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651:, the public Muslim call to prayer. Kashmir had also now begun to attract European visitors, several of whom wrote of the abject poverty of the vast Muslim peasantry and of the exorbitant taxes under the Sikhs. High taxes, according to some contemporary accounts, had depopulated large tracts of the countryside, allowing only one-sixteenth of the cultivable land to be cultivated. Many Kashmiri peasants migrated to the plains of the Punjab. However, after a famine in 1832, the Sikhs reduced the land tax to half the produce of the land and also began to offer interest-free loans to farmers; Kashmir became the second highest revenue earner for the Sikh Empire. During this time
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by
Afghanistan to the northwest. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, ... The southern and southeastern portions constitute the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. The Indian- and Pakistani-administered portions are divided by a "line of control" agreed to in 1972, although neither country recognizes it as an international boundary. In addition, China became active in the eastern area of Kashmir in the 1950s and since 1962 has controlled the northeastern part of Ladakh (the easternmost portion of the region)."
921:; it had been created rather off-handedly by the British after the first defeat of the Sikhs in 1846, as a reward to a former official who had sided with the British. The Himalayan kingdom was connected to India through a district of the Punjab, but its population was 77 per cent Muslim and it shared a boundary with Pakistan. Hence, it was anticipated that the maharaja would accede to Pakistan when the British paramountcy ended on 14–15 August. When he hesitated to do this, Pakistan launched a guerrilla onslaught meant to frighten its ruler into submission. Instead the Maharaja appealed to
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system, and were forced into labor without any wages. Conditions in the princely state caused a significant migration of people from the
Kashmir Valley to the Punjab of British India. For almost a century, until the census, a small Hindu elite had ruled over a vast and impoverished Muslim peasantry. Driven into docility by chronic indebtedness to landlords and moneylenders, having no education besides, nor awareness of rights, the Muslim peasants had no political representation until the 1930s.
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5153:, p. 274: The Hindu Pandits, a small but influential elite community who had secured a favourable position, first under the maharajas, and then under the successive Congress regimes, and proponents of a distinctive Kashmiri culture that linked them to India, felt under siege as the uprising gathered force. Of a population of some 140,000, perhaps 100,000 Pandits fled the state after 1990; their cause was quickly taken up by the Hindu right.
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5117:, p. 318: Since a majority of the landlords were Hindu, the (land) reforms (of 1950) led to a mass exodus of Hindus from the state. ... The unsettled nature of Kashmir's accession to India, coupled with the threat of economic and social decline in the face of the land reforms, led to increasing insecurity among the Hindus in Jammu, and among Kashmiri Pandits, 20 per cent of whom had emigrated from the Valley by 1950.
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662:, which had been on the ascendant after the decline of the Mughal Empire, came under the sway of the Sikhs in 1770. Further in 1808, it was fully conquered by Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Gulab Singh, then a youngster in the House of Jammu, enrolled in the Sikh troops and, by distinguishing himself in campaigns, gradually rose in power and influence. In 1822, he was anointed as the Raja of Jammu. Along with his able general
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division of the region. Pakistan was left with territory that, although basically Muslim in character, was sparsely populated, relatively inaccessible, and economically underdeveloped. The largest Muslim group, situated in the Valley of
Kashmir and estimated to number more than half the population of the entire region, lay in India-administered territory, with its former outlets via the
2724:. According to a number of authors, approximately 100,000 of the total Kashmiri Pandit population of 140,000 left the valley during that decade. Other authors have suggested a higher figure for the exodus, ranging from the entire population of over 150 thousand, to 190 thousand of a total Pandit population of 200 thousand (200,000), to a number as high as 300 thousand (300,000).
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receive much of their precipitation from the wind currents of the
Arabian Sea. The Himalayan slope and the Pir Panjal witness greatest snow melting from March until June. These variations in snow melt and rainfall have led to destructive inundations of the main valley. One instance of such Kashmir flood of a larger proportion is recorded in the 12th-century book
4088:: "Kashmiri histories emphasize the wretchedness of life for the common Kashmiri during Sikh rule. According to these, the peasantry became mired in poverty and migrations of Kashmiri peasants to the plains of the Punjab reached high proportions. Several European travelers' accounts from the period testify to and provide evidence for such assertions."
762:(i.e. West Punjab) handed over to the British, as equivalent for one crore indemnity, the hill countries between the rivers Beas and Indus; by the second the British made over to Gulab Singh for 75 lakhs all the hilly or mountainous country situated to the east of the Indus and the west of the Ravi i.e. the Vale of Kashmir.
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C. E Bosworth, University of
Manchester Quote: "KASHMIR, kash'mer, the northernmost region of the Indian subcontinent, administered partlv by India, partly by Pakistan, and partly by China. The region has been the subject of a bitter dispute between India and Pakistan since they became independent in
2708:
In the 1911 Census of the
British Indian Empire, the total population of Kashmir and Jammu had increased to 3,158,126. Of these, 2,398,320 (75.94%) were Muslims, 696,830 (22.06%) Hindus, 31,658 (1%) Sikhs, and 36,512 (1.16%) Buddhists. In the last census of British India in 1941, the total population
842:
journalist wrote: "The poverty of the Muslim masses is appalling. ... Most are landless laborers, working as serfs for absentee landlords ... Almost the whole brunt of official corruption is borne by the Muslim masses." Under Hindu rule, Muslims faced hefty taxation and discrimination in the legal
639:
regime. As the
Kashmiris had suffered under the Afghans, they initially welcomed the new Sikh rulers. However, the Sikh governors turned out to be hard taskmasters, and Sikh rule was generally considered oppressive, protected perhaps by the remoteness of Kashmir from the capital of the Sikh Empire in
3310:
Quote: "The
Himalayan region of Kashmir has been a flashpoint between India and Pakistan for over six decades. Since India's partition and the creation of Pakistan in 1947, the nuclear-armed neighbours have fought three wars over the Muslim-majority territory, which both claim in full but control in
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Quote: "Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent. It is bounded by the Uygur
Autonomous Region of Xinjiang to the northeast and the Tibet Autonomous Region to the east (both parts of China), by the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab to the south, by Pakistan to the west, and
2285:
Kashmir has a different climate for every region owing to the great variation in altitude. The temperatures ranges from the tropical heat of the Punjab summer to the intensity of the cold which keeps the perpetual snow on the mountains. Jammu
Division, excluding the upper parts of the Chenab Valley,
539:
The Government of India and Indian sources refer to the territory under Pakistan control as "Pakistan-occupied Kashmir" ("POK"). The Government of Pakistan and Pakistani sources refer to the portion of Kashmir administered by India as "Indian-occupied Kashmir" ("IOK") or "Indian-held Kashmir" (IHK);
1005:
Although there was a clear Muslim majority in Kashmir before the 1947 partition and its economic, cultural, and geographic contiguity with the Muslim-majority area of the Punjab (in Pakistan) could be convincingly demonstrated, the political developments during and after the partition resulted in a
1014:
The eastern region of the former princely state of Kashmir is also involved in a boundary dispute that began in the late 19th century and continues into the 21st. Although some boundary agreements were signed between Great Britain, Afghanistan and Russia over the northern borders of Kashmir, China
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of Ladhakh and Gilgit only 94 out of every 10,000 persons (0.94%)." In the same Census of 1901, in the Kashmir Valley, the total population was recorded to be 1,157,394, of which the Muslim population was 1,083,766, or 93.6% and the Hindu population 60,641. Among the Hindus of Jammu province, who
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The southwestern Kashmir which includes much of the Jammu province and Muzaffarabad falls within the reach of Indian monsoon. The Pir Panjal Range acts as an effective barrier and blocks these monsoon tracts from reaching the main Kashmir Valley and the Himalayan slopes. These areas of the region
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agreed on the condition that the ruler accede to India. Indian soldiers entered Kashmir and drove the Pakistani-sponsored irregulars from all but a small section of the state. The United Nations was then invited to mediate the quarrel. The UN mission insisted that the opinion of Kashmiris must be
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The geographical features of the Kashmir region differ considerably from one part to another. The lowest part of the region consists of the plains of Jammu at the southwestern corner, which continue into the plains of Punjab at an elevation of below 1000 feet. Mountains begin at 2000 feet, then
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Paramountcy was the 'vague and undefined' feudatory system whereby the British, as the suzerain power, dominated and controlled India's princely rulers. ... These 'loyal collaborators of the Raj' were 'afforded protection in exchange for helpful behavior in a relationship of tutelage, called
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passes, whilst Pakistan controls the lower territory just southwest of the Saltoro Ridge. India controls 101,338 km (39,127 sq mi) of the disputed territory, Pakistan controls 85,846 km (33,145 sq mi), and the People's Republic of China controls the remaining
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It was emperor Akbar who brought an end to indigenous Kashmiri Muslim rule that had lasted 250 years. The watershed in Kashmiri history is not the beginning of the Muslim rule as is regarded in the rest of the subcontinent but the changeover from Kashmiri rule to a non-Kashmiri
1144:
Though these regions are in practice administered by their respective claimants, neither India nor Pakistan has formally recognised the accession of the areas claimed by the other. India claims those areas, including the area "ceded" to China by Pakistan in the
2716:, the only Hindus of the Kashmir valley, who had stably constituted approximately 4 to 5% of the population of the valley during Dogra rule (1846–1947), and 20% of whom had left the Kashmir valley to other parts of India in the 1950s, underwent a complete
2709:
of Kashmir and Jammu (which as a result of the Second World War, was estimated from the 1931 census) was 3,945,000. Of these, the total Muslim population was 2,997,000 (75.97%), the Hindu population was 808,000 (20.48%), and the Sikh 55,000 (1.39%).
766:
Drafted by a treaty and a bill of sale, and constituted between 1820 and 1858, the Princely State of Kashmir and Jammu (as it was first called) combined disparate regions, religions, and ethnicities: to the east, Ladakh was ethnically and culturally
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raising to 3000–4000 feet in the "Outer Hills", a rugged country with ridges and long narrow valleys. Next within the tract lie the Middle Mountains which are 8000–10,000 feet in height with ramifying valleys. Adjacent to these hills are the lofty
3420:... the problem of the 'princely states'. These states had accepted the tutelage of the British Crown under the terms of the doctrine of 'paramountcy' under which they acknowledged the Crown as the 'paramount' authority in the subcontinent.
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and high altitude meadows in Gilgit-Baltistan and Ladakh. The Kashmir region has four well defined zones of vegetation in the tree growth, due to the difference in elevation. The tropical forests up to 1500 m, are known as the Phulai
6158:
Irfani, Suroosh, ed "Fifty Years of the Kashmir Dispute": Based on the proceedings of the International Seminar held at Muzaffarabad, Azad Jammu and Kashmir 24–25 August 1997: University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, AJK,
2681:, the population of the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu was 2,905,578. Of these, 2,154,695 (74.16%) were Muslims, 689,073 (23.72%) Hindus, 25,828 (0.89%) Sikhs, and 35,047 (1.21%) Buddhists (implying 935 (0.032%) others).
2730:
The population of India-administered union territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh combined is 12,541,302; that of Pakistan-administered territory of Azad Kashmir is 4,045,366; and that of Gilgit-Baltistan is 1,492,924.
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mountains. To the northwest lies the Hindu Kush mountain range. The upper Indus River separates the Himalayas from the Karakoram. The Karakoram is the most heavily glaciated part of the world outside the polar regions. The
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833:
In the British census of India of 1941, Kashmir registered a Muslim majority population of 77%, a Hindu population of 20% and a sparse population of Buddhists and Sikhs comprising the remaining 3%. That same year,
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1250:. These river basins divide the region into three valleys separated by high mountain ranges. The Indus valley forms the north and north-eastern portion of the region which include bare and desolate areas of
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in 1963, are a part of its territory, while Pakistan claims the entire region excluding Aksai Chin and Trans-Karakoram Tract. The two countries have fought several declared wars over the territory. The
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Kashmir is referred as a beauty spot of the medicinal and herbaceous flora in the Himalayas. There are hundreds of different species of wild flowers recorded in the alpine meadows of the region. The
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which, as of 8 October 2005, resulted in over 70,000 deaths in the Pakistan-administered territory of Azad Kashmir and around 1,500 deaths in the India-administered territory of Jammu and Kashmir.
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1129:. It is under Indian administration and was part of the state of Jammu and Kashmir until 2019. It is one of the most sparsely populated regions in the area and is mainly inhabited by people of
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During both Sikh and Dogra rule, heavy taxation, forced work without wages (begār), discriminatory laws, and rural indebtedness were widespread among the largely illiterate Muslim population.
2684:
The Hindus were found mainly in Jammu, where they constituted a little less than 60% of the population. In the Kashmir Valley, the Hindus represented "524 in every 10,000 of the population (
6552:
1066:: Pakistan controls the northwest portion (Northern Areas and Kashmir), India controls the central and southern portion (Jammu and Kashmir) and Ladakh, and the People's Republic of
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was exported to other regions and nations (exports have ceased due to decreased abundance of the cashmere goat and increased competition from China). Kashmiris are well adept at
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3051:. Traditionally the staple crop of the valley was rice, which formed the chief food of the people. In addition, Indian corn, wheat, barley and oats were also grown. Given its
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4258:
Viscount Louis Mountbatten, the last Viceroy of British India, stayed on in independent India from 1947 to 1948, serving as the first Governor-General of the Union of India.
3059:, artichoke, seakale, broad beans, scarletrunners, beetroot, cauliflower and cabbage. Fruit trees are common in the valley, and the cultivated orchards yield pears, apples,
540:
The terms "Pakistan-administered Kashmir" and "India-administered Kashmir" are often used by neutral sources for the parts of the Kashmir region controlled by each country.
3959:
3816:
6307:
1262:. High altitude lakes are frequent at high elevations. Lower down in the Vale of Kashmir there are many freshwater lakes and large areas of swamplands which include
6001:
Zutshi, Chitraleka (2008), "Shrines, Political Authority, and Religious Identities in Late-Nineteenth and Early-Twentieth-century Kashmir", in Rao, Aparna (ed.),
4510:
5950:
Kaw, Mushtaq A. (2008), "Land Rights in Rural Kashmir: A Study in Continuity and Change from Late-Sixteenth to Late-Twentieth Centuries", in Rao, Aparna (ed.),
5959:
Khan, Mohammad Ishaq (2008), "Islam, State and Society in Medieval Kashmir: A Revaluation of Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani's Historical Role", in Rao, Aparna (ed.),
2727:
People in Jammu speak Hindi, Punjabi and Dogri, the Kashmir Valley people speak Kashmiri, and people in the sparsely inhabited Ladakh speak Tibetan and Balti.
2294:
features a semi-Tibetan climate. While as the other parts of Gilgit-Baltistan and Ladakh have Tibetan climate which is considered as almost rainless climate.
775:; to the south, Jammu had a mixed population of Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs. In the heavily populated central Kashmir valley, the population was overwhelmingly
6258:. First published as a four-part series, March 2002 – April 2003, in 'Prakash', a review of the Jagat Guru Bhagavaan Gopinath Ji Charitable Foundation.
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889:, who had ascended the throne of Kashmir in 1925, was the reigning monarch in 1947 at the conclusion of British rule of the subcontinent and the subsequent
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1110:, the Northern Areas cover an area of 72,971 square kilometres (28,174 sq mi) and have an estimated population approaching 1 million (10
1370:
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are found at higher elevations. The temperate zone between (1,500–3,500 m) is referred as the Chir Pine (Finns longifolia). This zone is dominated by
1215:. It has an area of 68,000 sq mi (180,000 km). It is bordered to the north and east by China (Xinjiang and Tibet), to the northwest by
4600:
3502:
Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China."
6224:
Travels in the Himalayan Provinces of Hindustan and the Panjab; in Ladakh and Kashmir, in Peshawar, Kabul, Kunduz, and Bokhara... from 1819 to 1825
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6233:. 18th Edition. Civil and Military Gazette, Ltd., Lahore. (The date of this edition is unknown – but the 16th edition was published in 1938).
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line that started in October 2009, and was last extended in 2013 and connects Baramulla, in the western part of Kashmir, to Srinagar and
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demanded by the UN was never conducted, relations between India and Pakistan soured, and eventually led to two more wars over Kashmir in
732:
1909 Map of the Princely State of Kashmir and Jammu. The names of regions, important cities, rivers, and mountains are underlined in red.
17:
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Lahore. The Sikhs enacted a number of anti-Muslim laws, which included handing out death sentences for cow slaughter, closing down the
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numbered 626,177 (or 90.87% of the Hindu population of the princely state), the most important castes recorded in the census were "
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established the rough boundaries of today, with Pakistan holding roughly one-third of Kashmir, and India one-half, with a dividing
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grow 300 breeds of flora and 60 varieties of tulips respectively. The later is considered as the largest Tulip Garden of Asia.
1306:
at 63 km (39 mi) rank as the world's second and third longest glaciers outside the polar regions. Karakoram has four
1086:, and are under Indian and Pakistani control respectively. These are populous regions. Gilgit-Baltistan, formerly known as the
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South Asia: fourth report of session 2006–07 by Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: Foreign Affairs Committee page 37
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and Ladakh. The upper portion of the Jhelum valley forms the proper Vale of Kashmir surrounded by high mountain ranges. The
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forms the southern portion of the Kashmir region with its denuded hills towards the south. It includes almost all of the
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ascertained, while India insisted that no referendum could occur until all of the state had been cleared of irregulars.
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Where Three Empires Meet: A Narrative of Recent Travel in: Kashmir, Western Tibet, Gilgit, and the adjoining countries
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Transport is predominantly by air or road vehicles in the region. Kashmir has a 135 km (84 mi) long modern
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from that of the Indus. Beyond this range lies a wide tract of mountainous country of 17000–22000 feet in Ladakh and
153:
116:
52:
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1141:, Aksai Chin is referred to as the Soda Plain. The region is almost uninhabited, and has no permanent settlements.
856:
162:
6212:. Keynote speech delivered at the "Global Discourse on Kashmir 2008." European Parliament, Brussels, 1 April 2008.
4941:"Pragmatic management increases a flagship species, the Himalayan brown bears, in Pakistan's Deosai National Park"
7516:
6155:
Hussain, Ijaz. 1998. "Kashmir Dispute: An International Law Perspective", National Institute of Pakistan Studies.
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part. Today it remains one of the most militarised zones in the world. China administers parts of the territory."
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controls the northeastern portion (Aksai Chin and the Trans-Karakoram Tract). India controls the majority of the
742:
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6152:
Evans, Alexander. Why Peace Won't Come to Kashmir, Current History (Vol 100, No 645) April 2001 p. 170–175.
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2669:. At least 711 bird species are recorded in the valley alone with 31 classified as globally threatened species.
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Kashmir region is home to rare species of animals, many of which are protected by sanctuaries and reserves. The
1039:. India's belated discovery of this road led to border clashes between the two countries that culminated in the
488:
is an archaic spelling of modern Kashmir, and in some countries it is still spelled this way. Kashmir is called
5014:
3213:
2305:
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5274:"Gilgit-Baltistan: Districts & Places - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information"
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India has control of about half the area of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, which comprises
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1016:
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6147:
The Northern Barrier of India: a popular account of the Jammoo and Kashmir Territories with Illustrations
2423:. The forests vary according to the climatic conditions and the altitude. Kashmir forests range from the
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A female snow leopard which was rescued in 2012 from a partly frozen river stream in the Wadkhun area of
1020:
553:
181:. The term has since come to encompass a larger area that includes the India-administered territories of
3835:"Pakistani flag hoisted, pro-freedom slogans chanted in Indian Occupied Kashmir – Daily Pakistan Global"
3004:
A group of Pandits, or Brahmin priests, in Kashmir, photographed by an unknown photographer in the 1890s
7019:
5980:
Reynolds, Nathalène (2008), "Revisiting Key Episodes in Modern Kashmir History", in Rao, Aparna (ed.),
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5303:
3147:. It is expected to link Kashmir to the rest of India after the construction of the railway line from
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occur at elevations between 2,800 and 3,500 m. The Birch (Betula utilis) Zone has Herbaceous genera of
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Kashmir has a recorded forest area of 20,230 square kilometres (7,810 sq mi) along with some
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mountain range in the north and the main Great Himalayas to the south. Capital towns of the region are
939:
864:
807:
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6708:
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5304:"Local Transport in Kashmir – Means of Transportation Kashmir – Mode of Transportation Kashmir India"
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was populated mostly by Muslims of a different ethnicity than that of the Kashmir valley. After the
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An Army; Its Role & Rule (A History of the Pakistan Army from Independence to Kargil 1947–1999)
6162:
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461:
33:
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Quote: "A succession of Hindu dynasties ruled Kashmir until 1346, when it came under Muslim rule."
3408:, Seattle and New Delhi: University of Washington Press, and Oxford University Press, p. 22,
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of the Kashmir region. The river enters the region in Ladakh at its southeastern corner from the
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37:
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Sharma, Sunil (12 May 2017). "At the threshold of paradise: Kashmir in Mughal Persian poetry".
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of salt that reaches altitudes up to 5,000 metres (16,000 ft). Geographically part of the
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399:
6240:, 2 vols. London, A. Constable & Co. Ltd. 1900. Reprint, Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass, 1979.
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never accepted these agreements, and China's official position has not changed following the
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Norelli-Bachelet, Patrizia. "Kashmir and the Convergence of Time, Space and Destiny", 2004;
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2304:. A single cloudburst in July 1935 caused the upper Jehlum river level to rise 11 feet. The
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In the first half of the first millennium, the Kashmir region became an important centre of
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6149:; 1st edition: Edward Stanford, London. Reprint: Light & Life Publishers, Jammu. 1971.
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571:. During the 7th-14th centuries, the region was ruled by a series of Hindu dynasties, and
8:
6186:. Longmans, Green, and Co., London. Reprint: Ch'eng Wen Publishing Company, Taipei. 1971.
4762:"Geophysical upheavals and evolutionary diversification of plant species in the Himalaya"
3786:
3072:
2610:
2420:
1204:
1200:
166:
5971:(2008), "Kashmir, Kashmiris, Kashmiriyat: An Introductory Essay", in Rao, Aparna (ed.),
5872:
4956:
4737:
Tourism Potential in Ecological Zones and Future Prospects of Tourism: in Kashmir Valley
988:. They formed a single state until 5 August 2019, when the state was bifurcated and its
6771:
6521:
6202:
The Kashmir Problem between Law and Realpolitik. Reflections on a Negotiated Settlement
6092:
6084:
6044:
5968:
4796:
4761:
2721:
1293:
To the north and northeast, beyond the Great Himalayas, the region is traversed by the
1212:
1208:
1130:
934:
In the last days of 1948, a ceasefire was agreed under UN auspices. However, since the
890:
549:
279:
242:
in Kashmir, the ninth-highest mountain on Earth, is the western anchor of the Himalayas
6259:
5835:
5446:
5162:
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features a humid subtropical climate. The Vale of Kashmir has a moderate climate. The
7242:
6276:
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6054:
6019:
5916:
5889:
5843:
5811:
5779:
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5537:
5525:
5507:
5486:
5480:
5454:
5433:
5407:
5401:
5168:
5097:
4988:
Making a Difference: Dossier on Community Engagement on Nature Based Tourism in India
4968:
4843:
4801:
4783:
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4703:
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4355:
4292:
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3321:
3289:
3106:
3052:
2432:
1075:
898:
759:
751:
671:
584:
557:
524:
6067:
Singh, Bawa Satinder (1971), "Raja Gulab Singh's Role in the First Anglo-Sikh War",
3165:
7576:
6882:
6840:
6473:
6076:
5908:
5551:
5356:
5089:
5045:
4960:
4791:
4773:
3169:
Large Kashmir Durbar Carpet (detail), 2021 photo. "Durbar", in this context, means
3038:
2883:
2654:
2594:
2488:
2458:
2291:
1307:
1231:
1118:
1083:
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852:
787:
776:
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572:
517:
235:
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127:
90:
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Kashmir and the Convergence of Time Space and Destiny by Patrizia Norelli Bachelet
5958:
4456:
7047:
6466:
6456:
6365:
6266:
6219:
6209:
6176:
6048:
6013:
5910:
5883:
5837:
5805:
5773:
5741:
5718:
5686:
5651:
5614:
5521:
5448:
5421:
5132:
4964:
4880:
4697:
4642:
4383:
4335:
4206:
4132:
3820:
2713:
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inundated the Kashmir city of Srinagar and submerged hundreds of other villages.
1338:
1330:
1299:
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1155:
1138:
1099:
1071:
1040:
985:
918:
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835:
675:
291:
174:
6196:
2391:
6970:
6924:
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6428:
6423:
6360:
6193:. Richard Bentley, London. Reprint 1998: Asian Educational Services, New Delhi.
5989:
5868:
4666:
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4562:
4379:
4327:
3064:
2804:
2782:
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2508:
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1326:
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The topography of Kashmir is mostly mountainous. It is traversed mainly by the
819:
768:
687:
659:
636:
608:
604:
592:
380:
283:
259:
217:
170:
6080:
5093:
4820:
4135:, International Affairs and Defence, House of Commons Library, United Kingdom.
3109:, wood-carving, and the weaving of silk. The economy was badly damaged by the
877:
7570:
7346:
6526:
6493:
5682:
5647:
5499:
5188:"South Asia :: India — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency"
5108:
5101:
4972:
4787:
4103:
3083:
2514:
2436:
2381:
2328:
2300:
2287:
1303:
1255:
964:, while Pakistan controls a third of the region, divided into two provinces,
894:
799:
717:
652:
632:
624:
588:
457:
445:
373:
67:
54:
5979:
5120:
2344:
881:
The prevailing religions by district in the 1901 Census of the Indian Empire
814:, in which Kashmir sided with the British, and the subsequent assumption of
429:
360:
The word has been referenced to in a Hindu scripture mantra worshipping the
7172:
6636:
6567:
6451:
6392:
6388:
6350:
6106:
Languages of Belonging: Islam, Regional Identity, and the Making of Kashmir
6066:
5992:(2008), "The Kashmiri Pandits: Their Early History", in Rao, Aparna (ed.),
5737:
5574:
5397:
5080:
Brush, J. E. (1949). "The Distribution of Religious Communities in India".
5015:"Jammu and Kashmir bird checklist - Avibase - Bird Checklists of the World"
4805:
4326:
Kashmir. (2007). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 27 March 2007, from
3178:
3170:
2861:
2606:
2587:
2561:
2533:
2502:
1346:
1342:
1247:
1243:
1235:
1181:
1052:
965:
906:
794:
had a population ethnically related to that of Ladakh, but which practised
780:
679:
620:
453:
251:
239:
190:
5941:
Evans, Alexander (2008), "Kashmiri Exceptionalism", in Rao, Aparna (ed.),
5221:
2444:) and Olive (Olea cuspid ata) Zone. There occur semi-deciduous species of
324:
270:, became the new ruler of Kashmir. The rule of his descendants, under the
7536:
7529:
7480:
7380:
7331:
7283:
7255:
7193:
7178:
7164:
7150:
6962:
6826:
6819:
5393:
4939:
Nawaz, Muhammad Ali; Swenson, Jon E.; Zakaria, Vaqar (1 September 2008).
4622:
4091:
3947:
3183:
3048:
3020:
2678:
2622:
2553:
2428:
1314:, the second highest peak in the world at 8,611 m (28,251 ft).
1239:
1216:
815:
754:(1846), when he appeared as a useful mediator and the trusted advisor of
713:
616:
612:
449:
441:
437:
424:
287:
267:
247:
5885:
Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects: Islam, Rights, and the History of Kashmir
5653:
The Challenge in Kashmir: Democracy, Self-Determination and a Just Peace
5557:
The Indian Princes and their States (The New Cambridge History of India)
4876:"Around the world, tulips turn hillsides into colorful patchwork quilts"
3406:
Fearful Symmetry: India-Pakistan Crises in the Shadow of Nuclear Weapons
655:
became known worldwide, attracting many buyers, especially in the West.
6750:
6604:
6576:
6396:
5967:
5681:
5174:
4778:
4162:
4149:
4018:
3476:
Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M
3192:
2918:
2626:
2541:
1263:
1103:
1028:
943:
935:
886:
823:
795:
548:
For a history of the region including the pre-19th century period, see
198:
6088:
6003:
The Valley of Kashmir: The Making and Unmaking of a Composite Culture?
5994:
The Valley of Kashmir: The Making and Unmaking of a Composite Culture?
5988:
5982:
The Valley of Kashmir: The Making and Unmaking of a Composite Culture?
5973:
The Valley of Kashmir: The Making and Unmaking of a Composite Culture?
5961:
The Valley of Kashmir: The Making and Unmaking of a Composite Culture?
5952:
The Valley of Kashmir: The Making and Unmaking of a Composite Culture?
5943:
The Valley of Kashmir: The Making and Unmaking of a Composite Culture?
5912:
The Valley of Kashmir: The Making and Unmaking of a Composite Culture?
1019:
that established the People's Republic of China. By the mid-1950s the
783:, however, there was also a small but influential Hindu minority, the
7425:
7325:
7108:
6729:
6572:
6355:
6345:
6329:
4414:
Himalayan Fermented Foods: Microbiology, Nutrition, and Ethnic Values
3218:
3056:
2614:
2557:
2351:
1350:
1294:
1251:
1189:
1095:
1091:
827:
791:
728:
683:
407:
365:
338:
275:
3702:
Kashmir and Its People: Studies in the Evolution of Kashmiri Society
396:
7473:
7438:
7270:
7199:
7115:
6955:
6888:
6874:
6846:
6805:
6798:
6698:
6649:
6169:
6165:
Lost Rebellion: Kashmir in the Nineties (Penguin, New Delhi, 1999).
5807:
Incomplete Partition: The Genesis of the Kashmir Dispute, 1947–1948
4296:
3196:
3105:, too, is grown in Kashmir. Srinagar is known for its silver-work,
3091:
3087:
2856:
2759:
2753:
2576:
2549:
2529:
2374:
1281:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1220:
1032:
568:
564:
467:
410:(3.102, 4.44). Kashmir is also believed to be the country meant by
342:
319:
303:
228:
5940:
5881:
5138:
1090:, is a group of territories in the extreme north, bordered by the
345:
who is believed to have settled people in this land. Accordingly,
224:
169:. Until the mid-19th century, the term "Kashmir" denoted only the
7487:
7304:
7129:
7102:
6756:
6691:
6179:
31 Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, 31, p. 495 (1994).
6011:
5949:
3144:
3102:
2694:
2630:
2618:
2545:
2537:
2525:
2332:
784:
580:
576:
411:
44:
4739:. LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing (April 22, 2016). p. 48.
2321:
1234:. The Himalayas terminate in the western boundary of Kashmir at
917:
Kashmir was neither as large nor as old an independent state as
7501:
7466:
7452:
7417:
7387:
7352:
7311:
7276:
7262:
7227:
7213:
7136:
7088:
7039:
7011:
7004:
6990:
6937:
6916:
6895:
6861:
6763:
6742:
6721:
6714:
6677:
6670:
6624:
6435:
5581:, New Delhi and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Pp. xiv, 432,
5530:
A Concise History of Modern India (Cambridge Concise Histories)
5070:. 1908. Oxford University Press, Oxford and London. pp. 99–102.
3397:
3076:
3024:
3016:
2826:
2747:
2702:
2698:
2662:
2650:
2646:
2634:
2355:
1134:
1126:
1107:
977:
961:
690:. He became a wealthy and influential noble in the Sikh court.
628:
432:
during the 5th century BC. Pāṇini called the people of Kashmir
337:
An alternative etymology derives the name from the name of the
186:
6102:
6043:
5646:
5620:
Shameful Flight: The Last Years of the British Empire in India
5406:, London and New York: Routledge, 2nd edition. Pp. xiii, 304,
5126:
5114:
4109:
4081:
4043:
4006:
3861:"Pakistani flag hoisted once again in Indian Occupied Kashmir"
3375:. 1908. Oxford University Press, Oxford and London. pp. 93–95.
3356:—Pakistan cedes the Trans-Karakoram Tract of Kashmir to China.
3351:—China defeats India in a short war for control of Aksai Chin.
1170:
436:. Some other early references to Kashmir can also be found in
145:
108:
7522:
7508:
7459:
7431:
7410:
7403:
7373:
7359:
7338:
7297:
7248:
7234:
7206:
7185:
7157:
7081:
7074:
7060:
7053:
7032:
7025:
6983:
6976:
6949:
6930:
6909:
6903:
6867:
6853:
6813:
6784:
6777:
6735:
6663:
6642:
6617:
6610:
5560:, Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 324,
5144:
4652:
Studies on the ice age in India and associated human cultures
4563:"Indus River | Definition, Length, Map, History, & Facts"
3098:
3094:
3060:
2913:
2777:
2642:
1224:
1067:
981:
645:
591:
from 1586 to 1751, and thereafter, until 1820, of the Afghan
470:, the Buddhist scholar and Chinese traveller, called Kashmir
361:
299:
295:
4293:"Article 370: What happened with Kashmir and why it matters"
4145:
4143:
4141:
5163:
Malik, Kashmir: Ethnic Conflict, International Dispute 2005
5063:
5061:
5059:
5057:
4667:"India Pakistan floods: Kashmir city of Srinagar inundated"
3983:
3981:
3378:
3068:
2398:
1341:
ranges (14000–15000 feet) which divide the drainage of the
1111:
474:, while some other Chinese accounts referred to Kashmir as
6238:
Kalhaṇa's Rājataraṅgiṇī–A Chronicle of the Kings of Kaśmīr
5803:
5716:
5485:, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 250 pages,
1027:
By 1956–57 they had completed a military road through the
136:
102:
5736:
5623:, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. Pp. 272,
4696:
Dar, Ghulam Hassan; Khuroo, Anzar A. (26 February 2020).
4641:
4138:
3621:
India and Central Asia: Classical to Contemporary Periods
2965:
2564:
are prevalent in alpine grasslands at 3,500 m and above.
2493:
1122:
951:
254:, annexed Kashmir. In 1846, after the Sikh defeat in the
133:
99:
6226:, Vol. II. Reprint: New Delhi, Sagar Publications, 1971.
5450:
The Princes of India in the Endgame of Empire, 1917–1947
5054:
3978:
1133:
and Tibetan descent. Aksai Chin is a vast high-altitude
1051:
A white border painted on a suspended bridge delineates
3346:—China gradually occupies eastern Kashmir (Aksai Chin).
1311:
1286:
1185:
1162:
resulted in a stalemate and a UN-negotiated ceasefire.
5403:
Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy
3513:"A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages"
1106:
ranges. With its administrative centre in the town of
6231:
The Tourist's Guide to Kashmir, Ladakh, Skardo &c
5482:
The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan
4825:. Kashmir Pratap Stream Press,srinagar. pp. vii.
4760:
Manish, Kumar; Pandit, Maharaj K. (7 November 2018).
4699:
Biodiversity of the Himalaya: Jammu and Kashmir State
4322:
4320:
4318:
3738:
Toshakhānī, Śaśiśekhara; Warikoo, Kulbhushan (2009).
3195:
societies", conveying the idea that it was a kind of
750:
Gulab Singh contrived to hold himself aloof till the
418:. The earliest text which directly mentions the name
154:
130:
117:
96:
6170:
The Kashmir Dispute: A Plan for Regional Cooperation
4908:"MANAGEMENT PLAN (2011-2016) DACHIGAM NATIONAL PARK"
3439:, Scholastic Library Publishing, 2006, p. 328,
1223:(Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab) and to the south by
6138:Blank, Jonah. "Kashmir–Fundamentalism Takes Root",
4938:
4242:
4240:
3368:
3366:
3364:
2601:is designated to protect the largest population of
1062:The region is divided amongst three countries in a
142:
139:
105:
93:
6295:United Nations Military Observers Group in Kashmir
6015:The Limits of Influence: America's Role in Kashmir
4315:
3779:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3082:Historically, Kashmir became known worldwide when
2586:in the Valley holds the last viable population of
1289:map of Kashmir and its surrounding area and rivers
6243:Younghusband, Francis and Molyneux, Edward 1917.
5082:Annals of the Association of American Geographers
4002:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3737:
1082:Jammu and Azad Kashmir lie south and west of the
212:Political map of the Kashmir region, showing the
7568:
5218:"India, Jammu and Kashmir population statistics"
4593:"Climatological Information for Srinagar, India"
4237:
4039:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4029:
4027:
3361:
1843:
1378:
1360:
758:. Two treaties were concluded. By the first the
368:and is mentioned to have resided in the land of
5839:Kashmir: Ethnic Conflict, International Dispute
5746:(second ed.), Princeton University Press,
5498:
5426:Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy
3389:, Manchester University Press, pp. 12–13,
3240:
258:, and upon the purchase of the region from the
6053:, London and New York: I. B. Taurus & Co,
5600:, Cambridge University Press. Pp. xviii, 206,
5520:
5244:"Census 2017: AJK population rises to over 4m"
5150:
4454:
3993:
3666:. Partridge Publishing Singapore. p. 11.
3536:
3534:
3403:
1238:. Kashmir is traversed by three rivers namely
1023:had entered the north-east portion of Ladakh.
372:, or which might have been a reference to the
197:, and the Chinese-administered territories of
6553:
6315:
4378:
4204:
4174:
4024:
4012:
3387:Independent Kashmir: An incomplete aspiration
2548:interspersed with dry dwarf alpine scrubs of
2506:spp. The Blue Pine (Finns excelsa) Zone with
1031:area to provide better communication between
6191:Diary of a Pedestrian in Cashmere and Thibet
5361:. Harvard South Asia Institute. p. 45.
5175:Madan, Kashmir, Kashmiris, Kashimiriyat 2008
4759:
4181:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World
4163:Bose, Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace 2003
4150:Bose, Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace 2003
4062:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World
4019:Madan, Kashmir, Kashmiris, Kashimiriyat 2008
3466:
3187:is credited with having made Kashmir (spelt
7592:Kashmiri-speaking countries and territories
5595:
5044:Lawrence, Walter R. (Walter Roper) (1895).
4655:. Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1939.
4621:
4246:
3958:, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 43–45,
3531:
3284:
3282:
334:is that it is land desiccated from water.
189:, the Pakistan-administered territories of
6560:
6546:
6330:Regions and administrative territories of
6322:
6308:
5688:Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace
5330:"How to Reach Kashmir by Train, Air, Bus?"
4450:
4448:
4446:
3624:. Concept Publishing Company. p. 64.
3404:Ganguly, Sumit; Hagerty, Devin T. (2005),
2435:throughout the Vale of Kashmir and to the
1199:The Kashmir region lies between latitudes
5915:, Manohar Publishers & Distributors,
5392:
4795:
4777:
4734:
4695:
4503:"Longest non polar glaciers in the world"
4345:
4343:
4211:. Harvard University Press. p. 211.
4175:Amin, Tahir; Schofield, Victoria (2009),
4120:
4118:
4055:
3837:. En.dailypakistan.com.pk. Archived from
3776:P. iv 'Kashmir Today' by Government, 1998
3731:
3655:
3653:
3547:, Oxford University Press, pp. 22–,
3472:
2992:, 1867, chromolithograph, William Simpson
1079:37,555 km (14,500 sq mi).
798:. To the north, also sparsely populated,
5867:
5550:
5506:, 4th edition. Routledge, Pp. xii, 448,
5043:
4411:Tamang, Jyoti Prakash (17 August 2009).
4266:
4264:
4198:
4097:
3660:Raina, Mohini Qasba (13 November 2014).
3515:. Dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu. Archived from
3479:, Taylor & Francis, pp. 1191–,
3425:
3279:
3164:
3043:Jammu and Kashmir (state) § Economy
2267:Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
1821:Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
1316:
1280:
1180:
1169:
1046:
876:
727:
708:
234:
223:
207:
6142:, 78.6 (November/December 1999): 36–42.
5613:
5139:Rai, Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects 2004
4835:
4443:
4374:
4372:
4370:
3785:
3540:
3384:
1158:established by the United Nations. The
790:. To the northeast, sparsely populated
294:, now administered by three countries:
14:
7569:
5596:Talbot, Ian; Singh, Gurharpal (2009),
5354:
5284:from the original on 20 September 2022
5068:Imperial Gazetteer of India, volume 15
5050:. London: H. Frowde. pp. 106–160.
4842:. Arihant Publications India limited.
4410:
4340:
4274:. Oxford University Press. 432 pages.
4115:
3990:. 1908. "Kashmir: History". pp. 94–95.
3988:Imperial Gazetteer of India, volume 15
3896:"Kashmir: region, Indian subcontinent"
3650:
3617:
3373:Imperial Gazetteer of India, volume 15
3255:"Kashmir: region, Indian subcontinent"
2988:A Muslim shawl-making family shown in
952:Current status and political divisions
7020:South Tibet/Part of Arunachal Pradesh
6999:Sixty-Four Villages East of the River
6541:
6303:
6131:
5775:Kashmir: A Disputed Legacy, 1846–1990
5573:
5420:
5079:
5073:
4702:. Springer Nature. pp. 193–200.
4677:from the original on 11 November 2020
4483:from the original on 28 December 2017
4473:"Western Himalayas | mountains, Asia"
4461:. London: Raithby, Lawrence & Co.
4431:from the original on 28 December 2022
4261:
3793:. HarperCollins India. pp. 2–3.
3741:Cultural Heritage of Kashmiri Pandits
3659:
3129:Srinagar, the largest city of Kashmir
2705:(48,000) and the Thakkars (93,000)."
318:is thought to have been derived from
6032:from the original on 17 January 2023
5929:from the original on 17 January 2023
5856:from the original on 17 January 2023
5824:from the original on 17 January 2023
5792:from the original on 17 January 2023
5771:
5760:from the original on 17 January 2023
5705:from the original on 17 January 2023
5670:from the original on 17 January 2023
5478:
5467:from the original on 17 January 2023
5025:from the original on 22 October 2020
4995:from the original on 17 January 2023
4888:from the original on 2 November 2020
4856:from the original on 17 January 2023
4822:Forest Products Of Jumma and Kashmir
4818:
4716:from the original on 17 January 2023
4513:from the original on 31 October 2020
4392:from the original on 17 January 2023
4367:
4349:
4303:from the original on 29 October 2021
4225:from the original on 17 January 2023
3962:from the original on 17 January 2023
3946:
3832:
3758:from the original on 17 January 2023
3719:from the original on 17 January 2023
3680:from the original on 17 January 2023
3638:from the original on 17 January 2023
3599:from the original on 17 January 2023
3578:
3561:from the original on 17 January 2023
3493:from the original on 17 January 2023
3453:from the original on 17 January 2023
3063:, and cherries. The chief trees are
3047:Kashmir's economy is centred around
1194:second highest mountain in the world
7557:1: Divided among multiple claimants
6515:Proposed administrative territories
6275:. Pittsburgh: Rosedog Books, 2005.
5810:, Oxford: Oxford University Press,
5127:Bose, The Challenge in Kashmir 1997
5115:Zutshi, Languages of Belonging 2004
4585:
4110:Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict 2003
4082:Zutshi, Languages of Belonging 2004
4044:Zutshi, Languages of Belonging 2004
4007:Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict 2003
3906:from the original on 13 August 2019
3698:
3663:Kashur The Kashmiri Speaking People
3544:Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris
3265:from the original on 13 August 2019
1302:at 76 km (47 mi) and the
583:ruler of Kashmir, inaugurating the
428:written by the Sanskrit grammarian
24:
6375:Current administrative territories
5639:
5385:
5365:from the original on 10 April 2022
5198:from the original on 18 March 2021
4735:Bari Naik, Abdul (22 April 2016).
4056:Amin, Tahir; Schofield, Victoria.
4049:
3940:
3191:in the poem) "a household term in
2677:In the 1901 Census of the British
2311:
1219:(Wakhan Corridor), to the west by
705:Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)
693:
387:, which has been identified with
25:
7608:
6487:Former administrative territories
6288:
6109:, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers,
5254:from the original on 12 June 2018
4839:Know Your State Jammu and Kashmir
4603:from the original on 6 April 2012
4187:from the original on 20 June 2018
3332:from the original on 22 July 2016
3300:from the original on 16 July 2015
2888:~2 million (2 million)
2866:~4 million (4 million)
2809:~3 million (3 million)
2787:~4 million (4 million)
2613:in Ladakh. The region is home to
2609:are found in high density In the
2597:in Asia. In Gilgit-Baltistan the
1325:The Indus River system forms the
698:
7535:
7528:
7521:
7507:
7500:
7486:
7479:
7472:
7465:
7458:
7451:
7437:
7430:
7416:
7409:
7402:
7386:
7379:
7372:
7358:
7351:
7337:
7330:
7310:
7303:
7296:
7282:
7275:
7261:
7254:
7247:
7233:
7226:
7212:
7205:
7198:
7184:
7177:
7163:
7156:
7149:
7135:
7128:
7114:
7107:
7087:
7080:
7073:
7059:
7052:
7038:
7031:
7024:
7010:
7003:
6989:
6982:
6975:
6961:
6954:
6936:
6929:
6915:
6908:
6894:
6887:
6873:
6866:
6852:
6845:
6825:
6818:
6804:
6797:
6783:
6776:
6762:
6755:
6741:
6734:
6720:
6713:
6697:
6690:
6676:
6669:
6662:
6648:
6641:
6623:
6616:
6609:
5310:from the original on 17 May 2020
4913:. jkwildlife.com. Archived from
4836:Experts, Arihant (4 June 2019).
4631:. Kamala Dara. pp. 257–269.
3744:. Pentagon Press. pp. 2–3.
3209:1941 Census of Jammu and Kashmir
3118:
3009:
2997:
2981:
2906:
2849:
2770:
2647:Himalayan yellow-throated marten
2390:
2373:
2343:
2320:
857:Timeline of the Kashmir conflict
846:
686:(1840), thereby surrounding the
627:, thus ending four centuries of
615:to the conquering armies of the
330:. A popular local etymology of
163:northernmost geographical region
126:
89:
6018:, Brookings Institution Press,
5380:
5348:
5322:
5296:
5266:
5236:
5210:
5180:
5037:
5007:
4979:
4932:
4900:
4868:
4829:
4812:
4753:
4728:
4689:
4659:
4635:
4615:
4573:from the original on 7 May 2020
4555:
4543:from the original on 3 May 2017
4525:
4495:
4465:
4404:
4352:Ladakh: The Land and the People
4285:
4252:
4168:
4155:
4075:
3919:
3888:
3879:
3853:
3833:Zain, Ali (13 September 2015).
3826:
3807:
3770:
3692:
3611:
3572:
2672:
1227:(Himachal Pradesh and Punjab).
802:was an area of diverse, mostly
743:The Imperial Gazetteer of India
607:passed from the control of the
6229:Neve, Arthur. (Date unknown).
6189:Knight, William, Henry. 1863.
5877:, London: Martin Hopkinson Ltd
5502:; Rothermund, Dietmar (2004),
5453:, Cambridge University Press,
4385:Jummoo and Kashmir Territories
4328:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
4126:"Kashmir." Research Paper 4/28
3791:Kashmir: The Unwritten History
3505:
3473:Osmańczyk, Edmund Jan (2003),
3314:
3214:Human rights abuses in Kashmir
3055:, it is suited for crops like
2593:and the largest population of
2427:in the foothills of Jammu and
2275:Precipitation totals in inches
771:and its inhabitants practised
534:
13:
1:
6971:Parigas region/Demchok sector
4537:www.earthobservatory.nasa.gov
3823:, The Hindu, 27 January 2014.
3618:Kumāra, Braja Bihārī (2007).
3541:Snedden, Christopher (2015),
3385:Sneddon, Christopher (2021),
3290:"Kashmir territories profile"
3234:
3154:
2831:~0.25 million (250,000)
644:in Srinagar, and banning the
587:. The region was part of the
527:, Kashmir itself is known as
349:would be derived from either
7582:Disputed territories in Asia
6247:. A. & C. Black, London.
6103:Zutshi, Chitralekha (2004),
6012:Schaffer, Howard B. (2009),
5691:, Harvard University Press,
5332:. Baapar.com. Archived from
4965:10.1016/j.biocon.2008.06.012
4628:Ancient Geography Of Kashmir
4100:, p. 10–11, 14–34.
3579:Khan, Ruhail (6 July 2017).
3224:List of territorial disputes
3134:
2688:5.24%), and in the frontier
1165:
1017:communist revolution of 1949
724:, which was founded in 1846.
598:
309:
7:
5842:, Oxford University Press,
5778:, Oxford University Press,
3202:
3075:or plane, maple, birch and
3039:Azad Kashmir § Economy
897:into the newly independent
666:, he conquered and subdued
554:History of Gilgit-Baltistan
325:
18:Indian-administered Kashmir
10:
7613:
6751:Jiangxinpo/Northern Kachin
5534:Cambridge University Press
5532:, Cambridge and New York:
5151:Metcalf & Metcalf 2006
4388:. Stanford. pp. 3–6.
3322:"Kashmir profile—timeline"
3158:
3036:
3032:
2990:Cashmere shawl manufactory
2605:in the western Himalayas.
2425:tropical deciduous forests
2271:
2263:
1846:
1833:
1829:Precipitation totals in mm
1825:
1817:
1356:
1160:Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
1152:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947
865:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947
850:
822:of Kashmir came under the
806:groups, and, to the west,
702:
547:
543:
42:
31:
7553:
7326:Parangcho / Dingyan Islet
6709:Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island
6595:
6592:
6587:
6514:
6486:
6444:
6411:
6381:
6374:
6338:
6265:28 September 2007 at the
6081:10.1017/s0026749x00002845
5909:Rao, Aparna, ed. (2008),
5220:. GeoHive. Archived from
5094:10.1080/00045604909351998
4350:Jina, Prem Singh (1996),
3927:The wonder that was India
3814:The enigma of terminology
3151:to Banihal is completed.
2961:
2904:
2847:
2768:
2575:of Srinagar built in the
2407:Naltar Wildlife Sanctuary
478:(or Chipin or Jipin) and
282:in 1947, when the former
7396:Senkaku/Diaoyu/Tiaoyutai
5804:Lamb, Alastair (2002) ,
5772:Lamb, Alastair (1991) ,
3229:
2720:in the 1990s due to the
2403:Karakoram mountain range
2354:is a breed of horse in
925:for assistance, and the
885:Ranbir Singh's grandson
812:Indian Rebellion of 1857
740:broke out. According to
674:(1821), Suru valley and
462:Vishnudharmottara Purana
43:Not to be confused with
34:Kashmir (disambiguation)
6236:Stein, M. Aurel. 1900.
6175:17 January 2023 at the
5717:Keenan, Brigid (2013),
5430:Oxford University Press
5428:, Oxford and New York:
5358:The Arts and South Asia
4945:Biological Conservation
4567:Encyclopedia Britannica
4533:"The Eight-Thousanders"
4477:Encyclopedia Britannica
4458:Wild flowers of Kashmir
4455:B. O. Coventry (1923).
4334:13 January 2008 at the
4247:Talbot & Singh 2009
3952:"5000 Years of Kashmir"
3900:Encyclopædia Britannica
3819:16 October 2015 at the
3259:Encyclopædia Britannica
3111:2005 Kashmir earthquake
998:Encyclopædia Britannica
357:(Kashyapa's Mountain).
322:and was referred to as
38:Kasmir (disambiguation)
5598:The Partition of India
4205:Sumantra Bose (2013).
3437:Encyclopedia Americana
3181:'s 1817 romantic poem
3174:
3097:, silk carpets, rugs,
2584:Dachigam National Park
2358:, well adapted to the
1322:
1321:The Indus River system
1290:
1196:
1178:
1117:Ladakh is between the
1059:
1045:
1012:
932:
882:
818:by Great Britain, the
764:
733:
725:
664:Zorawar Singh Kahluria
400:Stephanus of Byzantium
243:
232:
221:
7069:Trans-Karakoram Tract
6403:Trans-Karakoram Tract
6145:Drew, Federic. 1877.
5888:, C. Hurst & Co,
5836:Malik, Iffat (2005),
5656:, SAGE Publications,
5479:Khan, Yasmin (2007),
5447:Copland, Ian (2002),
5278:www.citypopulation.de
5047:The valley of Kashmír
4597:Hong Kong Observatory
4270:Stein, Burton. 2010.
4131:26 March 2009 at the
3925:Basham, A. L. (2005)
3168:
3037:Further information:
2603:Himalayan brown bears
1320:
1284:
1184:
1173:
1147:Trans-Karakoram Tract
1050:
1025:
1003:
915:
880:
861:1947 Poonch Rebellion
851:Further information:
748:
731:
712:
353:(Kashyapa's Lake) or
288:British Indian Empire
274:(or tutelage) of the
266:, the Raja of Jammu,
238:
227:
211:
203:Trans-Karakoram Tract
6569:Territorial disputes
6208:2 April 2010 at the
6182:Knight, E. F. 1893.
6069:Modern Asian Studies
5306:. Bharatonline.com.
5194:. 14 February 2022.
4819:Kaul, S. N. (1928).
4673:. 7 September 2014.
4539:. 17 December 2013.
4354:, Indus Publishing,
4124:Bowers, Paul. 2004.
3929:, Picador. Pp. 572.
3787:Snedden, Christopher
3161:Kashmiri handicrafts
3027:, in local costumes
2964:Statistics from the
2659:Himalayan mouse-hare
2599:Deosai National Park
2477:Terminalia bellirica
2362:Kashmiri environment
2335:in the northwestern
1310:mountain peaks with
1074:area, including the
980:are administered by
903:Dominion of Pakistan
873:1947 Mirpur massacre
869:1947 Jammu massacres
738:First Anglo-Sikh War
444:and in puranas like
393:Hecataeus of Miletus
256:First Anglo-Sikh War
32:For other uses, see
27:Region in South Asia
7173:Ieodo / Suyan Islet
7124:Bạch Long Vĩ Island
6050:Kashmir in Conflict
6045:Schofield, Victoria
5882:Rai, Mridu (2004),
5536:. Pp. xxxiii, 372,
5019:avibase.bsc-eoc.org
4957:2008BCons.141.2230N
3867:. 11 September 2015
3841:on 18 November 2015
3699:Kaw, M. K. (2004).
3582:Who Killed Kasheer?
2611:Hemis National Park
2380:Shepherding in the
2306:2014 Kashmir floods
1847:Imperial conversion
1064:territorial dispute
278:, lasted until the
167:Indian subcontinent
64: /
7587:Historical regions
6658:Bhutanese exclaves
6596:Islands and waters
6522:Karakoram Province
6216:Moorcroft, William
6132:Historical sources
6005:, pp. 235–258
5984:, pp. 563–604
5954:, pp. 207–234
5945:, pp. 713–741
5723:, Hachette India,
5720:Travels in Kashmir
5579:A History of India
5526:Metcalf, Thomas R.
5504:A History of India
5373:– via Issuu.
5250:. 26 August 2017.
4920:on 22 January 2021
4779:10.7717/peerj.5919
4272:A History of India
4208:Transforming India
3705:. APH Publishing.
3519:on 5 February 2016
3328:. 5 January 2012.
3296:. 4 January 2012.
3175:
2722:Kashmir insurgency
2651:long-tailed marmot
2327:Alpine flowers at
2290:and some parts of
1323:
1291:
1197:
1179:
1060:
883:
756:Sir Henry Lawrence
734:
726:
550:History of Kashmir
383:called the region
292:disputed territory
280:Partition of India
264:Treaty of Amritsar
244:
233:
222:
220:or Vale of Kashmir
7564:
7563:
7548:
7547:
7368:Scarborough Shoal
7243:Macclesfield Bank
7145:Dokdo / Takeshima
6706:Part of Heixiazi/
6633:Jammu and Kashmir
6535:
6534:
6505:Jammu and Kashmir
6499:Jammu and Kashmir
6482:
6481:
6419:Jammu and Kashmir
6116:978-1-85065-700-2
6025:978-0-8157-0370-9
5963:, pp. 97–198
5922:978-81-7304-751-0
5849:978-0-19-579622-3
5785:978-0-19-577423-8
5743:Danger in Kashmir
5730:978-93-5009-729-8
5698:978-0-674-01173-1
5663:978-0-8039-9350-1
5630:978-0-19-515198-5
5607:978-0-521-76177-2
5588:978-0-19-565446-2
5567:978-0-521-03989-5
5552:Ramusack, Barbara
5543:978-0-521-68225-1
5513:978-0-415-32920-0
5492:978-0-300-12078-3
5460:978-0-521-89436-4
5439:978-0-19-873113-9
5432:. Pp. xiii, 474,
5413:978-0-415-30787-1
4849:978-93-131-6916-1
4709:978-981-329-174-4
4509:. 25 April 2017.
4424:978-1-4200-9325-4
4361:978-81-7387-057-6
4299:. 6 August 2019.
4280:978-1-4051-9509-6
4218:978-0-674-72820-2
4068:on 20 June 2018.
3554:978-1-84904-342-7
3486:978-0-415-93922-5
3446:978-0-7172-0139-6
3079:, apple, cherry.
3053:temperate climate
2977:
2976:
2437:alpine grasslands
2433:temperate forests
2283:
2282:
2279:
2278:
1838:
1837:
1232:Western Himalayas
1207:, and longitudes
1057:Jammu and Kashmir
986:union territories
974:Jammu and Kashmir
958:Jammu and Kashmir
899:Dominion of India
752:battle of Sobraon
722:Jammu and Kashmir
682:(1834–1840), and
585:Kashmir Sultanate
579:became the first
558:History of Ladakh
525:Kashmiri language
512:in Romanian, and
183:Jammu and Kashmir
16:(Redirected from
7604:
7540:
7539:
7533:
7532:
7526:
7525:
7517:Tsushima/Daemado
7512:
7511:
7505:
7504:
7491:
7490:
7484:
7483:
7477:
7476:
7470:
7469:
7463:
7462:
7456:
7455:
7442:
7441:
7435:
7434:
7421:
7420:
7414:
7413:
7407:
7406:
7391:
7390:
7384:
7383:
7377:
7376:
7363:
7362:
7356:
7355:
7342:
7341:
7335:
7334:
7315:
7314:
7308:
7307:
7301:
7300:
7287:
7286:
7280:
7279:
7266:
7265:
7259:
7258:
7252:
7251:
7238:
7237:
7231:
7230:
7217:
7216:
7210:
7209:
7203:
7202:
7189:
7188:
7182:
7181:
7168:
7167:
7161:
7160:
7154:
7153:
7140:
7139:
7133:
7132:
7119:
7118:
7112:
7111:
7092:
7091:
7085:
7084:
7078:
7077:
7064:
7063:
7057:
7056:
7043:
7042:
7036:
7035:
7029:
7028:
7015:
7014:
7008:
7007:
6994:
6993:
6987:
6986:
6980:
6979:
6966:
6965:
6959:
6958:
6941:
6940:
6934:
6933:
6920:
6919:
6913:
6912:
6899:
6898:
6892:
6891:
6883:Limbang District
6878:
6877:
6871:
6870:
6857:
6856:
6850:
6849:
6841:Gilgit-Baltistan
6830:
6829:
6823:
6822:
6809:
6808:
6802:
6801:
6788:
6787:
6781:
6780:
6767:
6766:
6760:
6759:
6746:
6745:
6739:
6738:
6725:
6724:
6718:
6717:
6702:
6701:
6695:
6694:
6681:
6680:
6674:
6673:
6667:
6666:
6653:
6652:
6646:
6645:
6628:
6627:
6621:
6620:
6614:
6613:
6590:
6589:
6562:
6555:
6548:
6539:
6538:
6501:(princely state)
6474:Gilgit-Baltistan
6379:
6378:
6324:
6317:
6310:
6301:
6300:
6126:
6125:
6123:
6099:
6063:
6040:
6039:
6037:
6006:
5997:
5996:, pp. 37–96
5985:
5976:
5964:
5955:
5946:
5937:
5936:
5934:
5905:
5904:
5902:
5878:
5864:
5863:
5861:
5832:
5831:
5829:
5800:
5799:
5797:
5768:
5767:
5765:
5733:
5713:
5712:
5710:
5678:
5677:
5675:
5633:
5615:Wolpert, Stanley
5610:
5591:
5570:
5546:
5522:Metcalf, Barbara
5516:
5495:
5475:
5474:
5472:
5442:
5422:Brown, Judith M.
5416:
5375:
5374:
5372:
5370:
5352:
5346:
5345:
5343:
5341:
5326:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5315:
5300:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5289:
5270:
5264:
5263:
5261:
5259:
5240:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5229:
5224:on 19 April 2015
5214:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5203:
5184:
5178:
5172:
5166:
5160:
5154:
5148:
5142:
5136:
5130:
5124:
5118:
5112:
5106:
5105:
5077:
5071:
5065:
5052:
5051:
5041:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5030:
5011:
5005:
5004:
5002:
5000:
4983:
4977:
4976:
4951:(9): 2230–2241.
4936:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4925:
4919:
4912:
4904:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4893:
4872:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4861:
4833:
4827:
4826:
4816:
4810:
4809:
4799:
4781:
4757:
4751:
4750:
4732:
4726:
4725:
4723:
4721:
4693:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4682:
4663:
4657:
4656:
4639:
4633:
4632:
4619:
4613:
4612:
4610:
4608:
4589:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4578:
4559:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4548:
4529:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4518:
4499:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4488:
4469:
4463:
4462:
4452:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4436:
4408:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4397:
4376:
4365:
4364:
4347:
4338:
4324:
4313:
4312:
4310:
4308:
4289:
4283:
4268:
4259:
4256:
4250:
4244:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4230:
4202:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4172:
4166:
4165:, pp. 15–17
4159:
4153:
4152:, pp. 15–17
4147:
4136:
4122:
4113:
4107:
4101:
4095:
4089:
4079:
4073:
4072:
4064:. Archived from
4053:
4047:
4046:, pp. 39–41
4041:
4022:
4016:
4010:
4004:
3991:
3985:
3976:
3975:
3969:
3967:
3944:
3938:
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3915:
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3892:
3886:
3883:
3877:
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3872:
3857:
3851:
3850:
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3830:
3824:
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3805:
3804:
3783:
3777:
3774:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3735:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3724:
3696:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3657:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3643:
3615:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3585:. Notion Press.
3576:
3570:
3569:
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3566:
3538:
3529:
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3509:
3503:
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3500:
3498:
3470:
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3461:
3460:
3458:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3382:
3376:
3370:
3359:
3358:
3339:
3337:
3318:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3286:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3251:
3122:
3013:
3001:
2985:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2884:Gilgit-Baltistan
2855:
2853:
2852:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2734:
2733:
2714:Kashmiri Pandits
2667:Himalayan weasel
2655:Indian porcupine
2569:botanical garden
2489:Pinus roxburghii
2459:Dalbergia sissoo
2394:
2377:
2347:
2324:
2292:Gilgit-Baltistan
2274:
2266:
2257:
2252:
2241:
2226:
2221:
2210:
2195:
2190:
2179:
2164:
2159:
2148:
2133:
2128:
2117:
2102:
2097:
2086:
2071:
2066:
2055:
2040:
2035:
2024:
2009:
2004:
1993:
1978:
1973:
1962:
1947:
1942:
1931:
1916:
1911:
1900:
1844:
1828:
1820:
1811:
1806:
1795:
1780:
1775:
1764:
1749:
1744:
1733:
1718:
1713:
1702:
1687:
1682:
1671:
1656:
1651:
1640:
1625:
1620:
1609:
1594:
1589:
1578:
1563:
1558:
1547:
1532:
1527:
1516:
1501:
1496:
1485:
1470:
1465:
1454:
1379:
1361:
1308:eight-thousander
1188:, a peak in the
1084:Pir Panjal range
1043:of October 1962.
990:limited autonomy
970:Gilgit-Baltistan
927:governor-general
911:History of India
853:Kashmir conflict
788:Kashmiri Pandits
575:arose. In 1320,
573:Kashmir Shaivism
328:
214:Pir Panjal Range
195:Gilgit-Baltistan
179:Pir Panjal Range
158:
152:
151:
148:
147:
144:
141:
138:
135:
132:
120:
115:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
98:
95:
79:
78:
76:
75:
74:
69:
65:
62:
61:
60:
57:
21:
7612:
7611:
7607:
7606:
7605:
7603:
7602:
7601:
7597:Regions of Asia
7567:
7566:
7565:
7560:
7549:
7544:
7534:
7527:
7520:
7506:
7499:
7485:
7478:
7471:
7464:
7457:
7450:
7447:Spratly Islands
7436:
7429:
7415:
7408:
7401:
7397:
7385:
7378:
7371:
7357:
7350:
7336:
7329:
7319:
7309:
7302:
7295:
7292:Paracel Islands
7281:
7274:
7260:
7253:
7246:
7232:
7225:
7211:
7204:
7197:
7183:
7176:
7162:
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7096:
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6988:
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6974:
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6914:
6907:
6893:
6886:
6872:
6865:
6851:
6844:
6834:
6824:
6817:
6803:
6796:
6793:Khao Phra Wihan
6782:
6775:
6761:
6754:
6740:
6733:
6719:
6712:
6707:
6696:
6689:
6686:Doi Pha Hom Pok
6675:
6668:
6661:
6647:
6640:
6622:
6615:
6608:
6583:
6566:
6536:
6531:
6510:
6478:
6440:
6407:
6370:
6366:Siachen Glacier
6334:
6328:
6291:
6286:
6271:Muhammad Ayub.
6267:Wayback Machine
6220:Trebeck, George
6210:Wayback Machine
6177:Wayback Machine
6140:Foreign Affairs
6134:
6129:
6121:
6119:
6117:
6061:
6035:
6033:
6026:
5990:Witzel, Michael
5975:, pp. 1–36
5932:
5930:
5923:
5900:
5898:
5896:
5869:Panikkar, K. M.
5859:
5857:
5850:
5827:
5825:
5818:
5795:
5793:
5786:
5763:
5761:
5754:
5731:
5708:
5706:
5699:
5673:
5671:
5664:
5642:
5640:Kashmir history
5637:
5631:
5608:
5589:
5568:
5544:
5514:
5493:
5470:
5468:
5461:
5440:
5414:
5388:
5386:General history
5383:
5378:
5368:
5366:
5353:
5349:
5339:
5337:
5336:on 8 March 2016
5328:
5327:
5323:
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5302:
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5297:
5287:
5285:
5272:
5271:
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5257:
5255:
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5241:
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5227:
5225:
5216:
5215:
5211:
5201:
5199:
5186:
5185:
5181:
5173:
5169:
5161:
5157:
5149:
5145:
5137:
5133:
5125:
5121:
5113:
5109:
5078:
5074:
5066:
5055:
5042:
5038:
5028:
5026:
5013:
5012:
5008:
4998:
4996:
4985:
4984:
4980:
4937:
4933:
4923:
4921:
4917:
4910:
4906:
4905:
4901:
4891:
4889:
4881:Washington Post
4874:
4873:
4869:
4859:
4857:
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4817:
4813:
4758:
4754:
4747:
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4717:
4710:
4694:
4690:
4680:
4678:
4665:
4664:
4660:
4643:Helmut de Terra
4640:
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4616:
4606:
4604:
4591:
4590:
4586:
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4561:
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4531:
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4516:
4514:
4501:
4500:
4496:
4486:
4484:
4471:
4470:
4466:
4453:
4444:
4434:
4432:
4425:
4409:
4405:
4395:
4393:
4377:
4368:
4362:
4348:
4341:
4336:Wayback Machine
4325:
4316:
4306:
4304:
4291:
4290:
4286:
4269:
4262:
4257:
4253:
4245:
4238:
4228:
4226:
4219:
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4199:
4190:
4188:
4173:
4169:
4160:
4156:
4148:
4139:
4133:Wayback Machine
4123:
4116:
4112:, pp. 6–7.
4108:
4104:
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4080:
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4025:
4017:
4013:
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3827:
3821:Wayback Machine
3812:
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3496:
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3487:
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3379:
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3333:
3320:
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3315:
3303:
3301:
3288:
3287:
3280:
3268:
3266:
3253:
3252:
3241:
3237:
3232:
3205:
3163:
3157:
3137:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3123:
3101:, and pottery.
3045:
3035:
3028:
3014:
3005:
3002:
2993:
2986:
2941:Trans-Karakoram
2907:
2905:
2850:
2848:
2771:
2769:
2737:Administered by
2701:(167,000), the
2697:(186,000), the
2675:
2521:Picea smithiana
2465:Albizia lebbeck
2413:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2395:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2378:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2348:
2340:
2339:
2337:Himalayan range
2325:
2314:
2312:Flora and fauna
2272:
2264:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2228:
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2222:
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2141:
2135:
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2118:
2115:
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2110:
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2100:
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2079:
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2053:
2051:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1826:
1818:
1813:
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1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
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1778:
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1757:
1751:
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1720:
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1700:
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1579:
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1548:
1545:
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1534:
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1525:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1499:
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1494:
1492:
1489:
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1483:
1481:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1466:
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1458:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1369:Climate chart (
1359:
1339:Great Himalayan
1331:Tibetan Plateau
1300:Siachen Glacier
1175:Topographic map
1168:
1156:line of control
1139:Tibetan Plateau
1072:Siachen Glacier
1041:Sino-Indian War
954:
905:. According to
893:of the British
875:
849:
840:Kashmiri Pandit
836:Prem Nath Bazaz
760:State of Lahore
707:
701:
696:
694:Kashmir dispute
631:rule under the
601:
561:
546:
537:
500:in Portuguese,
312:
229:Pahalgam Valley
175:Great Himalayas
156:
129:
125:
118:
92:
88:
72:
70:
66:
63:
58:
55:
53:
51:
50:
48:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7610:
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7599:
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7579:
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7554:
7551:
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7514:
7493:
7444:
7423:
7393:
7365:
7344:
7322:
7320:
7318:
7317:
7289:
7268:
7240:
7219:
7191:
7170:
7142:
7121:
7099:
7097:
7095:
7094:
7066:
7045:
7017:
6996:
6968:
6943:
6925:Mainland China
6922:
6901:
6880:
6859:
6837:
6835:
6833:
6832:
6811:
6790:
6769:
6748:
6727:
6704:
6683:
6655:
6630:
6601:
6598:
6597:
6594:
6588:
6585:
6584:
6581:Southeast Asia
6565:
6564:
6557:
6550:
6542:
6533:
6532:
6530:
6529:
6524:
6518:
6516:
6512:
6511:
6509:
6508:
6507:(Indian state)
6502:
6496:
6490:
6488:
6484:
6483:
6480:
6479:
6477:
6476:
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6470:
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6426:
6415:
6413:
6409:
6408:
6406:
6405:
6400:
6385:
6383:
6376:
6372:
6371:
6369:
6368:
6363:
6361:Kashmir Valley
6358:
6353:
6348:
6342:
6340:
6336:
6335:
6327:
6326:
6319:
6312:
6304:
6298:
6297:
6290:
6289:External links
6287:
6285:
6284:
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6194:
6187:
6180:
6166:
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6153:
6150:
6143:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6127:
6115:
6100:
6064:
6060:978-1860648984
6059:
6041:
6024:
6009:
6008:
6007:
5998:
5986:
5977:
5965:
5956:
5947:
5921:
5906:
5895:978-1850656616
5894:
5879:
5865:
5848:
5833:
5816:
5801:
5784:
5769:
5752:
5734:
5729:
5714:
5697:
5683:Bose, Sumantra
5679:
5662:
5648:Bose, Sumantra
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5635:
5629:
5611:
5606:
5593:
5587:
5571:
5566:
5548:
5542:
5518:
5512:
5500:Kulke, Hermann
5496:
5491:
5476:
5459:
5444:
5438:
5418:
5412:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5376:
5347:
5321:
5295:
5265:
5235:
5209:
5179:
5167:
5165:, p. 318.
5155:
5143:
5141:, p. 286.
5131:
5119:
5107:
5072:
5053:
5036:
5006:
4978:
4931:
4899:
4867:
4848:
4828:
4811:
4752:
4746:978-3659878626
4745:
4727:
4708:
4688:
4658:
4647:T. T. Paterson
4634:
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4217:
4197:
4167:
4154:
4137:
4114:
4102:
4090:
4074:
4048:
4023:
4011:
4009:, pp. 5–6
3992:
3977:
3939:
3918:
3887:
3878:
3852:
3825:
3806:
3800:978-9350298985
3799:
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2813:
2810:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2783:Kashmir Valley
2780:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2756:
2750:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2674:
2671:
2639:Himalayan wolf
2509:Cedrus deodara
2471:Garuga pinnata
2453:Acacia catechu
2447:Shorea robusta
2442:Acacia modesta
2417:national parks
2396:
2389:
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2032:
2029:
2026:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2006:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1990:
1987:
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1983:
1981:
1975:
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1967:
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1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1375:
1374:
1366:
1365:
1358:
1355:
1327:drainage basin
1192:range, is the
1167:
1164:
1094:, the western
1088:Northern Areas
1010:route blocked.
953:
950:
848:
845:
820:princely state
703:Main article:
700:
699:Princely state
697:
695:
692:
688:Kashmir Valley
660:state of Jammu
653:Kashmir shawls
609:Durrani Empire
605:Kashmir Valley
600:
597:
593:Durrani Empire
545:
542:
536:
533:
381:Ancient Greeks
311:
308:
284:princely state
218:Kashmir Valley
171:Kashmir Valley
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7609:
7598:
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7412:
7405:
7399:
7394:
7389:
7382:
7375:
7369:
7366:
7361:
7354:
7348:
7347:Pratas Island
7345:
7340:
7333:
7327:
7324:
7323:
7321:
7313:
7306:
7299:
7293:
7290:
7285:
7278:
7272:
7269:
7264:
7257:
7250:
7244:
7241:
7236:
7229:
7223:
7222:Kuril Islands
7220:
7215:
7208:
7201:
7195:
7192:
7187:
7180:
7174:
7171:
7166:
7159:
7152:
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7055:
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6881:
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6807:
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6700:
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6582:
6578:
6574:
6570:
6563:
6558:
6556:
6551:
6549:
6544:
6543:
6540:
6528:
6527:Panun Kashmir
6525:
6523:
6520:
6519:
6517:
6513:
6506:
6503:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6494:Gilgit Agency
6492:
6491:
6489:
6485:
6475:
6472:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6454:
6453:
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6447:
6443:
6437:
6434:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6421:
6420:
6417:
6416:
6414:
6410:
6404:
6401:
6398:
6394:
6390:
6387:
6386:
6384:
6380:
6377:
6373:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6343:
6341:
6337:
6333:
6325:
6320:
6318:
6313:
6311:
6306:
6305:
6302:
6296:
6293:
6292:
6282:
6281:0-8059-9594-3
6278:
6274:
6270:
6268:
6264:
6261:
6257:
6256:0-945747-00-4
6253:
6249:
6246:
6242:
6239:
6235:
6232:
6228:
6225:
6221:
6217:
6214:
6211:
6207:
6204:
6203:
6198:
6197:Köchler, Hans
6195:
6192:
6188:
6185:
6181:
6178:
6174:
6171:
6168:Khan, L. Ali
6167:
6164:
6161:
6157:
6154:
6151:
6148:
6144:
6141:
6137:
6136:
6118:
6112:
6108:
6107:
6101:
6098:
6094:
6090:
6086:
6082:
6078:
6074:
6070:
6065:
6062:
6056:
6052:
6051:
6046:
6042:
6031:
6027:
6021:
6017:
6016:
6010:
6004:
5999:
5995:
5991:
5987:
5983:
5978:
5974:
5970:
5966:
5962:
5957:
5953:
5948:
5944:
5939:
5938:
5928:
5924:
5918:
5914:
5913:
5907:
5897:
5891:
5887:
5886:
5880:
5876:
5875:
5870:
5866:
5855:
5851:
5845:
5841:
5840:
5834:
5823:
5819:
5817:9780195797671
5813:
5809:
5808:
5802:
5791:
5787:
5781:
5777:
5776:
5770:
5759:
5755:
5753:9781400875238
5749:
5745:
5744:
5739:
5738:Korbel, Josef
5735:
5732:
5726:
5722:
5721:
5715:
5704:
5700:
5694:
5690:
5689:
5684:
5680:
5669:
5665:
5659:
5655:
5654:
5649:
5645:
5644:
5632:
5626:
5622:
5621:
5616:
5612:
5609:
5603:
5599:
5594:
5590:
5584:
5580:
5576:
5575:Stein, Burton
5572:
5569:
5563:
5559:
5558:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5509:
5505:
5501:
5497:
5494:
5488:
5484:
5483:
5477:
5466:
5462:
5456:
5452:
5451:
5445:
5441:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5409:
5405:
5404:
5399:
5398:Jalal, Ayesha
5395:
5391:
5390:
5364:
5360:
5359:
5351:
5335:
5331:
5325:
5309:
5305:
5299:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5269:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5239:
5223:
5219:
5213:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5183:
5177:, p. 25.
5176:
5171:
5164:
5159:
5152:
5147:
5140:
5135:
5129:, p. 71.
5128:
5123:
5116:
5111:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5076:
5069:
5064:
5062:
5060:
5058:
5049:
5048:
5040:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5010:
4994:
4991:. EQUATIONS.
4990:
4989:
4982:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4935:
4916:
4909:
4903:
4887:
4883:
4882:
4877:
4871:
4855:
4851:
4845:
4841:
4840:
4832:
4824:
4823:
4815:
4807:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4756:
4748:
4742:
4738:
4731:
4715:
4711:
4705:
4701:
4700:
4692:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4662:
4654:
4653:
4648:
4644:
4638:
4630:
4629:
4624:
4618:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4588:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4558:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4528:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4498:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4468:
4460:
4459:
4451:
4449:
4447:
4430:
4426:
4420:
4417:. CRC Press.
4416:
4415:
4407:
4391:
4387:
4386:
4381:
4380:Drew Frederic
4375:
4373:
4371:
4363:
4357:
4353:
4346:
4344:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4323:
4321:
4319:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4288:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4267:
4265:
4255:
4248:
4243:
4241:
4224:
4220:
4214:
4210:
4209:
4201:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4171:
4164:
4158:
4151:
4146:
4144:
4142:
4134:
4130:
4127:
4121:
4119:
4111:
4106:
4099:
4098:Panikkar 1930
4094:
4087:
4083:
4078:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4052:
4045:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4020:
4015:
4008:
4003:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3989:
3984:
3982:
3974:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3950:(June 2009),
3949:
3943:
3936:
3935:0-330-43909-X
3932:
3928:
3922:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3891:
3882:
3866:
3862:
3856:
3840:
3836:
3829:
3822:
3818:
3815:
3810:
3802:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3782:
3773:
3757:
3753:
3751:9788182743984
3747:
3743:
3742:
3734:
3718:
3714:
3712:9788176485371
3708:
3704:
3703:
3695:
3679:
3675:
3673:9781482899450
3669:
3665:
3664:
3656:
3654:
3637:
3633:
3631:9788180694578
3627:
3623:
3622:
3614:
3598:
3594:
3592:9781947283107
3588:
3584:
3583:
3575:
3560:
3556:
3550:
3546:
3545:
3537:
3535:
3518:
3514:
3508:
3492:
3488:
3482:
3478:
3477:
3469:
3452:
3448:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3428:
3421:
3417:
3415:0-295-98525-9
3411:
3407:
3400:
3393:
3392:paramountcy'.
3388:
3381:
3374:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3357:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3317:
3299:
3295:
3291:
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3264:
3260:
3256:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3239:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3200:
3198:
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3190:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3172:
3167:
3162:
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3150:
3146:
3142:
3127:
3121:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3084:Cashmere wool
3080:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3044:
3040:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3012:
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3000:
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2814:
2811:
2808:
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2802:
2798:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2767:
2763:
2761:
2757:
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2749:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2691:
2687:
2682:
2680:
2679:Indian Empire
2670:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2607:Snow leopards
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2573:tulip gardens
2570:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2516:
2515:Abies pindrow
2511:
2510:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2408:
2405:, now in the
2404:
2400:
2393:
2383:
2382:Deosai Plains
2376:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2346:
2338:
2334:
2333:Mount Harmukh
2330:
2329:Gangabal Lake
2323:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2302:
2301:Rajatarangini
2295:
2293:
2289:
2288:Astore Valley
2270:
2262:
2230:
2199:
2168:
2137:
2106:
2075:
2044:
2013:
1982:
1951:
1920:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
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1850:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1832:
1824:
1816:
1784:
1753:
1722:
1691:
1660:
1629:
1598:
1567:
1536:
1505:
1474:
1443:
1442:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1319:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1304:Biafo Glacier
1301:
1296:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1256:Chenab valley
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1176:
1172:
1163:
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1148:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1077:
1076:Saltoro Ridge
1073:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1011:
1009:
1008:Jhelum valley
1002:
1000:
999:
995:According to
993:
992:was revoked.
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
949:
947:
945:
941:
937:
931:
928:
924:
920:
914:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
895:Indian Empire
892:
888:
879:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
847:1947 and 1948
844:
841:
837:
831:
829:
828:British Crown
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
800:Gilgit Agency
797:
793:
789:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
763:
761:
757:
753:
747:
746:
744:
739:
736:In 1845, the
730:
723:
719:
715:
711:
706:
691:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
656:
654:
650:
649:
643:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
603:In 1819, the
596:
594:
590:
589:Mughal Empire
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
567:and later of
566:
559:
555:
551:
541:
532:
530:
526:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
463:
459:
458:Vishnu Purana
455:
451:
447:
446:Matsya Purana
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
426:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
377:
375:
374:Sharada Peeth
371:
367:
363:
358:
356:
355:kashyapa-meru
352:
348:
344:
340:
335:
333:
329:
327:
321:
317:
307:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
276:British Crown
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
246:In 1820, the
241:
237:
230:
226:
219:
215:
210:
206:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
159:
150:
123:
122:
113:
86:
82:
80:
77:
68:34.5°N 76.5°E
46:
39:
35:
30:
19:
6946:North Borneo
6637:Azad Kashmir
6462:Muzaffarabad
6452:Azad Kashmir
6393:Rutog County
6389:Hotan County
6351:Balawaristan
6331:
6272:
6244:
6237:
6230:
6223:
6201:
6190:
6183:
6163:Joshi, Manoj
6146:
6139:
6122:15 September
6120:, retrieved
6105:
6075:(1): 35–59,
6072:
6068:
6049:
6034:, retrieved
6014:
6002:
5993:
5981:
5972:
5969:Madan, T. N.
5960:
5951:
5942:
5931:, retrieved
5911:
5901:15 September
5899:, retrieved
5884:
5873:
5858:, retrieved
5838:
5826:, retrieved
5806:
5794:, retrieved
5774:
5764:27 September
5762:, retrieved
5742:
5719:
5707:, retrieved
5687:
5672:, retrieved
5652:
5619:
5597:
5578:
5556:
5529:
5503:
5481:
5469:, retrieved
5449:
5425:
5402:
5394:Bose, Sugata
5381:Bibliography
5367:. Retrieved
5357:
5350:
5338:. Retrieved
5334:the original
5324:
5312:. Retrieved
5298:
5286:. Retrieved
5277:
5268:
5256:. Retrieved
5247:
5238:
5226:. Retrieved
5222:the original
5212:
5200:. Retrieved
5191:
5182:
5170:
5158:
5146:
5134:
5122:
5110:
5088:(2): 81–98.
5085:
5081:
5075:
5067:
5046:
5039:
5027:. Retrieved
5018:
5009:
4997:. Retrieved
4987:
4981:
4948:
4944:
4934:
4922:. Retrieved
4915:the original
4902:
4890:. Retrieved
4879:
4870:
4858:. Retrieved
4838:
4831:
4821:
4814:
4769:
4765:
4755:
4736:
4730:
4718:. Retrieved
4698:
4691:
4679:. Retrieved
4670:
4661:
4651:
4637:
4627:
4617:
4605:. Retrieved
4587:
4575:. Retrieved
4566:
4557:
4545:. Retrieved
4536:
4527:
4515:. Retrieved
4506:
4497:
4485:. Retrieved
4476:
4467:
4457:
4433:. Retrieved
4413:
4406:
4394:. Retrieved
4384:
4351:
4305:. Retrieved
4287:
4271:
4254:
4249:, p. 54
4227:. Retrieved
4207:
4200:
4189:, retrieved
4180:
4170:
4157:
4105:
4093:
4077:
4069:
4066:the original
4061:
4051:
4021:, p. 15
4014:
3987:
3971:
3964:, retrieved
3955:
3948:Puri, Balraj
3942:
3926:
3921:
3908:. Retrieved
3899:
3890:
3881:
3869:. Retrieved
3864:
3855:
3843:. Retrieved
3839:the original
3828:
3809:
3790:
3781:
3772:
3760:. Retrieved
3740:
3733:
3721:. Retrieved
3701:
3694:
3682:. Retrieved
3662:
3640:. Retrieved
3620:
3613:
3601:. Retrieved
3581:
3574:
3563:, retrieved
3543:
3521:. Retrieved
3517:the original
3507:
3495:, retrieved
3475:
3468:
3455:, retrieved
3436:
3427:
3419:
3405:
3399:
3390:
3386:
3380:
3372:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3341:
3334:. Retrieved
3325:
3316:
3302:. Retrieved
3293:
3267:. Retrieved
3258:
3188:
3182:
3179:Thomas Moore
3176:
3138:
3107:papier-mâché
3081:
3046:
2989:
2862:Azad Kashmir
2729:
2726:
2711:
2707:
2689:
2685:
2683:
2676:
2673:Demographics
2590:
2588:Kashmir stag
2581:
2566:
2562:Rhododendron
2519:
2513:
2507:
2503:Rhododendron
2501:
2497:
2487:
2483:T. tomentosa
2481:
2475:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2445:
2441:
2414:
2299:
2296:
2284:
1834:Source: HKO
1335:
1324:
1292:
1260:Jammu region
1236:Nanga Parbat
1229:
1198:
1143:
1116:
1087:
1081:
1061:
1053:Azad Kashmir
1035:and western
1026:
1021:Chinese army
1013:
1004:
996:
994:
966:Azad Kashmir
955:
948:
933:
916:
910:
907:Burton Stein
884:
832:
803:
765:
749:
741:
735:
716:, The first
657:
647:
642:Jamia Masjid
621:Ranjit Singh
602:
577:Rinchan Shah
562:
538:
528:
522:
513:
509:
505:
504:in Catalan,
501:
497:
496:in Spanish,
493:
489:
485:
484:
479:
475:
472:kia-shi-milo
471:
466:
454:Padma Purana
433:
423:
419:
415:
403:
388:
384:
378:
369:
359:
354:
351:kashyapa-mir
350:
346:
336:
331:
323:
315:
313:
271:
252:Ranjit Singh
245:
240:Nanga Parbat
191:Azad Kashmir
173:between the
84:
83:
81:
49:
29:
7496:Taiwan Area
7194:James Shoal
5874:Gulab Singh
5288:26 November
5258:26 November
5192:www.cia.gov
4623:Stein M. A.
4435:28 December
4307:30 November
4282:. Page 358.
3966:31 December
3871:17 November
3845:17 November
3497:18 December
3457:18 December
3184:Lalla Rookh
3177:Irish poet
3173:or Chiefly.
3090:and making
3067:, firs and
3049:agriculture
3023:, northern
3019:women from
2623:leopard cat
2554:Cotoneaster
2429:Muzafarabad
1371:explanation
1285:Simplified
1217:Afghanistan
923:Mountbatten
816:direct rule
714:Gulab Singh
613:Afghanistan
535:Terminology
492:in French,
450:Vayu Purana
442:Sabha Parva
438:Mahabharata
434:Kashmirikas
425:Ashtadhyayi
272:paramountcy
268:Gulab Singh
248:Sikh Empire
71: /
7571:Categories
6605:Aksai Chin
6397:Aksai Chin
5369:30 January
5340:22 January
5248:The Nation
5202:24 January
5029:20 October
4999:1 November
4924:30 October
4892:29 October
4860:1 November
4720:1 November
4681:1 November
4577:27 October
4547:27 October
4517:27 October
4507:Worldatlas
4487:29 October
4396:1 November
4161:Quoted in
4084:, p.
3865:Dunya News
3762:1 November
3723:1 November
3684:1 November
3642:1 November
3603:1 November
3565:11 October
3235:References
3193:Anglophone
3159:See also:
3155:In culture
2919:Aksai Chin
2743:Population
2627:jungle cat
2595:black bear
2542:Potentilla
2500:spp.) and
1264:Wular Lake
1177:of Kashmir
1131:Indo-Aryan
1104:Hindu Kush
1102:, and the
1029:Aksai Chin
936:plebiscite
887:Hari Singh
824:suzerainty
796:Shia Islam
508:in Latin,
468:Huientsang
404:Kaspatyros
389:Kaspapyros
262:under the
199:Aksai Chin
73:34.5; 76.5
7426:Sir Creek
6730:Hong Kong
6356:Dardistan
6346:Baltistan
6097:145500298
6047:(2003) ,
6036:1 January
5933:1 January
5860:1 January
5828:1 January
5796:1 January
5740:(1966) ,
5709:1 January
5674:1 January
5471:1 January
5102:0004-5608
4973:0006-3207
4788:2167-8359
4772:: e5919.
4177:"Kashmir"
4058:"Kashmir"
3937:, p. 110.
3433:"Kashmir"
3219:Kashmiris
3135:Transport
3057:asparagus
2615:musk deer
2577:Zabarwans
2558:Juniperus
2431:, to the
2352:Zaniskari
1364:Srinagar
1351:Baltistan
1295:Karakoram
1252:Baltistan
1190:Karakoram
1166:Geography
1096:Himalayas
1092:Karakoram
919:Hyderabad
891:partition
792:Baltistan
684:Baltistan
599:Sikh rule
494:Cachemira
490:Cachemire
416:Kaspeiria
408:Herodotus
314:The word
310:Etymology
290:became a
231:, Kashmir
161:) is the
7271:Noktundo
6772:Kalapani
6445:Pakistan
6263:Archived
6222:. 1841.
6206:Archived
6173:Archived
6030:archived
5927:archived
5871:(1930),
5854:archived
5822:archived
5790:archived
5758:archived
5703:archived
5685:(2003),
5668:archived
5650:(1997),
5617:(2006),
5577:(2001),
5554:(2004),
5528:(2006),
5465:archived
5424:(1994),
5400:(2003),
5363:Archived
5314:3 August
5308:Archived
5282:Archived
5252:Archived
5196:Archived
5023:Archived
4993:Archived
4886:Archived
4854:Archived
4806:30425898
4714:Archived
4675:Archived
4671:BBC News
4625:(1899).
4601:Archived
4571:Archived
4541:Archived
4511:Archived
4481:Archived
4429:Archived
4390:Archived
4382:(1875).
4332:Archived
4301:Archived
4297:BBC News
4223:Archived
4185:archived
4129:Archived
3960:archived
3956:Epilogue
3904:Archived
3817:Archived
3789:(2013).
3756:Archived
3717:Archived
3678:Archived
3636:Archived
3597:Archived
3559:archived
3491:archived
3451:archived
3330:Archived
3326:BBC News
3298:Archived
3294:BBC News
3263:Archived
3203:See also
3197:paradise
3189:Cashmere
3092:Pashmina
3088:knitting
2969:In Depth
2857:Pakistan
2764:% other
2760:Buddhist
2703:Khattris
2695:Brahmans
2690:wazarats
2591:(Hangul)
2571:and the
2550:Berberis
2530:Geranium
2421:reserves
1276:Srinagar
1272:Hokersar
1268:Dal Lake
1221:Pakistan
1033:Xinjiang
901:and the
779:—mostly
773:Buddhism
718:Maharaja
678:(1835),
672:Kishtwar
670:(1821),
635:and the
569:Buddhism
565:Hinduism
506:Casmiria
498:Caxemira
486:Cashmeer
480:ache-pin
385:Kasperia
370:kashmira
364:goddess
343:Kashyapa
332:Kashmira
320:Sanskrit
304:Pakistan
250:, under
216:and the
201:and the
177:and the
7577:Kashmir
7398:Islands
7103:Ambalat
6429:Kashmir
6339:Regions
6332:Kashmir
6245:Kashmir
4953:Bibcode
4797:6228543
4229:19 June
4191:19 June
3336:16 July
3304:16 July
3269:16 July
3145:Banihal
3141:railway
3103:Saffron
3061:peaches
3033:Economy
2971:report.
2699:Rajputs
2631:red fox
2619:markhor
2546:Primula
2538:Lloydia
2526:Anemone
2498:Quercus
2401:in the
2360:hypoxic
1357:Climate
826:of the
785:brahmin
769:Tibetan
668:Rajouri
633:Mughals
623:of the
544:History
529:Kasheer
523:In the
518:Occitan
514:Cashmir
502:Caixmir
420:Kashmir
412:Ptolemy
366:Sharada
347:Kashmir
326:káśmīra
316:Kashmir
286:of the
260:British
165:of the
85:Kashmir
59:76°30′E
56:34°30′N
45:Kashmar
6862:Ladakh
6579:, and
6467:Poonch
6457:Mirpur
6436:Ladakh
6279:
6254:
6113:
6095:
6089:311654
6087:
6057:
6022:
5919:
5892:
5846:
5814:
5782:
5750:
5727:
5695:
5660:
5627:
5604:
5585:
5564:
5540:
5510:
5489:
5457:
5436:
5410:
5228:29 May
5100:
4971:
4846:
4804:
4794:
4786:
4743:
4706:
4607:9 June
4421:
4358:
4278:
4215:
3933:
3797:
3748:
3709:
3670:
3628:
3589:
3551:
3523:29 May
3483:
3463:1947";
3443:
3412:
3099:kurtas
3095:shawls
3077:walnut
3073:chenar
3065:deodar
3041:, and
3025:Ladakh
3021:Kargil
3017:Brokpa
2911:
2854:
2827:Ladakh
2775:
2748:Muslim
2718:exodus
2663:langur
2635:jackal
2356:Ladakh
2331:below
2247:
2244:
2236:
2233:
2216:
2213:
2205:
2202:
2185:
2182:
2174:
2171:
2154:
2151:
2143:
2140:
2123:
2120:
2112:
2109:
2092:
2089:
2081:
2078:
2061:
2058:
2050:
2047:
2030:
2027:
2019:
2016:
1999:
1996:
1988:
1985:
1968:
1965:
1957:
1954:
1937:
1934:
1926:
1923:
1906:
1903:
1895:
1892:
1801:
1798:
1790:
1787:
1770:
1767:
1759:
1756:
1739:
1736:
1728:
1725:
1708:
1705:
1697:
1694:
1677:
1674:
1666:
1663:
1646:
1643:
1635:
1632:
1615:
1612:
1604:
1601:
1584:
1581:
1573:
1570:
1553:
1550:
1542:
1539:
1522:
1519:
1511:
1508:
1491:
1488:
1480:
1477:
1460:
1457:
1449:
1446:
1347:Jehlum
1343:Chenab
1248:Chenab
1244:Jehlum
1135:desert
1127:Kargil
1119:Kunlun
1108:Gilgit
1098:, the
978:Ladakh
962:Ladakh
871:, and
777:Muslim
680:Ladakh
676:Kargil
637:Afghan
629:Muslim
625:Punjab
619:under
581:Muslim
556:, and
510:Cașmir
476:ki-pin
430:Pāṇini
422:is in
402:) and
302:, and
187:Ladakh
7048:Susta
6950:Sabah
6904:Macau
6814:Korea
6577:South
6424:Jammu
6412:India
6382:China
6159:1997.
6093:S2CID
6085:JSTOR
4918:(PDF)
4911:(PDF)
4766:PeerJ
3973:rule.
3910:9 May
3344:1950s
3230:Notes
3171:Royal
3149:Katra
3069:pines
2914:China
2869:100%
2805:Jammu
2778:India
2754:Hindu
2643:serow
1274:near
1240:Indus
1225:India
1213:80° E
1205:36° N
1112:lakhs
1100:Pamir
1068:China
1055:from
1037:Tibet
982:India
808:Punch
781:Sunni
617:Sikhs
362:Hindu
341:sage
339:Vedic
300:India
296:China
155:kash-
121:-meer
6593:Land
6573:East
6277:ISBN
6252:ISBN
6218:and
6124:2020
6111:ISBN
6055:ISBN
6038:2017
6020:ISBN
5935:2017
5917:ISBN
5903:2020
5890:ISBN
5862:2017
5844:ISBN
5830:2017
5812:ISBN
5798:2017
5780:ISBN
5766:2016
5748:ISBN
5725:ISBN
5711:2017
5693:ISBN
5676:2017
5658:ISBN
5625:ISBN
5602:ISBN
5583:ISBN
5562:ISBN
5538:ISBN
5508:ISBN
5487:ISBN
5473:2017
5455:ISBN
5434:ISBN
5408:ISBN
5371:2021
5342:2016
5316:2012
5290:2022
5260:2022
5230:2015
5204:2021
5098:ISSN
5031:2020
5001:2020
4969:ISSN
4926:2020
4894:2020
4862:2020
4844:ISBN
4802:PMID
4784:ISSN
4741:ISBN
4722:2020
4704:ISBN
4683:2020
4609:2012
4579:2020
4549:2020
4519:2020
4489:2020
4437:2022
4419:ISBN
4398:2020
4356:ISBN
4309:2020
4276:ISBN
4231:2018
4213:ISBN
4193:2018
3968:2016
3931:ISBN
3912:2022
3873:2015
3847:2015
3795:ISBN
3764:2020
3746:ISBN
3725:2020
3707:ISBN
3686:2020
3668:ISBN
3644:2020
3626:ISBN
3605:2020
3587:ISBN
3567:2016
3549:ISBN
3525:2015
3499:2021
3481:ISBN
3459:2021
3441:ISBN
3410:ISBN
3354:1963
3349:1962
3338:2016
3306:2016
3271:2016
2891:99%
2840:40%
2837:12%
2834:46%
2815:66%
2812:30%
2790:95%
2740:Area
2712:The
2686:i.e.
2665:and
2560:and
2544:and
2534:Iris
2518:and
2494:oaks
2486:and
2480:and
2419:and
2399:Sust
2350:The
1345:and
1270:and
1246:and
1211:and
1203:and
1125:and
976:and
968:and
960:and
944:1999
942:and
940:1965
838:, a
804:Shia
658:The
648:dhan
460:and
456:and
397:apud
379:The
193:and
185:and
157:MEER
119:KASH
36:and
6952:) (
6571:in
6077:doi
5090:doi
4961:doi
4949:141
4792:PMC
4774:doi
2966:BBC
2843:2%
2821:4%
2793:4%
2240:2.1
2209:1.1
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