: 4649: 4641: 4616: 4601: 4592: 4577: 4551:. Retrieved 4544:the original 4527:. Retrieved 4514: 4504:February 21, 4502:. Retrieved 4493: 4484: 4460: 4453: 4442:the original 4429: 4405: 4398: 4388:February 21, 4386:. Retrieved 4377: 4367: 4355:. Retrieved 4341: 4330:. Retrieved 4326:the original 4316: 4304:. Retrieved 4300:the original 4290: 4271: 4262: 4257: 4245:. Retrieved 4236: 4227: 4215:. Retrieved 4206: 4197: 4185:. Retrieved 4181:the original 4177:isreview.org 4176: 4167: 4160: 4145: 4138: 4123: 4112:the original 4099: 4092: 4077: 4069: 4054: 4042:. Retrieved 4038:the original 4033: 4009:. Retrieved 4005:the original 4000: 3991: 3979:. 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Retrieved 2666:the original 2527: 2504: 2496: 2484: 2480: 2461: 2459: 2446: 2439: 2437: 2431: 2422: 2412: 2410: 2404: 2395: 2391: 2388:Roque Planas 2384: 2380: 2375: 2367: 2365: 2350: 2343: 2325: 2321: 2315: 2313: 2308: 2298: 2292:founded the 2283: 2222: 2198: 2172:, the group 2163: 2147: 2140:Havana, Cuba 2133: 2110: 2085: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2060: 2052: 2044: 2040: 2037: 2033:Jimmy Carter 2026: 2019:supported a 2014: 1955: 1951: 1939: 1905: 1854:Hiram Rosado 1821: 1796: 1770: 1768: 1757: 1750: 1731: 1727: 1712: 1632:René Marqués 1617:Hiram Rosado 1607:Irvin Flores 1494:Rosa Collazo 1408: 1364:Puerto Rican 1336:Noam Chomsky 1333: 1325:governorship 1317:Domino Sugar 1306: 1299: 1282: 1244:, the first 1239: 1216: 1212:US territory 1201: 1194: 1160: 1157: 1147: 1137: 1127: 1118: 1113: 1105: 1102: 1089: 1079: 1068: 1038: 1032: 1016:peninsulares 1015: 1011: 1009: 1004: 996: 991: 973: 971: 963: 962:, where the 936: 934:Puerto Rican 928: 917: 898: 896: 874: 866: 844: 841:Agüeybaná II 834: 809: 790: 771: 761:, in 1895. 750:Spanish rule 743: 739:independence 728: 723: 719: 718:flag of the 695: 619:Independence 618: 353:Vargas Vidot 179:Constitution 69:Affiliations 35: 5968:Puerto Rico 5834:Think tanks 5368:Iris Zavala 5353:Piri Thomas 5273:Juan Dalmau 4981:Agüeybaná I 4780:Wyss, Jim. 4751:Ballotpedia 4093:Progressive 3844:dstatic.org 2944:, 80 Grados 2386:Journalist 2252:), and the 2225:Foraker Act 2159:Raúl Castro 1843:Río Piedras 1341:arable land 735:nationalism 349:Juan Dalmau 287:Legislature 280:Legislative 141:Young Lords 63:Puerto Rico 6067:Categories 5938:California 4866:2024-07-19 4553:January 9, 4529:August 10, 4332:2009-10-06 3892:2014-02-22 3857:2014-02-24 3566:2009-03-17 3470:; by: Dr. 2838:2009-03-12 2797:2009-03-12 2776:2009-03-12 2750:2021-04-11 2725:2021-04-11 2700:2012-11-08 2672:2012-11-08 2646:References 2522:See also: 2327:Democrats. 2277:, enacted 2269:, 39 2248:, enacted 2240:, 31 1271:President 1246:mass party 1179:in 1898. 1130:St. Thomas 1075:plantation 1061:The 1897 " 905:San Germán 737:, and pro- 629:Status quo 267:First Lady 5782:Political 5258:Roy Brown 5221:activists 4861:0261-3077 4788:. 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