4779:
Puerto Rico. The Free
Association would be based on a free and voluntary political association, the specific terms of which shall be agreed upon between the United States and Puerto Rico as sovereign nations. Such agreement would provide the scope of the jurisdictional powers that the People of Puerto Rico agree to confer to the United States and retain all other jurisdictional powers and authorities. Under this option the American citizenship would be subject to negotiation with the United States Government; (2) Proclamation of Independence, I demand that the United States Government, in the exercise of its power to dispose of territory, recognize the national sovereignty of Puerto Rico as a completely independent nation and that the United States Congress enact the necessary legislation to initiate the negotiation and transition to the independent nation of Puerto Rico. My vote for Independence also represents my claim to the rights, duties, powers, and prerogatives of independent and democratic republics, my support of Puerto Rican citizenship, and a "Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation" between Puerto Rico and the United States after the transition process
1199:
38:
176:
1385:
4974:
1819:
2573:
1946:
1803:
2587:
2363:
the United States to expedite the process to allow self-determination in Puerto Rico. More specifically, the group called on the United States to expedite a process that would allow the people of Puerto Rico to exercise fully their right to self-determination and independence: "allow the Puerto Rican people to take decisions in a sovereign manner, and to address their urgent economic and social needs, including unemployment, marginalization, insolvency and poverty".
2559:
663:
776:
1279:
1069:
2011:
1725:
political organizations joined forces and formed the Puerto Rican
Nationalist Party, with Coll y Cuchi as party president. The party's chief goal was to achieve independence from the United States. This party contended that by international law, the Spanish had no authority under the Treaty of Paris to cede the island, as it was no longer theirs. In 1924 Dr. Pedro Albizu Campos joined the party and was named vice-president.
2322:(files) concerning individuals of all social groups and ages. Approximately 75,000 persons were listed as under political police surveillance. Historians and critics found that the massive surveillance apparatus was directed primarily against Puerto Rico's independence movement. As a result, many independence supporters moved to the Popular Democratic Party to support its opposition to statehood.
1271:. Diego was elected to the House of Delegates, the only locally elected body of government then allowed by the U.S., over which Diego presided from 1904 to 1917. The House of Delegates was subject to the U.S. President's veto power and unsuccessfully voted for the island's right to independence and self-government. It petitioned against imposition of
2417:
associated state -- a type of independence in close alliance with the United States. Some 61 percent of those who answered the second question chose statehood. That 61 percent wasn't the majority, however. Over 470,000 voters intentionally left the second question blank, meaning that only 45 percent of those casting ballots supported statehood.
2070:(EPB, in english: Boricua Popular Army), and others began engaging in subversive activities against the US government and military to bring attention to the colonial condition of Puerto Rico. In 1977, Rubén Berríos Martínez, then the President of the Puerto Rican Independence Party, wrote a long and detailed article in
900:. Agüeybaná II's people, who were armed only with spears, bows, and arrows, were no match for the guns of the Spanish forces, resulting in Agüeybaná II being shot and killed in the battle. The revolt ultimately failed, and many Taíno either committed suicide or fled to the interior, mountainous regions of the island.
1111:, to be flown at the coup. The Mayor of Yauco, Francisco Lluch Barreras, learned of the planned uprising, and notified the island's Spanish governor. When Fidel Velez, one of the separatist leaders, learned that the word was out, he met with other leaders and forced them to begin the insurrection immediately.
2042:, four nationalists opened fire on US Representatives during a debate on the floor of the US Congress, wounding five men, one seriously. The Nationalists were tried and convicted in federal court and sentenced effectively to life imprisonment. In 1978 and 1979, their sentences were commuted by President
1025:(born on the island). The critical state of the economy, along with the increasing repression imposed by the Spanish, served as catalysts for the rebellion. The stronghold of the movement were towns located on the mountains of the west of the island. The rebels looted local stores and offices owned by
2392:
Sixty years later, a majority of those who voted on the second question of a 2012 referendum, to indicate what type of arrangement they preferred, voted to seek admission as a state into the United States. 61.16% voted for statehood, 33.34% voted for free association and 5.49% voted for independence.
2362:
Note that the UN's
Special Committee has often referred to Puerto Rico as a nation in its reports, because, internationally, the people of Puerto Rico are often considered to be a Caribbean nation with their own national identity. Most recently, in a June 2016 report, the Special Committee called for
1878:
presented a legislative proposal to grant independence to Puerto Rico, but many people believed that it had unfavorable economic conditions. Barceló and the
Liberal Party favored the Bill, because it would give Puerto Rico its independence; Muñoz Marín opposed the Bill because he wanted Puerto Rico's
1724:
In 1919, Puerto Rico had two major organizations that supported independence: the
Nationalist Youth and the Independence Association. Also in 1919, José Coll y Cuchí, a member of the Union Party of Puerto Rico, left the party and formed the Nationalist Association of Puerto Rico. In 1922, these three
1114:
On March 24, 1897, Velez and his men marched towards Yauco, planning to attack the barracks of the
Spanish Civil Guard, to gain control of their arms and ammunition. At arrival, they were ambushed by Spanish forces. When a firefight broke out, the rebels quickly retreated. On March 26, a group headed
1052:
revolutionaries encountered heavy resistance from the
Spanish militia and retreated to Lares. The Spanish militia rounded up the rebels and quickly brought the insurrection to an end. The government imprisoned some 475 rebels, and a military court imposed the death penalty, for treason and sedition,
2093:
reporting that "calls for Puerto Rico's independence have existed since the days of
Spanish colonial rule and continued after the United States seized control of the island in 1898 (...) although many Puerto Ricans express deep patriotism for the island, the independence impulse has never translated
2516:
At approximately the same time as the referendum, Puerto Rico's legislators voted on a bill that allows the
Governor to draft a state constitution and hold elections to choose senators and representatives to the federal Congress. Regardless of the outcome of the 2017 referendum and the bill, action
2049:
In the 1960s, the United States received international condemnation for holding onto the world's oldest colony. By the 1960s, a new phase of the Puerto Rican independence movement began. Several organizations began to use "clandestine armed struggle" against the US government. Underground "people's
2496:
The White House Task Force on Puerto Rico offers the following specifics: "Free
Association is a type of independence. A compact of Free Association would establish a mutual agreement that would recognize that the United States and Puerto Rico are closely linked in specific ways as detailed in the
4778:
With my vote, I make the initial request to the Federal Government to begin the process of the decolonization through: (1) Free Association: Puerto Rico should adopt a status outside of the Territory Clause of the Constitution of the United States that recognizes the sovereignty of the People of
2443:
the referendum on the island's future was, in fact, a two-part vote that actually revealed that most want an end to the status quo, but not necessarily statehood ... And the results were: 809,000 votes for statehood, only 73,000 for independence, and 441,000 for sovereign free association ... So
2329:
seek to achieve independence either through peaceful political means or violent revolutionary actions. The Independence Party has elected some legislative candidates, but in recent elections has not won more than a small percentage of votes for its gubernatorial candidates (2.04% in 2008) or the
2106:
asserts that it "support the right of the United States citizens of Puerto Rico to be admitted to the Union as a fully sovereign state if they freely so determine," that Congress should "define the constitutionally valid options for Puerto Rico" to gain permanent non-territorial status, and said
1739:
On May 11, 1930, Pedro Albizu Campos was elected president of the Nationalist Party. Under his leadership, in the 1930s the party became the largest independence movement in Puerto Rico. But, after disappointing electoral outcomes and strong repression by the territorial police, by the mid-1930s
2416:
the referendum consisted of two questions. First, it asked voters if they wanted to keep their current U.S. commonwealth status. Dissatisfaction emerged victorious with 52 percent of the vote. The referendum then asked if voters wanted to become a U.S. state, an independent country, or a freely
752:
sentiments and political parties exist on the island. Since the beginning of the 19th century, organizations advocating independence in Puerto Rico have attempted both peaceful political means as well as violent revolutionary actions to achieve its objectives. The declaration of independence of
2512:
was strongly in favor of statehood to help develop the economy and help to "solve our 500-year-old colonial dilemma ... Colonialism is not an option . ... It's a civil rights issue ... 3.5 million citizens seeking an absolute democracy," he told the news media. Benefits of statehood include an
2396:
In a status referendum in 2012, which had a two-part vote, 5.5% voted for independence. Analysts noted that the results were ambiguous because of issues related to the structure of questions and supporters of the commonwealth status urging voters to abstain from voting on the second question.
2034:
on the new constitution, to determine the status of the island's relationship to the U.S. The people voted by nearly 82% in favor of the new constitution and Free Associated State, or Commonwealth. Nationalists criticized the constitution because the Commonwealth was subject to US laws and to
4407:
2492:
The previous plebiscites provided voters with three options: statehood, free association, and independence. The 2017 referendum offered three options: Statehood, Commonwealth and Independence/Free Association. If the majority vote for the latter, a second vote will be held to determine the
1963:
The Puerto Rican independence movement took new measures after the Free Associate State was authorized. On October 30, 1950, with the new autonomist Commonwealth status about to go into effect, multiple Nationalist uprisings occurred, in an effort to focus world attention on the Movement's
1349:
argued in the late 20th century that, after 1898 "Puerto Rico was turned into a plantation for U.S. agribusiness, later an export platform for taxpayer-subsidized U.S. corporations, and the site of major U.S. military bases and petroleum refineries." By 1930, over 40 percent of all the
2130:, while stating that "the Communist Party of the USA continues its support for independence of Puerto Rico and the transfer of all sovereign powers to Puerto Rico." Their platform supported the people's "acquisition of their internationally recognized right to independence and
2163:
that he supported Puerto Rican independence, saying that "it's an embarrassment that Latin America and the Caribbean in the 21st century still have colonies. Let the imperial elites of the U.S. say whatever they want." Also at this summit, the president of Argentina,
1729:
1915:, signed into law a bill passed by the Puerto Rican Senate, which was controlled by elected PPD representatives. It prohibited discussion of independence, militant independence activism, and significantly curtailed other Puerto Rican independence activities. The
2513:
additional $ 10 billion per year in federal funds, the right to vote in presidential elections, higher Social Security and Medicare benefits, and a right for its government agencies and municipalities to file for bankruptcy. The latter is currently prohibited.
4361:
950:, joined forces with the Venezuelan government, under the leadership of Simón Bolívar, to lead an insurrection against the Spanish colonial forces in Puerto Rico. The Spanish occupation forces were the object of more than thirty conspiracies. Some, like the
4898:
Wilma E. Reverón Collazo. Introducción a la historia del MPI en el 160 Aniversario del Natalicio de Eugenio María de Hostos. Capaprieto /Movimiento Independentista Nacional Hostosiano - Mayagüez. Mayagüez, Puerto Rico. 11 January 1999. Retrieved 4 Juna
1777:. Barceló and Muñoz Marín were both elected Senators. By 1936, differences between Muñoz Marín and Barceló began to surface, as well as between those followers who considered Muñoz Marín the true leader and those who considered Barceló as their leader.
2801:
2477:
reported in December 2013 that, since Puerto Ricans became US citizens in 1917, they have "been divided over their relationship with the mainland" on whether to become a US state, become independent, or a self-governing territory under US control.
4826:
1018:, or statements attacking the exploitation of the Puerto Ricans by the Spanish colonial system, and called for immediate insurrection. These statements were rapidly circulated throughout the island as local dissident groups began to organize.
2455:
reported on the island economy's "dire financial straits." Referring to the 2012 referendum, it said that "Puerto Rico is unlikely to become a state any time soon. Because the island remains a territory, the decision is ultimately out of
2101:
in the United States asserted in its 2012 platform that it "will continue to work on improving Puerto Rico's economic status by promoting job creation, education, health care, clean energy, and economic development on the Island." The
2035:
approval by the US executive and legislative branches of government, branches which Puerto Ricans did not participate in electing. As the government suppressed the Nationalist leaders, their political activities and influence waned.
4675:
1888:
by the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party, organized to commemorate the ending of slavery in Puerto Rico, resulted in the deaths of 17 unarmed citizens and 2 policemen at the hands of the territorial police, an event known as the
810:, With a voter turnout of 23%, it had the lowest turnout of any status referendum held in Puerto Rico. The independence option was linked to the Commonwealth option, obtaining 1.50%. A sixth referendum was held on November 3,
5679:
2605:
2219:
4468:
4413:
4357:
767:
proclaimed the flag of the revolt as the national flag of an independent “Republic of Puerto Rico”, making it the first flag of Puerto Rico. However, the rebels replaced the flag with a new revolutionary flag, the
2333:
In March 2023, a diaspora group petitioned the United States Congress to create an American-Puerto Rican Commission to promote the decolonization and independence of Puerto Rico from the United States of America.
4276:
New York: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2005; pp.66, 178. ("U.S. citizenship was extended to residents of Puerto Rico by virtue of the Jones Act, chap. 190, 39 Stat. 951 (1971) (codified at 48 U.S.C. § 731
2337:
In April 2023, Puerto Rico's Status Act, which seeks to resolve its territorial status and relationship with the United States through a binding plebiscite at the federal level, was reintroduced in the House by
4040:
1315:." The American government supported American corporations with military force on occasion. The profits generated by this one-sided arrangement were enormous, as US corporations developed large plantations.
1294:
The newly created Puerto Rico Union Party advocated allowing voters to choose among non-colonial options, including annexation, an independent protectorate, and full autonomy. Another new party called the
4836:
2142:
does not support independence for Puerto Rico, but calls for "full representation for the U.S. territories of Guam and Puerto Rico, all Native American reservations, and the District of Columbia."
1863:
On February 23, 1936, Colonel Elisha Francis Riggs, formerly of the US Army and the highest police officer in the island, was assassinated in retaliation for the Río Piedras events by Nationalists
4469:
United Nations. General Assembly. Special Committee on the Situation With Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples (1971).
4414:
United Nations. General Assembly. Special Committee on the Situation With Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples (1971).
1927:, with anyone found guilty of disobeying the law in any way being subject to a sentence of up to ten years imprisonment, a fine of up to US$ 10,000 (equivalent to $ 127,000 in 2023), or both.
2084:
A number of social groups, political parties, and individuals worldwide have supported the concept of Puerto Rican independence. On the island itself, it is a fringe but intense movement, with
3802:
2377:
The main political parties in Puerto Rico have supported a continuing relationship with the United States and been supported by the electorate. By the 1940s, voters had elected a majority of
433:
415:
2672:
2493:
preference: full independence as a nation or associated free state status with independence but with a "free and voluntary political association" between Puerto Rico and the United States.
4665:
5877:
5872:
4251:
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2522:
1303:
wrote a manifesto for independence. The Independence Party was the first party in the history of the island to openly support independence from the United States as part of its platform.
4595:
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4163:
2359:
and how to assist it in achieving "independence" or "decolonization". In 1978, the Special Committee determined that a "colonial relationship" existed between the US and Puerto Rico.
1841:
in San Juan to protest the legislative proposal to approve the present Puerto Rican flag, the official flag of the insular government. Nationalists preferred the flag used during the
1714:
397:
4619:
1057:
and other prominent Puerto Ricans were successful in interceding, and the national government ordered a general amnesty and release of all the prisoners. Numerous leaders, such as
966:
954:, the riots and sedition of 1897 and the Secret Societies at the end of the 19th century, became popular rebellions. The most widespread popular revolts, however, were the one in
3100:
2700:
2393:
Hundreds of thousands of voters abstained from the question, so the proportion of voters for statehood was actually 45% of the total eligible electorate rather than a majority.
1751:. The Liberal Party's political agenda was the same as that of the original Union Party, urging independence for Puerto Rico. Among those who joined him in the "new" party were
4765:
1326:
after serving as treasurer. He resigned in 1915, but stayed on the board. The company operated the largest sugar-refining operation in the world and was later renamed as the
4800:
2318:) to surveil, infiltrate, discredit, and disrupt domestic political organizations which it classified as suspect or subversive. The police documented thousands of extensive
1088:
owner, and Mateo Mercado. Later that year, the local Civil Guard discovered their plans and arrested all those involved. They were soon released and allowed to return home.
1358:
owned by Domino Sugar and U.S. banking interests. These bank syndicates also owned the insular postal system, the coastal railroad, and the San Juan international seaport.
424:
406:
2292:) reduced political opposition in the island, as they vested the U.S. Congress with authority and veto power over any legislation or referendum initiated by Puerto Rico.
3611:
2497:
compact. Compacts of this sort are based on the national sovereignty of each country, and either nation can unilaterally terminate the association." The content of the
1311:
Through the 1930s, U.S. banking interests and corporations expanded their control of lands throughout Latin America. Taking Puerto Rico was seen as a part of American "
1221:, he proposed the idea of independence for Puerto Rico. The men were disappointed when their ideas were rejected by the US government and the island was organized as a
5094:
4472:
Report of the Special Committee on the Situation with Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples
4417:
Report of the Special Committee on the Situation with Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples
2188:
2059:
96:
1119:
of Yauco, but were overcome. The government arrested more than 150 rebels, charged them with various crimes against the state, and sent them to prison in the City of
3826:
4306:
4048:
3591:
5915:
5751:
2729:
1700:
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1299:
emerged, founded by Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón in 1912, which promoted Puerto Rico's independence. That same year, Scott Colón, Zeno Gandía, Matienzo Cintrón, and
937:, also known as "The Liberator from Puerto Rico", fought for the independence of South America together with Bolívar; he also wanted an independent Puerto Rico.
933:
to liberate South America from Spanish rule. Bolívar sought to create a federation of Latin American nations, to include Puerto Rico and Cuba. Brigadier General
2615:
1103:
revolt of 1868. They made plans for a major coup in Puerto Rico. Lluberas returned to Puerto Rico with the new revolutionary flag of Puerto Rico adopted by the
1029:(Spanish-born residents) and took over the city hall. They took as prisoners Spanish merchants and local government officials. The revolutionaries placed their
6062:
1331:
388:
245:
4644:
2640:
1275:, but the US granted citizenship to island residents. Despite these failures, Diego became known as the "Father of the Puerto Rican Independence Movement."
2822:
368:
342:
255:
4072:
2868:
5644:
3734:
1951:
1426:
290:
1080:
In 1896, a group of residents of Yauco who supported independence joined forces to overthrow the Spanish government in the island. The group was led by
5805:
5067:
4735:
4705:
897:
324:
146:
2501:
might cover topics such as the role of the US military in Puerto Rico, the use of the U.S. currency, free trade between the two entities, and whether
1780:
Muñoz Marín and his followers, who included Felisa Rincón de Gautier and Ernesto Ramos Antonini, held an assembly in the town of Arecibo to found the
6118:
6093:
5792:
3794:
2196:
694:
223:
4859:
4617:"Puerto Rico referendum historic, but complex: 809,000 vote for statehood, only 73,000 for independence, and 441,000 for sovereign free association"
4141:
3367:
5373:
2676:
2200:
2180:
2146:
4592:
4501:"Special Committee on Decolonization Approves Text Calling upon United States Government to Expedite Self-Determination Process for Puerto Rico"
4243:
3985:
5700:
5669:
4115:
3893:
3847:
3517:
28 December 1999; p. A03. "Apology Isn't Enough for Puerto Rico Spy Victims." Retrieved July 8, 2009, hosted at Latin American Studies website.
2650:
2398:
806:, with 54% voting to change Puerto Rico's status but the federal government took no action to do so. The fifth plebiscite was held on June 11,
4213:
3011:
3925:
4160:
1782:
5908:
5835:
5744:
2967:
1693:
383:
2754:
6103:
4616:
3504:
3454:
3325:
2468:
presidential candidates and could be expected to vote for the same party for Congressional seats if statehood were approved by Congress.
2031:
260:
17:
3276:
5825:
5664:
4579:
3108:
2704:
1446:
351:
333:
2464:
would surely use every tactic at its disposal to block a statehood bill," as the island voters have been overwhelmingly supportive of
6098:
5815:
4757:
2625:
619:
270:
61:
4183:
6108:
5057:
4963:
4547:
4289:
783:
Since the second half of the 20th century, the independence movement has trailed significantly behind the pro-Commonwealth and pro-
484:
301:
101:
4792:
4392:
6031:
5901:
5737:
5037:
2108:
1686:
872:, organized a revolt in 1511 against the spanish conquistadors in the southern and western parts of the island. He was joined by
787:
movements at the ballots. Independence also received the least support, less than 4.5% of the vote, in the status referendums in
559:
516:
379:
106:
4508:
1251:
Diego resigned from the position in order to pursue independence. On 19 February 1904, he co-founded the Unionist Party, or the
2444:
statehood did not actually receive 61% of the vote — until you ignore the nearly half a million people who cast blank ballots.
2382:
2112:
1787:
1104:
1096:
1003:
764:
564:
494:
315:
250:
131:
3615:
3193:
3124:
6036:
5948:
5882:
5777:
4484:
4429:
4332:
3780:
3721:
3655:
3599:
3569:
3490:
3085:
3042:
2933:
2912:
2610:
1769:
During the 1932 elections, the Liberal Party faced the Alliance, then a coalition of the Republican Party of Puerto Rico and
687:
265:
3220:
1740:
Albizu opted against the electoral political process. He advocated violent revolution as the means to achieve independence.
3823:
3416:
2487:
2372:
578:
569:
489:
1766:, had also joined the Liberal Party. Muñoz Marín was eventually the first democratically elected Governor of Puerto Rico.
1033:
on the high altar of the church to signify that the revolution had begun. The Republic of Puerto Rico was proclaimed, and
6052:
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4007:
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2350:
2116:
2039:
1451:
815:
811:
807:
803:
796:
792:
788:
297:
3257:
2992:
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that, while Puerto Rico's status should be supported by a referendum sponsored by "the U.S. government." Neither of the
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5175:
1115:
by Jose Nicolas Quiñones Torres and Ramon Torres fought Spanish colonial forces (mostly island men) in a barrio called
1062:
830:
822:
639:
2945:
6113:
5820:
5268:
4917:
Mireya Navarro (November 28, 2003). "New Light on Old F.B.I. Fight; Decades of Surveillance of Puerto Rican Groups".
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1923:) also made it illegal to sing a patriotic song, and reinforced the 1898 law that had made it illegal to display the
1140:
200:
5583:
5205:
4445:
2165:
1871:. Rosado and Beauchamp were arrested, and summarily executed without a trial at the police headquarters in San Juan.
1667:
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5619:
5263:
5052:
4904:
Chains of Empire, Projects of State: Political Education and U.S. Colonial Rule in Puerto Rico and the Philippines.
2534:
2465:
2461:
2210:
In March 2023, Cuba reiterated its commitment to self-determination and independence of the people of Puerto Rico.
2103:
2098:
1856:
campus, killed four Puerto Rican Nationalist Party supporters and one policeman. The event came to be known as the
1222:
760:
680:
582:
5278:
5130:
4641:
4358:"Grupo de la diáspora pide al Congreso crear una comisión estadounidense boricua para promover la descolonización"
3146:
2300:
940:
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6021:
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4041:"Americas Summit Sans United States: Venezuela, Argentina To Push For Puerto Rican Independence January 28, 2014"
2776:
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2311:
2304:
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2252:
1323:
1296:
1160:
826:
614:
607:
499:
116:
4446:"XIV Ministerial Conference of the Movement of Non-Aligned Nations. Durban, South Africa, 2004. See pages 14–15"
4069:
3955:
3948:"CPUSA Program: Multiracial, Multinational Unity for Full Equality and Against Racism: Core Forces for Progress"
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5388:
2865:
2296:
1826:
1374:
784:
634:
126:
3738:
6011:
5963:
5772:
5604:
5062:
1774:
847:
846:
Some Modern Puerto Rican independence movements have claimed historic connection to the 16th century and the
655:
541:
529:
504:
410:
136:
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4697:
3696:
1045:
5968:
5498:
5293:
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2620:
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2000:
1744:
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346:
121:
111:
5358:
5353:
5195:
3735:"Movimiento Independentista Revolucionario en Armas (MIRA) - Case # SJ-100-12315. Retrieved on 2008-12-04"
2385:) members in the legislature. In 1952, they voted by nearly 82% in support of the new constitution of the
934:
328:
6088:
5800:
5782:
5654:
4138:
3364:
2630:
2498:
1980:
1436:
624:
205:
189:
5160:
5150:
1999:
declared Puerto Rico a free republic. Two days after the creation of the Commonwealth, two Nationalists
1853:
1752:
1237:
1034:
5938:
5533:
5170:
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2539:
In recent years, primarily in online spaces, there has been a growth in support for reunification with
2429:
2268:
2239:
1657:
1038:
923:
310:
240:
5578:
5145:
5140:
5110:
1574:
1218:
1058:
1054:
994:
915:
5983:
5243:
5215:
4139:"Calle 13’s René "Residente" Pérez on Revolutionary Music, WikiLeaks & Puerto Rican Independence"
2751:""A Tremendous Jump for Progressive Forces": Puerto Rico Election Signals End of Two-Party Dominance"
1849:
1672:
1232:, sought independence from the United States via political accommodation. On June 5, 1900, President
1198:
277:
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5238:
5165:
4122:
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1597:
1569:
1268:
1175:
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5190:
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1187:
1159:
After four hundred years of colonial rule by the Spanish Empire, Puerto Rico gained autonomy as an
716:
479:
454:
5478:
5273:
3917:
1984:
1968:
1519:
337:
175:
5674:
5483:
5473:
5155:
4949:
2802:"A Historical Overview of Colonial Puerto Rico: The Importance of San Juan as a Military Outpost"
2460:
hands ... the legislature is highly unlikely to prioritise a Puerto Rican statehood bill ... the
2159:
2115:
supports the current status of Puerto Rico as a self-governing unincorporated territory, and the
1612:
1607:
1081:
230:
166:
5624:
5328:
5308:
2964:
2223:
1857:
1402:
37:
6057:
5558:
5468:
5458:
5443:
5083:
3450:
3080:(Author); Pages: 307; Publisher: Sociedad Estatal Quinto Centenario (1992); Language: Spanish;
2750:
2518:
2264:
2135:
1988:
1838:
1833:
During the 1930s and 1940s, Nationalist partisans/guerrilleros took part in violent incidents:
1756:
1717:
1662:
1622:
1509:
1494:
1412:
1272:
1207:
708:
419:
91:
5563:
5553:
5463:
5318:
3501:
3309:
1901:
1829:, gives a cadet military salute, moments before being executed at police headquarters in 1936.
1637:
1559:
1554:
1300:
869:
5634:
5513:
5438:
4903:
4476:
4421:
3559:
3273:
2019:
1920:
1763:
1539:
1489:
1417:
1384:
536:
306:
5518:
5323:
5288:
5200:
4941:
4191:
3647:
3641:
2192:
1748:
1647:
1241:
1214:
893:
574:
401:
5403:
5088:
5032:
4593:
Roque Planas, "Puerto Rico Statehood: 5 Reasons Why The Island Won't Become The 51st State"
2843:
2578:
2127:
2067:
1992:
1912:
1905:
1474:
1339:
1252:
1183:
319:
141:
86:
5528:
2310:
In the mid-century, the "Cointelpro program" was a project conducted by the United States
1652:
1264:
1244:, Manuel Camuñas, and Andrés Crosas to an Executive Cabinet under U.S.-appointed Governor
8:
6016:
5695:
5588:
5398:
5333:
5313:
5185:
4670:
3643:
American Gunfight: The Plot To Kill Harry Truman – And The Shoot-Out That Stopped It
3513:
3482:
3215:
2424:
2139:
2123:
2085:
1924:
1732:
1579:
1469:
1213:
After Puerto Rico became an American possession during the Spanish–American War in 1898,
1133:
1108:
1030:
998:
944:
919:
889:
881:
769:
728:
235:
42:
5180:
4554:
4530:
4286:
3037:
Pages: 305-06; Publisher: Sociedad Estatal Quinto Centenario (1992); Language: Spanish;
2509:
1908:, judge of the Federal Court in Puerto Rico. Winship tried to suppress the Nationalists.
814:, with 52.52% voting to being a state. A seventh referendum will be held on November 5,
428:
372:
6026:
5614:
5568:
5523:
5418:
5368:
5248:
4919:
4384:
2703:(in Spanish). Comisión Estatal de Elecciones de Puerto Rico. 2012-11-08. Archived from
2675:(in Spanish). Comisión Estatal de Elecciones de Puerto Rico. 2012-11-08. Archived from
2564:
2131:
1885:
1564:
1544:
1479:
1287:
1283:
1125:
1120:
1073:
1037:
was proclaimed interim president. The revolutionaries offered immediate freedom to any
990:
970:
955:
930:
210:
193:
5413:
5125:
3762:
Terrorist Organization Profile: Armed Commandos of Liberation. Retrieved on 2008-12-04
2175:
Other individuals and groups supporting Puerto Rican independence have included: poet
1868:
1822:
1602:
1322:, the first civilian U.S. governor of Puerto Rico, succeeded to the presidency of the
437:
5988:
5973:
5953:
5508:
5303:
5253:
4996:
4867:
4642:"The Economist explains" blog: D.R., "Could Puerto Rico become America's 51st state?"
4573:
4500:
4480:
4425:
3776:
3773:
Puerto Rico Under Colonial Rule: Political Persecution and the Quest for Human Rights
3717:
3678:
3651:
3595:
3565:
3542:
3486:
3315:
3081:
3038:
2929:
2908:
2816:
1770:
1642:
1355:
851:
509:
5548:
5258:
3190:
2204:
2066:(OVRP, in english: Organization of Volunteers for the Puerto Rican Revolution), The
1549:
993:
and declared the independence of the Republic of Puerto Rico on September 23, 1868.
5958:
5943:
5680:
Latin American and Caribbean Congress in Solidarity with Puerto Rico's Independence
5115:
4991:
3121:
2606:
Latin American and Caribbean Congress in Solidarity with Puerto Rico's Independence
2592:
2277:
2248:
1319:
1312:
1245:
1233:
5493:
5210:
5135:
4336:
3210:
2837:
2176:
1904:. Soon afterward, two Nationalist partisans/guerrilleros attempted to assassinate
1524:
1229:
392:
5893:
5729:
5659:
5649:
5433:
5423:
5343:
5120:
4831:
4648:
4623:
4599:
4470:
4415:
4293:
4167:
4145:
4099:
4076:
3830:
3700:
3508:
3438:
American Sugar Kingdom: The Plantation Economy of the Spanish Caribbean 1898-1934
3420:
3389:
American Sugar Kingdom: The Plantation Economy of the Spanish Caribbean 1898-1934
3371:
3280:
3261:
3197:
3150:
3128:
3015:
2996:
2971:
2952:
2891:
2872:
2645:
2473:
2184:
2072:
2027:
2015:
2014:
The National Guard, commanded by the Puerto Rico Adjutant General Major General
2004:
1976:
1972:
1897:
1875:
1514:
1441:
1431:
1260:
667:
3413:
5629:
5609:
5428:
5298:
4973:
3637:
3054:
2434:
1996:
1890:
1842:
1484:
1407:
1228:
A number of leaders, including a well-known intellectual and legislator called
1179:
985:
975:
951:
910:
755:
720:
355:
47:
4936:
Portraits of Notable Individuals in the Struggle for Puerto Rican Independence
4092:
4015:
2521:
will be necessary to implement changes to the status of Puerto Rico under the
2199:, a member of Organizacion Socialista Internacional; Puerto Rican nationalist
2169:
1955:
1810:
6077:
5543:
5503:
5448:
5220:
4934:
4871:
3760:
http://www.start.umd.edu/data/tops/terrorist_organization_profile.asp?id=3947
3670:
3541:; by Jorge Rodriguez Beruff; Publisher: Universidad de Puerto Rico; pg. 178;
3254:
2987:
2884:
2502:
2451:
2339:
1632:
1534:
1499:
1256:
1144:
1092:
1011:
724:
712:
594:
4758:"Puerto Rico Statehood, Independence, or Free Association Referendum (2017)"
3479:
Puerto Rico Por Encima de Todo: Vida y Obra de Antonio R. Barceló, 1868-1938
3402:
Beet sugar in the West; a history of the Utah-Idaho Sugar Company, 1891-1966
2330:
legislative elections (4.5-5% of the island-wide legislative vote in 2008).
5538:
5488:
5453:
5338:
3245:
San Juan, Puerto Rico: Litografía Real Hermanos, Inc. 1959. Tomo I. p. 114.
2150:
2043:
1967:
They catalyzed roughly a dozen skirmishes throughout Puerto Rico including
1864:
1627:
1617:
1504:
1346:
1335:
1327:
892:, killing 80 Spanish settlers. First explorer and governor of Puerto Rico,
749:
363:
2307:(PIP). It has continued to participate in the island's electoral process.
5378:
5363:
5283:
4893:
4452:
4161:"Oscar Lopez Rivera: Imprisoned for Supporting Puerto Rican Independence"
2774:
2235:
2076:
that declared that the 'only solution' was independence for Puerto Rico.
1818:
1351:
989:(Cry of Lares) took place, in which revolutionaries occupied the town of
745:
359:
151:
73:
4895:
Historia del Movimiento Pro Independencia--antecesor historico del MINH.
662:
3143:
2544:
2285:
1911:
On June 10, 1948, the United States-appointed Governor of Puerto Rico,
1206:
The United States was granted possession of Puerto Rico as part of the
1085:
829:
achieved 13.6% of the vote, a significant increase in support from the
779:
Current flag of Puerto Rico, also used by Puerto Rican independentists.
5016:
4860:"Puerto Rico movement pitches solution to economic woes: rejoin Spain"
2780:
2256:
1278:
865:
775:
4244:"Cuba repeats commitment to a just, supportive and sustainable world"
3947:
2154:
2026:
Acknowledging the importance of the question of Puerto Rican status,
1068:
896:, led the Spaniards in a series of offensives that culminated in the
873:
1713:
5717:
4604:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3308:
Dyreson, Mark; Mangan, J.A.; Park, Roberta J. (13 September 2013).
3161:
3159:
2946:"María de las Mercedes - La primera Independentista Puertorriquena"
2407:
2010:
1225:. Zeno Gandia returned to the island and continued as an activist.
741:
908:
Several revolts against the Spanish rulers by the native born, or
861:
5011:
5001:
2054:(MIRA, in english: Revolutionary Independence Movement in Arms),
914:, occurred in the 19th century. These include the conspiracy at
856:
3693:
3340:
3156:
2046:
to time served, and they were allowed to return to Puerto Rico.
1896:
On July 25, 1938, shots were fired at the US colonial governor,
965:
27:
Initiatives by inhabitants throughout the history of Puerto Rico
5006:
4793:"Will Puerto Rico become the newest star on the American flag?"
3502:"19 Were killed including 2 policemen caught in the cross-fire"
3243:
Historia de los Partidos Políticos Puertorriqueños (1898-1956).
1786:(Clear, Authentic and Complete Liberal Party), later named the
2122:
Minority parties have expressed different positions: in 2005,
1259:
to advocate for independence for Puerto Rico in the form of a
1193:
715:
have initiated several movements to gain independence for the
4971:
3824:
Paul Lewis, "Recruiting For Iraq War Undercut in Puerto Rico"
2777:"History from Puerto Rico: A Guide to the Island of Boriquén"
2673:"CEE Event - CONDICIÓN POLÍTICA TERRITORIAL ACTUAL - Resumen"
2540:
1164:
959:
4827:"Puerto Rico gov approves referendum in quest for statehood"
2064:
Organización de Voluntarios por la Revolución Puertorriqueña
1248:. The Executive Cabinet also included six American members.
1182:. The newfound autonomy was short-lived, as Puerto Rico was
1143:
where he lived in exile. Mattei Lluberas went into exile in
1065:, Lacroix, Aurelio Méndez and others, were sent into exile.
3848:"Moving America Forward: 2012 Democratic National Platform"
1342:
over the entire Puerto Rican economy through Domino Sugar.
4116:"Research Justice: Decolonizing Knowledge, Building Power"
4070:"Venezuelan Leader to Press for Puerto Rican Independence"
2926:
Puerto Rico in the American Century: A History Since 1898,
2528:
727:. Today, the movement is most commonly represented by the
4274:
The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion: 1803-1898,
2315:
2289:
2260:
2227:
2062:(FALN, in english: Armed Forces of National Liberation),
1837:
On April 6, 1932, Nationalist partisans marched into the
1728:
5873:
Chamber of Marketing, Industry, and Distribution of Food
4666:"Statehood remains an uneasy question for Puerto Ricans"
3485:; Page 292; Publisher: Ediciones Puerto (January 2008);
2355:
Since 1953, the United Nations has been considering the
4307:"Puerto Rico Votes on Status: A Primer on Independence"
2835:
2168:, pledged to vote for independence of Puerto Rico; and
4475:. Vol. 23. United Nations Publications. pp.
4420:. Vol. 23. United Nations Publications. pp.
3978:"2012 Green Party Platform: Puerto Rican Independence"
3440:, pp.221-227; University of North Carolina Press, 1999
753:
Puerto Rico occurred on September 23, 1868 during the
3391:, pp. 45-47; University of North Carolina Press, 1999
3381:
3191:
Chronology of Puerto Rico in the Spanish–American War
2726:"Is Statehood Next for Puerto Rico? It's Complicated"
2641:
United Nations list of non-self-governing territories
1879:
immediate independence but with favorable conditions.
1361:
97:
Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional Puertorriqueña
3675:
Elections in the Americas: A Data Handbook, Volume I
3057:
Noticias de la XVII Brigada Juan Rius Rivera en Cuba
2616:
Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional (Puerto Rico)
2554:
2523:
Territorial Clause of the United States Constitution
2234:
Levinson and Sparrow in their 2005 book suggest the
1848:
On October 24, 1935, a confrontation with police at
1076:" was the last revolt against the Spanish Government
969:
Roman Catholic Church and Plaza de la Revolución in
929:
Many Puerto Ricans became inspired by the ideals of
4214:"The Future Of Puerto Rico's Independence Movement"
1952:
Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s
1931:
1427:
Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s
5923:
5759:
5068:Puerto Rico Pro-Independence University Federation
2775:Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration (1940).
2269:
2240:
2153:in January 2014, Nicolas Maduro, the President of
2126:passed a resolution about Puerto Rico, condemning
2052:Movimiento Independentista Revolucionario en Armas
1964:dissatisfaction with the new commonwealth status.
1735:advocated armed revolution to achieve independence
1217:traveled to Washington, D.C. where, together with
854:. In this revolt, Agüeybaná II, the most powerful
836:
147:Puerto Rico Pro-Independence University Federation
4184:"Who will determine Puerto Rico's future status?"
3918:"Communist Party, USA: Resolution on Puerto Rico"
3795:"Independence for Puerto Rico: The Only Solution"
3307:
2839:Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology
2701:"CEE Event - OPCIONES NO TERRITORIALES - Resumen"
864:people of Puerto Rico at the time, together with
6075:
4391:. The North American Congress on Latin America.
3712:Navarro, Sharon Ann, and Mejia, Armando Xavier.
3636:
2821:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2147:Community of Latin American and Caribbean States
3885:We Believe in America: 2012 Republican Platform
1720:, founder of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
4916:
4531:Puerto Rico Election Code for the 21st Century
2651:Movimento Nacional Sindicalista de Puerto Rico
2058:(CAL, in english: Armed Liberation Commands),
1154:
723:between 1493 and 1898 and since then from the
5909:
5745:
4957:
4287:"Race Space and the Puerto Rican citizenship"
4272:Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow,
3716:, Santa Barbara, California: ABC–CLIO, 2004.
3153:, Flags of the World, Retrieved Feb. 25, 2009
1694:
1210:, which concluded the Spanish–American War.
763:. The revolting members and followers of the
688:
4389:The North American Congress on Latin America
3714:Latino Americans and Political Participation
3557:
3551:
3353:Puerto Rico: A Socio-Historic Interpretation
3294:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3167:Puerto Rico: A Socio-Historic Interpretation
2905:The French Revolution of 1789 and Its Impact
2040:1954 United States Capitol shooting incident
1900:during a parade; they killed Police Colonel
1318:Several years after leaving office, in 1913
802:A fourth referendum was held on November 6,
384:30th House of Representatives of Puerto Rico
4908:Comparative Studies in Society and History,
4637:
4635:
3646:. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp.
2543:rather than statehood, in what is known as
1783:Partido Liberal, Neto, Auténtico y Completo
1194:Seeking independence from the United States
1099:, which included the exiled group from the
5916:
5902:
5752:
5738:
4964:
4950:
4299:
4248:Prensa Latina - Latin American News Agency
4035:
4033:
3590:El ataque Nacionalista a La Fortaleza; by
3394:
2829:
2804:. Archived from the original on 2009-05-31
2432:, journalist and a co-host of the TV show
2213:
2111:in Puerto Rico supports independence: the
1701:
1687:
1447:Attempted assassination of Harry S. Truman
1389:Flag of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
1174:. It was signed by Spanish Prime Minister
695:
681:
36:
4093:"Puerto Rico still deserves independence"
3594:; Page 7; Publisher: Publicaciones RENÉ;
3285:
2626:Proposed political status for Puerto Rico
2481:
2366:
2172:"called for an independent Puerto Rico."
1273:U.S. citizenship to Puerto Ricans in 1917
6119:Anti-American sentiment in North America
6094:Political advocacy groups in Puerto Rico
5058:Hostosian National Independence Movement
4734:. Puerto Rico Report. February 3, 2017.
4704:. Puerto Rico Report. February 3, 2017.
4632:
3792:
3527:The Puerto Ricans: a documentary history
3378:, 16 June 1915, accessed 2 November 2013
3186:
3184:
3134:, Sabana Grande, Retrieved Feb. 25, 2009
3095:
3093:
2980:
2866:"Land Tenure Development in Puerto Rico"
2779:. The University Society. Archived from
2217:
2138:had a platform supporting independence.
2009:
1817:
1727:
1712:
1277:
1197:
1067:
1008:(Revolutionary Committee of Puerto Rico)
997:was the leader of this revolt. Earlier,
964:
918:in 1809, and the uprisings of people in
774:
302:17th Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico
102:Hostosian National Independence Movement
6032:South Carolina Declaration of Secession
5038:Independence Association of Puerto Rico
4820:
4818:
4030:
3474:
3472:
3404:; University of Washington Press, 1966.
3072:
3070:
3068:
2768:
2529:Online rise in reunification with Spain
2344:
1354:in Puerto Rico had been converted into
903:
107:Independence Association of Puerto Rico
14:
6076:
5701:La Borinqueña by Lola Rodríguez de Tío
5645:Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s
5095:Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional
4857:
4803:from the original on February 25, 2017
4738:from the original on February 24, 2017
4708:from the original on February 24, 2017
4578:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
4511:from the original on February 11, 2017
4395:from the original on February 22, 2017
3793:Martinez, Ruben Berrios (April 1977).
3358:
3076:"Historia militar de Puerto Rico"; by
2859:
2695:
2693:
2667:
2665:
2060:Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional
886:Villa de Sotomayor (Sotomayor Village)
765:Revolutionary Committee of Puerto Rico
565:United States House of Representatives
132:Revolutionary Committee of Puerto Rico
6037:Virginia Secession Convention of 1861
5897:
5733:
5670:U.S. Capitol shooting incident (1954)
4945:
4382:
3928:from the original on 27 February 2014
3211:"José de Diego - Library of Congress"
3181:
3172:
3090:
2611:Latin America-United States relations
1053:on all the prisoners. But in Madrid,
833:when it received only 2.1% of votes.
4978:Independence movement in Puerto Rico
4824:
4815:
3958:from the original on 7 December 2015
3805:from the original on 23 January 2015
3529:, Markus Wiener Publishers, 2008P179
3469:
3065:
3024:
2907:. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1995.
2488:Puerto Rican status referendum, 2017
2373:Puerto Rican status referendum, 2012
2117:New Progressive Party of Puerto Rico
2079:
1306:
1123:. These attacks became known as the
1097:Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee
1004:Comité Revolucionario de Puerto Rico
570:Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico
31:Independence movement in Puerto Rico
6053:2012 U.S. state secession petitions
4385:"Puerto Rico at the United Nations"
4224:from the original on 6 October 2014
3457:from the original on 6 October 2014
3311:Mapping an Empire of American Sport
2939:
2690:
2662:
2636:Special Committee on Decolonization
2351:Special Committee on Decolonization
2325:In the 21st century, a majority of
1995:. During the 1950 Jayuya Uprising,
1452:1954 United States Capitol shooting
24:
6104:Puerto Rican independence movement
4887:
4364:from the original on 15 March 2023
4254:from the original on 26 March 2023
3664:
3532:
3443:
3248:
3203:
3101:"1898 La Guerra Hispano Americana"
2999:. Retrieved on September 26, 2007.
2299:worked for independence. In 1946,
2274:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
2245:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
1949:Newsreel scenes in Spanish of the
1362:Formation of the Nationalist Party
831:2016 Puerto Rican general election
823:2020 Puerto Rican general election
25:
6130:
6063:List of state partition proposals
4928:
4825:Coto, Danica (February 3, 2017).
4764:. BALLOTPEDIA. February 6, 2017.
4728:"What's a Free Associated State?"
4698:"What's a Free Associated State?"
4678:from the original on 13 July 2014
4507:. United Nations. June 20, 2016.
4333:"2008 Election Results (Spanish)"
3328:from the original on 1 April 2023
3223:from the original on 11 July 2018
2601:Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2007
2032:plebiscite in Puerto Rico in 1952
2018:and under the orders of Governor
1762:By 1932 Luis Muñoz Rivera's son,
1132:. It was the first time that the
6099:Political history of Puerto Rico
5994:Northwest Territorial Imperative
4972:
4790:
4768:from the original on May 6, 2017
4008:"Platform - Socialist Party USA"
3035:Historia militar de Puerto Rico;
2836:Smithsonian Institution (1907).
2585:
2571:
2557:
2535:Captaincy General of Puerto Rico
2222:Puerto Rican Nationalist leader
2136:Green Party of the United States
1944:
1932:Events under Commonwealth status
1801:
1383:
1345:American professor and activist
1330:company. According to historian
1186:by the United States during the
841:
661:
174:
6109:Separatism in the United States
6022:Mississippi Secession Ordinance
5048:Puerto Rican Independence Party
4851:
4784:
4750:
4720:
4690:
4658:
4610:
4586:
4523:
4493:
4462:
4438:
4376:
4350:
4325:
4280:
4266:
4236:
4206:
4176:
4154:
4132:
4108:
4086:
4063:
4000:
3970:
3940:
3910:
3899:from the original on 2014-07-30
3875:
3840:
3817:
3786:
3765:
3753:
3727:
3706:
3687:
3640:; Bainbridge, John Jr. (2005).
3630:
3604:
3584:
3561:Puerto Rico Under Colonial Rule
3520:
3495:
3430:
3414:Noam Chomsky, "A Century Later"
3407:
3301:
3267:
3235:
3137:
3115:
3047:
3002:
2958:
2918:
2897:
2757:from the original on 2021-04-14
2732:from the original on 2021-04-10
2357:Political status of Puerto Rico
2312:Federal Bureau of Investigation
2305:Puerto Rican Independence Party
1324:American Sugar Refining Company
1267:, Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón and
1167:on November 25, 1897 through a
1147:, joining a group known as the
837:Seeking independence from Spain
827:Puerto Rican Independence Party
500:Puerto Rican Independence Party
117:Puerto Rican Independence Party
5925:Secession in the United States
5826:Statehood Students Association
5760:Advocacy groups in Puerto Rico
5584:Teófilo Villavicencio Marxuach
5216:José "Aguila Blanca" Maldonado
5053:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
3355:, pp.52-83; Random House, 1972
3169:, pp.46-62; Random House, 1972
2878:
2842:. Harvard University. p.
2794:
2743:
2718:
2422:Similarly, as reported by the
2297:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
2166:Cristina Fernández de Kirchner
2056:Comandos Armados de Liberación
1884:On March 21, 1937, a march in
1827:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
1743:In 1932, the pro-independence
1668:Teófilo Villavicencio Marxuach
1334:, Charles Allen leveraged his
1297:Puerto Rico Independence Party
1236:named De Diego, together with
1184:invaded, occupied, and annexed
1091:In 1897, Lluberas traveled to
127:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
13:
1:
6012:Confederate States of America
5605:Ducoudray Holstein Expedition
5519:Pedro "Davilita" Ortiz Dávila
5279:Gilberto Concepción de Gracia
5131:María de las Mercedes Barbudo
4858:Kassam, Ashifa (2015-08-30).
3298:Ribes Tovar et al., p.122-144
3178:Ribes Tovar et al., p.106-109
2753:. Democracy Now. 2020-11-20.
2656:
2301:Gilberto Concepción de Gracia
1648:Pedro "Davilita" Ortiz Dávila
1161:overseas autonomous community
1101:Grito de Lares (Cry of Lares)
1050:Grito de Lares (Cry of Lares)
1001:and Betances had founded the
941:María de las Mercedes Barbudo
656:Politics of the United States
542:Municipalities of Puerto Rico
256:Government-owned corporations
5665:Truman assassination attempt
5043:Liberal Party of Puerto Rico
3558:Bosque Pérez, Ramón (2006).
2986:The Women from Puerto Rico.
2965:Meaning of "Independentista"
2885:"Puerto Rico's First People"
2621:Puerto Rico (proposed state)
2403:Latin American News Dispatch
1745:Liberal Party of Puerto Rico
122:Puerto Rican Socialist Party
112:Liberal Party of Puerto Rico
7:
5836:Workers' Socialist Movement
5783:Constitution of Puerto Rico
5655:San Juan Nationalist revolt
5264:Marie Haydée Beltrán Torres
2631:Sovereigntism (Puerto Rico)
2550:
2499:Compact of Free Association
2379:Partido Popular Democrático
1981:San Juan Nationalist revolt
1437:San Juan Nationalist revolt
1155:Spanish Charter of Autonomy
770:current flag of Puerto Rico
18:Independence of Puerto Rico
10:
6135:
5033:Union Party of Puerto Rico
3694:FBI Files on Puerto Ricans
3564:. SUNY Press. p. 71.
3465:– via angelfire.com.
3105:www.proyectosalonhogar.com
2976:Spanish-English Dictionary
2532:
2485:
2370:
2348:
2226:died in a gun battle with
1874:In 1936, the U.S. Senator
1109:current flag of the island
505:Citizen's Victory Movement
311:26th Senate of Puerto Rico
251:Fiscal agent and financing
201:United States Constitution
142:Union Party of Puerto Rico
6045:
6004:
5931:
5883:Manufacturers Association
5860:
5844:
5816:Proposed political status
5791:
5765:
5709:
5688:
5597:
5387:
5359:María de Lourdes Santiago
5354:Manuel Rodríguez Orellana
5229:
5196:Antonio Valero de Bernabé
5103:
5076:
5025:
4984:
3703:. Retrieved on 2008-12-04
3365:Charles H. Allen Resigns"
3351:Maldonado-Denis, Manuel;
3165:Maldonado-Denis, Manuel;
2145:During the summit of the
1983:, and other shootouts in
1943:
1938:
1850:University of Puerto Rico
1800:
1795:
1788:People's Democratic Party
1202:Political cartoon of 1898
1136:was flown on the island.
1130:(Attempted Coup of Yauco)
1014:. Betances wrote several
935:Antonio Valero de Bernabé
620:Proposed political status
329:Larry Seilhamer Rodríguez
79:
67:
62:Puerto Rican independence
56:
35:
6114:Puerto Rican nationalism
5852:Center for a New Economy
5191:Arturo Alfonso Schomburg
5161:Francisco Ramírez Medina
5151:Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón
3020:Puerto Rico Encyclopedia
2505:would be U.S. citizens.
2405:, wrote as an editor in
2203:, and US Representative
2113:Popular Democratic Party
2068:Ejército Popular Boricua
2001:attempted to assassinate
1790:(PPD for Spanish name).
1771:Santiago Iglesias Pantin
1753:Felisa Rincón de Gautier
1238:Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón
1046:San Sebastián del Pepino
1035:Francisco Ramírez Medina
1010:from their exile in the
958:in 1868, and the one in
517:Political party strength
495:Popular Democratic Party
411:Gabriel Rodríguez Aguiló
380:House of Representatives
206:Puerto Rico Constitution
5778:Civil Rights Commission
5675:Cerro Maravilla murders
5620:Levantamiento de Ciales
5579:Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff
5499:Tomás López de Victoria
5484:Andres Figueroa Cordero
5474:Carmelo Delgado Delgado
5294:José M. Dávila Monsanto
5156:Antonio Mattei Lluberas
5146:Francisco Gonzalo Marín
5141:Eugenio María de Hostos
5111:Ramón Emeterio Betances
5026:Political organizations
3400:Arrington, Leonard J.;
2214:20th century to present
2179:, professor and writer
2160:The Wall Street Journal
1806:Newsreel scenes of the
1613:Andres Figueroa Cordero
1608:Carmelo Delgado Delgado
1575:Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff
1530:Tomás López de Victoria
1369:Part of a series on the
1219:Eugenio María de Hostos
1208:Treaty of Paris of 1898
1149:Puerto Rican Commission
1082:Antonio Mattei Lluberas
1055:Eugenio María de Hostos
995:Ramón Emeterio Betances
848:Taíno rebellion of 1511
347:Ángel Chayanne Martínez
316:President of the Senate
167:Politics of Puerto Rico
6084:Independence movements
6058:Ordinance of Secession
5574:Antonio Vélez Alvarado
5469:Isabel Freire de Matos
5459:Juan Antonio Corretjer
5409:Margot Arce de Vázquez
5239:Antonio Rafael Barceló
5166:José Gualberto Padilla
5104:19th century activists
5084:Cadets of the Republic
5077:Militant organizations
4536:(78, 2.003(54)). 2011
4383:López, Ana M. (2014).
4296:, University of Dayton
4012:SocialistParty-USA.net
2728:. Medium. 2021-04-08.
2519:United States Congress
2482:2017 status referendum
2446:
2419:
2387:Estado Libre Associado
2367:2012 status referendum
2231:
2023:
1830:
1757:Ernesto Ramos Antonini
1736:
1721:
1623:Isabel Freire de Matos
1598:Margot Arce de Vázquez
1570:Antonio Vélez Alvarado
1510:Juan Antonio Corretjer
1413:Cadets of the Republic
1338:of Puerto Rico into a
1291:
1203:
1176:Práxedes Mateo Sagasta
1077:
980:
780:
709:history of Puerto Rico
560:Federal representation
266:Office of the Governor
92:Cadets of the Republic
5811:Independence movement
5534:Helen Rodríguez Trías
5514:Francisco Matos Paoli
5479:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco
5439:Rafael Cancel Miranda
5374:Carlos Alberto Torres
5274:Cayetano Coll y Cuchí
5230:20th and 21st century
5171:Lola Rodríguez de Tió
4985:Indigenous resistance
3771:Bosque Pérez, Ramón.
3200:, Library of Congress
3078:Héctor Andrés Negroni
3031:Héctor Andrés Negroni
2875:, University of Maine
2441:
2414:
2295:Founded in 1922, the
2221:
2201:Carlos Alberto Torres
2013:
1821:
1731:
1716:
1658:Helen Rodríguez Trías
1540:Francisco Matos Paoli
1520:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco
1490:Rafael Cancel Miranda
1281:
1201:
1172:(Charter of Autonomy)
1071:
1041:who would join them.
1021:Most dissidents were
968:
778:
537:Mayors in Puerto Rico
490:New Progressive Party
338:Carmelo Ríos Santiago
325:President pro tempore
246:Executive departments
5625:Río Piedras massacre
5329:Filiberto Ojeda Ríos
5309:Víctor Manuel Gerena
5244:Félix Benítez Rexach
5089:Boricua Popular Army
4835:. DC. Archived from
4194:on 21 September 2020
3775:. SUNY Press, 2006.
3592:Pedro Aponte Vázquez
3539:Strategy as Politics
2894:, Extra News website
2579:United States portal
2401:, co-founder of the
2345:United Nations' view
2224:Filiberto Ojeda Ríos
2128:American imperialism
2119:supports statehood.
1858:Río Piedras massacre
1673:Félix Benítez Rexach
1592:Notable nationalists
1403:Río Piedras massacre
1340:controlling interest
1332:Federico Ribes Tovar
1253:Union of Puerto Rico
1188:Spanish-American War
1178:and ratified by the
904:Puerto Rican revolts
320:Thomas Rivera Schatz
87:Boricua Popular Army
6017:Louisiana secession
5868:Chamber of Commerce
5831:Status quo movement
5696:Grito de Lares flag
5589:Olga Viscal Garriga
5564:Clemente Soto Vélez
5554:Vidal Santiago Díaz
5464:José Ferrer Canales
5399:Pedro Albizu Campos
5349:Ángel Rivero Méndez
5334:Antonio S. Pedreira
5319:Luis Lloréns Torres
5314:Edwin Irizarry Mora
5186:Segundo Ruiz Belvis
4839:on February 4, 2017
4671:The Washington Post
4628:New York Daily News
4081:Wall Street Journal
4018:on 4 September 2012
3612:"NY Latino Journal"
3514:The Washington Post
3483:Delma S. Arrigoitia
3274:Luis Llorens Torres
3216:Library of Congress
2425:New York Daily News
2140:Socialist Party USA
2124:Communist Party USA
2007:in Washington, DC.
1925:Flag of Puerto Rico
1733:Pedro Albizu Campos
1638:José Ferrer Canales
1580:Olga Viscal Garriga
1560:Clemente Soto Vélez
1555:Vidal Santiago Díaz
1470:Pedro Albizu Campos
1464:Nationalist leaders
1301:Luis Lloréns Torres
1134:flag of Puerto Rico
1084:, a wealthy coffee
999:Segundo Ruiz Belvis
943:, the first female
884:, who attacked the
668:Politics portal
398:Speaker pro tempore
32:
6089:COINTELPRO targets
6027:Missouri secession
5959:Confederate States
5861:Trade associations
5821:Statehood movement
5615:Intentona de Yauco
5569:Griselio Torresola
5524:Ruth Mary Reynolds
5419:Casimiro Berenguer
5369:Alejandrina Torres
5324:Oscar López Rivera
5289:Pedro Ortiz Dávila
5206:Fernando Fernandez
5201:Manuel Zeno Gandía
4920:The New York Times
4732:Puerto Rico Report
4702:Puerto Rico Report
4647:2013-12-24 at the
4622:2014-02-26 at the
4598:2017-10-07 at the
4292:2011-09-27 at the
4166:2014-02-27 at the
4144:2014-02-21 at the
4098:2014-02-25 at the
4083:, 26 January 2014.
4075:2016-03-11 at the
3829:2017-05-23 at the
3799:foreignaffairs.com
3699:2005-03-07 at the
3507:2012-11-22 at the
3419:2014-02-22 at the
3376:The New York Times
3370:2020-02-01 at the
3279:2011-09-27 at the
3260:2007-02-03 at the
3196:2018-01-04 at the
3149:2017-07-04 at the
3127:2000-12-08 at the
3014:2015-09-24 at the
2995:2011-06-11 at the
2970:2012-03-26 at the
2951:2011-04-21 at the
2890:2007-12-31 at the
2871:2006-09-13 at the
2565:Puerto Rico portal
2389:or Commonwealth.
2265:Jones–Shafroth Act
2232:
2193:Oscar López Rivera
2134:..." In 2012, the
2132:self-determination
2024:
1831:
1749:Antonio R. Barceló
1737:
1722:
1565:Griselio Torresola
1545:Ruth Mary Reynolds
1480:Casimiro Berenguer
1397:Events and revolts
1292:
1284:Theodore Roosevelt
1269:Antonio R. Barceló
1242:José Celso Barbosa
1215:Manuel Zeno Gandía
1204:
1169:Carta de Autonomía
1126:Intentona de Yauco
1078:
1074:Intentona de Yauco
1044:In the next town,
1031:revolutionary flag
981:
979:took place in 1868
898:Battle of Yagüecas
894:Juan Ponce de León
781:
740:A spectrum of pro-
575:Jenniffer González
402:José Torres Zamora
271:Transition process
261:Line of succession
30:
6071:
6070:
5891:
5890:
5727:
5726:
5639:Ley de la Mordaza
5529:Germán Rieckehoff
5444:José Coll y Cuchí
5391:Nationalist Party
5304:Leopoldo Figueroa
5254:Americo Boschetti
4486:978-92-1-810211-9
4431:978-92-1-810211-9
4360:. 15 March 2023.
4250:. 25 March 2023.
3988:on 6 October 2014
3781:978-0-7914-6417-5
3722:978-1-85109-523-0
3657:978-0-7432-6068-8
3618:on 26 August 2009
3600:978-1-931702-01-0
3571:978-0-7914-6417-5
3491:978-1-934461-69-3
3451:"Antonio Barcelo"
3111:on March 4, 2016.
3086:978-84-7844-138-9
3043:978-84-7844-138-9
2934:978-0-8078-3113-7
2928:UNC Press, 2007.
2913:978-0-313-29339-9
2449:In October 2013,
2109:two major parties
2080:Political support
1961:
1960:
1917:Ley de la Mordaza
1816:
1815:
1718:José Coll y Cuchí
1711:
1710:
1653:Germán Rieckehoff
1495:José Coll y Cuchí
1420:Ley de la Mordaza
1377:Nationalist Party
1356:sugar plantations
1307:American business
1265:Luis Muñoz Rivera
922:, San Germán and
719:, first from the
705:
704:
554:Federal relations
485:Political Parties
420:Urayoán Hernández
160:
159:
16:(Redirected from
6126:
5932:Active movements
5918:
5911:
5904:
5895:
5894:
5754:
5747:
5740:
5731:
5730:
5181:Juan Ríus Rivera
5116:Mariana Bracetti
4976:
4966:
4959:
4952:
4943:
4942:
4924:
4902:Go, J. (2000). "
4882:
4881:
4879:
4878:
4855:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4844:
4822:
4813:
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4808:
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4688:
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4639:
4630:
4614:
4608:
4590:
4584:
4583:
4577:
4569:
4567:
4565:
4559:
4553:. Archived from
4552:
4545:
4543:
4541:
4535:
4527:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4516:
4497:
4491:
4490:
4466:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4451:. Archived from
4450:
4442:
4436:
4435:
4411:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4400:
4380:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4369:
4354:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4344:
4335:. Archived from
4329:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4318:
4309:. Archived from
4303:
4297:
4284:
4278:
4270:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4240:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4229:
4220:. 29 July 2010.
4210:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4199:
4190:. Archived from
4180:
4174:
4158:
4152:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4121:. Archived from
4120:
4112:
4106:
4090:
4084:
4067:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4047:. Archived from
4037:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4023:
4014:. Archived from
4004:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3984:. Archived from
3974:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3933:
3924:. 20 July 2005.
3914:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3898:
3891:
3879:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3863:
3857:. Archived from
3852:
3844:
3838:
3837:, 18 August 2007
3821:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3790:
3784:
3769:
3763:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3737:. Archived from
3731:
3725:
3710:
3704:
3691:
3685:
3668:
3662:
3661:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3614:. Archived from
3608:
3602:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3555:
3549:
3536:
3530:
3524:
3518:
3499:
3493:
3476:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3447:
3441:
3434:
3428:
3427:, September 1998
3411:
3405:
3398:
3392:
3385:
3379:
3362:
3356:
3349:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3305:
3299:
3296:
3283:
3271:
3265:
3252:
3246:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3207:
3201:
3188:
3179:
3176:
3170:
3163:
3154:
3141:
3135:
3133:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3107:. Archived from
3097:
3088:
3074:
3063:
3062:
3051:
3045:
3028:
3022:
3009:"Grito de Lares"
3006:
3000:
2989:Mariana Bracetti
2984:
2978:
2962:
2956:
2943:
2937:
2924:Ayala, César J.
2922:
2916:
2903:Schwab, Gail M.
2901:
2895:
2882:
2876:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2850:
2833:
2827:
2826:
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2809:
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2791:
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2772:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2738:
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2722:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2697:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2669:
2595:
2593:Caribbean portal
2590:
2589:
2588:
2581:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2567:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2510:Ricardo Rosselló
2508:Former Governor
2466:Democratic Party
2462:Republican Party
2327:Independentistas
2291:
2275:
2271:
2262:
2246:
2242:
2104:Republican Party
2099:Democratic Party
2050:armies" such as
2020:Luis Muñoz Marín
1948:
1947:
1936:
1935:
1839:Capitol building
1825:, member of the
1805:
1804:
1793:
1792:
1764:Luis Muñoz Marín
1703:
1696:
1689:
1387:
1366:
1365:
1320:Charles H. Allen
1313:Manifest destiny
1290:in the Caribbean
1261:sovereign nation
1246:Charles H. Allen
1234:William McKinley
1095:and visited the
737:revolt of 1868.
697:
690:
683:
666:
665:
608:Political status
429:Tatito Hernández
373:José Luis Dalmau
178:
162:
161:
43:Medium blue flag
40:
33:
29:
21:
6134:
6133:
6129:
6128:
6127:
6125:
6124:
6123:
6074:
6073:
6072:
6067:
6041:
6000:
5927:
5922:
5892:
5887:
5856:
5840:
5787:
5766:Civil liberties
5761:
5758:
5728:
5723:
5705:
5684:
5660:Utuado Uprising
5650:Jayuya Uprising
5593:
5434:Nemesio Canales
5424:Julia de Burgos
5414:Elías Beauchamp
5404:José S. Alegría
5390:
5383:
5344:Miguel Poventud
5231:
5225:
5126:Roberto Cofresí
5121:Mathias Brugman
5099:
5072:
5063:Socialist Front
5021:
4980:
4970:
4931:
4890:
4888:Further reading
4885:
4876:
4874:
4856:
4852:
4842:
4840:
4832:Washington Post
4823:
4816:
4806:
4804:
4789:
4785:
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4769:
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4741:
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4695:
4691:
4681:
4679:
4664:
4663:
4659:
4649:Wayback Machine
4640:
4633:
4624:Wayback Machine
4615:
4611:
4600:Wayback Machine
4591:
4587:
4571:
4570:
4563:
4561:
4560:on May 21, 2014
4557:
4550:
4548:"Archived copy"
4546:
4539:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4528:
4524:
4514:
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4499:
4498:
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4300:
4294:Wayback Machine
4285:
4281:
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4242:
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4237:
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4225:
4212:
4211:
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4197:
4195:
4182:
4181:
4177:
4172:Dissident Voice
4168:Wayback Machine
4159:
4155:
4146:Wayback Machine
4137:
4133:
4125:
4118:
4114:
4113:
4109:
4100:Wayback Machine
4091:
4087:
4077:Wayback Machine
4068:
4064:
4054:
4052:
4045:Fox News Latino
4039:
4038:
4031:
4021:
4019:
4006:
4005:
4001:
3991:
3989:
3976:
3975:
3971:
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3931:
3929:
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3915:
3911:
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3896:
3889:
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3880:
3876:
3867:
3865:
3861:
3850:
3846:
3845:
3841:
3835:Washington Post
3831:Wayback Machine
3822:
3818:
3808:
3806:
3791:
3787:
3770:
3766:
3758:
3754:
3744:
3742:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3711:
3707:
3701:Wayback Machine
3692:
3688:
3669:
3665:
3658:
3638:Hunter, Stephen
3635:
3631:
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3589:
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3509:Wayback Machine
3500:
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3363:
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3286:
3281:Wayback Machine
3272:
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3262:Wayback Machine
3253:
3249:
3241:Bolivar Pagan.
3240:
3236:
3226:
3224:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3198:Wayback Machine
3189:
3182:
3177:
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3151:Wayback Machine
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3129:Wayback Machine
3120:
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3016:Wayback Machine
3007:
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2985:
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2963:
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2699:
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2663:
2659:
2646:Falange Boricua
2591:
2586:
2584:
2577:
2572:
2570:
2563:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2537:
2531:
2490:
2484:
2474:Washington Post
2447:
2420:
2375:
2369:
2353:
2347:
2273:
2244:
2216:
2197:Roberto Barreto
2094:in the polls."
2090:Washington Post
2082:
2073:Foreign Affairs
2022:, occupy Jayuya
2016:Luis R. Esteves
2005:Harry S. Truman
1977:Utuado Uprising
1973:Jayuya Uprising
1945:
1939:External videos
1934:
1913:Jesús T. Piñero
1898:Blanton Winship
1876:Millard Tydings
1869:Elías Beauchamp
1823:Elías Beauchamp
1802:
1796:External videos
1775:Socialist Party
1747:was founded by
1707:
1678:
1677:
1603:Elías Beauchamp
1593:
1585:
1584:
1515:Julia de Burgos
1475:José S. Alegría
1465:
1457:
1456:
1442:Utuado uprising
1432:Jayuya Uprising
1398:
1390:
1376:
1364:
1309:
1196:
1157:
948:Independentista
906:
888:in present-day
844:
839:
759:revolt against
713:its inhabitants
707:Throughout the
701:
672:
660:
647:
646:
610:
600:
599:
555:
547:
546:
532:
522:
521:
510:Proyect Dignity
475:
467:
466:
457:
447:
446:
438:Ramón Luis Cruz
425:Minority Leader
407:Majority Leader
352:Minority Leader
334:Majority Leader
293:
283:
282:
226:
216:
215:
211:Puerto Rico law
196:
169:
156:
137:Socialist Front
70:
52:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6132:
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5808:
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5773:Bill of Rights
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5652:
5647:
5642:
5632:
5630:Ponce massacre
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5610:Grito de Lares
5607:
5601:
5599:
5595:
5594:
5592:
5591:
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5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5549:Isolina Rondón
5546:
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5506:
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5486:
5481:
5476:
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5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5429:Blanca Canales
5426:
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5406:
5401:
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5299:Elizam Escobar
5296:
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5271:
5266:
5261:
5259:Juan Mari Brás
5256:
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4930:
4929:External links
4927:
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4914:
4900:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4883:
4850:
4814:
4783:
4749:
4719:
4689:
4657:
4655:, October 2013
4631:
4609:
4585:
4522:
4505:United Nations
4492:
4485:
4461:
4458:on 2009-07-31.
4437:
4430:
4406:
4375:
4349:
4324:
4298:
4279:
4265:
4235:
4218:citylimits.org
4205:
4175:
4153:
4150:Democracy Now!
4131:
4128:on 2014-02-26.
4107:
4085:
4062:
4029:
3999:
3969:
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3874:
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3785:
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3494:
3468:
3442:
3436:Ayala, Cesar;
3429:
3406:
3393:
3387:Ayala, Cesar;
3380:
3357:
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3300:
3284:
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2530:
2527:
2486:Main article:
2483:
2480:
2440:
2435:Democracy Now!
2413:
2371:Main article:
2368:
2365:
2349:Main article:
2346:
2343:
2261:April 12, 1900
2230:agents in 2005
2215:
2212:
2205:Luis Gutiérrez
2181:Jason Ferreira
2081:
2078:
1997:Blanca Canales
1959:
1958:
1941:
1940:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1909:
1894:
1891:Ponce massacre
1881:
1880:
1872:
1861:
1846:
1843:Grito de Lares
1814:
1813:
1808:Ponce Massacre
1798:
1797:
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1557:
1552:
1550:Isolina Rondón
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
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1497:
1492:
1487:
1485:Blanca Canales
1482:
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1458:
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1444:
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1415:
1410:
1408:Ponce massacre
1405:
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1371:
1370:
1363:
1360:
1308:
1305:
1195:
1192:
1180:Spanish Cortes
1156:
1153:
1139:Velez fled to
986:Grito de Lares
976:Grito de Lares
952:Lares uprising
905:
902:
860:of the native
843:
840:
838:
835:
756:Grito de Lares
735:(Cry of Lares)
731:Grito de Lares
721:Spanish Empire
703:
702:
700:
699:
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673:
671:
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617:
615:Current status
611:
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590:
589:
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587:
586:
556:
553:
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533:
530:Municipalities
528:
527:
524:
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520:
519:
514:
513:
512:
507:
502:
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476:
473:
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458:
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444:
443:
442:
441:
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395:
377:
376:
375:
366:
356:Eduardo Bhatia
349:
340:
331:
322:
294:
289:
288:
285:
284:
281:
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275:
274:
273:
268:
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243:
241:Chief of Staff
238:
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197:
188:
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89:
83:
81:
77:
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71:
69:Region served
68:
65:
64:
58:
54:
53:
48:Grito de Lares
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6131:
6120:
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6115:
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6107:
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6082:
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6051:
6050:
6048:
6046:Miscellaneous
6044:
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6035:
6033:
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6028:
6025:
6023:
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6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
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5827:
5824:
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5819:
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5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5801:Sovereigntism
5799:
5798:
5796:
5794:
5790:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5770:
5768:
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5755:
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5608:
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5600:
5596:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5559:Daniel Santos
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5544:Isabel Rosado
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5504:Hugo Margenat
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5494:Lolita Lebrón
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5449:Oscar Collazo
5447:
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5442:
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5407:
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5386:
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5337:
5335:
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5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5249:Rubén Berríos
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5236:
5234:
5228:
5222:
5221:Marcos Xiorro
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5211:Agustín Stahl
5209:
5207:
5204:
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5199:
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5179:
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5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5136:José de Diego
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5108:
5106:
5102:
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5030:
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5024:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4967:
4962:
4960:
4955:
4953:
4948:
4947:
4944:
4938:
4937:
4933:
4932:
4922:
4921:
4915:
4913:(2), 333-362.
4912:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4896:
4892:
4891:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4854:
4838:
4834:
4833:
4828:
4821:
4819:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4787:
4780:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4753:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4723:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4693:
4677:
4673:
4672:
4667:
4661:
4654:
4653:The Economist
4650:
4646:
4643:
4638:
4636:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4618:
4613:
4607:
4606:
4601:
4597:
4594:
4589:
4581:
4575:
4556:
4549:
4532:
4526:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4496:
4488:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4473:
4465:
4454:
4447:
4441:
4433:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4418:
4410:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4379:
4363:
4359:
4353:
4339:on 2009-10-11
4338:
4334:
4328:
4313:on 2014-10-06
4312:
4308:
4302:
4295:
4291:
4288:
4283:
4275:
4269:
4253:
4249:
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4223:
4219:
4215:
4209:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4179:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4162:
4157:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4140:
4135:
4124:
4117:
4111:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4094:
4089:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4071:
4066:
4051:on 2014-10-06
4050:
4046:
4042:
4036:
4034:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4003:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3973:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3943:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3913:
3895:
3888:
3886:
3878:
3864:on 2014-03-15
3860:
3856:
3849:
3843:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3825:
3820:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3789:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3768:
3761:
3756:
3741:on 2014-10-06
3740:
3736:
3730:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3709:
3702:
3698:
3695:
3690:
3684:
3683:9780199283576
3680:
3676:
3672:
3667:
3659:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3644:
3639:
3633:
3617:
3613:
3607:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3587:
3573:
3567:
3563:
3562:
3554:
3548:
3547:0-8477-0160-3
3544:
3540:
3535:
3528:
3523:
3516:
3515:
3510:
3506:
3503:
3498:
3492:
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3426:
3422:
3418:
3415:
3410:
3403:
3397:
3390:
3384:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3361:
3354:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3327:
3323:
3321:9781317980360
3317:
3314:. Routledge.
3313:
3312:
3304:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3282:
3278:
3275:
3270:
3263:
3259:
3256:
3251:
3244:
3238:
3222:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3206:
3199:
3195:
3192:
3187:
3185:
3175:
3168:
3162:
3160:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3140:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3118:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3096:
3094:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3060:
3058:
3050:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3027:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3010:
3005:
2998:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2983:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2961:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2942:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2921:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2900:
2893:
2889:
2886:
2881:
2874:
2870:
2867:
2862:
2855:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2832:
2824:
2818:
2803:
2797:
2783:on 2007-11-05
2782:
2778:
2771:
2756:
2752:
2746:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2707:on 2012-11-09
2706:
2702:
2696:
2694:
2679:on 2012-11-09
2678:
2674:
2668:
2666:
2661:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
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2619:
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2609:
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2602:
2599:
2598:
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2583:
2580:
2569:
2566:
2555:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2536:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2514:
2511:
2506:
2504:
2503:Puerto Ricans
2500:
2494:
2489:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2453:
2452:The Economist
2445:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2430:Juan Gonzalez
2428:
2426:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2374:
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2358:
2352:
2342:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2328:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2293:
2290:March 2, 1917
2287:
2283:
2279:
2272:
2266:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2243:
2237:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2177:Martín Espada
2173:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2033:
2029:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2006:
2003:US President
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1942:
1937:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1906:Robert Cooper
1903:
1902:Luis Irizarry
1899:
1895:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1835:
1834:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1812:
1809:
1799:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1784:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1765:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1719:
1715:
1704:
1699:
1697:
1692:
1690:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1681:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1663:Daniel Santos
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1633:Isabel Rosado
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1535:Hugo Margenat
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1525:Lolita Lebrón
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1500:Oscar Collazo
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1314:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1289:
1286:wielding his
1285:
1280:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1263:, along with
1262:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1230:José de Diego
1226:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1209:
1200:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1145:New York City
1142:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1112:
1110:
1107:in 1895, the
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1093:New York City
1089:
1087:
1083:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
987:
983:In 1868, the
978:
977:
972:
967:
963:
961:
957:
953:
949:
946:
942:
938:
936:
932:
931:Simón Bolívar
927:
925:
924:Sabana Grande
921:
917:
913:
912:
901:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
868:, cacique of
867:
863:
859:
858:
853:
849:
842:Taíno revolts
834:
832:
828:
824:
819:
817:
813:
809:
805:
800:
798:
794:
790:
786:
777:
773:
771:
766:
762:
758:
757:
751:
747:
743:
738:
736:
733:
732:
726:
725:United States
722:
718:
714:
710:
698:
693:
691:
686:
684:
679:
678:
676:
675:
669:
664:
659:
657:
654:
653:
651:
650:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
625:Sovereigntism
623:
622:
621:
618:
616:
613:
612:
609:
604:
603:
596:
595:Insular Cases
593:
584:
580:
576:
573:
572:
571:
568:
567:
566:
563:
562:
561:
558:
557:
551:
550:
543:
540:
538:
535:
534:
531:
526:
525:
518:
515:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
487:
486:
483:
481:
478:
477:
471:
470:
463:
462:Supreme Court
460:
459:
456:
451:
450:
439:
435:
434:Minority Whip
432:
430:
426:
423:
421:
417:
416:Majority Whip
414:
412:
408:
405:
403:
399:
396:
394:
393:Johnny Méndez
390:
387:
386:
385:
381:
378:
374:
370:
369:Minority Whip
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
350:
348:
344:
343:Majority Whip
341:
339:
335:
332:
330:
326:
323:
321:
317:
314:
313:
312:
308:
305:
304:
303:
299:
296:
295:
292:
287:
286:
279:
276:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
233:
232:
229:
228:
225:
220:
219:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
198:
195:
191:
186:
185:
182:
181:
177:
173:
172:
168:
164:
163:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
84:
82:
78:
75:
72:
66:
63:
60:Advocacy for
59:
55:
50:
49:
44:
39:
34:
19:
5978:
5810:
5716:
5638:
5539:Hiram Rosado
5509:René Marqués
5489:Irvin Flores
5454:Rosa Collazo
5389:Puerto Rican
5339:Pedro Pietri
5176:Manuel Rojas
5091:(Macheteros)
4997:Agüeybaná II
4977:
4935:
4918:
4910:
4907:
4894:
4875:. Retrieved
4864:The Guardian
4863:
4853:
4843:February 17,
4841:. Retrieved
4837:the original
4830:
4807:February 24,
4805:. Retrieved
4797:Miami Herald
4796:
4786:
4777:
4772:February 24,
4770:. Retrieved
4761:
4752:
4742:February 23,
4740:. Retrieved
4731:
4722:
4712:February 23,
4710:. Retrieved
4701:
4692:
4680:. Retrieved
4669:
4660:
4652:
4627:
4612:
4603:
4588:
4562:. Retrieved
4555:the original
4538:. Retrieved
4525:
4515:February 21,
4513:. Retrieved
4504:
4495:
4471:
4464:
4453:the original
4440:
4416:
4409:
4399:February 21,
4397:. Retrieved
4388:
4378:
4366:. Retrieved
4352:
4341:. Retrieved
4337:the original
4327:
4315:. Retrieved
4311:the original
4301:
4282:
4273:
4268:
4256:. Retrieved
4247:
4238:
4226:. Retrieved
4217:
4208:
4196:. Retrieved
4192:the original
4188:isreview.org
4187:
4178:
4171:
4156:
4149:
4134:
4123:the original
4110:
4103:
4088:
4080:
4065:
4053:. Retrieved
4049:the original
4044:
4020:. Retrieved
4016:the original
4011:
4002:
3990:. Retrieved
3986:the original
3981:
3972:
3960:. Retrieved
3951:
3942:
3930:. Retrieved
3921:
3912:
3901:. Retrieved
3884:
3877:
3866:. Retrieved
3859:the original
3854:
3842:
3834:
3819:
3807:. Retrieved
3798:
3788:
3772:
3767:
3755:
3743:. Retrieved
3739:the original
3729:
3713:
3708:
3689:
3674:
3666:
3642:
3632:
3620:. Retrieved
3616:the original
3606:
3586:
3575:. Retrieved
3560:
3553:
3538:
3534:
3526:
3522:
3512:
3497:
3478:
3459:. Retrieved
3445:
3437:
3432:
3425:Peace Review
3424:
3409:
3401:
3396:
3388:
3383:
3375:
3360:
3352:
3330:. Retrieved
3310:
3303:
3269:
3250:
3242:
3237:
3225:. Retrieved
3214:
3205:
3174:
3166:
3139:
3132:(in Spanish)
3122:Sabia Usted?
3117:
3109:the original
3104:
3056:
3049:
3034:
3026:
3019:
3004:
2988:
2982:
2975:
2960:
2941:
2925:
2920:
2904:
2899:
2880:
2861:
2853:
2847:. Retrieved
2838:
2831:
2806:. Retrieved
2796:
2785:. Retrieved
2781:the original
2770:
2759:. Retrieved
2745:
2734:. Retrieved
2720:
2709:. Retrieved
2705:the original
2681:. Retrieved
2677:the original
2538:
2515:
2507:
2495:
2491:
2472:
2470:
2457:
2450:
2448:
2442:
2433:
2423:
2421:
2415:
2406:
2402:
2399:Roque Planas
2395:
2391:
2386:
2378:
2376:
2361:
2354:
2336:
2332:
2326:
2324:
2319:
2309:
2303:founded the
2294:
2233:
2209:
2183:, the group
2174:
2158:
2151:Havana, Cuba
2144:
2121:
2096:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2071:
2063:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2044:Jimmy Carter
2037:
2030:supported a
2025:
1966:
1962:
1950:
1916:
1865:Hiram Rosado
1832:
1807:
1781:
1779:
1768:
1761:
1742:
1738:
1723:
1643:René Marqués
1628:Hiram Rosado
1618:Irvin Flores
1505:Rosa Collazo
1419:
1375:Puerto Rican
1347:Noam Chomsky
1344:
1336:governorship
1328:Domino Sugar
1317:
1310:
1293:
1255:, the first
1250:
1227:
1223:US territory
1212:
1205:
1171:
1168:
1158:
1148:
1138:
1129:
1124:
1116:
1113:
1100:
1090:
1079:
1049:
1043:
1027:peninsulares
1026:
1022:
1020:
1015:
1007:
1002:
984:
982:
974:
973:, where the
947:
945:Puerto Rican
939:
928:
909:
907:
885:
877:
855:
852:Agüeybaná II
845:
820:
801:
782:
772:, in 1895.
761:Spanish rule
754:
750:independence
739:
734:
730:
729:flag of the
706:
630:Independence
629:
364:Vargas Vidot
190:Constitution
80:Affiliations
46:
5979:Puerto Rico
5845:Think tanks
5379:Iris Zavala
5364:Piri Thomas
5284:Juan Dalmau
4992:Agüeybaná I
4791:Wyss, Jim.
4762:Ballotpedia
4104:Progressive
3855:dstatic.org
2955:, 80 Grados
2397:Journalist
2263:), and the
2236:Foraker Act
2170:Raúl Castro
1854:Río Piedras
1352:arable land
746:nationalism
360:Juan Dalmau
298:Legislature
291:Legislative
152:Young Lords
74:Puerto Rico
6078:Categories
5949:California
4877:2024-07-19
4564:January 9,
4540:August 10,
4343:2009-10-06
3903:2014-02-22
3868:2014-02-24
3577:2009-03-17
3481:; by: Dr.
2849:2009-03-12
2808:2009-03-12
2787:2009-03-12
2761:2021-04-11
2736:2021-04-11
2711:2012-11-08
2683:2012-11-08
2657:References
2533:See also:
2338:Democrats.
2288:, enacted
2280:, 39
2259:, enacted
2251:, 31
1282:President
1257:mass party
1190:in 1898.
1141:St. Thomas
1086:plantation
1072:The 1897 "
916:San Germán
748:, and pro-
640:Status quo
278:First Lady
5793:Political
5269:Roy Brown
5232:activists
4872:0261-3077
4799:. Miami.
4682:1 October
4317:1 October
4277:(1987))")
4228:1 October
4198:1 October
4055:1 October
4022:1 October
3992:1 October
3962:1 October
3952:cpusa.org
3932:1 October
3922:cpusa.org
3809:1 October
3745:1 October
3724:. p. 106.
3677:, p. 556
3671:Nohlen, D
3622:1 October
3461:1 October
3264:(Spanish)
3255:Articulos
3227:1 October
2545:Hispanism
2458:boricuas'
2155:Venezuela
1989:Naranjito
1418:Gag Law (
1288:big stick
1117:Quebradas
1105:committee
1016:Proclamas
962:in 1897.
926:in 1898.
874:Guarionex
795:(4.47%),
791:(0.60%),
785:statehood
635:Statehood
480:Elections
474:Elections
224:Executive
5974:Sequoyah
5954:Cascadia
5718:Claridad
4801:Archived
4766:Archived
4736:Archived
4706:Archived
4676:Archived
4645:Archived
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911:Criollos
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