Independent politician

419:

Remaining Conservative senators have accused the Independent Senators Group in particular as being "too quick to endorse bills from the Liberal government". Supporting this claim, a 2021 study found that members of the Independent Senators Group voted in favor of legislation proposed by the incumbent Liberal government more consistently than any other group within the Senate, including those still formally aligned to the Liberal Party. This was, however, among an overall trend in which all senators demonstrated lower levels of party loyalty, and as such its full implications are still unknown. The report also concluded that partisanship in Senate appointments was undeniably down when compared to the Senate prior to the reforms. It is generally thought that it will only be possible to judge the success of the attempted reforms accurately when a non-Liberal government is elected to the House of Commons, at which point it can be observed if the noted trend in voting represents simple loyalty to the government, or loyalty to the Liberal Party.

154:(MPs) occasionally demonstrating independence from their party by voting in line with the opposition. Commonly, the issues which caused these MPs to act independently were religious in nature. These tensions began to disperse over the course of the first ten Canadian parliaments as the major political parties began to form consistent identities and MPs began affiliating themselves with the parties they knew more closely shared their core values. This in turn increased cohesion between parties and MPs, and minimized the causes and motivations for MPs to act independently. 2791:. Candidates and lists presenting themselves as "without label" are classified in DVG (various left), DVD (various right), DVC (various center) or AUT (other) according to their political sensitivity. Therefore, from 2008 onwards, the DIV (miscellaneous) or the LDIV code for the "miscellaneous" list has been created to group unclassifiable or categorical interests and, by default, mayors without a declared label claiming no political sensitivity, be it left, center or right. The AUT (other) grade replaces the DIV grade without changing its definition. 2651: 2610:. An independent politician can enter into parliament only if they gather enough votes to pass the 4% threshold, thus behaving like political parties. However they can be part of a civic quota of a given party. Civic quotas are lists of independents candidates, who are represented on a given party's electoral list, without directly joining the party. Every party has the capability to invite independent candidates into their lists, without forcing them to join the party itself. 1820: 1583: 1497: 1892: 1796: 1611: 1856: 1639: 1540: 65:

stand in its name, or are unable to do so because the party in question has selected another candidate. Others may belong to or support a political party at the national level but believe they should not formally represent it (and thus be subject to its policies) at another level. In some cases, a politician may be a member of an unregistered party, and therefore officially recognised as an independent.

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starting at the end of the 19th century, considerably diminished the number of unaffiliated politicians, although a smaller number of independent candidates continued to be elected up until the 1940s. Since then, however, there have been relatively few independent politicians in Parliament. No independent candidate has won or held a seat in a general election since

410:

amendments the Senate has proposed for legislation from the House of Commons. During the 42nd Parliament (2015–2019), the Senate attempted to amend 13 government bills, whereas during the 41st Parliament (2011–2015), it had attempted to amend only one government bill. The reformed Senate is noted as having proposed amendments on at least 20% of all legislation.

94:, would allow the independent candidacy of individuals who have the support of at least 1% of the electors able to vote in the region (city, state or country, depending on the election) in which the candidate is running. Currently, members of the legislature can leave their respective parties after being elected, as in the case of senator Reguffe, who left the 4345:), and thus was no longer standing as an independent. Since that time, the only independents in Parliament have been people who quit or were expelled from their original party but retained their seats without going through a by-election. Some have gone on to found or co-found their own parties, with varying levels of success—examples include 2749:, with 12 deputies—these four technical groups thus accounted for one-tenth of deputies. In addition, the larger parliamentary parties, including the socialist SFIO, centre-left PRRRS, centre-right ARD and conservative FR all included a greater or lesser number of independents who sat with their group for parliamentary work ( 4072:, and they are more commonly elected to state parliaments. There have been up to five independents in every federal parliament since 1990, and independents have won twenty-eight times during national elections in that time. A large proportion of independents are former members of one of Australia's four main parties, the 3391:). The resignation is required because the Constitution says that the president shall hold no other offices nor discharge any public functions. The aforementioned presidents often participated in their party's campaigns (e.g. Andrzej Duda in the Law and Justice campaign three months after his resignation from the party). 475:

do not permit a citizen to run directly for any elected position as an independent without the representation of a political party. Any nomination must be made through a political party, due to the framework of the current legal system, in which the political parties have a monopoly on the nomination

133:

are permitted to hold office without being members of a political party. Candidates in federal elections who are not affiliated with a party have two options: independent or no affiliation. In the former case, they appear on the ballot with "Independent" following their name; in the second case, they

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allows individuals who wish to stand as a candidate to all parliaments and assemblies in the UK, including the House of Commons, the right to use one of three ballot paper descriptions. Those descriptions are the name of a registered political party; the word "independent"; or no description at all.

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was set up to support independent candidates in the forthcoming general election. The Independent Network still supports Independent candidates in local, regional, national and European elections. It has an organic set of principles which are known as the Bell Principles and are very closely related

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was established, with certain candidates who failed to get the nomination of either parties appearing on the ballot as "Independent Nacionalista" or "Independent Liberal", as the case may be. Independents not associated with any party were still able to participate and sporadically win elections. In

1964:

Parliamentary independent candidates: The system in place whither the DPRK allows for independent politicians to launch their own campaigns to gain a seat in parliament. The candidates however must be approved by the Fatherland Front, being the primary party of the DPRK. To cast votes to independent

418:

Several observers and those involved with the Senate itself have criticized the Trudeau government for its attempted reforms, with most accusations centering around the belief that the new appointment process is biased towards those who are ideologically supportive of the Liberal Party's objectives.

190:

Though it is acceptable and accepted for politicians to serve as independent MPs, those who attempt to run as such often struggle to be elected without access to the resources of the major parties. As a result, there are seldom more than one or two independent MPs within modern Canadian Parliaments,

360:

rather than being elected, senators were often accused of being appointed as a "reward" for service to the party in power, and once appointed, of simply repeating the points and positions of their counterparts in the House of Commons rather than acting as a means of truly independent policy review.

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Some politicians have political views that do not align with the platforms of any political party, and therefore choose not to affiliate with them. Some independent politicians may be associated with a party, perhaps as former members of it, or else have views that align with it, but choose not to

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While traditionally framed as an "independent body of sober second thought", appointments to the Senate of Canada prior to 2016 were commonly seen as highly partisan, with the majority of Canadian senators identifying themselves as members of either the Liberal or Conservative parties and serving

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but was ejected from the party two days prior to the end of the vote due to controversy surrounding past allegations of sexual assault. Despite his removal from the Liberal Party, Vuong won the election for his riding and chose to take his seat as an independent, though this decision was met with

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was elected for his second term in 2018 after running as an independent candidate. Sauli Niinistö's status as an independent/non-partisan president has been attributed to his historical approval ratings and popularity, which stood at 90% favorable in July 2021 of which 52% said that Niinistö had

396:

By 2018, the majority of Canadian Senators were officially independent, though some Liberal senators continued to remain affiliated with the political party despite no longer being permitted within the party caucus. Additionally, the Conservative Party elected not to remove its senators from the

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Originally, there were no recognised parties in the New Zealand parliament, although loose groupings did exist informally (initially between supporters of central government versus provincial governments, and later between liberals and conservatives). The foundation of formal political parties,

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made the decision to expel all Liberal senators from the Liberal Party caucus. Trudeau would go on to call for an overall elimination of partisanship in the Senate and pledged to end the practice of partisan appointments for senators and transition to a new system of merit-based appointments if

1968:

Nearly all electoral systems currently in practice in the DPRK that exist on a local level are made up of mostly independent Candidates, as the Fatherland Front and other major party's primarily operate in the urban heartland of the DPRK. On the local level of North Korean elections, alliances

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groups on a variety of issues, suggesting the more independent Senate has a greater perceived influence over legislative issues. Additionally, following the appointment of senators through the Independent Advisory Board for Senate Appointments, there has been a noted increase in the number of

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Peter Dunne effectively became an Independent MP for a short period after his United Future political party was deregistered on 25 June 2013 by the Electoral Commission, as the party no longer had the required minimum of 500 members. The party was subsequently re-registered two months later.

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The Swedish election system is based on parties nominating candidate MPs for their party ballots, and each party has to receive 4% or more of the national vote (or 12% in one region, which has never happened independently of also reaching the different 4% threshold). This makes running as an

89:

Independent politicians are not allowed to run for office in Brazil. The Constitution of 1988, in Article 14, §3rd, item V, says that "Are conditions for eligibility: V - party affiliation". However, the Proposal Amendment to the Constitution (PEC) no. 6/2015, authored by independent senator

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Unless a candidate stands as "independent" or as a "No Description" candidate leaving the ballot paper description box blank, their candidature must be confirmed by a signed certificate from the relevant officer from a registered political party, as set out in Section 52 of the

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was established with the goal of filling Senate vacancies through a selection process based on political knowledge, merit, and perceived ability to act independently of partisan affiliation. This push to remove partisan ties from the Senate resulted in the creation of the

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with other independents, and may formally register that organization. Even where the word "independent" is used, such alliances can have much in common with a political party, especially if there is an organization which needs to approve the "independent" candidates.

3496:. Candidates standing for United Kingdom local elections and United Kingdom parliamentary elections, including the devolved parliaments and assemblies, can use the name of a registered political party, or the term 'Independent' (or its Welsh language equivalent 157:

Many observers of the Canadian House of Commons in the 21st century have noted its incredibly high party discipline. Few MPs choose to vote against their party's official stance on any given piece of legislation. Between 2011 and 2013—the first two years of the

2716:). The first legislation on political parties dates from 1911, though it was not until 1928 that parliamentarians were required to select a political party for the parliamentary register (either by formally joining a group, or by loosely working with one as an 5977: 1105:

was elected for four terms as a Republican before changing to an independent after the Republicans lost their majority in Congress in 1930. Norris won re-election as an independent in 1936, but later lost his final re-election attempt to Republican

4139:). Of these, Wilkie had previously been a Greens candidate, McGowan had been a Liberal staffer, and Banks was elected as a Liberal MP before resigning from the party in November 2018. At the 2019 election, Wilkie was re-elected as the Member for 404:

The efforts to increase senatorial independence have led some to argue the Senate has developed an increase of importance and power in the legislative process. As of 2021, it was found that Canadian senators were facing increasing pressure from

4420:. Neither Dunne nor Seymour was classed as an independent—Dunne's presence in Parliament was due to personal votes in his home electorate, and Seymour's presence was as the sole elected MP of ACT because of a collapse in their support in the 3118:, though with the development of relatively more structured parties their numbers declined thereafter. These were similar proportions to the number of independents elected to other interwar European democracies such as France (see above). 3896:

was expelled from the Labour Party after standing against an official Labour candidate in Blaenau Gwent at the 2005 UK general election and became an independent in the National Assembly and UK Parliament. In 2006 Peter Law died from a

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There have also been several instances of politicians being elected to the Commons as representatives of a political party, then resigning the party's whip, or having it withdrawn. Examples in this in the 2010–2015 parliament included

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with no political parties. All members sit as independents. There are a few independent members of the other provincial and territorial legislatures, which are similar in principle to the federal House of Commons; for example, in the

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In Ireland, constituency-based proportional representation, the comparative looseness of formal parties, and strong local sentiment have meant that independents have formed a significant part of the parliamentary landscape since the

352:

within their party's caucus. As these have been the only two parties to ever form government in Canada, only the Liberal and Conservative parties had been able to appoint new senators. Because Canadian senators are appointed by the

1130:, who would presumably break all ties in favor of the Republicans), to 49 Republicans, 50 Democrats, and one Independent. Jeffords agreed to vote for Democratic control of the Senate in exchange for being appointed chairman of the 182:, the governing Liberal MPs voted identically on 99.6% of all votes, Conservative MPs on 99.5% of votes, and NDP MPs on 99.8% of votes. (Conservatives, Liberals, and NDP were the only three parties with enough MPs to qualify for 3715:

Other independent candidates are associated with a political party and may be former members of it, but cannot stand under its label. For instance, for several months after being expelled from the Labour Party but before the

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of Virginia (who had been elected to his first term as a Democrat) in the 20th century. Some officials have been elected as members of a party but became independent while in office (without being elected as such), such as

4318:(in all cases after having held the seats in question as partisan candidates up until that point). Other politicians have become independents in the course of a parliamentary term, but not been voted into office as such. 2482:

in 2007, defeating two administration candidates. When Panlilio eventually transferred to the Liberal Party in time for the 2010 election, it was ruled that he was beaten in the 2007 election; in 2010, he was defeated.

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candidate (which gave him better ballot placement than an unaffiliated candidate would receive), defeating the Democratic and Republican nominees. Another former governor who is sometimes mentioned as an independent is

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and state legislative assemblies. In Malaysian elections, many independent candidates lose their election deposit because they had failed to secure at least 12.5% or one-eighth of the total votes cast. Independent

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in the 41st and 42nd parliaments.) Thanks to this strong party discipline, it is uncommon to see politicians who are otherwise affiliated with any of the main political parties act independently of their party.

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party caucus, and many Conservative Party senators kept their official partisan affiliations in public. During the 2019 federal election campaign, in response to reporters' questions, Conservative Party leader

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However, it is nowadays rare to have independent politicians at national level, if only because independents usually affiliate themselves to an existing political grouping. Noteworthy independents include

2495: 1372:), thus causing no representation for independent MP for that time. However, as of June 2018 and December 2018, the number increased to 13 independent Members of Parliament that now currently sit in the 2707:

In the nineteenth century and first half of the twentieth century, most French national politicians were independents. The first modern French political parties date from the early 1900s (foundation of

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and cited increasing partisanship to explain their decisions. After they changed their affiliations, the Senate had the highest number of independents in a single Congress since the ratification of the

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laid down the first specific rules in the United Kingdom relating to the use of the term 'independent' by election candidates. That Act was repealed with most of its contents covered by Part II of the

539: 4572: 1287:

Independent candidates can contest elections on the basis of their personal appeal or to promote an ideology different from any party. Independents currently hold 6 seats in the upper house of the

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Independent candidates often stand in British parliamentary elections, often with platforms about specific local issues, but usually without success. An example from the 2001 general election was

3476:(executive cabinet), there is no requirement for ministers to be MPs, or even have a political affiliation (though this has overwhelmingly been the case in modern times). This means that even the 3029:

Since World War II, only two ministers of (West) German cabinets have not been party members, though "on the ticket" of the major party in the coalition, the Social Democrats: Education Minister

2501:

In contesting elections, independent candidates, while can spend as much as those with parties can under the law, they are not able to tap in spending from a political party that nominated them.

315:. He also served as an independent, then ran as such in 2008 and retained his seat with 69% of the vote. Casey resigned from the Commons in 2009 but made a comeback in the same riding, now named 3260:

was required to be politically non-aligned with any party in both Austria and Liechtenstein. Regardless, however, no political parties existed in Liechtenstein until 1918 and all members of the

674: 670: 654: 6493: 3886:. She died in 2014 while still serving as member of the Parliament. As she was elected as an independent regional MSP, there could be no by-election and her seat remained vacant until the 6010: 2373:, the three independents were the only non-members of the Nacionalista Party to win in the House of Representatives; this was also the start of independents being shut out in the Senate. 1725: 5060: 530:

and holds no political party affiliation. As of June 7, 2015, he was elected Governor of Nuevo León, making history as the first independent candidate to win in the country.

3315:, represented in Sejm between 1991 and 2023), but they do not have to reach the nationwide threshold. However, during a Sejm term many members switch parties or become independents. 5219: 1029: 547: 543: 5895: 5085: 5587: 3053:(CDU) has not been conclusively established: although he served as Minister of Economics from 1949 to 1963 and as Federal Chancellor from 1963 to 1966, and was even elected CDU 4046: 2668:

from 1944 to 1946, did not want to be affiliated with any party. As the state regent/caretaker from December 1918 to July 1919, Mannerheim also stood as an independent in the

1131: 551: 2884:. Such a candidate has to present 200 signatures in favor of their candidacy, the same as a candidate of a party that had no parliamentary presentation previously. The first 3520: 960:

left the Republican party and became an independent. (He later became a Democrat.) He left the Republicans because he did not want to run against former state house Speaker

487:

and therefore any citizen cannot be forced to remain in a specific political party and can join any other political group. It is common in each legislative period for some

5508: 3871: 3843: 3503:

Some groups in the United Kingdom who are not affiliated to any national or regional party have registered locality-based political parties. Some English examples are the

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Peale, Charles Willson; Madison, James; Sherman, Roger; Washington, George; Jefferson, Thomas; Monroe, James; Cooper, Thomas; Birch, William; Adams, Abigail (1787–1812).

3268:, independent candidates are allowed to run for both the Landtag and Prime Minister, though an independent candidate has not been elected to either position since 1921. 2845:. His presidency—though his powers are limited—constitutes an exception, as Independent politicians have rarely held high office in German history, at least not since 385:, a coalition of both newly appointed independent senators and formally partisan senators who had relinquished their formal party ties, alongside the also independent 5379: 1201:

until his retirement in 2013. In 2006, Sanders and Lieberman were the only two victorious independent candidates for Congress, both caucusing with the Democrats. In

2013:

elected 30 Members. In 2011 four candidates won seats in the National Assembly. In the 2013 General Election, nine seats were won by independents. In 2024 Pakistan

964:

in the Republican primary for the U.S. Senate election, preferring to run in the general. Rubio won the election, though Crist came in ahead of Democratic nominee

5747: 6641: 5434: 5354: 3859: 1242: 895: 3333:

is different, as the voting system allows independents to run as single candidates and some are elected in their own right. In the last parliamentary election (

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It was not until the 2010s that independents would see a similar electoral success, with record scores for independents surpassing the previous interwar highs.

6070: 2435:. Here, parties are not able to present full 12-person slates in Senate elections, thus necessitating inter-party cooperation, that included independents. The 1472: 1407: 5404: 5113: 3760: 3592: 3504: 3493: 3311:, or non-partisan movements, although the latter never reached the 5% threshold. National minorities candidates also form Voters' Electoral Committees (like 945:

received 18.13%. Strayhorn and Friedman's presence in the race resulted in a splitting of the ballot four ways between themselves and the two major parties.

401:

said that if his party were elected to form government and he became prime minister, he would reinstate the practice of partisan appointments to the Senate.

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with many who do sit as such being initially elected as a part of a major party before either leaving voluntarily or being removed. In the first year of the

5923: 4568: 3630:. The by-election was unusual as it was the first time in over eighty years that an independent had held a seat previously occupied by another independent. 3295:

is elected by party-list ordination, which does not allow lone candidates to run, although since 2001 there has been a possibility to create a non-partisan

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was especially significant because it shifted the Senate composition from 50 to 50 between the Republicans and Democrats (with a Republican Vice President,

6132: 364:

In 2014, as a response to growing public disapproval of the Senate and the perceived problems brought about by senator partisanship, Liberal Party leader

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was expelled from Plaid Cymru on 16 January 2018 and sat as an independent AM until 2021. Nathan Gill stood down on 27 December 2017 and was replaced by

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as non-partisans, usually recruited from the traditional bureaucratic, aristocratic and/or military elites. In the fierce political conflicts during the

2739: 726: 5127: 3532: 2825:

from March 2012 to March 2017 and the first Federal President without party affiliation, was to date the most prominent independent politician. In the

2487: 2468: 377: 207: 6485: 3751:, an umbrella organisation dedicated to increasing the number of independent candidates standing in Britain, in both national and European elections. 1182: 6603: 6577: 5533: 5460: 4739: 6832: 3457:

independent MP impossible. Once elected, the seat is personal; MPs may resign their party membership, or be stripped of it, while retaining their

6551: 3851: 3835: 3438:, saying that he believes the President should be an independent so that he serves the interests of the country rather than his political party. 460: 6695: 6669: 5999: 4599: 6225: 2925: 6319: 2723:

Once elected, independents tended to attach themselves to a parliamentary party. In some cases independent deputies banded together to form a

5579: 5064: 4625: 3693: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1154: 949: 6431: 5331: 4004: 3953: 3799: 3785: 3257: 1178: 880: 714: 710: 658: 555: 147: 5887: 5202: 2939:. A representative who either leaves their party (and their parliamentary group) or is expelled from it and does not join another becomes 2357:, independents have been allowed to participate and have won seats. On that first election, independents had the most members, behind the 6516: 5557: 1214: 1210: 1202: 5096: 1271:

is made up of independents, or members whose political groups are represented by one sole member in the legislature. They are common in

6517:"Who are the 'teal independents'? Your questions answered about the candidates fighting for some of Australia's wealthiest electorates" 4027: 3615: 3489: 3364: 3307:); they are by almost any means party lists, but no officially registered party is behind them. They can be unregistered parties, e.g. 2491: 6188: 526:(born in 1957), sometimes referred to by his nickname "Bronco", is a Mexican politician and former governor for the northern state of 4266: 3906: 282:

merged) for the 2004 election but was unsuccessful. Having retained his seat with 43% of the vote in 2004, he died in office in 2005.

259: 3999:

to cater for them. A number of local authorities have been entirely or almost entirely composed of independent members, such as the

2947:, who had left the Green Party in 1987 and was excluded from the Green parliamentary group the next year, obtained more rights as a 3596: 2865: 2490:, seven independents were elected, although all but two joined a political party after the elections. Independents can only run in 835: 753: 741: 722: 718: 686: 650: 642: 623: 279: 6263: 6039: 5825: 3063:

magazine have revealed a record at the CDU party archives created only in 1968, with the faked date of entry of early March 1949.

6774: 6409: 6379: 6349: 5301: 3650: 3237: 2952: 605: 4289:

became Independent senators in November 2014 and March 2015 respectively. Lambie was re-elected in 2019 with the support of the

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politicians; the former are elected in openly partisan elections, while the latter participate in nonpartisan elections such as

170:

voted as a unified group on 76% of all votes, while members of the Liberal Party did so on 90% of all votes, and members of the

6092: 3701: 3538: 3079:) is independent. By convention, presidents of Iceland usually relinquish any party membership prior to or upon taking office. 2416: 2412: 1174: 1025: 573: 441: 5176: 4820: 5864: 4715: 4432:, a former New Zealand First MP who was expelled from his party because of allegations of misappropriation of family assets. 4381: 3905:, campaigned and took the seat as an independent candidate at the subsequent by-election and held onto the seat again in the 3733: 3508: 3209:, was elected president in 2015 as an independent (he was member of the Constitutional Court at the moment of his election). 2920:

associations which have had success in local governments. Two such associations have managed to enter state parliaments: the

2464: 2444: 2424: 2386: 1905: 1596: 227:, resigned from the Conservative caucus to sit as an independent, becoming the second independent MP of the 44th Parliament. 17: 6463: 5695: 5610: 4270: 4063: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3607: 3600: 3584: 3577: 3569: 3554: 3146:(the upper house of the Irish parliament), representing 16% of the total. Two of these are elected by the graduates of the 3099: 3050: 2673: 2619: 2607: 1568: 1553: 1369: 1328: 911: 604:

would eventually destroy the country, and famously warned against "the baneful effects of the spirit of party" in his 1796

449: 4765: 4104: 3565: 3312: 2803: 2623: 1740: 1321: 1272: 1135: 1081: 618:

in September 1841, and effectively remained an independent for the remainder of his presidency. He later returned to the

31: 6748: 5241: 3685:, a Conservative who had the whip withdrawn for part of the parliament and thus sat as an independent during that time. 319:, when he was elected as a Liberal in 2015. He sat in the House for the 42nd Parliament and did not seek re-election in 5755: 5717: 5038: 4143:, while McGowan retired, and both Phelps and Banks lost their seats. However, two new independents entered parliament: 3995:

Independent candidates frequently stand and are elected to local councils. There is a special Independent group of the

3407: 3334: 3323: 3265: 3253: 2830: 2669: 2354: 1760: 1008: 1004: 972: 859: 843: 693:

but receiving 19 percent of the popular vote and, early in the election season, leading in polls against his opponents

498: 39: 35: 6638: 5442: 4166:, a record ten independents were elected to the House of Representatives, including re-elected members Andrew Wilkie ( 215:

controversy because many voters had not known that the Liberals had expelled him before casting their votes. In 2022,

6826: 6062: 4941: 4421: 4338: 4330: 4311: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3827: 3823: 3769: 3670: 3280: 2885: 2838: 2826: 2788: 2781: 2773: 1913: 1730: 1573: 1525: 1097:

of Oregon, who left the Republican party to become an independent, then joined the Democratic Party two years later.

1000: 930: 922: 855: 851: 827: 823: 815: 311:

riding of Cumberland—Colchester—Musquoduboit Valley, was expelled from the Conservative Party for voting against the

921:

There were several unsuccessful independent gubernatorial candidates in 2006 who impacted their electoral races. In

6901: 5412: 4794: 4294: 4274: 4262: 4258: 4163: 4100: 3111: 3088: 2370: 2366: 1977:

In Nepal, there are some independent politicians, specially in local government. Independent politician and rapper

1841: 1750: 1268: 1190: 1085: 662: 619: 95: 4957: 4404:

and retained the seat in the 2011 General Election. There were also two other parties which had only a single MP:

4397: 4093: 3627: 3619: 3349: 3042: 2720:, or associate), and not until after 1945 that structured political parties came to dominate parliamentary work. 2436: 2398: 2018: 2010: 1143: 907: 888: 690: 4265:. He resigned from the Australian Senate in 2017 to contest a seat in the House of Assembly of South Australia. 2896:

legislature, and state ministers without party membership are just as rare as at the federal level. However, in

6906: 5267: 4035: 3588: 3147: 2580: 2547: 2521: 569: 320: 298: 294: 275: 267: 239: 211: 179: 163: 6285: 4542: 3992:. He was subsequently re-admitted to the Labour Party in December 2003 before his first re-election campaign. 3882:

Margo MacDonald was again returned as an independent MSP and was elected as an independent for the third time

1181:

from 1991 to 2007. Sanders is the longest-serving independent member of Congress in American history. Also in

6124: 5799: 5380:"RFK Jr. announces he is creating new party to get on California ballot in presidential run - CBS Sacramento" 4042: 1877: 1624: 1237: 523: 243: 151: 3034: 2931:

An independent member of parliament, who also is not a member of a voters' association, holds the status of

1161:

won the Senate seat being vacated by the retiring Jim Jeffords as an independent, subsequently reelected in

479:

However, becoming an independent politician after being elected is protected by virtue of Article 25 of the

61:

or bureaucratic association. There are numerous reasons why someone may stand for office as an independent.

5483: 4958:"Scheer stands by vow to return to partisan Senate, make patronage appointments - National | Globalnews.ca" 4031: 3996: 3985: 3916:

as the then leader of UKIP Wales defected from the group to sit as an independent after a falling out with

2850: 1869: 1833: 1667: 1652: 312: 297:

with 39% of the vote. He was the only independent to win a seat in that election; he was re-elected in the

290: 167: 5456: 3326:

were formally non-partisan, Civic Platform was widely viewed as a de facto political party, as it is now.

6599: 6573: 5772:"HS-gallup | Presidentti Niinistö saa yhä huippuarvosanat kansalta – hänen työtään ei moiti juuri kukaan" 4521: 4425: 4377: 4238:, due to their use of the colour teal in campaigning material, similar policy platforms and support from 4085: 3202: 3125: 3115: 3107: 3103: 2381: 1510: 1390: 589: 203: 2892:

level, the situation is more or less the same: only party members have a real chance to be elected to a

870:

is sometimes mentioned as an independent governor, though this is not technically correct; he ran as an

689:. Out of all independent candidates since Washington, Perot performed the best, gaining no votes in the 6801: 6154: 5635: 4334: 4116: 4077: 4000: 3917: 3573: 3448:

party until 26 May 2012, but even then was not its member, thus formally was and still is independent.

3076: 2834: 1361: 1061: 760:

created "We the People" parties in several states for the same purpose, even though he is Independent.

615: 480: 382: 353: 231: 126: 68:

Office-holders may become independents after losing or repudiating affiliation with a political party.

6885: 6722: 6543: 4392:'s leadership resulted in his being expelled from the Labour caucus, while Harawira resigned from the 6658: 6256:"Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000 - Part II "Registration of Political Parties"" 4595: 4506: 4326: 4016: 3932:. Elis-Thomas said his reason for leaving Plaid Cymru was that it not serious about working with the 2728: 2627: 2603: 2460: 2411:

declared martial law in 1972, dissolved Congress, and promulgated a new constitution that led to the

2362: 1276: 1194: 768: 316: 6315: 6233: 5661: 3360: 2849:. It has nevertheless happened that a presidential candidate without any chances of election by the 637:

Since 1900, notable candidates running as independents for U.S. president have included congressman

630:, but withdrew over fear he would split the Democratic vote and give the election to Whig candidate 4401: 4389: 4223: 4012: 3941: 3516: 3477: 3388: 3372: 3353: 3261: 3206: 2732: 2684: 2540: 2014: 1150:

who, while running for re-election, died weeks prior. Barkley refused to caucus with either party.

390: 357: 339: 192: 175: 159: 115: 4621: 2727:

of their own. In 1932, for instance, there were four technical groups created: the left-of-centre

2677: 991:

after previously campaigning in the state's Democratic primary. As a result, Democratic candidate

4795:"Expelled Liberal candidate says he'll sit as an Independent as angry voters call for byelection" 4089: 4069: 3961: 3875: 3863: 3662: 3623: 3399: 3167: 3019: 2881: 2746: 2420: 1221: 1138:, when the Republicans regained their majority. Jeffords retired at the end of his term in 2007. 942: 386: 224: 143: 6210: 5323: 3376: 2990:, several chancellors and Reich Ministers also had no party affiliation: these chancellors were 278:. He sought the nomination for the Conservative Party (re-created in 2003 when the Alliance and 4501: 4449: 4073: 4008: 3705: 3674: 3151: 2999: 2959: 2921: 2713: 2709: 1338: 484: 338:. She was returned to Parliament with 32% of the vote. After sitting as an independent for the 263: 142:

During the earliest Canadian Parliaments, a lack of coherent political identity among both the

5565: 5039:"'Dwight Ball, you can dismiss me, but you can't defeat me': Eddie Joyce nabs seat once again" 3352:

and he was elected without full support of this union (Solidarity votes split between him and

3057:

in 1966, it seems that he never signed a membership form or paid contributions. Researches by

2888:

saw three independents elected; since then, no party-independent candidate has won a seat. At

5948: 4290: 4231: 4207: 4191: 4171: 4148: 4128: 3817: 3658: 3411: 3403: 2963: 2596: 1558: 1454: 1448: 1442: 1436: 1430: 1424: 1418: 1354: 757: 512: 428: 183: 6433:

Annual Council & Extraordinary General Purposes Committee - Thursday 25 May 2023, 6:30pm

6184: 4989:

VandenBeukel, Jason Robert; Cochrane, Christopher; Godbout, Jean-François (11 August 2021).

6700: 6521: 6035: 4881: 4136: 3973: 3969: 3473: 3170: 3072: 2901: 2822: 2807: 2799: 2743: 2665: 2639: 2452: 2369:

also saw independents participating and winning one seat. In the Nacionalista landslide of

2009:

Pakistan also has independent politicians standing in elections. Pakistan's Parliament has

1629: 1304: 1233: 1198: 1077: 915: 887:

affiliate, which later disaffiliated from the party and reverted to its original name, the

678: 436: 327: 174:(NDP) did so on 100% of votes. This unity further increased in subsequent years, as in the 171: 4396:

and, after a short period as an independent, also resigned as an MP in order to force the

4321:

The last person to be directly elected to Parliament as an independent in New Zealand was

3956:

in several parts of England has witnessed the election of independents to run councils in

3022:) himself, were regarded as apolitical cabinets of experts with regard to the rise of the 2584: 2390: 802:

have elected formally independent candidates as governor: Illinois's first two governors,

8: 4350: 4278: 4199: 4112: 3802:

with any grouping, whilst another, larger, grouping is given the official designation of

3728: 3654: 3427: 3341: 3233: 3015: 3007: 2936: 2877: 2761: 2757: 2661: 1530: 1414: 1288: 871: 601: 488: 373: 331: 235: 111: 3603:, becoming the only independent in recent times to have been elected for a second term. 3537:

Before the twentieth century it was fairly common for independents to be elected to the

2944: 2683:

Also, after serving six years on his first term as the 12th President of Finland in the

6255: 5833: 5020: 4909: 4681: 4516: 4215: 4183: 3965: 3921: 3406:

since 6 March 2016, was elected on 24 January 2016 while being a leading member of the

3356: 3194: 3129: 3011: 2967: 2873: 2842: 2658: 2509: 2432: 2358: 1846: 1333: 984: 730: 585: 335: 6401: 6371: 6341: 5771: 5293: 5128:"Alcalde electo en Barva se desmarca del Frente Amplio: "No tengo relación con ellos"" 3803: 701:. Additionally, McMullin received 21 percent of the popular vote in his home state of 6858: 6849: 6822: 6696:"ACT elects David Pocock as first independent senator, unseating Liberal Zed Seselja" 5457:"Vermont Independent Sen. Bernie Sanders says he may run for president as a Democrat" 5211: 5024: 5012: 4937: 4913: 4901: 4721: 4711: 4685: 4673: 4496: 4491: 4342: 4246: 4235: 4167: 4140: 4081: 3811: 3546: 3512: 3198: 3133: 2975: 2889: 2440: 2402: 1601: 1107: 1089: 698: 565: 271: 3368: 3143: 2780:

was an independent politician as Minister, but formed his own party to stand in the

2688: 6812: 6802:"Introduction: Analysing and Categorising Political Parties in the Pacific Islands" 6229: 5800:"HS: Niinistön suosio jopa huipussaan – vain prosentti kansalaisista tyytymättömiä" 5002: 4893: 4665: 4486: 4370: 4175: 4156: 4120: 3944:. Mandy Jones left the UKIP group on 9 January 2018 over a fallout over her staff. 3345: 3330: 3240:. She was also the first female and independent elected leader in the whole of the 3095: 2913: 2650: 2455:

increased the number of major candidates running as independents, with broadcaster

2448: 2408: 2377: 1346: 1102: 1049: 811: 705:

but received little support from the remainder of the country. Independent senator

638: 593: 577: 445: 255: 130: 6455: 5856: 5484:"Sen. Joe Manchin leaves Democratic Party, registers as an independent - CBS News" 1197:) after he lost the primary. After the election, Lieberman enrolled himself as an 6645: 5687: 5242:"10 Candidates Who Spent Giant Sums of Their Personal Wealth - Ross Perot (Lost)" 4471: 4413: 4354: 4257:

was the only elected independent senator after his election to the Senate at the

4250: 4203: 3981: 3977: 3855: 3847: 3807: 3789: 3721: 3431: 3229: 3003: 2983: 2864:

parliament nearly all deputies belong to a political party. The voting system of

2787:

From 2001 to 2008, "without label" was no longer used in the nomenclature of the

2777: 2724: 2554: 2394: 2017:

backed independent candidates won 94 seats as the party was officially banned by

1365: 1209:

was elected to the U.S. Senate as an Independent from Maine. He was reelected in

1123: 926: 72: 58: 6182:'s 1997 election was the first election of an Independent in the UK since 1951: 2853:

was not a party member: for example, in 1984 the Greens came up with the writer

286: 91: 5826:"Nuance politique attribuée aux maires des communes de moins de 3500 habitants" 4653: 4466: 4322: 4020: 3957: 3867: 3831: 3795: 3682: 3550: 3441: 3380: 3319: 3186: 3178: 2951:, for example more talking time and representation in a subcommittee, when the 2897: 2769: 2512:. Local legislatures may find itself with independent and nonpartisan members. 2505: 2475: 2456: 2428: 1657: 1342: 1225: 1158: 1147: 1033: 996: 995:

was elected as governor with a plurality of 49%. Also in 2014, former mayor of

980: 938: 863: 831: 706: 365: 99: 5007: 4991:"Birds of a Feather? Loyalty and Partisanship in the Reformed Canadian Senate" 4990: 4934:

Constitutional Pariah: Reference re Senate Reform and the Future of Parliament

4725: 4669: 4393: 210:. Vuong had originally campaigned as a member of the Liberal Party during the 6895: 6817: 5918: 5534:"Senator Joe Manchin Changes His Registration from Democratic to Independent" 5215: 5016: 4905: 4897: 4677: 4429: 4417: 4405: 4385: 4333:

electorate as an independent after having previously held it a member of the

4286: 4282: 4254: 4227: 4144: 4124: 4108: 3717: 3646: 3445: 3435: 3174: 3046: 3030: 2979: 2818: 2642:

are forced to relinquish membership from any political party they may be in.

2558: 1986: 1978: 1515: 1386: 1186: 1041: 965: 957: 934: 876: 803: 764: 682: 597: 398: 5725: 5580:"Balendra 'Balen' Shah, Sunita Dangol set to become KMC Mayor, Deputy-mayor" 2880:—299 of the seats in parliament are distributed by districts according to a 1965:

candidates the voting population must do so at independent voting stations.

527: 5177:"Formation of Political Parties - Creating the United States | Exhibitions" 5093:

Departamento de Servicios Técnicos de la Asamblea Legislativa de Costa Rica

4705: 4366: 4362: 4298: 4195: 4152: 3989: 3933: 3898: 3781: 3606:

Two independent (or local party) members of parliament were elected in the

3542: 3384: 3193:(2021–2022) were independent when they were in office. Ciampi was also the 3190: 3038: 2991: 2905: 2854: 2846: 1918: 1672: 1373: 1350: 1316: 1139: 1119: 1057: 1037: 899: 839: 807: 791: 694: 540:

List of third party and independent performances in United States elections

251: 5662:"Gopal Hamal: A trader-turned-social worker is now the mayor of Dhangadhi" 5355:"RFK Jr. Starting New Political Parties In Effort To Expand Ballot Access" 4821:"Quebec MP Alain Rayes leaves Conservative caucus after Poilievre victory" 4273:

became an independent senator in September 2014, but lost his seat in the

3818:

Scottish Parliament, Senedd (Welsh Parliament) and Northern Irish Assembly

3136:(the lower house of the Irish parliament), representing 14% of the total. 6179: 4882:"A nonpartisan legislative chamber: The influence of the Canadian Senate" 4740:"Independent MPs usually start off in parties and rarely win an election" 4476: 4409: 4365:. Others have joined parties which were then outside Parliament, such as 4346: 4315: 4239: 4211: 4132: 3937: 3929: 3925: 3913: 3839: 3709: 3689: 3561: 3557:, standing as an independent, after the Labour Party had deselected him. 3415: 3308: 3276: 3182: 3140: 3054: 2995: 2987: 2917: 2736: 2599: 1990: 1882: 1466: 1229: 1146:

was appointed a day before the 2002 elections to fill the senate seat of

1127: 1094: 961: 867: 847: 666: 627: 572:

elected as an independent to date. Washington opposed the development of

456: 452: 308: 216: 196: 5268:"United States presidential election of 1992 | United States government" 4178:). Seven new independents were elected to the House of Representatives: 3928:

group later in 2016 after multiple fallings out with Plaid Cymru leader

3798:

includes many peers independent from political parties. Some are simply

3700:

ran the football club. Another example an independent candidate, in the

3576:. He was the first independent to be newly elected to the Commons since 3461:

seats to become independent to become what is commonly referred to as a

2459:

topping the Senate election. He was a guest candidate of the opposition

5973: 4654:"The Emergence of Parties in the Canadian House of Commons (1867–1908)" 4511: 4358: 4219: 4187: 3744: 3697: 3678: 3023: 2576: 2431:

succeeded Marcos, and promulgated a new constitution that ushered in a

1206: 1122:

left the Republican Party to become an independent in 2001. Jeffords's

819: 745: 646: 631: 611: 581: 472: 304: 230:

Independent politicians have on occasion held considerable sway in the

134:

appear with their name only. The two options are otherwise equivalent.

4301:

was elected, becoming the first independent senator from a territory.

3610:, although both were defeated five years later. In the same election, 3045:

in 1991. A special case is the former Federal Minister and Chancellor

2451:, who both teamed up to stage coups during the Aquino presidency. The 4400:

when he was re-elected as representative of his new political party,

3902: 3893: 3748: 3611: 3155: 3059: 2861: 2528: 1998: 1982: 1264: 1053: 992: 884: 476:

of candidates for elected positions according to the Electoral Code.

3988:

as an independent, having run against the official Labour candidate

3367:, but formally resigned from the party after he was elected, as did 3348:

was not an endorsed candidate of any party, but the chairman of the

6666:

Australian Electoral Commission: Tally Room - 2022 Federal Election

4858:

Thomas, Paul G. (2019). "Moving Toward a New and Improved Senate".

4481: 3737: 3572:, having stood on an anti-corruption platform, defeating incumbent 2869: 2479: 1936: 1825: 1696: 1684: 1588: 1502: 1098: 1065: 976: 903: 779: 749: 406: 6000:"Mitglieder der Regierung des Fürstentums Liechtenstein 1862-2021" 5174: 2904:', cities' and municipalities' assemblies, as well as member of a 1357:(Bagan Serai). It did not last beyond the 12th General Elections. 5970:

European Commission for Democracy Through Law (Venice Commission)

5203:"The 1992 Campaign: On the Trail – Poll Gives Perot a Clear Lead" 3458: 3241: 3154:. There is also one independent senator who was nominated by the 2900:

it may occur that an independent politician is elected deputy to

2893: 2700:

In France, independent politicians are frequently categorised as

2376:

After independence was granted by the United States in 1946, the

1948: 1897: 1379:

At the same time in December 2018, almost all members from Sabah

1300: 953: 734: 548:

List of third-party and independent United States state governors

544:

Third-party and independent members of the United States Congress

432: 334:

after being expelled from cabinet and the Liberal Party over the

200: 195:, the House of Commons featured one sitting independent member: 5636:"5 reasons why new Dharan mayor, Harka Sampang Rai, stands out" 4456:

independents. The government depends on an informal coalition.

4253:

served from 1975 to 2005 with considerable influence at times.

4234:). Several of the newly elected independents have been branded 4179: 3580:. He stood unsuccessfully in a different constituency in 2001. 3218: 2532: 1994: 1930: 1801: 1726:

List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (2023–present)

1702: 1616: 988: 799: 787: 254:

was elected to the House as an independent MP representing the

220: 4314:, although two independent candidates have been successful in 3480:

could technically be an independent if chosen by the Riksdag.

1393:

and became an independent MP fighting for education activist.

552:

Third-party members of state legislatures of the United States

2909: 2405:, widow of Gaudencio Antonino who died on election eve, won. 1942: 1861: 1708: 1690: 1644: 1545: 1327:

In 2010, a group of independent MPs who were sacked from the

795: 783: 502: 6659:"Australian Capital Territory - Distribution of Preferences" 5509:"Sen. Kyrsten Sinema: Why I'm registering as an independent" 4652:

Godbout, Jean-François; Høyland, Bjørn (23 September 2013).

4448:, there have been no political parties since 2003, when the 2806:

as an independent candidate, becoming the first-ever female

2463:

but he never joined their campaign rallies. In 2004, he ran

1993:

were also elected as Mayor of some of the major cities like

752:, and elsewhere to gain ballot access in several states. In 717:, but ultimately did not appear on the ballot in either the 501:

to become independents, and this has also happened with the

71:

Independents sometimes choose to form a party, alliance, or

6859:"Elected Without a Party, Lieberman Will Remain a Democrat" 6158: 4988: 4445: 4388:. Carter became an independent after his criticisms of the 3692:

supporter Ian Robinson, who stood as an independent in the

3292: 1719: 1380: 1045: 702: 234:

in recent years, as Canada has been governed by successive

1461: 1003:

won the gubernatorial election. Walker retired before the

5405:"Charlie Crist Comes Under Fire For Pulling Party Switch" 3754: 1134:, and the Democrats held control of the Senate until the 4543:"Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de 1988" 262:. Cadman was first elected to represent the riding as a 6286:"Electoral Administration Act 2006 - Explanatory Notes" 6226:"Tycoon finances 'X Factor' party to clean up politics" 6063:"Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa suspendeu a militância no PSD" 4936:. Vancouver: UBCPress. pp. 100–102, 104–105, 133. 4766:"Current Members of Parliament - Members of Parliament" 3633:

Only one independent was elected to the Commons in the

3444:, the current president of Russia, was the head of the 3264:

were elected as independents. Under the currently used

1299:

The only independent Israeli politician elected to the

5292:

McCombs, Brady; Price, Michelle L. (9 November 2016).

4545:(in Portuguese). Palácio do Planalto. 5 October 1988. 3708:, a local activist and self-declared reincarnation of 2704:("without label") in municipal or district elections. 2415:, where one independent won, independents also won in 1473:

Members of the Dewan Rakyat, 15th Malaysian Parliament

1467:

Members of Parliament of the 15th Malaysian Parliament

1408:

Members of the Dewan Negara, 15th Malaysian Parliament

1360:

As of May 2018, three independent MPs were elected in

763:

Several other candidates for federal races, including

422: 6155:"History of East YorkshireLearn about East Yorkshire" 5688:"Azerbaijan election: Ruling party wins amid boycott" 5294:"GOP call to 'come home' helps Trump win big in Utah" 3761:

Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000

3593:

Independent Kidderminster Hospital and Health Concern

3505:

Independent Kidderminster Hospital and Health Concern

3494:

Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000

5955:

Vaduz: Landtag of the Principality of Liechtenstein.

4571:(in Portuguese). Senado Notícias. 10 February 2015. 4261:

and was re-elected for another six-year term at the

4068:

Independents are a recurrent feature of the federal

2740:

Independents for Economic, Social and Peasant Action

1076:

There have been several independents elected to the

5966:"Constitution of the Principality of Liechtenstein" 1383:quit the party and became independent politicians. 941:received 12.43% of the vote, and State Comptroller 929:(formerly a Democrat) received 21% of the vote. In 342:, Wilson-Raybould did not seek re-election in 2021. 301:

with 33% of the vote. Arthur lost his seat in 2011.

238:(five of the seven that have been formed since the 6436:(Webcast). Central Bedfordshire Council Webcasting 6173: 5924:Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein 5885: 5770: 5201: 4569:"PEC permite candidatura avulsa a cargos eletivos" 4038:in England to have an independent administration. 3533:List of UK minor party and independent MPs elected 378:Independent Advisory Board for Senate Appointments 125:In Canadian federal politics, members of both the 6217: 330:ran as an independent candidate in the riding of 6893: 5854: 4596:"Proposta de Emenda à Constituição nº6, de 2015" 4249:are quite rare. In modern politics, Independent 3026:; many of the ministers were not party members. 2654:Marshal Mannerheim, the 6th President of Finland 242:) with independent MPs sometimes sharing in the 27:Individual not affiliated to any political party 6775:"Dunne Welcomes UnitedFuture's Re-Registration" 6648:, results.aec.gov.au, accessed 22 November 2020 5106: 3599:. Taylor was re-elected for Wyre Forest at the 3344:since 1990 have technically been independents. 3217:The majority of the elected representatives in 2868:(since 1949) allows any individual holding the 461:2019 Newfoundland and Labrador general election 6515:Hawley, Sam; Smiley, Stephen (20 April 2022). 5611:"'Balen' canes parties with the walking stick" 4651: 3920:, who was elected UKIP Assembly group leader. 3736:. The Independent Network does not impose any 3724:MP described himself as "Independent Labour". 3041:only shortly after his appointment joined the 2926:Brandenburg United Civic Movements/Free Voters 2471:and won with just under majority of the vote. 1011:. He didn't win but received 20% of the vote. 725:presidential elections, though he did receive 5992: 4818: 3337:) four independents won seats in the Senate. 3232:was elected the first female and Independent 2731:, with 12 deputies; the centre-right liberal 2524:, there was only one independent local head: 1315:Independents have rarely been elected to the 1132:Senate Environment and Public Works Committee 1080:throughout history. Notable examples include 918:as an independent, but lost by 15,000 votes. 506: 492: 6514: 6036:"The Constitution of the Republic of Poland" 5435:"Democrat David Ige elected Hawaii governor" 5291: 4099:At the dissolution of parliament before the 3786:Non-affiliated members of the House of Lords 3740:or political influence on their candidates. 2916:. In recent years, independents have formed 2579:, there are many independent members of the 715:2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries 556:List of party switchers in the United States 6749:"United Future applies to be re-registered" 3618:. Law died on 25 April 2006: the resulting 3541:, but there have been very few since 1945. 2467:as a guest candidate of the administration 1019: 463:, two independent candidates were elected. 5754:(in Finnish). 14 July 2012. Archived from 5402: 4931: 3595:party was elected for the constituency of 3490:Registration of Political Parties Act 1998 3365:Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland 3158:and four elected by the technical panels. 3139:There are ten independent senators in the 2841:the candidate of all major parties except 2504:Independent candidates are different from 2387:1961 Philippine vice presidential election 2353:Ever since the first elections during the 1969:between independent candidates is banned. 6816: 6456:"Q&A: Police and crime commissioners" 6093:"Introduction to standing as a candidate" 5006: 3500:) or no ballot paper description at all. 3430:have been independents. Former president 3102:(parliament), independents accounted for 2692:handled the presidency "Very favorably". 6809:Political Parties in the Pacific Islands 5768: 5328:Office of the Vermont Secretary of State 5078: 4879: 2866:personalized proportional representation 2649: 2602:is an independent with support from the 2550:, there was one independent local head: 2539:On 6 August 2019, Ko Wen-je founded the 1720:Malaysian State Assembly Representatives 1396: 983:ran as an independent candidate for the 57:is a politician not affiliated with any 6448: 6402:"UKIP rejects new AM in row over staff" 6342:"Neil McEvoy expelled from Plaid group" 6223: 6211:"Launchdate of the Independent Network" 6060: 5944: 5942: 5608: 5403:Farrington, Brendan (27 October 2010). 5061:"Reglamento de la Asamblea Legislativa" 4703: 3238:2008 Kosovo declaration of independence 3201:, despite being a former member of the 2742:, with six deputies; and the far-right 2488:2010 House of Representatives elections 2419:. Marcos was overthrown after the 1986 1462:Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives) 102:was independent between 2019 and 2021. 14: 6894: 6316:"Independent MSP Margo MacDonald dies" 5857:"Begriff: Unabhängiger Direktkandidat" 5797: 5531: 5481: 5151:"George Washington's Farewell Warning" 4857: 4376:There were two independent MPs in the 4088:. In 2013 a political party named the 3755:Independent and undescribed candidates 3539:House of Commons of the United Kingdom 2413:1978 Philippine parliamentary election 1559:Syed Abu Hussin Hafiz Syed Abdul Fasal 1441:Amir Hamzah Azizan – appointed by the 1423:Mohd Na'im Mokhtar – appointed by the 1175:United States House of Representatives 1173:. He was an independent member of the 1026:United States House of Representatives 879:, who actually ran as a member of the 744:, Nader formed Independent Parties in 442:2009 British Columbia general election 166:—the elected members of the governing 6856: 6135:from the original on 10 November 2016 6042:from the original on 16 February 2017 6016:from the original on 16 February 2024 5980:from the original on 11 February 2022 5976:. 27 November 2002 . pp. 22–23. 5916: 5377: 5304:from the original on 23 February 2020 5148: 5053: 4995:Canadian Journal of Political Science 4984: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4927: 4925: 4923: 4875: 4873: 4871: 4869: 4853: 4851: 4849: 4847: 4845: 4843: 4841: 4792: 4658:Canadian Journal of Political Science 3880:2007 Scottish Parliamentary elections 3866:to become an independent and in 2005 3824:2003 Scottish Parliamentary elections 3743:In March 2009, the multi-millionaire 3734:Lord Nolan's Standards of Public Life 3526: 3509:Epsom and Ewell Residents Association 3033:(1969–1972), and Minister of Economy 2494:elections, and cannot participate in 2445:1998 Philippine presidential election 2425:1986 Philippine presidential election 2030:Independents in elections since 1987 1453:Salehuddin Saidin – appointed by the 1224:, former members of Democratic Party 771:), have pursued a similar strategy. 576:, which had begun to solidify as the 6838:from the original on 10 January 2024 6799: 6693: 6606:from the original on 29 October 2014 6554:from the original on 21 October 2015 6466:from the original on 15 October 2014 6191:from the original on 17 October 2015 6105:from the original on 2 February 2017 5939: 5898:from the original on 26 October 2013 5888:"Ludwig Erhard war nie CDU-Mitglied" 5886:Walter Wüllenweber (25 April 2007). 5590:from the original on 10 January 2024 5463:from the original on 17 October 2014 5352: 4788: 4786: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4064:Independent politicians in Australia 4045:elected in England and Wales in the 2827:German presidential election of 2010 2397:. The first breakthrough was in the 497:, term used for legislators) of the 427:The territorial legislatures of the 372:Following the election of a Liberal 289:was elected in the Quebec riding of 6372:"Nathan Gill resigns from assembly" 5958: 5917:Wille, Herbert (31 December 2011). 5910: 4819:Connolly, Amanda; Boutilier, Alex. 4793:Burke, Ashley (22 September 2021). 4710:. Vancouver: UBC Press. p. 8. 4707:Whipped: party discipline in Canada 4593: 4452:disbanded, and all politicians are 4105:Australian House of Representatives 3313:German Minority Electoral Committee 2804:2018 Georgian presidential election 2735:, with 26 deputies; the right-wing 1741:Selangor State Legislative Assembly 1232:joined Sanders and King and became 423:Provincial and territorial politics 274:, Reform's successor party, in the 137: 120: 32:Independence Party (disambiguation) 24: 6857:Yoest, Patrick (8 November 2006). 6852:. BBC World News. 20 October 2006. 6850:"Clare Short resigns as Labour MP" 6496:from the original on 30 March 2015 6073:from the original on 17 April 2016 5506: 5459:. Yahoo! News. 14 September 2014. 4975: 4920: 4866: 4838: 4628:from the original on 16 March 2017 4297:, independent senator for the ACT 3947: 3814:) do not have party affiliations. 3271: 3266:1921 Constitution of Liechtenstein 3254:1862 Constitution of Liechtenstein 3018:, a non-partisan (though strongly 2955:decided partially in their favor. 2764:under the banner "without label". 2618:After an inconclusive election in 2474:In the local level, former priest 2423:after he allegedly cheated in the 2355:1907 Philippine Assembly elections 1761:Sarawak State Legislative Assembly 1447:Zulkifli Hasan – appointed by the 1429:Low Kian Chuan – appointed by the 524:Jaime Heliodoro Rodríguez Calderón 499:Legislative Assembly of Costa Rica 270:and re-elected as a member of the 40:Independent Party (disambiguation) 36:Independent Group (disambiguation) 25: 6918: 6879: 6675:from the original on 14 June 2022 6580:from the original on 2 April 2015 6544:"Senate Results: South Australia" 6412:from the original on 18 July 2018 6382:from the original on 18 July 2018 6352:from the original on 18 July 2018 6322:from the original on 6 April 2014 6187:. London: Guardian. 3 June 2008. 6061:Valente, Liliana (1 April 2016). 5867:from the original on 9 April 2019 5698:from the original on 4 March 2020 5441:. 4 November 2014. Archived from 5222:from the original on Apr 11, 2020 4880:Bridgman, Aengus (6 April 2020). 4783: 4692: 4640: 4624:(in Portuguese). Senado Federal. 4602:from the original on 1 April 2017 4598:(in Portuguese). Senado Federal. 4575:from the original on 1 April 2017 3878:to become an independent. At the 3775: 3770:Electoral Administration Act 2006 3614:was elected as an independent at 3483: 3281:Prime Minister of the Netherlands 3197:between 1999 and 2006. President 3098:state: in the early elections to 3037:(1998–2002). Minister of Justice 2626:was named the first non-partisan 1731:Pahang State Legislative Assembly 1574:Iskandar Dzulkarnain Abdul Khalid 1435:Awang Sariyan – appointed by the 1169:and is running for reelection in 906:, a former Democrat, was elected 657:(in 1996 under the newly founded 6694:Gore, Charlotte (14 June 2022). 6296:from the original on 23 May 2018 6266:from the original on 23 May 2018 5769:Kervinen, Elina (14 July 2021). 5334:from the original on 28 May 2019 5324:"Vermont Election Night Results" 5265: 4295:2022 Australian federal election 3247: 3132:(parliamentary deputies) in the 3089:Independent politician (Ireland) 2307: 2304: 2257: 2254: 2207: 2204: 2157: 2154: 2107: 2104: 2057: 2054: 1890: 1854: 1818: 1794: 1751:Sabah State Legislative Assembly 1637: 1609: 1581: 1538: 1495: 1331:formed a political block called 533: 150:parties is known to have led to 6886:Independent Candidate Directory 6793: 6767: 6741: 6715: 6687: 6651: 6632: 6618: 6592: 6566: 6536: 6508: 6490:Australian Electoral Commission 6478: 6424: 6394: 6364: 6334: 6308: 6278: 6248: 6224:Gourlay, Chris (8 March 2009). 6203: 6147: 6125:"Electoral Administration Bill" 6117: 6085: 6054: 6028: 5879: 5848: 5818: 5791: 5762: 5740: 5718:"Mustafazadə Aytən İnqlab qızı" 5710: 5680: 5654: 5628: 5602: 5572: 5558:"KONSENSUS BEBAS formed today!" 5550: 5525: 5500: 5475: 5449: 5427: 5396: 5371: 5346: 5316: 5285: 5259: 5234: 5194: 5168: 5149:Avlon, John (10 January 2017). 5142: 5120: 5116:(in Spanish). 2 September 2009. 5031: 4950: 4812: 4549:from the original on 5 May 2016 4341:, he had formed his own party ( 4103:, four independents sat in the 4094:Australian Electoral Commission 4019:(Western Isles Council) in the 3696:in protest at the way chairman 2670:July 1919 presidential election 2437:1995 Philippine Senate election 2399:1967 Philippine Senate election 2019:Election Commission of Pakistan 1195:Connecticut for Lieberman Party 1144:Independence Party of Minnesota 889:Independence Party of Minnesota 622:and briefly sought election in 5798:Perälä, Elisa (14 July 2021). 5609:Ghimire, Binod (26 May 2022). 5532:Winger, Richard (2024-05-31). 5482:Watson, Kathryn (2024-05-31). 4758: 4732: 4614: 4587: 4561: 4535: 4428:there was one independent MP: 4304: 4043:police and crime commissioners 3830:were elected as Independents: 3661:because of its links with the 3371:, who was the first leader of 3148:National University of Ireland 3126:Irish general election in 2020 2935:, i.e., not affiliated to any 2548:2022 Taiwanese local elections 2522:2018 Taiwanese local elections 2439:saw two independents winning: 2380:between the Nacionalistas and 2028: 2024: 1959: 164:2011 Canadian federal election 13: 1: 5748:"Mannerheimkin tanssi tangoa" 5564:. 7 June 2010. Archived from 4528: 3907:2007 Welsh Assembly elections 3694:Sutton Coldfield constituency 3049:, whose affiliation with the 3014:appointed by Reich President 2570: 1193:and ran under a third party ( 1113: 466: 6723:"United Future deregistered" 6639:First preferences (Tasmania) 5861:Unabhängige Direktkandidaten 5095:(in Spanish). Archived from 5063:(in Spanish). Archived from 4057: 3997:Local Government Association 3628:Blaenau Gwent People's Voice 3128:, there were 23 independent 2953:Federal Constitutional Court 2829:he was the candidate of the 2443:(who later ran and lost the 2332: 2279: 2232: 2179: 2132: 2082: 2079: 1258: 937:singer and mystery novelist 560: 448:narrowly defeated incumbent 413: 7: 6800:Rich, Roland (April 2008), 5378:Large, Steve (2024-01-16). 4932:Macfarlane, Emmett (2021). 4522:Third party (United States) 4459: 4426:50th New Zealand Parliament 4378:49th New Zealand Parliament 4086:National Party of Australia 3521:East Yorkshire Independents 3394: 3297:Voters' Electoral Committee 2949:fraktionsloser Abgeordneter 2943:. In 1989 the Bundestag MP 2933:fraktionsloser Abgeordneter 2606:. Radev was elected in the 2590: 2478:was elected as governor of 2004: 1779:Parliamentary Constituency 1401: 1310: 1277:geographical constituencies 1088:) in the 19th century, and 1071: 1028:has also seen a handful of 1014: 774: 645:, billionaire entrepreneur 511:) of the municipalities of 79: 10: 6923: 5855:Martin Fehndrich (2012) . 5130:(in Spanish). 4 March 2016 5114:"Código Electoral Nº 8765" 4770:House of Commons of Canada 4078:Liberal Party of Australia 4061: 4052: 4001:City of London Corporation 3779: 3530: 3434:declined an offer to join 3086: 3082: 3066: 3051:Christian Democratic Union 3010:(1932–1933). The last two 2886:Bundestag election in 1949 2813: 2794: 2782:2017 presidential election 2774:2007 presidential election 2645: 2633: 2613: 2608:2016 presidential election 1723: 1470: 1405: 537: 481:Constitution of Costa Rica 383:Independent Senators Group 354:Governor General of Canada 232:House of Commons of Canada 109: 29: 6486:"Australian Independents" 6129:United Kingdom parliament 5666:OnlineKhabar English News 5640:OnlineKhabar English News 5008:10.1017/S0008423921000548 5001:(4): 840, 841, 845, 846. 4670:10.1017/s0008423913000632 4041:Roughly a quarter of the 4017:Comhairle nan Eilean Siar 3844:Strathkelvin and Bearsden 3451: 3421: 3305:komitet wyborczy wyborców 3286: 3279:has been the independent 3258:Governor of Liechtenstein 3224: 3212: 2762:president of the Republic 2695: 2628:Prime Minister of Croatia 2604:Bulgarian Socialist Party 2565: 2515: 1927: 1805: 1681: 1635: 1536: 1493: 1294: 1275:, and are not rare among 1273:functional constituencies 1157:, independent politician 769:Connecticut for Lieberman 729:of the popular vote as a 600:. Washington feared that 592:faction, centered around 580:faction, centered around 518: 346: 280:Progressive Conservatives 105: 84: 55:non-affiliated politician 6888:(archived 26 March 2018) 6818:10.22459/pppi.04.2008.01 6098:. Electoral Commission. 4898:10.1177/1354068820911345 4092:was registered with the 4013:Shetland Islands Council 3570:general election of 1997 3517:Derwentside Independents 3262:Landtag of Liechtenstein 3161: 2998:(1925–1926), the former 2789:Ministry of the Interior 2733:Independents of the Left 2685:National Coalition Party 2461:Pwersa ng Masa coalition 1981:was elected as Mayor of 1972: 1486:Parliament Constituency 1391:Homeland Fighters' Party 1282: 1253: 1213:and is running again in 1020:House of Representatives 444:, independent candidate 391:Progressive Senate Group 369:elected Prime Minister. 291:Portneuf—Jacques-Cartier 193:44th Canadian Parliament 160:41st Canadian Parliament 116:Independent Conservative 6902:Independent politicians 6600:"Senator Jacqui Lambie" 5272:Encyclopedia Britannica 5041:. CBC News. 17 May 2019 4439: 4090:Australian Independents 4070:Parliament of Australia 4005:Isles of Scilly Council 3954:directly elected mayors 3864:Scottish National Party 3860:West of Scotland region 3408:Social Democratic Party 3400:Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa 2882:plurality voting system 2557:, County magistrate of 2447:as an independent) and 2421:People Power Revolution 2367:first elections in 1916 2365:was first created, its 2011:General Elections, 2008 1812:Ahmad Irshadi Abdullah 1248: 1222:presidency of Joe Biden 943:Carole Keeton Strayhorn 681:conservative candidate 387:Canadian Senators Group 96:Democratic Labour Party 51:non-partisan politician 6574:"Senator John Madigan" 5086:"Consulta 104-2012 J*" 4704:Marland, Alex (2020). 4502:Non-partisan democracy 4074:Australian Labor Party 4009:Orkney Islands Council 3706:Arthur Uther Pendragon 3702:Salisbury constituency 3681:(formerly Labour) and 3361:Aleksander Kwaśniewski 2980:German Imperial states 2922:Free Voters of Bavaria 2872:to stand for a direct 2674:National Progressive's 2655: 1349:(Kulim-Bandar Bharu), 1339:Zahrain Mohamed Hashim 1329:People's Justice Party 1124:change of party status 1084:of Illinois (a former 614:was expelled from the 507: 493: 485:freedom of association 6907:Political terminology 6644:10 April 2021 at the 6626:Senator Glenn Lazarus 6318:. BBC. 4 April 2014. 6185:"Martin Bell Profile" 4339:next general election 4337:. By the time of the 4291:Jacqui Lambie Network 4263:2013 federal election 4259:2007 federal election 4174:), and Helen Haines ( 4164:2022 federal election 4101:2019 federal election 3872:Mid Scotland and Fife 3727:On 23 March 2005 the 3659:Ulster Unionist Party 3601:2005 general election 3585:2001 general election 3555:1970 general election 3412:political affiliation 3404:president of Portugal 3329:The situation in the 3221:are independendents. 3077:Guðni Th. Jóhannesson 2870:passive right to vote 2678:Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg 2653: 2597:President of Bulgaria 2541:Taiwan People's Party 1455:Yang di-Pertuan Agong 1449:Yang di-Pertuan Agong 1443:Yang di-Pertuan Agong 1437:Yang di-Pertuan Agong 1431:Yang di-Pertuan Agong 1425:Yang di-Pertuan Agong 1419:Yang di-Pertuan Agong 1397:Dewan Negara (Senate) 1376:as of December 2018. 1355:Mohsin Fadzli Samsuri 1236:. They are viewed as 1234:Independent Democrats 1007:but ran again in the 864:Lowell P. Weicker Jr. 758:Robert F. Kennedy Jr. 733:in his home state of 590:Democratic-Republican 437:consensus governments 429:Northwest Territories 356:on the advice of the 317:Cumberland—Colchester 299:2008 federal election 295:2006 federal election 276:2000 federal election 268:1997 federal election 240:2004 federal election 212:2021 federal election 184:official party status 152:Members of Parliament 18:Independent candidate 6701:ABC News (Australia) 6462:. 12 November 2013. 6378:. 27 December 2017. 5513:The Arizona Republic 5102:on 16 December 2023. 4664:(4): 774, 789, 793. 4032:Central Bedfordshire 3952:The introduction of 3410:, but suspended his 3377:Bronisław Komorowski 3363:was a leader of the 3171:Carlo Azeglio Ciampi 3073:President of Iceland 2823:President of Germany 2808:President of Georgia 2800:Salome Zourabichvili 2666:President of Finland 2664:, who served as the 2496:party-list elections 2453:2001 EDSA Revolution 1985:in 2022. Similarly, 1630:Suhaili Abdul Rahman 1364:, but later joining 1305:Shmuel Flatto-Sharon 1199:Independent Democrat 1078:United States Senate 914:, he campaigned for 328:Jody Wilson-Raybould 236:minority governments 172:New Democratic Party 30:For other uses, see 5694:. 1 November 2015. 5584:The Himalayan Times 5445:on 5 November 2014. 5181:Library of Congress 4450:Niue People's Party 4351:Taito Phillip Field 4049:were independents. 3806:. Additionally the 3729:Independent Network 3626:of the local party 3234:President of Kosovo 3203:Christian Democracy 3104:7% of seats in 1922 3016:Paul von Hindenburg 3008:Kurt von Schleicher 2968:heads of government 2962:of 1871, the first 2937:parliamentary group 2878:electoral districts 2758:Alexandre Millerand 2687:from 2012 to 2018, 2662:C. G. E. Mannerheim 2640:Estonian presidents 2031: 1785:State Constituency 1531:Mohd Azizi Abu Naim 1417:– appointed by the 1415:Sivarraajh Chandran 1353:(Nibong Tebal) and 1337:. The members were 1269:Legislative Council 1032:. Examples include 1030:independent members 925:, state legislator 910:as an independent. 908:lieutenant governor 872:A Connecticut Party 838:from Rhode Island; 483:, which guarantees 374:majority government 332:Vancouver Granville 225:Richmond—Arthabaska 112:Independent Liberal 6863:The New York Times 5953:125 Jahre Landtag. 5615:The Kathmandu Post 5538:Ballot Access News 5208:The New York Times 4517:Syncretic politics 4170:), Zali Steggall ( 3922:Dafydd Elis-Thomas 3876:Conservative Party 3414:on the day of his 3357:Tadeusz Mazowiecki 3195:President of Italy 2976:executive officers 2960:German unification 2851:Federal Convention 2656: 2510:barangay elections 2433:multi-party system 2359:Nacionalista Party 2029: 1847:Abdul Rashid Asari 1238:moderate Democrats 731:write-in candidate 586:Alexander Hamilton 336:SNC-Lavalin affair 204:electoral district 168:Conservative Party 5777:Helsingin Sanomat 5752:Ilkka-Pohjalainen 5568:on 19 April 2018. 5507:Sinema, Kyrsten. 5353:Bohannon, Molly. 5246:RealClearPolitics 5155:POLITICO Magazine 4717:978-0-7748-6498-5 4622:"Senador Reguffe" 4497:Independent voter 4492:Benjamin Franklin 4343:New Zealand First 4236:Teal independents 4082:Australian Greens 4036:unitary authority 4034:became the first 3812:Church of England 3718:Respect Coalition 3649:, the member for 3513:Devizes Guardians 3252:According to the 3199:Sergio Mattarella 3152:Dublin University 3096:foundation of the 2964:Reich Chancellors 2747:Independent Group 2624:Tihomir Orešković 2585:Aytən Mustafayeva 2581:National Assembly 2498:as independents. 2465:as vice president 2441:Juan Ponce Enrile 2403:Magnolia Antonino 2393:narrowly lost to 2391:Sergio Osmeña Jr. 2351: 2350: 1957: 1956: 1809:Nominated member 1717: 1716: 1602:Zulkafperi Hanapi 1289:Indian Parliament 1108:Kenneth S. Wherry 1090:Harry F. Byrd Jr. 699:George H. W. Bush 691:Electoral College 574:political parties 566:George Washington 307:, the MP for the 272:Canadian Alliance 208:Spadina—Fort York 16:(Redirected from 6914: 6874: 6872: 6870: 6853: 6840: 6839: 6837: 6820: 6806: 6797: 6791: 6790: 6788: 6786: 6781:. 13 August 2013 6771: 6765: 6764: 6762: 6760: 6745: 6739: 6738: 6736: 6734: 6719: 6713: 6712: 6710: 6708: 6691: 6685: 6684: 6682: 6680: 6674: 6668:. 20 June 2022. 6663: 6655: 6649: 6636: 6630: 6629: 6622: 6616: 6615: 6613: 6611: 6596: 6590: 6589: 6587: 6585: 6570: 6564: 6563: 6561: 6559: 6540: 6534: 6533: 6531: 6529: 6512: 6506: 6505: 6503: 6501: 6482: 6476: 6475: 6473: 6471: 6452: 6446: 6445: 6443: 6441: 6428: 6422: 6421: 6419: 6417: 6398: 6392: 6391: 6389: 6387: 6368: 6362: 6361: 6359: 6357: 6338: 6332: 6331: 6329: 6327: 6312: 6306: 6305: 6303: 6301: 6282: 6276: 6275: 6273: 6271: 6252: 6246: 6245: 6243: 6241: 6236:on 16 March 2009 6232:. Archived from 6230:The Sunday Times 6221: 6215: 6214: 6207: 6201: 6200: 6198: 6196: 6177: 6171: 6170: 6168: 6166: 6161:on 27 April 2015 6157:. Archived from 6151: 6145: 6144: 6142: 6140: 6121: 6115: 6114: 6112: 6110: 6104: 6097: 6089: 6083: 6082: 6080: 6078: 6058: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6047: 6032: 6026: 6025: 6023: 6021: 6015: 6004: 5996: 5990: 5989: 5987: 5985: 5962: 5956: 5946: 5937: 5936: 5934: 5932: 5914: 5908: 5907: 5905: 5903: 5883: 5877: 5876: 5874: 5872: 5852: 5846: 5845: 5843: 5841: 5836:on 23 March 2019 5832:. Archived from 5822: 5816: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5795: 5789: 5788: 5786: 5784: 5774: 5766: 5760: 5759: 5758:on 21 July 2021. 5744: 5738: 5737: 5735: 5733: 5724:. Archived from 5714: 5708: 5707: 5705: 5703: 5684: 5678: 5677: 5675: 5673: 5658: 5652: 5651: 5649: 5647: 5632: 5626: 5625: 5623: 5621: 5606: 5600: 5599: 5597: 5595: 5576: 5570: 5569: 5554: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5544: 5529: 5523: 5522: 5520: 5519: 5504: 5498: 5497: 5495: 5494: 5479: 5473: 5472: 5470: 5468: 5453: 5447: 5446: 5431: 5425: 5424: 5422: 5420: 5411:. Archived from 5400: 5394: 5393: 5391: 5390: 5375: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5365: 5350: 5344: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5320: 5314: 5313: 5311: 5309: 5289: 5283: 5282: 5280: 5278: 5263: 5257: 5256: 5254: 5252: 5238: 5232: 5231: 5229: 5227: 5210:. 11 June 1992. 5205: 5198: 5192: 5191: 5189: 5187: 5172: 5166: 5165: 5163: 5161: 5146: 5140: 5139: 5137: 5135: 5124: 5118: 5117: 5110: 5104: 5103: 5101: 5090: 5082: 5076: 5075: 5073: 5072: 5057: 5051: 5050: 5048: 5046: 5035: 5029: 5028: 5010: 4986: 4973: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4954: 4948: 4947: 4929: 4918: 4917: 4892:(5): 1009–1016. 4877: 4864: 4863: 4862:: 8, 17, 18, 24. 4855: 4836: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4816: 4810: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4790: 4781: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4762: 4756: 4755: 4753: 4751: 4736: 4730: 4729: 4701: 4690: 4689: 4649: 4638: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4618: 4612: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4591: 4585: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4565: 4559: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4539: 4507:Radical centrism 4487:Electoral reform 4398:2011 by-election 4371:Tuariki Delamere 4327:1993 by-election 3884:four years later 3810:(bishops of the 3747:established the 3675:Liberal Democrat 3527:House of Commons 3467:political savage 3426:All of Russia's 3318:Tickets such as 3207:Democratic Party 3189:(2018–2021) and 2945:Thomas Wüppesahl 2924:in 2008 and the 2914:Northern Germany 2912:, especially in 2831:Social Democrats 2729:Independent Left 2449:Gregorio Honasan 2409:Ferdinand Marcos 2378:two-party system 2346: 2339: 2321: 2314: 2296: 2289: 2271: 2264: 2246: 2239: 2221: 2214: 2196: 2189: 2171: 2164: 2146: 2139: 2121: 2114: 2096: 2089: 2071: 2064: 2032: 2001:, respectively. 1953: 1896: 1894: 1893: 1860: 1858: 1857: 1824: 1822: 1821: 1800: 1798: 1797: 1770: 1769: 1767: 1757: 1747: 1737: 1713: 1643: 1641: 1640: 1615: 1613: 1612: 1587: 1585: 1584: 1544: 1542: 1541: 1501: 1499: 1498: 1477: 1476: 1347:Zulkifli Noordin 1324:are quite rare. 1179:Vermont-at-large 1118:Vermont senator 1103:George W. Norris 987:of the State of 898:, State Senator 854:from Texas; and 812:James B. Longley 620:Democratic Party 606:Farewell Address 594:Thomas Jefferson 510: 496: 471:Current laws in 450:Attorney General 446:Vicki Huntington 256:British Columbia 244:balance of power 206:, or riding, of 178:, following the 162:, following the 138:House of Commons 127:House of Commons 121:Federal politics 21: 6922: 6921: 6917: 6916: 6915: 6913: 6912: 6911: 6892: 6891: 6882: 6877: 6868: 6866: 6848: 6844: 6843: 6835: 6829: 6804: 6798: 6794: 6784: 6782: 6773: 6772: 6768: 6758: 6756: 6747: 6746: 6742: 6732: 6730: 6721: 6720: 6716: 6706: 6704: 6692: 6688: 6678: 6676: 6672: 6661: 6657: 6656: 6652: 6646:Wayback Machine 6637: 6633: 6624: 6623: 6619: 6609: 6607: 6598: 6597: 6593: 6583: 6581: 6572: 6571: 6567: 6557: 6555: 6542: 6541: 6537: 6527: 6525: 6513: 6509: 6499: 6497: 6484: 6483: 6479: 6469: 6467: 6454: 6453: 6449: 6439: 6437: 6430: 6429: 6425: 6415: 6413: 6408:. 6 July 2018. 6400: 6399: 6395: 6385: 6383: 6370: 6369: 6365: 6355: 6353: 6348:. 6 July 2018. 6340: 6339: 6335: 6325: 6323: 6314: 6313: 6309: 6299: 6297: 6290:Legislation.gov 6284: 6283: 6279: 6269: 6267: 6260:Lesiglation.gov 6254: 6253: 6249: 6239: 6237: 6222: 6218: 6209: 6208: 6204: 6194: 6192: 6183: 6178: 6174: 6164: 6162: 6153: 6152: 6148: 6138: 6136: 6123: 6122: 6118: 6108: 6106: 6102: 6095: 6091: 6090: 6086: 6076: 6074: 6059: 6055: 6045: 6043: 6034: 6033: 6029: 6019: 6017: 6013: 6002: 5998: 5997: 5993: 5983: 5981: 5964: 5963: 5959: 5947: 5940: 5930: 5928: 5915: 5911: 5901: 5899: 5884: 5880: 5870: 5868: 5853: 5849: 5839: 5837: 5824: 5823: 5819: 5809: 5807: 5796: 5792: 5782: 5780: 5767: 5763: 5746: 5745: 5741: 5731: 5729: 5728:on 15 June 2018 5716: 5715: 5711: 5701: 5699: 5686: 5685: 5681: 5671: 5669: 5660: 5659: 5655: 5645: 5643: 5634: 5633: 5629: 5619: 5617: 5607: 5603: 5593: 5591: 5586:. 25 May 2022. 5578: 5577: 5573: 5556: 5555: 5551: 5542: 5540: 5530: 5526: 5517: 5515: 5505: 5501: 5492: 5490: 5488:www.cbsnews.com 5480: 5476: 5466: 5464: 5455: 5454: 5450: 5433: 5432: 5428: 5418: 5416: 5415:on 5 March 2016 5409:Huffington Post 5401: 5397: 5388: 5386: 5384:www.cbsnews.com 5376: 5372: 5363: 5361: 5351: 5347: 5337: 5335: 5322: 5321: 5317: 5307: 5305: 5290: 5286: 5276: 5274: 5266:Levy, Michael. 5264: 5260: 5250: 5248: 5240: 5239: 5235: 5225: 5223: 5200: 5199: 5195: 5185: 5183: 5173: 5169: 5159: 5157: 5147: 5143: 5133: 5131: 5126: 5125: 5121: 5112: 5111: 5107: 5099: 5088: 5084: 5083: 5079: 5070: 5068: 5059: 5058: 5054: 5044: 5042: 5037: 5036: 5032: 4987: 4976: 4966: 4964: 4956: 4955: 4951: 4944: 4930: 4921: 4878: 4867: 4856: 4839: 4829: 4827: 4817: 4813: 4803: 4801: 4791: 4784: 4774: 4772: 4764: 4763: 4759: 4749: 4747: 4738: 4737: 4733: 4718: 4702: 4693: 4650: 4641: 4631: 4629: 4620: 4619: 4615: 4605: 4603: 4594:Reguffe, José. 4592: 4588: 4578: 4576: 4567: 4566: 4562: 4552: 4550: 4541: 4540: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4472:Party switching 4462: 4442: 4355:Gordon Copeland 4307: 4251:Brian Harradine 4204:Allegra Spender 4066: 4060: 4055: 3982:Ken Livingstone 3978:Mayor of London 3950: 3948:Local elections 3856:Campbell Martin 3848:Margo MacDonald 3820: 3808:Lords Spiritual 3792: 3790:Lords Spiritual 3780:Main articles: 3778: 3759:Part II of the 3757: 3722:George Galloway 3564:was elected at 3535: 3529: 3486: 3469:) symbol: (-). 3454: 3432:Dmitry Medvedev 3424: 3397: 3373:Law and Justice 3289: 3274: 3272:The Netherlands 3250: 3230:Atifete Jahjaga 3227: 3215: 3168:Prime Ministers 3164: 3150:and three from 3091: 3085: 3069: 3004:Franz von Papen 2898:local elections 2816: 2797: 2778:Emmanuel Macron 2725:technical group 2710:Action Libérale 2698: 2648: 2636: 2616: 2593: 2573: 2568: 2555:Chung Tung-chin 2518: 2395:Emmanuel Pelaez 2347: 2344: 2340: 2337: 2322: 2319: 2315: 2312: 2297: 2294: 2290: 2287: 2272: 2269: 2265: 2262: 2247: 2244: 2240: 2237: 2222: 2219: 2215: 2212: 2197: 2194: 2190: 2187: 2172: 2169: 2165: 2162: 2147: 2144: 2140: 2137: 2122: 2119: 2115: 2112: 2097: 2094: 2090: 2087: 2072: 2069: 2065: 2062: 2027: 2015:Tehreek-e-Insaf 2007: 1975: 1962: 1928: 1891: 1889: 1855: 1853: 1819: 1817: 1795: 1793: 1768: 1765: 1758: 1755: 1748: 1745: 1738: 1735: 1728: 1722: 1682: 1638: 1636: 1610: 1608: 1582: 1580: 1539: 1537: 1496: 1494: 1475: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1410: 1404: 1399: 1366:Pakatan Harapan 1345:(Wangsa Maju), 1334:Konsensus Bebas 1313: 1297: 1285: 1263:Around half of 1261: 1256: 1251: 1116: 1074: 1022: 1017: 927:Barbara Merrill 912:Two years later 777: 677:elections, and 563: 558: 536: 521: 469: 425: 416: 349: 340:43rd Parliament 176:42nd Parliament 140: 123: 118: 108: 98:(PDT) in 2016. 87: 82: 73:technical group 59:political party 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6920: 6910: 6909: 6904: 6890: 6889: 6881: 6880:External links 6878: 6876: 6875: 6854: 6845: 6842: 6841: 6827: 6792: 6766: 6755:. 11 June 2013 6740: 6714: 6686: 6650: 6631: 6617: 6591: 6565: 6535: 6507: 6477: 6447: 6423: 6393: 6363: 6333: 6307: 6277: 6247: 6216: 6202: 6172: 6146: 6116: 6084: 6053: 6027: 5991: 5957: 5938: 5909: 5878: 5847: 5817: 5790: 5761: 5739: 5709: 5679: 5653: 5627: 5601: 5571: 5562:Wee Choo Keong 5549: 5524: 5499: 5474: 5448: 5426: 5395: 5370: 5345: 5315: 5284: 5258: 5233: 5193: 5167: 5141: 5119: 5105: 5077: 5052: 5030: 4974: 4949: 4942: 4919: 4886:Party Politics 4865: 4837: 4811: 4782: 4757: 4731: 4716: 4691: 4639: 4613: 4586: 4560: 4533: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4467:Nonpartisanism 4463: 4461: 4458: 4441: 4438: 4335:National Party 4325:, who won the 4323:Winston Peters 4306: 4303: 4062:Main article: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4021:Outer Hebrides 3958:Stoke-on-Trent 3949: 3946: 3901:and his wife, 3868:Brian Monteith 3832:Dennis Canavan 3819: 3816: 3800:not affiliated 3796:House of Lords 3777: 3776:House of Lords 3774: 3756: 3753: 3683:Nadine Dorries 3643:2017 elections 3589:Richard Taylor 3551:Merthyr Tydfil 3528: 3525: 3485: 3484:United Kingdom 3482: 3478:Prime Minister 3463:politisk vilde 3453: 3450: 3442:Vladimir Putin 3423: 3420: 3402:, the current 3396: 3393: 3369:Lech Kaczyński 3354:Prime Minister 3320:Civic Platform 3288: 3285: 3273: 3270: 3256:the appointed 3249: 3246: 3226: 3223: 3214: 3211: 3187:Giuseppe Conte 3179:Giuliano Amato 3163: 3160: 3087:Main article: 3084: 3081: 3068: 3065: 3055:party chairman 3043:Free Democrats 2815: 2812: 2796: 2793: 2702:sans étiquette 2697: 2694: 2689:Sauli Niinistö 2647: 2644: 2635: 2632: 2615: 2612: 2592: 2589: 2572: 2569: 2567: 2564: 2563: 2562: 2537: 2536: 2517: 2514: 2476:Eddie Panlilio 2457:Noli de Castro 2429:Corazon Aquino 2389:, independent 2349: 2348: 2343: 2341: 2336: 2334: 2331: 2328: 2324: 2323: 2318: 2316: 2311: 2309: 2306: 2303: 2299: 2298: 2293: 2291: 2286: 2284: 2281: 2278: 2274: 2273: 2268: 2266: 2261: 2259: 2256: 2253: 2249: 2248: 2243: 2241: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2224: 2223: 2218: 2216: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2203: 2199: 2198: 2193: 2191: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2174: 2173: 2168: 2166: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2149: 2148: 2143: 2141: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2128: 2124: 2123: 2118: 2116: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2103: 2099: 2098: 2093: 2091: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2074: 2073: 2068: 2066: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2053: 2049: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2041:Vice President 2039: 2036: 2026: 2023: 2006: 2003: 1974: 1971: 1961: 1958: 1955: 1954: 1926: 1922: 1921: 1916: 1911: 1908: 1906:Bandar Kuching 1903: 1900: 1886: 1885: 1880: 1875: 1872: 1867: 1864: 1850: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1836: 1831: 1828: 1814: 1813: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1790: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1764: 1754: 1744: 1734: 1724:Main article: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1714: 1680: 1676: 1675: 1670: 1665: 1661: 1660: 1658:Verdon Bahanda 1655: 1650: 1647: 1633: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1619: 1605: 1604: 1599: 1597:Tanjong Karang 1594: 1591: 1577: 1576: 1571: 1566: 1562: 1561: 1556: 1551: 1548: 1534: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1519: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1505: 1491: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1471:Main article: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1457: 1451: 1445: 1439: 1433: 1427: 1421: 1411: 1406:Main article: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1343:Wee Choo Keong 1341:(Bayan Baru), 1312: 1309: 1296: 1293: 1284: 1281: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1243:17th Amendment 1226:Kyrsten Sinema 1159:Bernie Sanders 1148:Paul Wellstone 1136:2002 elections 1115: 1112: 1073: 1070: 1034:Bernie Sanders 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 981:Mufi Hannemann 939:Kinky Friedman 832:Lincoln Chafee 776: 773: 707:Bernie Sanders 628:Tyler Democrat 570:U.S. president 562: 559: 535: 532: 520: 517: 468: 465: 424: 421: 415: 412: 366:Justin Trudeau 358:Prime Minister 348: 345: 344: 343: 324: 302: 283: 266:member in the 139: 136: 122: 119: 107: 104: 100:Jair Bolsonaro 86: 83: 81: 78: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6919: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6899: 6897: 6887: 6884: 6883: 6864: 6860: 6855: 6851: 6847: 6846: 6834: 6830: 6828:9781921313752 6824: 6819: 6814: 6811:, ANU Press, 6810: 6803: 6796: 6780: 6776: 6770: 6754: 6750: 6744: 6729:. 31 May 2013 6728: 6724: 6718: 6703: 6702: 6697: 6690: 6671: 6667: 6660: 6654: 6647: 6643: 6640: 6635: 6627: 6621: 6605: 6601: 6595: 6579: 6575: 6569: 6553: 6549: 6545: 6539: 6524: 6523: 6518: 6511: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6481: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6451: 6435: 6434: 6427: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6397: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6367: 6351: 6347: 6343: 6337: 6321: 6317: 6311: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6281: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6251: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6220: 6212: 6206: 6190: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6160: 6156: 6150: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6120: 6101: 6094: 6088: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6057: 6041: 6037: 6031: 6012: 6008: 6001: 5995: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5961: 5954: 5950: 5945: 5943: 5926: 5925: 5920: 5913: 5897: 5894:(in German). 5893: 5889: 5882: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5851: 5835: 5831: 5830:Site du sénat 5827: 5821: 5805: 5801: 5794: 5778: 5773: 5765: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5743: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5713: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5683: 5668:. 25 May 2022 5667: 5663: 5657: 5642:. 24 May 2022 5641: 5637: 5631: 5616: 5612: 5605: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5575: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5553: 5539: 5535: 5528: 5514: 5510: 5503: 5489: 5485: 5478: 5462: 5458: 5452: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5430: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5399: 5385: 5381: 5374: 5360: 5356: 5349: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5319: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5288: 5273: 5269: 5262: 5247: 5243: 5237: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5204: 5197: 5182: 5178: 5171: 5156: 5152: 5145: 5129: 5123: 5115: 5109: 5098: 5094: 5087: 5081: 5067:on 2022-02-08 5066: 5062: 5056: 5040: 5034: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5009: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4979: 4963: 4959: 4953: 4945: 4943:9780774866224 4939: 4935: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4876: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4861: 4854: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4846: 4844: 4842: 4826: 4822: 4815: 4800: 4796: 4789: 4787: 4771: 4767: 4761: 4746:. 27 May 2019 4745: 4741: 4735: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4713: 4709: 4708: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4627: 4623: 4617: 4601: 4597: 4590: 4574: 4570: 4564: 4548: 4544: 4538: 4534: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4464: 4457: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4437: 4433: 4431: 4430:Brendan Horan 4427: 4423: 4422:2011 election 4419: 4418:David Seymour 4415: 4411: 4407: 4406:United Future 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4386:Hone Harawira 4383: 4379: 4374: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4319: 4317: 4313: 4302: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4287:Glenn Lazarus 4284: 4283:Jacqui Lambie 4280: 4276: 4275:2016 election 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4255:Nick Xenophon 4252: 4248: 4243: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4228:Sophie Scamps 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4160: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4145:Zali Steggall 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4125:Kerryn Phelps 4122: 4118: 4117:Cathy McGowan 4114: 4110: 4109:Andrew Wilkie 4106: 4102: 4097: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4065: 4050: 4048: 4047:2012 election 4044: 4039: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4024: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3993: 3991: 3987: 3986:first elected 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3962:Middlesbrough 3959: 3955: 3945: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3918:Neil Hamilton 3915: 3910: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3895: 3891: 3889: 3888:2016 election 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3815: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3804:crossbenchers 3801: 3797: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3773: 3771: 3765: 3762: 3752: 3750: 3746: 3741: 3739: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3723: 3720:was founded, 3719: 3713: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3686: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3666: 3664: 3663:Conservatives 3660: 3657:who left the 3656: 3652: 3648: 3647:Sylvia Hermon 3644: 3640: 3636: 3631: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3616:Blaenau Gwent 3613: 3609: 3608:2005 election 3604: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3581: 3579: 3575: 3574:Neil Hamilton 3571: 3567: 3563: 3558: 3556: 3552: 3549:MP, held his 3548: 3544: 3540: 3534: 3524: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3501: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3481: 3479: 3475: 3470: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3449: 3447: 3446:United Russia 3443: 3439: 3437: 3436:United Russia 3433: 3429: 3419: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3392: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3338: 3336: 3332: 3327: 3325: 3324:2001 election 3321: 3316: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3284: 3282: 3278: 3269: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3248:Liechtenstein 3245: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3222: 3220: 3210: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3185:(2011–2013), 3184: 3181:(2000–2001), 3180: 3177:(1995–1996), 3176: 3175:Lamberto Dini 3173:(1993–1994), 3172: 3169: 3159: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3142: 3137: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3122: 3119: 3117: 3113: 3112:10.5% in 1927 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3090: 3080: 3078: 3074: 3064: 3062: 3061: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3047:Ludwig Erhard 3044: 3040: 3036: 3035:Werner Müller 3032: 3031:Hans Leussink 3027: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2994:(1922–1923), 2993: 2989: 2986:period after 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2956: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2929: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2858: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2819:Joachim Gauck 2811: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2792: 2790: 2785: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2765: 2763: 2759: 2754: 2752: 2748: 2745: 2741: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2721: 2719: 2715: 2714:Radical Party 2711: 2705: 2703: 2693: 2690: 2686: 2681: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2660: 2652: 2643: 2641: 2631: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2611: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2598: 2588: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2560: 2559:Miaoli County 2556: 2553: 2552: 2551: 2549: 2544: 2542: 2534: 2530: 2527: 2526: 2525: 2523: 2513: 2511: 2507: 2502: 2499: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2484: 2481: 2477: 2472: 2470: 2469:K-4 coalition 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2383: 2382:Liberal Party 2379: 2374: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2342: 2335: 2329: 2326: 2325: 2317: 2310: 2301: 2300: 2292: 2285: 2282: 2276: 2275: 2267: 2260: 2251: 2250: 2242: 2235: 2229: 2226: 2225: 2217: 2210: 2201: 2200: 2192: 2185: 2182: 2176: 2175: 2167: 2160: 2151: 2150: 2142: 2135: 2129: 2126: 2125: 2117: 2110: 2101: 2100: 2092: 2085: 2076: 2075: 2067: 2060: 2051: 2050: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2033: 2022: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1987:Harka Sampang 1984: 1980: 1970: 1966: 1951: 1950: 1945: 1944: 1939: 1938: 1933: 1932: 1924: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1907: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1888: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1852: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1816: 1815: 1811: 1808: 1803: 1792: 1791: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1771: 1763: 1762: 1753: 1752: 1743: 1742: 1733: 1732: 1727: 1711: 1710: 1705: 1704: 1699: 1698: 1693: 1692: 1687: 1686: 1678: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1607: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1579: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1570: 1569:Kuala Kangsar 1567: 1564: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1554:Bukit Gantang 1552: 1549: 1547: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1520: 1517: 1516:Zahari Kechik 1514: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1492: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1478: 1474: 1456: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1444: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1432: 1428: 1426: 1422: 1420: 1416: 1413: 1412: 1409: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1387:Maszlee Malik 1384: 1382: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1323: 1318: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1292: 1290: 1280: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1246: 1244: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1218: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1189:was a former 1188: 1187:Joe Lieberman 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1111: 1109: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1069: 1067: 1063: 1062:Paul Mitchell 1059: 1055: 1051: 1050:Victor Berger 1047: 1043: 1042:Frazier Reams 1040:of Virginia, 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1012: 1010: 1006: 1005:2018 election 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 969: 967: 966:Kendrick Meek 963: 959: 958:Charlie Crist 955: 951: 946: 944: 940: 936: 935:country music 932: 928: 924: 919: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 892: 890: 886: 882: 878: 877:Jesse Ventura 873: 869: 865: 862:from Alaska. 861: 857: 853: 849: 846:from Oregon; 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 804:Shadrach Bond 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 772: 770: 767:(who created 766: 765:Joe Lieberman 761: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 738: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 683:Evan McMullin 680: 679:"Never Trump" 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 639:John Anderson 635: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 607: 603: 599: 598:James Madison 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 534:United States 531: 529: 525: 516: 514: 509: 504: 500: 495: 490: 486: 482: 477: 474: 464: 462: 458: 454: 451: 447: 443: 438: 434: 430: 420: 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