Indian independence movement

4642:. The Congress Party's Working Committee, or national leadership was arrested all together and imprisoned at the Ahmednagar Fort. They also banned the party altogether. All the major leaders of the INC were arrested and detained. As the masses were leaderless the protest took a violent turn. Large-scale protests and demonstrations were held all over the country. Workers remained absent en masse and strikes were called. The movement also saw widespread acts of sabotage, Indian under-ground organisation carried out bomb attacks on allied supply convoys, government buildings were set on fire, electricity lines were disconnected and transport and communication lines were severed. The disruptions were under control in a few weeks and had little impact on the war effort. The movement soon became a leaderless act of defiance, with a number of acts that deviated from Gandhi's principle of non-violence. In large parts of the country, the local underground organisations took over the movement. 4828: 7746:...Allah Bakhsh was totally opposed to the Muslim League's demand for the creation of Pakistan through a division of India on a religious basis. Consequently, he established the Azad Muslim Conference. In its Delhi session held during April 27–30, 1940 some 1400 delegates took part. They belonged mainly to the lower castes and working class. The famous scholar of Indian Islam, Wilfred Cantwell Smith, feels that the delegates represented a 'majority of India's Muslims'. Among those who attended the conference were representatives of many Islamic theologians and women also took part in the deliberations ... Shamsul Islam argues that the All-India Muslim League at times used intimidation and coercion to silence any opposition among Muslims to its demand for Partition. He calls such tactics of the Muslim League as a 'Reign of Terror'. He gives examples from all over India including the NWFP where the Khudai Khidmatgars remain opposed to the Partition of India. 5153: 1326: 2433:

substantial political concessions—if not immediate independence or at least dominion status following the war, then surely its promise soon after the Allies achieved victory. Contrary to initial British fears of an Indian revolt, Indians contributed considerably to the British war effort by providing men and resources. About 1.3 million Indian soldiers and labourers served in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East, while both the Indian government and the princes sent large supplies of food, money, and ammunition. The major threat for the British Government in South Asia came from the armed tribes in North Western frontier and Afghanistan. The source of the second potential threat for the colonial government was the Indian Muslims whom the British believed shall sympathise with the Ottoman Empire.. Nationalism in Bengal, increasingly associated with the

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controversial issues such as civil rights or opportunities in government (especially in the civil service). These resolutions were submitted to the Indian government and occasionally to the British Parliament, but the Congress's early gains were slight. "Despite its claim to represent all India, the Congress voiced the interests of urban elites; the number of participants from other social and economic backgrounds remained negligible. However, this period of history is still crucial because it represented the first political mobilisation of Indians, coming from all parts of the subcontinent and the first articulation of the idea of India as one nation, rather than a collection of independent princely states.

3014: 2786: 3461: 3396: 955: 3768: 51: 2979:, which introduced the principle of a dual-mode of administration, or diarchy, in which both elected Indian legislators and, appointed British officials shared power. The act also expanded the central and provincial legislatures and widened the franchise considerably. The diarchy set in motion certain real changes at the provincial level: a number of non-controversial or "transferred" portfolios, such as agriculture, local government, health, education, and public works, were handed over to Indians, while more sensitive matters such as finance, taxation, and maintaining law and order were retained by the provincial British administrators. 4536: 1101: 3573:

by itself, but it brought the Indian population together, under the Indian National Congress's leadership. The movement resulted in self rule being a talking point once again, and recruited more Indians to the idea. The movement allowed the Indian independence community to revive their inner confidence and strength against the British Government. In addition, the movement weakened the authority of the British and aided in the end of the British Empire in India. Overall, the civil disobedience Movement was an essential achievement in the history of Indian self-rule because it persuaded New Delhi of the role of the masses in

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proposed to teach all protestors a lesson the harsher way. A total of 1,651 rounds were fired, killing 379 people (as according to an official British commission; Indian officials' estimates ranged as high as 1,499 and wounding 1,137 in the massacre.) Dyer was forced to retire but was hailed as a hero by some in Britain, demonstrating to Indian nationalists that the Empire was beholden to public opinion in Britain, but not in India. The episode dissolved wartime hopes of home rule and goodwill and opened a rift that could not be bridged short of complete self-rule.

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independence for India, as they were often called off before they naturally concluded due to laws and punishment. While in the later years of the Raj economic factors like the reversing trade fortunes between Britain and India and the cost of fielding the Indian armed forces abroad lumped on the British taxpayer by the 1935 Government of India act, had mounting implications for British administration, united resistance further drew light on the growing disparity of the British failures to achieve solidarity over India.

3743: 1115: 3446: 1129: 3623: 1860: 618: 4566:'s call for immediate self-rule by Indians and against sending Indians to World War II. He asked all teachers to leave their schools, and other Indians to leave their respective jobs and take part in this movement. Due to Gandhi's political influence, his request was followed by a significant proportion of the population. In addition, Congress-led the Quit India Movement to demand the British to leave India and transfer the political power to a representative government. 2582: 1388: 11251: 1087: 11426: 1252: 2084: 11287: 809: 2975:, Secretary of state for India, made an historic announcement in Parliament that the British policy was for: "increasing association of Indians in every branch of the administration and the gradual development of self-governing institutions with a view to the progressive realisation of responsible government in India as an integral part of the British Empire." The means of achieving the proposed measures were later enshrined in the 11275: 9466: 3177: 4977: 7845:, p. 46 India House was beginning to come under suspicion ... too late to save Sir William Curzon Wyllie from the assassin's pistol ... Savarkar could see that London was rapidly becoming too hot for him ... In early January 1910, therefore, he slipped quietly over to Paris, determined to make it his new revolutionary headquarters ... managed to obtain evidence linking him with the smuggling of firearms into India. 856:

tensions which were getting increasingly out of control of the British, they aggressively set out to search for Birsa Munda, even setting up a reward for him. They brutally attacked the Dombari Hills where Birsa had repaired a water tank and made his revolutionary headquarters between January 7–9, 1900, murdering a minimum of 400 of the Munda warriors who had congregated there, akin to the attacks on the people at

11263: 2697: 2093: 4046: 1441: 4226:, in London. However, the revolutionary movement gradually disseminated into the Gandhian movement. As the political scenario changed in the late 1930s — with the mainstream leaders considering several options offered by the British and with religious politics coming into play — revolutionary activities gradually declined. Many past revolutionaries joined mainstream politics by joining 3326: 2102: 2263: 7410: 1668: 1771: 3581: 1200:. The predominance of members from the upper castes in the army, perceived loss of caste due to overseas deployment, and rumours of secret designs of the government to convert them to Christianity led to growing discontent. The sepoys were also disillusioned by their low salaries and the racial discrimination practised by British officers in matters of promotion and privileges. 5039: 1548: 4660:, the president of the Hindu Mahasabha at that time, even went to the extent of writing a letter titled "Stick to your Posts", in which he instructed Hindu Sabhaites who happened to be "members of municipalities, local bodies, legislatures or those serving in the army...to stick to their posts" across the country, and not to join the Quit India Movement at any cost. 7785: 4340:–24, during which a band of tribal leaders and other sympathisers fought against the British Raj. Local people referred to him as "Manyam Veerudu" ("Hero of the Jungles"). After the passage of the 1882 Madras Forest Act, its restrictions on the free movement of tribal peoples in the forest prevented them from engaging in their traditional 4853:. Bose had been elected President of the Congress in 1938 and 1939 but later resigned owing to differences of opinion with the Congress, however he remained emotionally attached to Congress for the remainder of his life. After his resignation he formed his own wing separated from the mainstream Congress leadership known as 1591:

swadeshi or Indian goods and to wear only Indian cloth. Imported garments were viewed with hate. At many places, public burnings of foreign cloth were organised. Shops selling foreign cloths were closed. The cotton textile industry is rightly described as the Swadeshi industry. The period witnessed the growth of swadeshi

4634:, Gandhi urged Indians to follow non-violent civil disobedience. Gandhi told the masses to act as citizens of a sovereign nation and not to follow the orders of the British. The British, already alarmed by the advance of the Japanese army to the India–Burma border, responded the next day by imprisoning Gandhi at the 1716: 4189:", though no one was killed or injured in the bomb incident. Bhagat Singh surrendered after the bombing incident and a trial was conducted. Sukhdev and Rajguru were also arrested by police during search operations after the bombing incident. Following the trial (Central Assembly Bomb Case), Bhagat Singh, 1603: 986:, dousing herself in oil and setting herself alight and walking into the storehouse. Rani formed a women's army named "Udaiyaal" in honour of her adopted daughter, who had died detonating a British arsenal. Rani Nachiyar was one of the few rulers who regained her kingdom, and ruled it for a decade more. 3216:. Membership in the party was opened to anyone prepared to pay a token fee, and a hierarchy of committees was established and made responsible for discipline and control over a hitherto amorphous and diffuse movement. The party was transformed from an elite organisation to one of mass national appeal. 3618:

and British India at the centre, were not implemented because of ambiguities in safeguarding the existing privileges of princes. In February 1937, however, provincial autonomy became a reality when elections were held; the Congress emerged as the dominant party with a clear majority in five provinces

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emerged. The Muslim League disputed the claim of the Congress to represent all people of India, while the Congress disputed the Muslim League's claim to voice the aspirations of all Muslims. The Civil Disobedience Movement launched a new chapter in the Indian independence movement. It did not succeed

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The initial response throughout India to Lord Hardinge’s announcement was, for the most part, enthusiastic support. Indian princes volunteered their men, money, and personal service. Support from the Congress Party was primarily offered on the hopes that Britain would repay such loyal assistance with

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rule ended. He later fought war against the British and the Arcot Nawab. A dispute arose with the British and Arcot Nawab, and three of Khan's associates were bribed to capture him. He was captured during his morning prayer (Thozhugai) and hanged on 15 October 1764 at Sammatipuram near Madurai. Local

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In 1942 also, there was a strong sentiment in the hearts of many. At that time too, the routine work of the Sangh continued. Sangh decided not to do anything directly. 'Sangh is the organisation of inactive people, their talks have no substance' was the opinion uttered not only by outsiders but also

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was a conspiracy made by the Indian revolutionary movement in 1909: during the year-ending holidays, the Governor of Bengal organised at his residence a ball in the presence of the Viceroy, the Commander-in-Chief and all the high-ranking officers and officials of the Capital (Calcutta). The 10th Jat

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were planned to participate in the rebellion. The plans were thwarted through a coordinated intelligence and police response. British intelligence infiltrated the Ghadarite movement in Canada and in India, and last-minute intelligence from a spy helping to crush the planned uprising in Punjab before

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deeply opposed a British education system that ignored and defamed India's culture, history, and values. He resented the denial of freedom of expression for nationalists, and the lack of any voice or role for ordinary Indians in the affairs of their nation. For these reasons, he considered Swaraj as

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After Lord Curzon announced the partition of Bengal in 1905, there was massive opposition from the people of Bengal. Initially, the partition plan was opposed through press campaign. The total follower of such techniques led to the boycott of British goods and the people of India pledged to use only

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by Savarkar extolled revolutionary violence. Direct influences and incitement from India House were noted in several incidents of political violence, including assassinations, in India at the time. One of the two charges against Savarkar during his trial in Bombay was for abetting the murder of the

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blocked the main, and only entrance, and ordered troops under his command to fire into an unarmed and unsuspecting crowd of some 15,000 men, women, and children. They had assembled peacefully at Jallianwala Bagh, a walled courtyard, but Dyer had wanted to execute the imposed ban on all meetings and

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Gandhi returned to India on 9 January 1915, and initially entered the political fray not with calls for a nation-state, but in support of the unified commerce-oriented territory that the Congress Party had been asking for. Gandhi believed that the industrial development and educational development

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According to Surendranath Banerji, the Swadeshi movement changed the entire texture of Indian social and domestic life. The songs composed by Rabindranath Tagore, Rajanikanta Sen and Syed Abu Mohd became the moving spirit for the nationalists. The movement soon spread to the rest of the country and

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On the other hand, India was rich in cotton production and was in a position to supply British mills with the raw material they required. This was the time when India was under British rule and the East India Company had already established its roots in India. Raw materials were exported to England

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A number of violent incidents against British officials also took place during the Quit India movement around the country. The British arrested tens of thousands of leaders, keeping them imprisoned until 1945. Ultimately, the British government realised that India was ungovernable in the long run,

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and Indian material as alternatives to those shipped from Britain. It also urged people to boycott British educational institutions and law courts, resign from government employment, refuse to pay taxes, and forsake British titles and honors. Although this came too late to influence the framing of

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Nationalistic sentiments among Congress members led to a push to be represented in the bodies of government, as well as to have a say in the legislation and administration of India. Congressmen saw themselves as loyalists, but wanted an active role in governing their own country, albeit as part of

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fought a war on four fronts with the British attacking from the west, south, and east, while the Marathas and the Nizam's forces attacked from the north. The fourth war resulted in the overthrow of the house of Hyder Ali and Tipu (who was killed in the final war, in 1799), and the dismantlement of

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However, the book is a tribute to the role of one Muslim leader who steadfastly opposed the Partition of India: the Sindhi leader Allah Bakhsh Soomro. Allah Bakhsh belonged to a landed family. He founded the Sindh People's Party in 1934, which later came to be known as 'Ittehad' or 'Unity Party'.

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with mass arrests. Over 100,000 arrests were made, massive fines were levied, and demonstrators were subjected to public flogging. Hundreds of civilians were killed in violence many shot by the police army. Tens of thousands of leaders were also arrested and imprisoned until 1945. Ultimately, the

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The pre-war nationalist movement revived moderate and extremist groups within the Congress submerged their differences in order to stand together as a unified front. They argued that their enormous services to the British Empire during the war demanded a reward to demonstrate Indian capacity for

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During the movement, Gandhi and his followers continued to use non-violence against British rule. This movement was where Gandhi gave his famous message, "Do or Die!", and this message spread towards the Indian community. In addition, this movement was addressed directly to women as "disciplined

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joined the Indian National Congress, which was the largest Indian political organisation. Like most of the Congress at the time, Jinnah did not favour outright self-rule, considering British influences on education, law, culture, and industry as beneficial to India. Jinnah became a member of the

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occupants since 1753 as per the Nizam's earlier handover of his estate to them on similar grounds. Narayan Deo II fought the British at Jelmur fort on 4 April 1768 and was defeated due to superior firepower of the British. He fled to the tribal hinterlands of his estate and continued his efforts

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to elected Indian legislature. However, the talks failed, having failed to address the key demand of a timeframe towards self-government, and of the definition of the powers to be relinquished, essentially portraying an offer of limited dominion-status that was wholly unacceptable to the Indian

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initially appeared impractical to some Indians and their Congress leaders. In the Mahatma's own words, "civil disobedience is civil breach of immoral statutory enactments." It had to be carried out non-violently by withdrawing co-operation with the corrupt state. Gandhi had great respect for

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communities in "Ulgulaan" (revolt) against British political expansion and those who advanced it, against forceful conversions of Indigenous peoples into Christianity (even creating a Birsaite movement), and against the displacement of Indigenous peoples from their lands. To subdue these rising

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On 8 August 1942, the Quit India resolution was passed at the Mumbai session of the All India Congress Committee (AICC). The draft proposed that if the British did not accede to the demands, a massive Civil Disobedience would be launched. However, it was an extremely controversial decision. At

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The Indian textile industry also played an important role in the freedom struggle of India. The merchandise of the textile industry pioneered the Industrial Revolution in India and soon England was producing cotton cloth in such great quantities that the domestic market was saturated, and the

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contained exhortations ... This sort of propaganda produced a natural effect. A. M. T. Jackson, the Magistrate ... was shot dead on 21 December 1909 ... charges against him included the sending of pistols and seditious pamphlets to India. Another charge was that in 1908 he with the help of

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The British Government stated that the RSS was not at all supporting any civil disobedience against them, and as such their other political activities(even if objectionable) can be overlooked. Further, the British Government also asserted that at Sangh meetings organised during the times of

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unilaterally declared India a belligerent state on the side of Britain, without consulting the elected Indian representatives. In opposition to Linlithgow's action, the entire Congress leadership resigned from the provincial and local governments. The Muslims and Sikhs, by contrast, strongly

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followed the mutinies, leading to popular uprisings. The British were initially caught off-guard and were thus slow to react, but eventually responded with force. The lack of effective organisation among the rebels, coupled with the military superiority of the British, brought an end to the

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and journalism. At its inception, Congress had no well-defined ideology and commanded few of the resources essential to a political organisation. Instead, it functioned more as a debating society that met annually to express its loyalty to the British and passed numerous resolutions on less

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later openly admitted to the fact that the RSS did not participate in the Quit India Movement. However, such an attitude during the Indian independence movement also led to the Sangh being viewed with distrust and anger, both by the general Indian public, as well as certain members of the

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At the outbreak of war, the Congress Party had during the Wardha meeting of the working-committee in September 1939, passed a resolution conditionally supporting the fight against fascism, but were rebuffed when they asked for self-rule in return. In March 1942, faced with an increasingly

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The mass movements sparked nationalist sentiment with the Indian populace and figures like Mahatma Gandhi united a nation behind his non-violence movement; philosophy and undoubtedly put crucial pressure on the British occupation. The movements failed in their primary objective, achieving

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gathered in Delhi in April 1940 to voice its support for a united India. Its members included several Islamic organisations in India, as well as 1400 nationalist Muslim delegates; the "attendance at the Nationalist meeting was about five times than the attendance at the League meeting."

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from 1760 to 1790. Rani Nachiyar was trained in war match weapons usage, martial arts like Valari, Silambam (fighting using stick), horse riding and archery. She was a scholar in many languages and she had proficiency with languages like French, English, and Urdu. When her husband,

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in Bengali) in Narkelberia Village, which gained a prominent place into Bengali folk legend. After the storming of the fort by British soldiers, Titumir died of his wounds on 19 November 1831. These rebellions lead to larger regional movements in Jharkhand and beyond such as the

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The agitations, mass strikes, demonstrations and consequently support for the mutineers, therefore continued several days even after the mutiny had been called off. Along with this, the assessment may be made that it described in crystal clear terms to the government that the

2735:, on 6 February 1910, M. Arsenyev, the Russian Consul-General, wrote to St Petersburg that it had been intended to "arouse in the country a general perturbation of minds and, thereby, afford the revolutionaries an opportunity to take the power in their hands." According to 3529:

session in December 1929, the Indian National Congress adopted the aim of complete self-rule. It authorised the Working Committee to launch a civil disobedience movement throughout the country. It was decided that 26 January 1930 should be observed all over India as the

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and Ali brothers had been detained. The Rowlatt Act was, therefore, passed in the face of universal opposition among the (non-official) Indian members in the Viceroy's council. The extension of the act drew widespread critical opposition. A nationwide cessation of work

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None of the revolutionary conspiracies made a significant impact inside India. The prospect that subversive violence would have an effect on a popular war effort drew support from the Indian population for special measures against anti-colonial activities in the form of

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rebellion. The British fought the main army of the rebels near Delhi, and after prolonged fighting and a siege, defeated them and reclaimed the city on 20 September 1857. Subsequently, revolts in other centres were also crushed. The last significant battle was fought in

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was formed. After a dramatic decline in Germany's military fortunes, a German land invasion of India became untenable. Hitler advised Bose to go to Japan where a submarine was arranged to transport Bose, who was ferried to Japanese Southeast Asia, where he formed the

1898:. The Bengali Hindu intelligentsia exerted considerable influence on local and national politics. The partition outraged Bengalis. Widespread agitation ensued in the streets and in the press, and the Congress advocated boycotting British products under the banner of 2983: 1587:

at very low rates while cotton cloth of refined quality was imported to India and sold at very high prices. This was draining India's economy, causing the textile industry of India to suffer greatly. This led to great resentment among cotton cultivators and traders.

3370:. Other major parties rejected the Quit India plan, and most cooperated closely with the British, as did the princely states, the civil service, and the police. The Muslim League supported the Raj and grew rapidly in membership, and in influence with the British. 4626:(August Revolution Ground). However, almost the entire Congress leadership, and not merely at the national level, was put into confinement less than 24 hours after Gandhi's speech, and the greater number of the Congress were to spend the rest of the war in jail. 3994:

to have aided and influenced political assassinations, including the murder of Robert D'Escourt Ashe. The Paris-Safranski link was strongly suggested by French police to be involved in a 1907 attempt in Bengal to derail the train carrying the Lieutenant-Governor

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have since become friendly. There are many areas in which the two countries seek stronger ties for mutual benefit, and the two nations also have strong cultural and social ties. The UK has an ethnic Indian population of over 1.6 million. In 2010, Prime Minister

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Apart from a few stray struggles, revolutions against the British rulers did not occur before the beginning of the 20th century. The Indian revolutionary underground began gathering momentum through the first decade of the 20th century, with groups arising in

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shaped the demand of the people and India's nationalism. Gokhale criticised Tilak for encouraging acts of violence and armed resistance. But the Congress of 1906 did not have public membership, and thus Tilak and his supporters were forced to leave the

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in 1920). Its objective was to educate students by emphasising the compatibility of Islam with modern western knowledge. The diversity among India's Muslims, however, made it impossible to bring about uniform cultural and intellectual regeneration.

2782:" set up by the Germans in Berlin, the Ghadar Party in North America, and the German Foreign office. The plot was ultimately thwarted after British intelligence uncovered the plot through German and Indian double agents in Europe and Southeast Asia. 2247:

and other prisoners of Cellular jail who were attracted to Marxist ideology. This party also led the second hunger strike in Cellular Jail, which demanded the designation of these prisoners as political prisoners rather than a freedom fighters.

2923:, to the German and Turkish war effort, but it influenced other major events. In Afghanistan, the expedition triggered reforms and drove political turmoil that culminated in the assassination of the Emir in 1919, which in turn precipitated the 409:, it was supplemented by visions of independent, economic development with a secular, democratic, republican, and civil-libertarian political structure. After the 1930s, the movement took on a strong socialist orientation. It culminated in the 4499:

in 1940, Gandhi resisted calls for massive civil disobedience movements that came from within as well as outside his party, stating he did not seek India's self-rule out of the ashes of a destroyed Britain. In 1942, the Congress launched the

4940:, who were devoted to the Indian cause, observed Bose as a military incompetent as well as an unrealistic and stubborn man who sees only his own needs and problems and could not observe the larger picture of the war as the Japanese had to. 4445:

have taken a vow to kill George V as soon as he lands in our country. In order to make others know our intention, I who am the least in the company, have done this deed this day. This is what everyone in Hindustan should consider it as his

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India became a sovereign and democratic nation. Eventually, 15 August became Independence Day for India marking the end of British India. Also on 15 August, both Pakistan and India had the right to remain in or remove themselves from the

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movement. There was some violence but the Raj cracked down and arrested tens of thousands of Congress leaders, including all the main national and provincial figures. They were not released until the end of the war was in sight in 1945.

3118:. The commission was set up to look into the war-time conspiracies by the nationalist organisations and recommend measures to deal with the problem in the post-war period. Rowlatt recommended the extension of the war-time powers of the 1825:. The AICIC also was opposed to separate electorates for Christians, believing that the faithful "should participate as common citizens in the one common, national political system". The All India Conference of Indian Christians and the 5030:

could no longer be universally relied upon for support in crisis, and even more it was more likely itself to be the source of the sparks that would ignite trouble in a country fast slipping out of the scenario of political settlement.

4827: 3310:, and Neelakanda Brahmachari played a major role from Tamil Nadu in both self-rule struggle and fighting for equality for all castes and communities. Many women participated in the movement, including Kasturba Gandhi (Gandhi's wife), 1742:, advocated civil agitation and direct revolution to overthrow the British Empire and the abandonment of all British goods. This movement gained traction and huge following of the masses in the western and eastern parts of India. The 5034:

The mutiny ended with the surrender of revolting the sailors to British officials. Congress and the Muslim League had convinced Indian sailors to surrender. They condemned the mutiny due to the political and military risks of unrest.

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By 1900, although the Congress had emerged as an all-India political organisation, it did not have the support of most Indian Muslims. Attacks by Hindu reformers against religious conversion, cow slaughter, and the preservation of

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and began to admit Indians into the civil service. However, they also increased the number of British soldiers in relation to native Indian ones, and allowed only British soldiers to handle artillery. Bahadur Shah II was exiled to

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was signed in March 1931, and the government agreed to release political prisoners. Mahatma Gandhi managed to have over 90,000 political prisoners released under this pact. Though his appeal to terminate the death sentences of

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would be treated as an enemy state. Patel took on the responsibility for bringing princely states into the Union of India, steering efforts by his "iron fist in a velvet glove" policies. India used military force to integrate

4149:, were accused by the British Government of having links with and allowing patronage to the revolutionary organisations during this time. The violence and radical philosophy revived in the 1930s, when revolutionaries of the 4317:. These measures saw the arrest, internment, transportations, and execution of a number of revolutionaries linked to the organisation, and was successful in crushing the East Bengal Branch. In the aftermath of the war, the 3205:, the movement enjoyed widespread popular support, and the resulting unparalleled magnitude of disorder presented a serious challenge to foreign rule. However, Gandhi called off the movement because he was scared after the 1508:, spread the passion for rejuvenation and freedom. The rediscovery of India's indigenous history by several European and Indian scholars also fed into the rise of nationalism among Indians. The triumvirate also is known as 3719:

There is no real connection between these two unrests, labour, and Congress opposition. But their very existence and coexistence, explains and fully justifies the attention, which Lord Irwin gave to the labour problems.

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to create a constitution for India. The Kolkata session of the Indian National Congress asked the British government to accord India dominion status by December 1929, or face a countrywide civil disobedience movement.

839:. More than 100 years of such escalating rebellions created grounds for a large, impactful, millenarian movement in Eastern India that again shook the foundations of British rule in the region, under the leadership of 4602:. The purpose of the mission was to negotiate with the Indian National Congress a deal to obtain total co-operation during the war, in return of progressive devolution and distribution of power from the crown and the 3189:

From 1920 to 1922, Gandhi started the Non-Cooperation Movement. At the Kolkata session of the Congress in September 1920, Gandhi convinced other leaders of the need to start a non-co-operation movement in support of

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who were not arrested earlier, were arrested in 1910, in connection with the murder of Shamsul Alam. Thanks to Bagha Jatin's new policy of a decentralised federated action, most of the accused were released in 1911.

2449:. There were no major mutinies occurring during wartime, yet conspiracies exacerbated profound fears of insurrection among British officials, preparing them to use extreme force to frighten Indians into submission. 700:

legends state that he survived two earlier attempts at hanging, and that the Nawab feared Yusuf Khan would come back to life and so had his body dismembered and buried in different locations around Tamil Nadu. In

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without trial, and arresting any individuals suspected of sedition or treason without a warrant. It was increasingly reviled within India due to widespread and indiscriminate use. Many popular leaders, including

8438: 3614:, articulated three major goals: establishing a loose federal structure, achieving provincial autonomy, and safeguarding minority interests through separate electorates. The federal provisions, intended to unite 4100:

and Gandhian non-violent movement. Revolutionary nationalist violence saw a resurgence after the collapse of Gandhian non-cooperation movement in 1922. In Bengal, this saw reorganisation of groups linked to the

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was one of some 39 agitations against the Government of India. The Home department has later notified about 38 movements/struggles across Indian territories as the ones that culminated in self-rule ended the

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in order to direct particularly the Muslims towards the self-rule movement. Some of its members left for the Indian National Congress then led by Subhas Chandra Bose, while others identified more closely with

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in the early 1920s, which recalled the powers of incarceration and detention of the Defence of India Act. In north India, remnants of Punjab and Bengalee revolutionary organisations reorganised, notably under

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The All-India Muslim League worked to try to silence those Muslims who stood against the partition of India, often using "intimidation and coercion". The murder of the All India Azad Muslim Conference leader

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in 1800. The British forces managed to stop the armies of the allies, forcing Chinnamalai to attack Coimbatore on his own. His army was defeated and he escaped from the British forces. Chinnamalai engaged in

2739:, "The police had suspected nothing and it is hard to say what the outcome would have been had the soldiers not been betrayed by one of their comrades who informed the authorities about the impending coup". 981:

with the aim of attacking the British, whom she successfully challenged in 1780. When the inventories of the Britishers were discovered, she is said to have arranged a suicide attack by a faithful follower,

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supported Gandhi, passed a resolution demanding complete independence from the British government, and proposed massive civil disobedience if the British did not accede to the demands. On 8 August 1942 the

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The decades following the Rebellion were a period of growing political awareness, the manifestation of Indian public opinion and the emergence of Indian leadership at both national and provincial levels.

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which saw death sentences awarded to a number of Indian revolutionaries, and exile to a number of others. After the end of the war, fear of a second Ghadarite uprising led to the recommendations of the

2004: 7862:

residents in the India House manifolded in type a number of copies of a work describing minutely the manner of preparing explosives and bombs. He despatched these copies to various addresses in India.

7718:

This was also reflected in one of the resolutions of the Azad Muslim Conference, an organisation which attempted to be representative of all the various nationalist Muslim parties and groups in India.

1806:

was formed overseas in 1913 to fight for the Independence of India with members coming from the United States and Canada, as well as Shanghai, Hong Kong, and Singapore. Members of the party aimed for

1333:

The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was a turning point. While affirming the military and political power of the British, it led to a significant change in how India was to be controlled by them. Under the

1951:, led by brothers Aurobindo and Barin Ghosh organised a number of attacks of figureheads of the Raj, culminating in the attempt on the life of a British judge in Muzaffarpur. This precipitated the 2731:, its soldiers decided to blow up the ballroom and take advantage of destroying the colonial Government. In keeping with his predecessor Otto (William Oskarovich) von Klemm, a friend of Lokamanya 1364:

promised equal opportunity of public service under British law, and also pledged to respect the rights of native princes. The British stopped the policy of seizing land from the princes, decreed

1833:

serving as president and B.L. Rallia Ram of Lahore serving as general secretary. In its meeting on 16 and 17 April 1947, the joint committee prepared a 13-point memorandum that was sent to the

3642:

declared India's entrance into the Second World War without consulting provincial governments. In protest, the Congress asked all of its elected representatives to resign from the government.

4594:, and with growing dissatisfactions among Indian troops- especially in Europe- and among the civilian population in the sub-continent, the British government sent a delegation to India under 4398:. The British campaign lasted for nearly a year from December 1922. Raju was eventually trapped by the British in the forests of Chintapalli then tied to a tree and shot dead with a rifle. 4902:

in South-East Asia, with the help of the Japanese. Its aim was to reach India as a fighting force that would build on public resentment to inspire revolt among Indian soldiers of the Raj.

4435:

and restore Sanatana Dharma. Our Raman, Sivaji, Krishnan, Guru Govindan, Arjuna ruled our land protecting all dharmas, but in this land, they are making arrangements to crown George V, a

3047:. In January 1914 (well before the First World War began) Gandhi was successful. The legislation against Indians was repealed and all Indian political prisoners were released by General 3426: 5164:, headed by the prominent lawyer, reformer and Dalit leader, B.R. Ambedkar was tasked heading the creation of the constitution of independent India, and the constitution was drafted by 1432:

in 1885 and founded the Indian National Congress. They were mostly members of the upwardly mobile and successful western-educated provincial elites, engaged in professions such as law,

4943:

The INA failed owing to disrupted logistics, poor supplies from the Japanese, and lack of training. The Azad Hind Fauj surrendered unconditionally to the British in Singapore in 1945.

4930: 1791:(1905–10), seeking concessions from the impending constitutional reforms, including special considerations in government service and electorates. The British recognised some of the 3961:

came under increasing scrutiny for championing and justifying violence in the cause of Indian nationalism, which found in Indian students in Britain and from Indian expatriates in

3506:

in London to demand total independence from the British rule. This organisation has been described as "the principal organisation promoting Indian nationalism in pre-war Britain".

2398:. The council had no real power or authority, and included a large number of unelected pro-Raj loyalists and Europeans. Nevertheless, Jinnah was instrumental in the passing of the 1008:

against the East India Company. He was captured by the British and hanged in 1799 CE. Kattabomman refused to accept the sovereignty of East India Company, and fought against them.

479:

in 1498 in search of spice. Just over a century later, the Dutch and English established trading outposts on the Indian subcontinent, with the first English trading post set up at

1234:

rifle cartridges. Soldiers had to bite the cartridges with their teeth before loading them into their rifles, ingesting the fat. This was sacrilegious to both Hindus and Muslims.

1787:

But with Tilak's arrest, all hopes for an Indian offensive were stalled. The Indian National Congress lost credibility with the people. A Muslim deputation met with the Viceroy,

1147: 6929:

The major charge... during the trial (1910–1911) was "conspiracy to wage war against the King-Emperor" and "tampering with the loyalty of the Indian soldiers" (mainly with the

5805: 4776: 3930:

to assassinate Raj officials whilst led by Ghosh brothers. In the meantime, in Maharashtra and Punjab arose similarly militant nationalist feelings. The District Magistrate of

3466:

Vallabhbhai Patel was appointed as the 49th President of Indian National Congress, organising the party for elections in 1934 and 1937 while promoting the Quit India Movement.

3525:

Amid rising discontent and increasingly violent regional movements, a call for complete sovereignty and an end to British rule found greater support from the people. At the

2971:

The British themselves adopted a "carrot and stick" approach in recognition of India's support during the war and in response to renewed nationalist demands. In August 1917,

1192:

The Indian war of independence of 1857 was a large uprising in northern and central India against the East India Company. The conditions of service in the company's army and

4026:, nationalists in Punjab, and the nationalism that arose among Indian expatriates and labourers in North America, a different movement began to emerge in the North American 3259:

and others- who would, later on, come to form the most prominent voices of the Indian self-rule movement, whether keeping with Gandhian Values, or, as in the case of Bose's

923:, India between 1774 and 1805. He fought a guerrilla war with tribal people from Wynad supporting him. He was captured by the British and his fort was razed to the ground. 4645:

All the other major parties rejected the Quit India plan, and most cooperated closely with the British, as did the princely states, the civil service, and the police. The

4607:

movement. To force the British Raj to meet its demands and to obtain definitive word on total self-rule, the Congress took the decision to launch the Quit India Movement.

3990:

in December 1909. The arms used were directly traced through an Italian courier to India House. Ex-India House residents M.P.T. Acharya and V.V.S. Aiyar were noted in the

3926:

was involved in a number of noted incidences of revolutionary terrorism against British interests and administration in India within the decade of its founding, including

8448: 4804: 4452:. This I do to make them understand the fate of those who cherish the thought of enslaving this sacred land. I, as the least of them, wish to warn George by killing Ashe. 3973:

were able to obtain manuals for manufacturing bombs. India House was also a source of arms and seditious literature that was rapidly distributed in India. In addition to

1908:, the birth of Indian financial institutions and banks, as well as an interest in Indian culture and achievements in science and literature. Hindus showed unity by tying 2648:

community in Canada and the United States were among the most prominent participants in the plan. It was the most prominent amongst a number of plans of the much larger

4265:

which later grew to be the Intelligence Bureau in independent India. Heading the intelligence and missions against Ghadarite movement and India revolutionaries was the

5470: 2681: 860:, however, receiving much less attention. The hills are known as "Topped Buru" today – the mound of the dead. Birsa was ultimately captured in the Jamkopai forest in 3713: 667:, India. He converted to Islam and was named Muhammad Yusuf Khan. He was popularly known as Khan Sahib when he became a ruler of Madurai. He became a warrior in the 4273:

detective agency. Notable officers who led the police and intelligence operations against Indian revolutionaries, or were involved in it, at various time included

3366:(Bharat Chhodo Andolan) began, a civil disobedience movement in India in response to Mahatma Gandhi's call for immediate self-rule by Indians and against sending 6599:

Quote: "The first modern nationalist movement to arise in the non-European empire, and one that became an inspiration for many others, was the Indian Congress."

3445: 9498: 6265: 4480:

were held and the Congress came to power in seven of the eleven provinces. This was a strong indicator of the Indian people's support for complete self-rule.

320:

examinations in British India, as well as more economic rights for natives. The first half of the 20th century saw a more radical approach towards self-rule.

5978: 5266: 4231: 3122:

into the post-war period. The war-time act had vested the Viceroy's government with extraordinary powers to quell sedition by silencing the press, detaining

3378:

British government realised that India was ungovernable in the long run, and the question for the postwar era became how to exit gracefully and peacefully.

4679:

The Sangh has scrupulously kept itself within the law, and in particular, has refrained from taking part in the disturbances that broke out in August 1942.

4652:

There was opposition to the Quit India Movement from several political quarters who were fighting for Indian self-rule. Hindu nationalist parties like the

4610:

The aim of the movement was to force the British Government to the negotiating table by holding the Allied war effort hostage. The call for determined but

6975: 6228: 5592: 3827:

community that came to form the "classic" Indian revolutionary, while the latter had an immense support base in the rural and military society of Punjab.

2754:

under the Bengali Indian revolutionary Jatindranath Mukherjee, to be coordinated with simultaneous uprising in the British colony of Burma and Kingdom of

10807: 1788: 11759: 9470: 3051:. Gandhi accomplished this through extensive use of non-violent protests, such as boycotting, protest marching, and fasting by him and his followers. 11987: 2909: 2283: 2267: 1904:, or indigenous industries. A growing movement emerged, focussing on indigenous Indian industries, finance, and education, which saw the founding of 11290: 7498: 6044: 5152: 4675:

completely abstained from joining in the Quit India Movement as well. The Bombay government (British) appreciated the RSS as such, by noting that,

8051: 6026: 4245:

Within a short time of its inception, these organisations became the focus of an extensive police and intelligence operations. Operations against

2935:

to propagate socialist revolution in Asia, with one goal being the overthrow of the British Raj. Other consequences included the formation of the

11793: 10797: 8467:

Amstutz, Andrew (27 May 2019). "Review essay: Alternative histories of revolutionaries in modern South Asia: context, chronology, and archives".

8077: 6062: 4448:

I will kill Ashe, whose arrival here is to celebrate the crowning of cow-eater King George V in this glorious land which was once ruled by great

1887: 1712:

the natural and only solution. His popular sentence "Swaraj is my birthright, and I shall have it" became the source of inspiration for Indians.

1169: 740:

community in Tamar region, during 1807 led by Dukan Mank, and 1819–20 under the leadership Bundu and Konta. The Ho Rebellion took place when the

7600:

McGarr, Paul M. (2011). ""India's Rasputin"?: V. K. Krishna Menon and Anglo–American Misperceptions of Indian Foreign Policymaking, 1947–1964".

11605: 9748: 5256: 4488:

supported the war effort and gained enormous stature in London. Defying Congress, millions of Indians supported the war effort, and indeed the

3687: 2940: 2330: 1940: 6194: 2943:

as influenced by Germany and Bolshevism, and changes in the Raj's approach to the Indian independence movement immediately after World War I.

10941: 10812: 2640:

in British India and the German Foreign Office through the consulate in San Francisco. The incident derives its name from the North American

1208: 3483:

had demanded complete independence (Purna Swaraj) from the British in 1921 and put the resolution during an All-India Congress Forum at the

2227:. The prisoners of cellular jail carried out their first hunger strike in 1933 due to inhumane treatment in jail. The prisoners encountered 3037:. He had also been a vocal opponent of basic discrimination and abusive labour treatment as well as suppressive police control such as the 17: 6142: 2668:

Intelligence about the threat of the mutiny led to a number of important war-time measures introduced in India, including the passages of

10782: 5620:"'A Character to lose': Richard Goodlad, the Rangpur dhing, and the priorities of the East India Company's early colonial administrators" 5146: 3266:

The Indian political spectrum was further broadened in the mid-1920s by the emergence of both moderate and militant parties, such as the

3095: 2367: 167: 6215:

historians claim he is actually the first martyr in the country's freedom movement because none was killed by the Britishers before 1806

1974:

Khudiram Bose was executed this morning;... it is alleged that he mounted the scaffold with his body erect. He was cheerful and smiling.

1636:

script deepened their concerns of minority status and denial of rights if the Congress alone were to represent the people of India. Sir

1444:

The first session of the Indian National Congress in 1885. The Congress was the first modern nationalist movement in the British Empire.

1086: 486:

Over the next two centuries, the British defeated the Portuguese and Dutch but remained in conflict with the French. The decline of the

11714: 10792: 10006: 9491: 5835: 4947:

occurred from third-degree burns on 18 August 1945 after his overloaded Japanese plane crashed in Japanese-ruled Formosa (now Taiwan).

4134: 1128: 10827: 5813: 5261: 1814: 704:

and across the country, Indigenous communities organised numerous uprising against the British and their fellow members, especially

11325: 10832: 9810: 4234:, while many of the activists were kept under hold in different jails across the country. Indians who were based in the UK, joined 3219:

Gandhi was sentenced in 1922 to six years in prison, but was released after serving two. On his release from prison, he set up the

276: 4573: 3969:'s links to Russian revolutionary Nicholas Safranski, Indian groups including Bengal revolutionaries as well as India House under 1544:

was the most successful. The name of Lokmanya began spreading around and people started following him in all parts of the country.

10852: 10011: 9950: 4484: 2905:

during the summer of 1915. Britain waged a covert intelligence and diplomatic offensive, including personal interventions by the

2306:, the conspiracy culminated on the attempted assassination on 23 December 1912, when the ceremonial procession moved through the 1799:. The Muslim League insisted on its separateness from the Hindu-dominated Congress, as the voice of a "nation within a nation". 1783:

literature produced in the early stages of the movement. A compilation of nationalist literature, it was banned in India in 1913.

1640:

launched a movement for Muslim regeneration that culminated in the founding in 1875 of the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College at

1100: 864:, and assassinated by the British in jail in 1900, with a rushed cremation/burial conducted to ensure his movement was subdued. 533:, after defeating them in a series of wars. Much of Punjab was annexed in the year 1849, after the defeat of Sikh armies in the 11408: 11068: 10976: 10802: 10755: 9427: 9353:. Janet Sethre Paxia (translator) (English edition translated from the Italian ed.). Gloucestershire: The Windrush Press. 4185:

on 8 April 1929 protesting against the passage of the Public Safety Bill and the Trade Disputes Bill while raising slogans of "

3409: 1894:. The stated aim was to improve administration. However, this was seen as an attempt to quench nationalistic sentiment through 1692: 1325: 7106: 12009: 11414: 10057: 9484: 9437: 9406: 9380: 9358: 9317: 9294: 9262: 9240: 9159: 9129: 9077: 9053: 9003: 8982: 8939: 8896: 8872: 8851: 8827: 8776: 8754: 8659: 8637: 8615: 8593: 8569: 8389: 8341: 8253: 8199: 8172: 8135: 8101: 7974: 7940: 7764: 7584: 7557: 7065: 7038: 7011: 6823: 6768: 6743: 6693: 6640: 6593: 6556: 6126: 5931: 5899: 5724: 5671: 5576: 5506: 5368: 5334: 2963:, a temporary alliance with the All India Muslim League over the issues of devolution and the future of Islam in the region. 2575: 9515: 4865:. In 1940 the British authorities in Calcutta placed Bose under house arrest. However, he escaped and made his way through 4590:

dissatisfied sub-continent only reluctantly participating in the war, and deteriorations in the war situation in Europe and

3654:, demanding the division of India into two separate sovereign states, one Muslim, the other Hindu; sometimes referred to as 2778:

the later plans for pan-Indian mutiny during the war that were coordinated between the Indian nationalist underground, the "

12014: 11889: 11266: 4262: 3662: 3650:, persuaded participants at the annual Muslim League session at Lahore in 1940 to adopt what later came to be known as the 1822: 1270:

broke ranks and turned on their commanding officers, killing some of them. They reached Delhi on 11 May, set the company's

7055: 7028: 4688:

Speakers urged the Sangh members to keep aloof from the congress movement and these instructions were generally observed.

3235:, introducing a series of reforms aimed at the socially disadvantaged within Hindu society — the rural poor, and the 2750:

during World War I with German arms and support. Scheduled for Christmas Day, 1915, the plan was conceived and led by the

1448:

Religious groups played a role in reforming Indian society. These were of several religions from Hindu groups such as the

11532: 10883: 9528: 7644:

Greenough, Paul R. (1999). "Political mobilisation and the Underground Literature of the Quit Indian Movement, 1942–44".

7001: 5947: 4166: 3709: 935: 5168:. The Constituent Assembly completed the work of drafting the constitution on 26 November 1949; on 26 January 1950, the 4014:

was highly publicised and saw increasing surveillance and suppression of Indian nationalism. These were followed by the

3160:

The agitation unleashed by the acts led to demonstrations and British repressions, culminating on 13 April 1919, in the

1750:, on the other hand, wanted reform within the framework of British rule. Tilak was backed by rising public leaders like 6116: 5215: 5200: 2669: 2487:, was a series of plans between 1914 and 1917 by Indian nationalist groups to attempt Pan-Indian rebellion against the 2179: 2148:. They were tried for treason, the charge being that they had incited various regiments of the army against the ruler. 861: 490:

in the first half of the eighteenth century allowed the British to establish a foothold in Indian politics. During the

31: 8024:

Roy, Kaushik (2009). "Military Loyalty in the Colonial Context: A Case Study of the Indian Army during World War II".

7378:

Dennis Judd, "The Amritsar Massacre of 1919: Gandhi, the Raj and the Growth of Indian Nationalism, 1915–39," in Judd,

4092:

However, the emergence of the Gandhian movement slowly began to absorb the different revolutionary groups. The Bengal

1928:

began writing virulent newspaper articles challenging the legitimacy of British rule in India in publications such as

11388: 10934: 10777: 10772: 9339: 9221: 9099: 8292: 7795: 7688: 7401: 6848: 6718: 6526: 6177: 5010:) harbour on 18 February 1946. From the initial flashpoint in Bombay, the mutiny spread and found support throughout 4477: 2820: 2814: 2797: 2559: 2144:

was one of the senior leaders in Jugantar. He was arrested, along with several other leaders, in connection with the

6276: 4002:

The activities of nationalists abroad is believed to have shaken the loyalty of a number of native regiments of the

1337:, the East India Company's territory was transferred to the British government. At the apex of the new system was a 11951: 11383: 10787: 9700: 6647:

For the most part, however, Muslim India remained either aloof from or distrustful of the Congress and its demands.

5055: 4123: 3666: 3601: 2637: 2492: 1943:, which was particularly gaining strength in Bengal and Maharashtra from the last decade of the 1800s. In Bengal, 562: 525:, most of southern India came either under the company's direct rule, or under its indirect political control in a 205: 5986: 4096:

moved away from its philosophy of violence in the 1920s, when a number of its members identified closely with the

3209:, which saw the death of twenty-two policemen at the hands of an angry mob that India would descend into anarchy. 1230:

The final spark was provided by the rumoured use of tallow (from cows) and lard (pig fat) in the newly introduced

635:

was an early revolutionary against the British presence in Tamil Nadu. He became a military leader in the town of

11956: 11798: 11393: 9940: 9930: 9895: 4489: 3839: 3813:. More groups were scattered around India. Particularly notable movements arose in Bengal, especially around the 3059:, a veteran Congressman and Indian leader, became Gandhi's mentor. Gandhi's ideas and strategies of non-violent 2793: 2524: 1555: 708:

and moneylenders. One of the earliest of these on record was led by Binsu Manki around 1771 over the transfer of

395: 6893:

They threw a bomb on a coach similar to that of Kingsford's ... Khudiram ... was sentenced to death and hanged.

2951:

In the aftermath of the First World War, high casualty rates, soaring inflation compounded by heavy taxation, a

720:. Following the Binsu Manki's revolt in Jharkhand, numerous uprising across the region took place including the 12019: 11001: 10903: 7634:

Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh, Volume 3, p. 36, Sirajul Islam, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh

6239: 4239: 2851:, a series of Indo-German efforts to provoke a nationalist revolution in India. Nominally headed by the exiled 2665:

it started. Key figures were arrested, mutinies in smaller units and garrisons within India were also crushed.

1361: 827:

that happened from 1855 to 1857 (but started as early as 1784) and was particularly led by siblings – brothers

647:, who was supported by the British. Maruthanayagam Pillai was a commandant of the British East India Company's 6686:

Haj to Utopia: How the Ghadar Movement Charted Global Radicalism and Attempted to Overthrow the British Empire

3212:

In 1920, under Gandhi's leadership, the Congress was reorganized and given a new constitution, whose goal was

11809: 11204: 10873: 10842: 6080:

Yang, Anand A. (November 2007). "Bandits and Kings: Moral Authority and Resistance in Early Colonial India".

5161: 5125: 4667:(RSS) had a tradition of keeping aloof from the anti-British Indian self-rule movement since its founding by 4114: 2976: 2785: 2779: 2677: 2500: 2145: 1905: 1834: 1338: 152: 8713:

Gupta, Amit Kumar (September–October 1997). "Defying Death: Nationalist Revolutionism in India, 1897–1938".

1114: 11931: 11616: 11610: 11318: 11255: 11190: 11153: 10966: 10927: 10893: 10549: 9900: 6167: 5085: 4944: 4570:

soldiers of Indian freedom" and they had to keep the war for independence to go on (against British rule).

4362:). Inspired by the patriotic zeal of revolutionaries in Bengal, Raju raided police stations in and around 4182: 3903: 3607: 3569: 3488: 3201: 3111: 2543:

movement and arrested key figures. Mutinies in smaller units and garrisons within India were also crushed.

2531:. This plot was planned to be executed in February 1915 with the aim of overthrowing British rule over the 2395: 1849: 1342: 1334: 410: 364: 302: 269: 5384: 3568:

was not accepted by the British. For the next few years, Congress and the government negotiated until the

2437:, was of significant ferocity to almost complete the paralysis of the regional administration. Meanwhile, 11911: 11820: 11368: 11348: 11073: 10739: 10126: 9775: 7472: 5251: 5204: 5117: 5027: 4950: 4874: 4753: 4664: 4290: 3417: 3279: 2848: 2775: 2649: 2484: 2478: 2211:

Several leaders of Jugantar group were imprisoned in various jails, one of which was a prominent jail of

1723: 1421: 9935: 7506: 2774:, which was then to be used as a staging ground for a pan-Indian revolution. The Christmas Day plot was 2075:(30 April 1908) initiated a police investigation that led to the arrest of many of the revolutionaries. 11926: 11657: 11444: 11434: 10996: 10981: 10474: 10026: 9743: 9738: 9045:

Intelligence and Imperial Defence: British Intelligence and the Defence of the Indian Empire, 1904-1924

8055: 6378: 5241: 4791: 4761: 4563: 4525: 4363: 4007: 3966: 3814: 3767: 3639: 3354: 3239:. This era saw the emergence of a new generation of Indians from within the Congress Party, including 2952: 1891: 1881: 1656:, who was regarded as the "father of Indian Unrest" by the British. Along with Tilak were leaders like 1076:

launched an armed revolution against the East India Company's rule in Odisha. This is now known as the

1072:, the chief of Army of Kalinga requested a common alliance against the British. After Rajguru's death, 769: 672: 79: 11279: 6066: 4535: 3759:(right) are considered among the most influential revolutionaries of the Indian independence movement. 1817:(AICIC), which was founded in 1914, played a role in the Indian independence movement, advocating for 973:

Muthuvaduganathaperiya Udaiyathevar, was killed in battle with British soldiers and the forces of the

11961: 11843: 11684: 11173: 11163: 10449: 10146: 10021: 9860: 9800: 7250:

Wilkinson, Steven Ian (September–October 2000), "India, Consociational Theory, and Ethnic Violence",

5113: 5073: 4954: 4314: 3821:. In the former case, it was the educated, intelligent and dedicated youth of the urban middle class 3161: 3149: 3119: 3099: 3008: 2906: 2690: 2673: 2446: 2427: 1955:, whilst a number of revolutionaries were killed, or captured and put on trial. Revolutionaries like 1939:

The Partition also precipitated increasing activity from the then still Nascent militant nationalist

1679: 1645: 1493: 1350: 947: 946:

and in the northernmost region of the then political division was continuously revolting against the

857: 639:

and was defeated in battle against the British and Maruthanayagam's forces. He was executed in 1757.

592: 399: 9152:

Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present

3658:. Although the idea of Pakistan had been introduced as early as 1930, very few had responded to it. 2770:. The aim of the plot was to seize the Fort William, isolate Bengal and capture the capital city of 2321:

The investigations in the aftermath of the assassination attempt led to the Delhi Conspiracy trial.

2262: 2047:

Some senior members of the group were sent abroad for political and military training. One of them,

1258:, one of the principal leaders of the rebellion who earlier had lost her kingdom as a result of the 11966: 11936: 11921: 11916: 11883: 11848: 11551: 11221: 11137: 11122: 11053: 10971: 10734: 10709: 10246: 9945: 9925: 9785: 9645: 9603: 9013:

Plowman, Matthew (Autumn 2003). "Irish Republicans and the Indo-German Conspiracy of World War I".

5739:

Khan, Muazzam Hussain. "Titu Mir". Banglapedia. Bangladesh Asiatic Society. Retrieved 4 March 2014.

5290: 5246: 5189: 5109: 5093: 4995: 4987: 4743: 4731: 4657: 4614:

that signified the certitude that Gandhi foresaw for the movement is best described by his call to

4513: 4402: 4227: 4097: 4069: 3943: 3476: 3275: 2987: 1826: 1796: 1727: 1675: 1525: 1485: 1395: 1245: 1241: 1187: 1120: 1106: 989: 836: 632: 625: 328: 313: 1282:, to become their leader and reclaim his throne. The emperor eventually agreed and was proclaimed 1164: 12024: 11770: 11709: 11454: 11311: 11168: 10454: 10424: 10161: 10141: 9976: 9885: 9608: 9598: 9588: 9578: 5286: 5211: 5105: 5042: 4894:. The Provisional Free Indian Government in exile reorganised the Japanese collaborationit unit 4646: 4337: 4154: 4031: 4015: 3647: 3544: 3055:

that the Europeans had brought were long required to alleviate many of India's chronic problems.

2438: 2407: 2363: 2350: 2275: 2257: 2206: 2183: 1792: 1298: 749: 660: 262: 6583: 3141: 3138:) was called, marking the beginning of widespread, although not nationwide, popular discontent. 2406:(religious endowments) and was appointed to the Sandhurst committee, which helped establish the 2223:. In 1932 many freedom fighters from Bengal were imprisoned in cellular jail as a result of the 12029: 11833: 11662: 11593: 11583: 11127: 10679: 10589: 10584: 9825: 9764: 9656: 9583: 9573: 9143: 8882: 8125: 6202: 6152: 4862: 3953:

Indian nationalism made headway through Indian societies as far as Paris and London. In London

3857: 3802: 3206: 2871: 2828: 2801: 2728: 2657: 2461: 2014: 1413: 977:, she was drawn into battle. She formed an army and sought an alliance with Gopala Nayaker and 50: 9308:

Emergence of Indian Nationalism: Competition and Collaboration in the Later Nineteenth Century

9286: 9276: 9067: 8998:. New Delhi: Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India. 8886: 8862: 8647: 8583: 8331: 8243: 8189: 8162: 6516: 5496: 5360:

Fifty Years of Bangladesh, 1971-2021: Crises of Culture, Development, Governance, and Identity

5358: 5156:

Rare photograph of Hindustan Times Newspaper when India got its Independence from the British.

4145:

was done largely by the members of HSRA. A number of Congress leaders from Bengal, especially

911:

Mysore to the benefit of the East India Company, which won and took control of much of India.

432:

established the Republic of India. Pakistan adopted its first constitution in 1956. In 1971,

11946: 11853: 11667: 11642: 10878: 10817: 10644: 10429: 10374: 10206: 10166: 9971: 9890: 9835: 9820: 9770: 9758: 9635: 8091: 7930: 7574: 6628: 6546: 6468: 5324: 5006:

by Indian sailors of the Royal Indian Navy on board ship and shore establishments at Bombay (

4787: 4420:

I dedicate my life as a small contribution to my motherland. I am alone responsible for this.

4274: 4162: 4053: 3958: 3777:(25 March 1931), reporting the execution of Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev by the British. 3552: 3367: 3071: 3056: 3022: 2835:

in 1915–1916. The purpose was to encourage Afghanistan to declare full independence from the

2661: 2586: 2547: 2457: 1842: 1747: 1719: 1671: 1657: 1533: 1417: 1290:, and Christian population of the city, including natives who had converted to christianity. 1153: 961:, was one of the earliest Indian queens to fight against the British colonial power in India. 828: 696: 573: 538: 462: 429: 372: 323:

The stages of the independence struggle in the 1920s were characterised by the leadership of

225: 195: 9043: 8841: 8379: 7529: 7396:(5th ed.). Washington, DC: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. p. 42. 2519:. The most prominent plan attempted to foment unrest and trigger a Pan-Indian mutiny in the 886:

were a series of wars fought in over the last three decades of the 18th century between the

11739: 11719: 11627: 11489: 11334: 11231: 11158: 11132: 10729: 10684: 10619: 10564: 10509: 10394: 10299: 10256: 10211: 10131: 10031: 9875: 9780: 9630: 9282: 8002: 7249: 5537: 5224: 5185: 5098: 5081: 4980: 4895: 4891: 4818: 4749: 4727: 4351: 4333: 4146: 4142: 4119: 4085: 4081: 3962: 3492: 3311: 3260: 3026: 3013: 2991: 2972: 2883: 2855: 2507:. The conspiracy was drawn up at the beginning of the war, with extensive support from the 2123: 1353:(Viceroy) was made responsible to him, while he in turn was responsible to the government. 1231: 808: 776:

and the British during the 19th century. Along with his followers, he built a bamboo fort (

534: 425: 391: 383:

promoted the emancipation of Indian women and their participation in the freedom struggle.

317: 11286: 8285:

Brothers Against the Raj: A Biography of Indian Nationalists Sarat and Subhas Chandra Bose

7392:

Paul, John J. (1996). "Historical Setting". In Heitzman, James; Worden, Robert L. (eds.).

3517:

in May 1928 to instill a sense of camaraderie. The conference appointed a committee under

8: 11652: 11647: 11543: 10950: 10714: 10659: 10544: 10539: 10434: 10414: 10339: 10136: 10116: 10111: 10106: 10081: 9920: 8443: 6382: 5891:

Birsa Munda and His Movement, 1872–1901: A Study of a Millenarian Movement in Chotanagpur

5790:

This is our homeland... a collection of essays on the betrayal of Adivasi rights in India

4926: 4906: 4850: 4810: 4692:

As such, the British government did not crackdown on the RSS and Hindu Mahasabha at all.

4582: 4549: 4391: 4298: 4127: 4110: 4003: 3675: 3643: 3584: 3503: 3432: 3374: 3363: 3303: 3256: 3091: 2879: 2617: 2571: 2567: 2551: 2532: 2520: 2516: 2441:

were triggered by revolutionaries lack of preparedness to organise a nationalist revolt.

2390: 2383: 2322: 2010: 1921: 1739: 1708: 1559: 1537: 1513: 1497: 1489: 1425: 1365: 1009: 916: 895: 773: 761: 717: 530: 526: 356: 4431:

of the Hindus and destroy them. Every Indian is trying to drive out the English and get

3678:

also made it easier for the All-India Muslim League to demand the creation of Pakistan.

2452: 1240:

was sepoy who played a key part in the events immediately preceding the outbreak of the

386:

Few leaders followed a more violent approach, which became especially popular after the

11858: 11803: 11561: 11509: 11449: 11063: 10898: 10744: 10664: 10594: 10579: 10489: 10479: 10389: 10379: 10364: 10349: 10329: 10304: 10176: 10121: 9845: 9815: 9710: 9690: 9640: 9538: 9390: 9368: 9306: 9195: 9170: 9147: 9030: 8803: 8730: 8694: 8686: 8537: 8508: 8484: 7661: 7267: 6097: 5770: 5639: 5294: 5236: 5177: 5059: 4922: 4611: 4599: 4559: 4342: 4294: 4219: 4138: 3818: 3627: 3574: 3401: 3244: 3060: 3004: 2932: 2874:. Other participants included members of an Indian nationalist organisation called the 2824: 2723: 2717: 2555: 2326: 2236: 2175: 2048: 1807: 1357: 1174: 927: 899: 713: 621: 458: 376: 360: 348: 309: 245: 185: 6008: 5688: 4528:

was a former leader of Congress. From its earliest wartime inception, Bose joined the

2508: 1795:'s petitions by increasing the number of elective offices reserved for Muslims in the 954: 11868: 11744: 11573: 11236: 11117: 11058: 11032: 10986: 10888: 10719: 10704: 10604: 10499: 10459: 10384: 10289: 10261: 10221: 10046: 9830: 9790: 9753: 9715: 9695: 9685: 9568: 9558: 9451: 9433: 9402: 9395: 9376: 9354: 9335: 9313: 9290: 9258: 9236: 9217: 9200: 9155: 9125: 9095: 9073: 9049: 9034: 8999: 8993: 8978: 8935: 8918: 8892: 8868: 8847: 8823: 8772: 8750: 8707:

Gentlemanly Terrorists: Political Violence and the Colonial State in India, 1919-1947

8698: 8655: 8633: 8611: 8589: 8565: 8488: 8385: 8337: 8288: 8280: 8249: 8195: 8168: 8131: 8127:

The Cold War: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection [5 volumes]

8097: 7980: 7970: 7936: 7791: 7769: 7734: 7709: 7684: 7617: 7580: 7553: 7397: 7061: 7034: 7007: 6884: 6844: 6819: 6764: 6739: 6714: 6689: 6636: 6589: 6552: 6522: 6173: 6122: 6027:"Remembering Queen Velu Nachiyar of Sivagangai, the first queen to fight the British" 5927: 5895: 5762: 5720: 5667: 5631: 5572: 5502: 5364: 5330: 5169: 5077: 5069: 5063: 5022:

and ultimately came to involve 78 ships, 20 shore establishments and 10,000 sailors.

4962: 4878: 4757: 4735: 4649:

supported the Raj and grew rapidly in membership, and in influence with the British.

4509: 4496: 4355: 4354:. Raju started a protest movement in the border areas of the Godavari Agency part of 4318: 4282: 4278: 4223: 4186: 4170: 4158: 4061: 3996: 3927: 3907: 3806: 3655: 3651: 3413: 3252: 3191: 3115: 3079: 2936: 2867: 2563: 2536: 2157: 1952: 1925: 1838: 1830: 1751: 1571: 1567: 1541: 1517: 1473: 1377: 1315: 1259: 1244:. His defiance to his British superiors and later his execution ignited the fire for 1212: 1196:

had increasingly come into conflict with the religious beliefs and prejudices of the

1157: 1135: 1073: 1038: 891: 887: 883: 820: 600: 558: 491: 471:

The first European to reach India via the Atlantic Ocean was the Portuguese explorer

421: 344: 5180:, taking over from Governor General Rajgopalachari. Subsequently, the French ceded 3282:. Regional political organisations also continued to represent the interests of non- 502:, and the company established itself as a major player in Indian affairs. After the 405:

The Indian independence movement was in constant ideological evolution. Essentially

11878: 11788: 11783: 11729: 11637: 11556: 11494: 11484: 11459: 11373: 11353: 11197: 10991: 10908: 10822: 10699: 10669: 10649: 10624: 10614: 10554: 10464: 10409: 10404: 10294: 10216: 10041: 9996: 9981: 9905: 9880: 9850: 9613: 9553: 9190: 9182: 9022: 8961: 8949: 8795: 8722: 8678: 8529: 8476: 8164:

Hindu Mahasabha in Colonial North India, 1915–1930: Constructing Nation and History

8033: 7904: 7739: 7653: 7609: 7259: 7110: 6796: 6089: 5860: 5193: 4970: 4937: 4918: 4783: 4718:

and the question for the postwar era became how to exit gracefully and peacefully.

4248: 4194: 4178: 4077: 4035: 4023: 4018:

on the life of Viceroy of India. Following this, the nucleus of networks formed in

4011: 3833: 3756: 3693: 3565: 3510: 3480: 3451: 3315: 3248: 3236: 3220: 3153: 2924: 2875: 2633: 2299: 2279: 2244: 1946: 1698: 1688: 1501: 1409: 1391: 1381: 1346: 1222: 1203:

The indifference of the British towards native Indian rulers and the annexation of

1029: 997: 931: 867: 753: 721: 603:, most of South India was now either under the company's direct rule, or under its 406: 340: 124: 8480: 4161:

and other attempts against the administration in British India and Raj officials.

2652:, formulated between 1914 and 1917 to initiate a Pan-Indian rebellion against the 2382:, the Muslim League played a decisive role behind the creation of Pakistan in the 142: 11941: 11906: 11873: 11398: 11112: 10857: 10847: 10749: 10654: 10599: 10514: 10494: 10314: 10284: 10279: 10236: 10226: 10191: 10186: 10151: 10076: 10001: 9840: 9563: 9423: 9139: 9117: 8499:(October–December 1985). "Subhas Chandra Bose and the Indian National Congress". 8364: 7613: 7547: 6624: 5921: 5889: 5788: 5714: 5661: 5566: 5173: 5134: 4953:

began in late 1945, and included the infamous joint court-martial of key figures

4653: 4635: 4595: 4591: 4517: 4428: 4367: 4258: 4198: 3881: 3742: 3358: 3271: 3228: 3018: 2920: 2789: 2415: 2191: 2186:

were arrested for connection with Calcutta arms act case in 1932 and deported to

2167: 1895: 1866:

was one of the youngest Indian revolutionaries tried and executed by the British.

1755: 1637: 1633: 1563: 1551: 1521: 1505: 1311: 1302: 1279: 1139: 874:, fought the British in a series of continuous struggles for 13 years during the 765: 733: 565: 503: 499: 495: 380: 8952:(July 1997). "Nehru's policy towards Kashmir: Bringing politics back in again". 6787:

Oddie, Geoffrey A. (2001). "Indian Christians and National Identity 1870–1947".

2314:. The Viceroy escaped with his injuries, along with Lady Hardinge, although the 1384:. The British Liberals objected as the title was foreign to British traditions. 890:

on the one hand, and the British East India Company (represented chiefly by the

11777: 11764: 11724: 11694: 11578: 11469: 11226: 10689: 10639: 10629: 10609: 10574: 10534: 10519: 10241: 10171: 10156: 10096: 10086: 9915: 9805: 9675: 9650: 9625: 9523: 9476: 9250: 8682: 8553: 7908: 6976:"Story of Basanta Biswas, penned by Ujjal Biswas, to be portrayed on celluloid" 5138: 5121: 5089: 4966: 4739: 4700: 4672: 4359: 4347: 4270: 4254: 4073: 4065: 3991: 3935: 3919: 3885: 3752: 3615: 3588: 3561: 3319: 3194:

as well as for dominion status. The first satyagraha movement urged the use of

3075: 3065: 2955:

and the disruption of trade during the war escalated human suffering in India.

2928: 2898: 2863: 2852: 2836: 2832: 2751: 2736: 2512: 2072: 2037: 1987: 1960: 1909: 1856:, who saw alcohol as a foreign importation to the culture of the subcontinent. 1853: 1775: 1661: 1653: 1540:

were some of the prominent leaders of movements in the early 20th century. The

1322:, continued until spring 1859, but most of the rebels were eventually subdued. 1255: 1077: 974: 939: 752:, but were defeated by the technologically enhanced colonial cavalry. A larger 676: 644: 604: 454: 368: 324: 235: 69: 42: 8965: 7896: 6093: 4861:

focus for ex-congress leaders holding socialist views. Bose then founded the

4222:(the last political murder outside India), generally held responsible for the 12003: 11749: 11734: 11699: 11689: 11588: 11526: 11499: 11090: 10634: 10559: 10524: 10484: 10399: 10369: 10359: 10344: 10231: 10201: 10181: 9910: 9327: 9186: 8975:

Les racines intellectuelles du mouvement d'indépendance de l'Inde (1893-1918)

8815: 8603: 8579: 8561: 8549: 8076:

Culture and Combat in the Colonies. The Indian Army in the Second World War.

7984: 7621: 7414: 6888: 6542: 5766: 5635: 5445: 5220: 5181: 5011: 4999: 4838: 4834: 4814: 4668: 4454: 4310: 4039: 3987: 3970: 3939: 3798: 3622: 3611: 3518: 3472: 3169: 2859: 2800:

with the German and Turkish delegates in Kabul, 1915. Seated to his right is

2767: 2747: 2609: 2603: 2495:

and exiled or self-exiled nationalists who formed, in the United States, the

2434: 2418:, Jinnah joined other Indian moderates in supporting the British war effort. 2378:), in 1906. Being a political party to secure the interests of the Muslim in 2307: 2303: 2287: 2216: 2212: 2194: 2187: 2068: 1956: 1917: 1863: 1859: 1763: 1652:

The Hindu faction of the Independence movement was led by Nationalist leader

1629: 1615: 1599:

the partition of Bengal had to be firmly inhaled on the first of April, 1912.

1529: 1481: 1275: 1237: 1069: 965: 958: 912: 871: 852: 848: 824: 798: 794: 656: 487: 472: 433: 414: 8915:

Militant nationalism in India and its socio-religious background (1897–1917)

6800: 5104:

Violent clashes between Hindus, Sikhs, and Muslims followed. Prime Minister

4492:

became the largest volunteer force, numbering 2,500,000 men during the war.

3846:) in Bengal in 1902, forming two prominent and somewhat independent arms in 2055:

he set up a combined religious school and bomb factory at a garden house in

1758:, who held the same point of view. Under them, India's three great states – 11971: 11679: 11567: 11521: 11403: 11363: 11011: 10837: 10724: 10354: 10319: 10309: 10251: 10051: 9955: 9865: 9855: 9620: 9548: 9533: 9272: 9204: 9063: 8922: 8837: 8415:

and; Unpublished, Public Relations Office, London. War Office. 208/819A 25C

8308: 5471:"P Chidambaram releases documentary film on Alagumuthu Kone | Madurai News" 4882: 4870: 4854: 4684:

anti-British movements started and fought by the Indian National Congress,

4619: 4463: 4413: 4395: 4375: 4371: 4235: 4174: 4056:

to promote nationalist views among Indian students in Britain. A number of

4027: 3915: 3748: 3727: 3705: 3557: 3532: 3499: 3436: 3404:, was an Indian nationalist who participated in the agitations against the 3387: 3307: 3267: 3240: 3128: 3038: 3034: 2960: 2759: 2645: 2641: 2629: 2496: 2235:

ideology in jail and in 1935 a Communist Consolidation party was formed by

2119: 1803: 1780: 1592: 1456: 1287: 1017: 1005: 951:

against the British until his natural death on the Fifth of December 1771.

882:

The toughest resistance the Company experienced was offered by Mysore. The

844: 790: 782: 737: 617: 569: 352: 332: 109: 99: 9448:

Towards Freedom, 1945: Documents on the Movement for Independence in India

9069:

Religion, Power and Violence: Expression of Politics in Contemporary Times

9026: 8907:

A Revolutionary History of Interwar India: Violence, Image, Voice and Text

8786:

Hoover, Karl (May 1985). "The Hindu Conspiracy in California, 1913–1918".

8669:

Fraser, Thomas G. (April 1977). "Germany and Indian Revolution, 1914-18".

7713: 6659: 4261:. The intelligence operations against India House saw the founding of the 2897:

Britain saw the expedition as a serious threat. Britain and its ally, the

1916:(not cooking any food). During this time, Bengali Hindu nationalists like 11976: 11838: 11474: 11378: 10444: 10324: 10016: 9795: 9543: 8864:

Indians in Britain: Anglo-Indian Encounters, Race and Identity, 1880–1930

8843:

The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan

8764: 8742: 8652:

A History of Alcohol and Drugs in Modern South Asia: Intoxicating Affairs

8496: 6301: 4958: 4899: 4866: 4529: 4407: 4383: 4379: 4322: 4306: 4286: 4215: 4057: 4049: 4019: 3954: 3947: 3851: 3847: 3810: 3790: 3701: 3405: 3295: 3107: 3087: 2891: 2844: 2840: 2700: 2686: 2653: 2625: 2621: 2590: 2504: 2488: 2379: 2346: 2141: 2127: 2115: 2064: 2041: 1995: 1963:, Kanailal Dutt who were either killed or hanged became household names. 1841:

for both organisations and individuals; this came to be reflected in the

1759: 1611: 1575: 1509: 1477: 1092: 1021: 907: 875: 840: 812: 688: 680: 648: 640: 636: 596: 522: 466: 387: 298: 215: 89: 8512: 8309:"Forgotten armies of the East – Le Monde diplomatique – English edition" 6101: 5774: 5750: 5643: 5619: 3619:

and held an upper hand in two, while the Muslim League performed poorly.

3543:

The flag adopted, during the Purna Swaraj movement, in 1931 and used by

2919:

The mission failed in its main task of rallying Afghanistan, under Emir

2656:

during World War I. The mutiny was planned to start in the key state of

2581: 1715: 1428:, a retired Scottish civil servant, seventy-two Indian delegates met in 1387: 1329:

Attack of the Mutineers on the Redan Battery at Lucknow, July 30th, 1857

1215:

and the projected removal of the Mughals from their ancestral palace at

308:

The first nationalistic movement for Indian independence emerged in the

11754: 11704: 11479: 11303: 10694: 10469: 10419: 10334: 9986: 9870: 9705: 8807: 8734: 8625: 8541: 8037: 7967:

India in Britain : South Asian networks and connections, 1858–1950

7665: 7271: 6841:

Alcohol and Temperance in Modern History: An International Encyclopedia

4765: 4501: 3867: 3333: 3043: 2375: 2240: 2111: 1578:, changed the political discourse of the Indian independence movement. 1450: 1319: 1271: 1193: 1064:

Temple. In retaliation, a group of armed Paiks attacked the British at

1033: 1013: 1001: 786: 701: 664: 437: 417: 336: 294: 10919: 8690: 5948:"About Birsa Munda [ 1875-1900 ] Biography & Life History" 4986:

at Bombay Harbour after the war, was occupied by mutineers during the

4390:. Raju and his followers stole guns and ammunition and killed several 4060:

commemorate the stay of its various Indian revolutionaries including:

3545:

Provisional Government during the subsequent years of Second World War

3106:

The positive impact of reform was seriously undermined in 1919 by the

3068:. His programmes were all inspired by Tilak's "Chatusutri" programme. 2511:, the German consulate in San Francisco, as well as some support from 1602: 805:

communities) united to rebel against the "outsiders" from 1830 -1833.

736:

in 1800 under the leadership of Bhukan Singh, and two uprising of the

11981: 11599: 11515: 11425: 11358: 10674: 10569: 10529: 10504: 10439: 10101: 10091: 9991: 8381:

Naval Mutinies of the Twentieth Century: An International Perspective

7057:

Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib

6930: 6147: 5861:"Remembering Santal Hul, a 19th Century Struggle Against Imperialism" 5663:

Adivasis and the Raj: Socio-economic Transition of the Hos, 1820–1932

5165: 4976: 4578: 4521: 4387: 4207: 4106: 3911: 3823: 3539: 3484: 3224: 3048: 2887: 2540: 2528: 2465: 2232: 2122:

were noted for launching an attack on the Secretariat Building – the

2083: 2056: 1061: 1046: 978: 969: 903: 802: 757: 741: 709: 554: 8799: 8726: 8533: 7681:

Muslims against the Muslim League: Critiques of the Idea of Pakistan

7657: 7365:

Derek Sayer, "British Reaction to the Amritsar Massacre 1919–1920,"

7263: 6118:

Sarfarosh: A Naadi Exposition of the Lives of Indian Revolutionaries

5926:. Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting. 5498:

Madras, Chennai: A 400-year Record of the First City of Modern India

5326:

Production of Postcolonial India and Pakistan: Meanings of Partition

4045: 3156:. 120 bodies were recovered from this well as per inscription on it. 2982: 11863: 11828: 11096: 10036: 9680: 8413:

Raj; Making and unmaking of British India. Abacus. 1997. p571, p598

7454: 5130: 5019: 4202: 3877: 3872: 3697: 3631: 3357:(executive committee of Indian National Congress), whose president 3176: 3165: 3123: 3083: 2913: 2771: 2704: 2411: 2342: 2291: 2163: 2060: 2033: 2028: 1991: 1900: 1461: 1433: 1216: 1025: 745: 705: 652: 6463: 5806:"Remembering Santal Hul : A quest for Indigenous sovereignty" 4663:

The other Hindu nationalist organisation, and Mahasabha affiliate

4562:

movement in India which commenced on 8 August 1942 in response to

3168:, Punjab. In response to agitation in Amritsar, Brigadier-General 2539:

was ultimately thwarted when British intelligence infiltrated the

1691:, who went as far as contesting, successfully, an election to the 529:. The Company subsequently seized control of regions ruled by the 11504: 11464: 10196: 9465: 7955:

Khaksar Tehrik Ki Jiddo Juhad Volume 1. Author Khaksar Sher Zaman

7413:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

5289:, including the territories and trading post in Asia, came under 5142: 5116:

during the period of transition. He was replaced in June 1948 by

5015: 4603: 4449: 4436: 4424: 4190: 3283: 2742:

The second Christmas Day plot was to initiate an insurrection in

2660:, followed by mutinies in Bengal and rest of India. Indian units 2570:

in 1916. Parts of the conspiracy included efforts to subvert the

2325:

was convicted of having thrown the bomb and executed, along with

2228: 2171: 2131: 2101: 2052: 2044:, started to collect arms and explosives and manufactured bombs. 1770: 1641: 1469: 1307: 1251: 1053: 1042: 1020:

from Tamil Nadu who fought against the East India Company. After

993: 725: 692: 684: 476: 8548: 7380:

Empire: The British Imperial Experience from 1765 to the Present

7298:

Empire: The British Imperial Experience From 1765 To The Present

6438: 6426: 6414: 6365: 6353: 6341: 6329: 5716:

The Bhumij Revolt (1832–33): (ganga Narain's Hangama Or Turmoil)

5568:

Narratives from the Margins: Aspects of Adivasi History in India

5545:

International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention

5092:

Pakistan was declared a separate nation. Then at 12:02 A.M., on

3580: 3439:

in London and demanded total independence from the British rule.

3110:, named after the recommendations made the previous year to the 316:

with prominent moderate leaders seeking the right to appear for

11037: 11006: 9720: 8520:

Brown, Giles (August 1948). "The Hindu Conspiracy, 1914–1917".

8287:. New York and Oxford: Columbia University Press. p. 517. 7787:

Crisis in the Indian Subcontinent, Partition: Can it be Undone?

7003:

The Materiality of Politics: Volume 1: The Technologies of Rule

6713:. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 34. 5593:"Summary of the Tribal Rebellions during British rule in India" 5197: 5007: 5003: 4656:

openly opposed the call and boycotted the Quit India Movement.

4631: 4266: 4173:, among others; including arms training and how to make bombs. 3896: 3794: 3786: 3526: 3514: 3495:

supported the 'Purna Swaraj' motion demanded by Hasrat Mohani.

3329: 3287: 3134: 3033:

Gandhi had been a leader of the Indian nationalist movement in

2902: 2763: 2743: 2711: 2696: 2613: 2315: 2295: 2063:. However, the attempted murder of district Judge Kingsford of 1818: 1703: 1429: 1370: 1267: 1065: 1057: 983: 943: 920: 831:, Chand and Bhairav and their sisters Phulo and Jhano from the 772:

was an Islamic preacher who led a peasant uprising against the

744:

first came in contact with the British, from 1820 to 1821 near

515: 507: 7932:

Filming Reality: The Independent Documentary Movement in India

3610:, the voluminous and final constitutional effort at governing 3041:. During these protests, Gandhi had perfected the concept of 2092: 1852:

became aligned with Indian nationalism under the direction of

1660:, who was the inspiration, political mentor and role model of 1547: 1440: 1286:

by the rebels. The rebels also murdered much of the European,

30:

For independence movements of indigenous American people, see

11673: 9124:. Cambridge South Asian Studies. Cambridge University Press. 6266:"Khurda Paik Rebellion – The First Independence War of India" 4914: 4910: 4471: 3931: 3893: 3863: 3325: 3291: 3195: 2732: 2371: 2311: 1274:

on fire, and marched into the Red Fort, where they asked the

1197: 1080:, the first uprising against the British East India Company. 832: 729: 668: 511: 480: 9142:(2009). "Gandhi and Civil Resistance in India, 1917–47". In 8439:"Ministers to build a new 'special relationship' with India" 5172:

was officially proclaimed. The Constituent Assembly elected

4905:

The INA was to see action against the Allies, including the

4512:(9 August 1925) led by Indian youth under the leadership of 3454:

in 1929 demanded "complete independence from Great Britain."

1890:, the Viceroy and Governor-General (1899–1905), ordered the 1667: 11016: 8552:; Mukherjee, Mridula; Mukherjee, Aditya; Mahajan, Sucheta; 7455:"Zachariah, 'Gandhi, Non-Violence and Indian Independence'" 6904:

John R. McLane, "The Decision to Partition Bengal in 1905"

6839:

Blocker, Jack S.; Fahey, David M.; Tyrrell, Ian R. (2003).

6763:. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. pp. 107–108n. 6633:

Congress and Indian Nationalism: The Pre-independence Phase

6143:"Chinnamalai, a lesser-known freedom fighter of Kongu soil" 4973:

played a significant role in getting INA members released.

4639: 4539:

Mahatma Gandhi discusses the Quit India Movement with Nehru

3299: 2755: 2403: 2170:

were arrested in connection with bomb-making activities in

1294: 1204: 716:. The Rangpur Dhing took place from 1782 to 1783 in nearby 394:. The Act sparked protests across India, especially in the 8888:

The Amritsar Massacre: The Untold Story of One Fateful Day

8245:

Religious Dimensions of Indian Nationalism: A Study of RSS

6818:. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. pp. 109–110. 6738:. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. pp. 106–107. 3078:, best remembered for his controversial presidency of the 2585:

The public executions of convicted sepoy mutineers of the

339:. Some of the leading followers of Gandhi's ideology were 7889: 6629:"The Indian National Congress in Nationalist Perspective" 6551:, Legacy Series, Princeton University Press, p. 58, 5188:

and its remaining Indian colonies by 1954. Indian troops

5038: 4886: 4849:

India's entry into the world war was strongly opposed by

4416:, in a letter found in his pocket, stated the following: 3714:

Communist involvement in the Indian independence movement

2727:

Regiment was in charge of the security. Indoctrinated by

1024:

and Tipu Sultan's deaths, Chinnamalai sought the help of

9429:

An Autobiography: The Story of My Experiments With Truth

9092:

M.P.T. Acharya: Reminiscences of an Indian Revolutionary

7552:. Indian Society of International Law. 2005. p. 4. 7521: 4133:

The HSRA had strong influences from leftist ideologies.

764:

who had previously also been involved in co-leading the

59:, distributed by the British Information Services (1942) 9397:

Gandhi's Passion: The Life and Legacy of Mahatma Gandhi

7310: 7107:"The Statesman: Jinnah's differences with the Congress" 6585:

The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire

6009:"East India Company – Definition, History, & Facts" 4427:

of England having captured our country, tread over the

4321:

recommended extending the Defence of India Act (as the

2762:, along with a German raid on the South Indian city of 8646: 6863: 6611:

Social and Economic History of the Panjab: (1849–1901)

5751:"The Kol Rising of Chotanagpur (1831–33) – Its Causes" 3595: 2959:

self-rule. In 1916, Congress succeeded in forging the

1998:

officials in an attempt to secure Indian independence.

572:

in Plassey made the battle one of the main factors of

8093:

India Condensed: 5,000 Years of History & Culture

7765:"Partition of India and Patriotism of Indian Muslims" 7137: 5267:

Communist involvement in Indian Independence movement

5049: 4936:

While a number of Japanese officers, even those like

4214:

branch formally dissolved in 1938. On 13 March 1940,

4113:. A spate of violence led up to the enactment of the 2294:

to New Delhi. Involving revolutionary underground in

1595:. Swadeshi factories came into existence everywhere. 448: 8191:

From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India

6514: 4877:

help for raising an army to fight the British. The

4242:, partaking in revolutionary activities in Britain. 3965:

avid followers. By 1907, through Indian nationalist

3880:) respectively. Led by nationalists of the likes of 8181: 6838: 5210:Following self-rule in 1947, India remained in the 5076:, announced the partitioning of British India into 2278:, hatched in 1912, planned to assassinate the then 2051:obtained his training in Paris. After returning to 1734:In 1907, Congress was split into two factions: The 835:clan in its most fervent years that lead up to the 624:was declared the "Emperor of Hindustan" during the 9394: 9305: 8954:Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 6325: 6323: 5363:. Springer International Publishing. p. 100. 3184: 9122:Gandhi's Rise to Power: Indian Politics 1915–1922 7219: 6548:Gokhale: The Indian Moderates and the British Raj 3986:District Magistrate of Nasik, A.M.T. Jackson, by 2286:, on the occasion of transferring the capital of 2013:was an Indian revolutionary who was privy to the 1614:) with her diverse progeny and the rallying cry " 1226:Map of India during the Indian Rebellion of 1857. 12001: 9506: 7566: 6832: 5045:became the first Prime Minister of India in 1947 4329:in Bengal and the Ghadarite movement in Punjab. 3513:rejections, an all-party conference was held at 3344: 2808: 1829:formed a working committee with M. Rahnasamy of 367:spread patriotic awareness. Female leaders like 9312:. London, England: Cambridge University Press. 8749:. Delhi: Oxford University Press. p. 199. 8213: 8211: 7996: 7994: 7527: 6688:. University of California Press. p. 227. 6631:. In Sisson, Richard; Wolpert, Stanley (eds.). 6577: 6575: 6573: 6571: 6569: 6567: 6359: 6320: 5223:described Indian – British relations as a "New 4704:organisation itself. In Golwalkar's own words, 2251: 2151: 1664:and inspired several other freedom activists. 1170:Suppression of the Indian Revolt by the English 934:to the British authority. The independent king 915:was the prince regent of the princely state of 612: 8608:The Butcher of Amritsar: General Reginald Dyer 8459: 8187: 8096:. Marshall Cavendish Corporation. p. 71. 8005:. Government of India Press Information Bureau 7865: 7848: 7672: 7576:Churchill and India: Manipulation or Betrayal? 6635:. University of California Press. p. 24. 6535: 6114: 5979:"The 'Ulgulaan' of 'Dharti Aba – Birsa Munda'" 5689:"Ho Rebellion & Kol Rebellion | Jharkhand" 5565:Gupta, Sanjukta Das; Basu, Raj Sekhar (2012). 5257:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence 4998:was a failed insurrection which encompassed a 3688:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence 2946: 2901:, unsuccessfully attempted to intercept it in 2843:on the side of the Central Powers, and attack 2624:in India. The plot originated at the onset of 1402: 1173:, which depicts the execution of mutineers by 1060:was deprived of his traditional rights to the 506:of 1764, it gained administrative rights over 398:, where they were violently suppressed in the 11319: 10935: 9492: 8223: 7809: 7807: 7728: 7726: 7491: 7285:Raj: The Making and Unmaking of British India 7167: 7165: 7157:Raj: The Making and Unmaking of British India 6940: 4898:composed of Indian POWs and volunteer Indian 4246: 3892:was influenced by philosophies as diverse as 3855: 3831: 3098:, the actions indirectly led to the infamous 1944: 1622: 270: 8208: 8156: 8154: 7991: 7679:Qasmi, Ali Usman; Robb, Megan Eaton (2017). 7593: 7473:"Do or Die: The Quit India Movement of 1942" 7197: 7195: 7182: 7180: 7104: 6782: 6780: 6564: 5719:. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. 4301:. The threat posed by the activities of the 2712:1st Christmas Day and 2nd Christmas Day plot 2566:in India, as well as, by some accounts, the 2219:. The Cellular jail was also referred to as 1875: 1701:was the first Indian nationalist to embrace 1606:Cover of a 1909 issue of the Tamil magazine 1583:products had to be sold in foreign markets. 785:led by Singhray and Binray Manki, where the 8995:Khudiram Bose: Revolutionary Extraordinaire 8377: 7758: 7756: 7754: 6588:, Cambridge University Press, p. 179, 5203:to join the Indian Union in 1975 after the 3942:in December 1909, followed by the death of 2491:during World War I, formulated between the 2368:All India Muhammadan Educational Conference 2190:. Several others were also deported to the 1746:, led by leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji and 1674:, was one of the most senior leader of the 1504:, as well as women such as the Scots–Irish 691:. Later he was entrusted to administer the 11326: 11312: 10942: 10928: 10007:Hindustan Socialist Republican Association 9499: 9485: 9348: 9041: 8934:. Vol. II. Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay. 8654:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 255–257. 8336:. Columbia University Press. p. 228. 8235: 8080:. J Contemn History. 41(2), 325–355.pp:332 8054:. Indian National Congress. Archived from 7922: 7877: 7871: 7836: 7826: 7824: 7822: 7804: 7723: 7706:Muslim politics in modern India, 1857-1947 7528:Ministry of Culture, Government of India. 7231: 7162: 7143: 7105:Official website, Government of Pakistan. 6963:. Delhi: Government of India. p. 339. 6906:Indian Economic and Social History Review, 6195:"Villages fight over martyr's death place" 6045:"Velu Nachiyar, Jhansi Rani of Tamil Nadu" 5952:The Ambedkarite Today – Voice Of Voiceless 5755:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 5329:. ISSN. Taylor & Francis. p. 43. 4472:Final process of Indian self-rule movement 4137:(HSRA) was formed under the leadership of 4135:Hindustan Socialist Republican Association 2998: 2858:, the expedition was a joint operation of 2472: 2357: 2200: 1687:the Empire. This trend was personified by 1574:, the triumvirate were popularly known as 1424:in 1876. Inspired by a suggestion made by 277: 263: 9214:Khadi: Gandhi's Mega Symbol of Subversion 9211: 9194: 8972: 8747:India's Freedom Struggle: A Short History 8151: 7928: 7683:. Cambridge University Press. p. 2. 7678: 7643: 7452: 7243: 7213: 7207: 7192: 7177: 6911: 6777: 6165: 5564: 5262:Women of the Indian independence movement 4961:. A number of Congress members including 3681: 3302:in Punjab. However, people like Mahakavi 3164:(also known as the Amritsar Massacre) in 3090:Government to evaluate the links between 1815:All India Conference of Indian Christians 1394:, was one of the founding members of the 847:and lead thousands of people from Munda, 494:, the East India Company's Army defeated 312:. It later took root in the newly formed 11333: 9255:History of the Freedom movement in India 9249: 9062: 8932:History of the Freedom Movement in India 8929: 8912: 8329: 8229: 8070: 7854: 7751: 7697: 7225: 7053: 6999: 6581: 6263: 5919: 5322: 5151: 5037: 4975: 4572: 4534: 4325:) to thwart any possible revival of the 4044: 3621: 3579: 3538: 3324: 3175: 3140: 3070: 3012: 2981: 2866:and was led by the German Army officers 2784: 2695: 2580: 2451: 2261: 2197:for doing Indian independence movement. 2036:was a paramilitary organisation. Led by 1994:. He carried out assassinations against 1858: 1769: 1714: 1666: 1601: 1546: 1439: 1386: 1324: 1250: 1221: 1163: 953: 866: 807: 616: 10949: 9389: 9367: 9012: 8820:On Secret Service East of Constantinope 8814: 8602: 8466: 8130:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 1567. 8089: 8052:"The Congress and The Freedom Movement" 8000: 7935:. SAGE Publications India. p. 36. 7901:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 7842: 7819: 7341: 7237: 7171: 7125: 6874: 6872: 6683: 6660:"Swaraj | Indian politics | Britannica" 6623: 6608: 6521:. U of Toronto Press. pp. 443–44. 6264:Paikaray, Braja (February–March 2008). 6226: 5713:Jha, Jagdish Chandra (1 January 1967). 5494: 5120:. In May 1947, Nehru declared that any 5112:had invited Mountbatten to continue as 4554:The Quit India Movement (also known as 4269:section, and at one point involved the 2460:memorial tablet at the entrance of the 1041:and defeated the British in battles at 671:troops, and later a commandant for the 655:family in a village called Panaiyur in 589:The Last Effort and Fall of Tipu Sultan 420:and partitioned British India into the 14: 12002: 11274: 11069:Brihan Maharashtra College of Commerce 10977:Indian National Congress - Freedom Era 9422: 9332:Jinnah: India, Partition, Independence 9271: 8860: 8785: 8668: 8436: 8384:. Cass series. Frank Cass. p. 6. 8279: 8123: 7883: 7813: 7783: 7599: 7186: 6813: 6758: 6733: 6257: 5836:"The Forgotten Santhal Revolt of 1855" 5356: 4543: 4394:officers, including Scott Coward near 4350:) agricultural system, which involved 2886:, while the Turks were represented by 1693:House of Commons of the United Kingdom 1345:, who was to be formally advised by a 11307: 10923: 9480: 9326: 9230: 9168: 9138: 9116: 9089: 8991: 8948: 8917:. General Printers & Publishers. 8881: 8836: 8763: 8741: 8712: 8624: 8578: 8519: 8424: 8371: 8323: 8241: 8217: 8117: 8083: 7964: 7830: 7732: 7439:Sanjay Paswan and Pramanshi Jaideva, 7353: 7201: 7131: 7092: 6973: 6946: 6917: 6786: 6708: 6541: 6502: 6490: 6450: 6402: 6172:. Leadstart Publishing. p. 212. 6073: 5973: 5971: 5969: 5915: 5913: 5911: 5887: 5883: 5881: 5803: 5686: 5659: 5655: 5653: 5560: 5558: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5525: 5432: 5420: 5408: 5295:union of England and Scotland in 1707 4439:, and one who eats the flesh of cows. 3373:The British swiftly responded to the 2676:. The conspiracy was followed by the 2576:Middle Eastern theatre of World War I 2040:, with 21 revolutionaries, including 1912:on each other's wrists and observing 815:, leader of Munda rebellion (Ulgulan) 27:Movement to end British rule in India 11262: 9351:Gandhi and India: A Century in Focus 9303: 9072:. SAGE Publications. pp. 134–. 8495: 8268: 8160: 8003:"Freedom Movement in Andhra Pradesh" 7708:. Meenakshi Prakashan. p. 114. 7579:. Taylor & Francis. p. 65. 7572: 7453:Zachariah, Benjamin (1 March 2011). 7391: 7083:, Vol. II, "Nixon's Report", p. 591. 7060:. Penguin Books India. p. 329. 7026: 6958: 6883:. Orient Longman. pp. 130–131. 6878: 6869: 6192: 6079: 5624:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 5617: 5551:(4): 1–6 – via Google Scholar. 5535: 5501:. Palaniappa Brothers. p. 211. 5488: 4933:and handed over by them to the INA. 4508:The self-rule movement included the 4263:Indian Political Intelligence Office 2612:was a plan to initiate a pan-Indian 1695:, becoming its first Indian member. 1293:Revolts broke out in other parts of 1181: 768:in these regions from 1771 to 1809. 355:, and others. Intellectuals such as 9171:"Spinning for India's Independence" 8709:(Cambridge University Press, 2017.) 8501:Indian Journal of Political Science 8023: 7762: 7703: 7000:Samaddar, Ranabir (1 August 2007). 6974:Nandi, Soumitra (20 October 2017). 6456: 6229:"The Oriya Paika Rebellion of 1817" 5748: 5712: 5350: 5316: 4483:When the Second World War started, 4169:(HSRA), including Bhagat Singh and 4167:Hindustan Socialist Republican Army 3710:Hindustan Socialist Republican Army 3596:Elections and the Lahore resolution 3086:committee appointed in 1918 by the 2986:Gandhi in 1918, at the time of the 2672:, the Foreigners act 1914, and the 2402:, the legitimisation of the Muslim 2336: 2333:for their roles in the conspiracy. 1892:partition of the province of Bengal 1376:In 1876 the British Prime Minister 760:in Bengal, under the leadership of 659:, what is now in Nainarkoil Taluk, 561:. Mir Jafar's betrayal towards the 293:was a series of historic events in 24: 9416: 9109: 9042:Popplewell, Richard James (1995). 8378:Bell, C.M.; Elleman, B.A. (2003). 7311:"The Indian Independence Movement" 6864:Fischer-Tiné & Tschurenev 2014 6613:. S. Nagin. pp. 129–130, 346. 6294: 5966: 5908: 5878: 5650: 5555: 5522: 5216:relations between the UK and India 5050:Sovereignty and partition of India 4598:, in what came to be known as the 4153:and the HSRA were involved in the 2966: 2670:Ingress into India Ordinance, 1914 2421: 2180:Communist Party of India (Marxist) 2178:was one of the founding member of 1936:, and were charged with sedition. 1460:, to other religions, such as the 1314:was killed. Sporadic fighting and 936:Jagannatha Gajapati Narayan Deo II 687:(a.k.a. Palayakkarar) uprising in 449:Early British Colonialism in India 331:'s adoption of Gandhi's policy of 32:Native American self-determination 25: 12041: 9458: 9235:. Vol. One. Johnathan Cape. 8650:; Tschurenev, Jana, eds. (2014). 8558:India's Struggle for Independence 8194:. Orient Blackswan. p. 422. 7903:. Oxford University Press. 2004. 6814:Thomas, Abraham Vazhayil (1974). 6759:Thomas, Abraham Vazhayil (1974). 6734:Thomas, Abraham Vazhayil (1974). 6518:Disraeli: The Romance of Politics 5084:. With the speedy passage of the 4951:Trials against members of the INA 4671:in 1925. In 1942, the RSS, under 4524:movement, whose main protagonist 3902:propounded by Bengali literature 2916:, to maintain Afghan neutrality. 2847:. The expedition was part of the 2546:Other related events include the 436:declared its own independence as 301:. It lasted until 1947, when the 11424: 11285: 11273: 11261: 11250: 11249: 9701:Muslim nationalism in South Asia 9464: 9169:Brown, Theodore (January 2008). 8909:(Oxford University Press, 2015.) 8430: 8418: 8405: 8357: 8301: 8273: 8262: 8188:Bandyopadhyaya, Sekhara (2004). 8044: 8017: 7969:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 7958: 7949: 7777: 7637: 7628: 7540: 7505:. 6 October 2012. Archived from 7499:"Profile: Maulana Hasrat Mohani" 7465: 7446: 7441:Encyclopaedia of Dalits in India 7433: 7408: 7027:Hoda, Noorul (1 February 2008). 7006:. Anthem Press. pp. 76–77. 6789:The Journal of Religious History 6711:India in the Making of Singapore 5056:History of the Republic of India 4826: 4803: 4775: 4622:Maidan in Bombay, since renamed 4165:mentored revolutionaries in the 4124:Hindustan Republican Association 3842:of local youth groups and gyms ( 3766: 3741: 3667:All India Azad Muslim Conference 3602:1937 Indian provincial elections 3471:Congress leader and famous poet 3459: 3444: 3425: 3394: 2638:Indian revolutionary underground 2597: 2493:Indian revolutionary underground 2100: 2091: 2082: 2003: 1980: 1146: 1127: 1113: 1099: 1085: 581: 546: 297:with the ultimate aim of ending 206:British rule in Portuguese India 49: 11394:Provisional Government of India 11349:Revolutionary conspiracy of WWI 9941:Provisional Government of India 9048:. London, England: Frank Cass. 8973:Mukherjee, Prithwindra (2010). 8671:Journal of Contemporary History 7420: 7385: 7372: 7369:May 1991, Issue 131, pp 130–164 7359: 7347: 7335: 7324: 7303: 7290: 7277: 7149: 7098: 7086: 7074: 7047: 7020: 6993: 6967: 6952: 6923: 6898: 6857: 6807: 6752: 6727: 6702: 6677: 6652: 6617: 6602: 6508: 6496: 6484: 6444: 6432: 6420: 6408: 6396: 6371: 6347: 6335: 6220: 6186: 6159: 6151:. 2 August 2008. Archived from 6135: 6108: 6055: 6037: 6019: 6001: 5940: 5853: 5828: 5797: 5781: 5742: 5733: 5706: 5680: 5611: 5585: 3630:at a pro-independence rally in 3509:Following the rejection of the 3381: 3231:, he established the newspaper 3185:First non-co-operation movement 2794:Provisional Government of India 2768:penal colony in Andaman Islands 1823:opposing the partition of India 595:, c. 1800. After the defeat of 11002:Nationalist Movements in India 8913:Majumdar, Bimanbehari (1966). 8846:. Cambridge University Press. 8248:. Media House. pp. 187–. 7733:Ahmed, Ishtiaq (27 May 2016). 5687:Kumar, Akshay (18 June 2021). 5463: 5438: 5426: 5414: 5402: 5377: 5279: 4457:. Vande Mataram. Vande Mataram 4230:and other parties, especially 3665:to the Lahore Resolution, the 2503:, in the decade preceding the 2266:1912 assassination attempt on 1945: 1707:as the destiny of the nation. 1380:proclaimed Queen Victoria the 1310:on 17 June 1858, during which 1266:On 10 May 1857, the sepoys at 1256:Lakshmibai, the Rani of Jhansi 1045:in 1801, Odanilai in 1802 and 843:. Birsa Munda belonged to the 823:was a movement of over 60,000 13: 1: 11205:Shrimadh Bhagvad Gita Rahasya 9233:Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography 8771:. Columbia University Press. 8522:The Pacific Historical Review 8481:10.1080/14736489.2019.1616262 8311:. Mondediplo.com. 10 May 2005 7965:Nasta, Susheila, ed. (2013). 7549:V.K. Krishna Menon Remembered 7503:The Milli Gazette (newspaper) 6308:. National Informatics Centre 6227:Mohanty, N.R. (August 2008). 5985:. 9 June 2016. Archived from 5804:Soren, Nayan (30 June 2020). 5793:. Bangalore: Equations. 2007. 5749:Jha, Jagdish Chandra (1958). 5385:"Vasco da Gama reaches India" 5304: 4931:were captured by the Japanese 4309:, along with the threat of a 4115:Bengal Criminal Law Amendment 3809:including what is now called 3345:Result of movements by Gandhi 3025:during Mahatma Gandhi's 1917 2977:Government of India Act, 1919 2953:widespread influenza pandemic 2821:Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition 2815:Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition 2809:Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition 2780:Indian independence committee 2678:First Lahore Conspiracy Trial 2501:Indian independence committee 2400:Child Marriages Restraint Act 2146:Howrah-Sibpur Conspiracy case 1906:National Council of Education 1835:Constituent Assembly of India 1808:Hindu, Sikh, and Muslim unity 1360:made to the people of India, 1211:'s policy of annexation, the 683:employed him to suppress the 443: 153:Portuguese East India Company 12010:Indian independence movement 11932:Japanese occupation of Burma 11191:The Arctic Home in the Vedas 11154:Tilak Maharashtra University 10967:Indian Independence Movement 10550:Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari 9826:Chauri Chaura incident, 1922 9508:Indian independence movement 9471:Indian independence movement 8588:. Har-Anand. pp. 140–. 8437:Nelson, Dean (7 July 2010). 8167:. Routledge. pp. 103–. 7929:Chatterji, Shoma A. (2015). 7614:10.1080/09592296.2011.576536 7080: 7054:Sengupta, Nitish K. (2011). 6961:Penal Settlement in Andamans 6121:. Notion Press. p. 65. 6082:The Journal of Asian Studies 5888:Singh, Kumar Suresh (2002). 5660:Gupta, Sanjukta Das (2011). 5446:"Sikh Wars | Indian history" 5309: 5086:Indian Independence Act 1947 4909:, in the forests of Arakan, 4618:, issued on 8 August at the 4311:Ghadarite uprising in Punjab 4183:Central Legislative Assembly 3608:Government of India Act 1935 3570:Government of India Act 1935 3227:. On the banks of the river 3202:Government of India Act 1919 3112:Imperial Legislative Council 2620:in February 1915 to end the 2396:Imperial Legislative Council 2252:Delhi-Lahore conspiracy case 2152:Alipore bomb conspiracy case 1870: 1850:temperance movement in India 1726:and founding members of the 1343:Secretary of State for India 1335:Government of India Act 1858 968:(1730–1796), was a queen of 613:Early Independence Movements 411:Indian Independence Act 1947 365:Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay 303:Indian Independence Act 1947 291:Indian Independence Movement 18:Indian Independence Movement 7: 12015:History of social movements 11912:Battaglione Azad Hindoustan 11715:Andaman and Nicobar Islands 11074:Kirti M. Doongursee College 10740:Virendranath Chattopadhyaya 10127:Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty 9401:. Oxford University Press. 9375:. Oxford University Press. 9349:Sofri, Gianni (1995–1999). 9154:. Oxford University Press. 8930:Majumdar, Ramesh C (1975). 8585:Communalism in Modern India 8460:Sources and further reading 8026:Journal of Military History 7763:Ali, Afsar (17 July 2017). 6879:Guha, Arun Chandra (1971). 6816:Christians in Secular India 6761:Christians in Secular India 6736:Christians in Secular India 6193:Rout, Hemant Kumar (2012). 5252:Independence Day (Pakistan) 5230: 5028:British Indian Armed forces 4945:Subhas Chandra Bose's death 4754:Battaglione Azad Hindoustan 4665:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh 4291:Sir Charles Stevenson-Moore 4247: 3856: 3832: 3418:Civil disobedience movement 3280:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh 2947:Nationalist response to war 2792:(centre), President of the 2022: 1724:Indian National Association 1422:Indian National Association 1403:Rise of organised movements 1219:also led to popular anger. 942:estate situated in today's 10: 12046: 11927:Selarang Barracks incident 10997:Kesari (Marathi newspaper) 10982:All India Home Rule League 10475:Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi 10027:Indian Independence League 9744:Partition of Bengal (1947) 9739:Partition of Bengal (1905) 9231:Gopal, Sarvepalli (1975). 8769:The Lives of Sri Aurobindo 8683:10.1177/002200947701200203 7602:Diplomacy & Statecraft 6908:July 1965, 2#3, pp 221–237 5242:Partition of Bengal (1947) 5124:which refused to join the 5108:and deputy prime minister 5053: 4919:siege to Imphal and Kohima 4792:First Indian National Army 4762:Indian Independence League 4747: 4725: 4547: 4526:Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose 4240:Indian Workers Association 4008:William Hutt Curzon Wyllie 3967:Madame Bhikaji Rustom Cama 3691: 3685: 3599: 3385: 3355:Congress Working Committee 3002: 2812: 2715: 2632:in the United States, the 2601: 2476: 2425: 2255: 2204: 2155: 2026: 1882:Partition of Bengal (1905) 1879: 1623:Rise of Indian nationalism 1185: 992:was an eighteenth-century 770:Syed Mir Nisar Ali Titumir 673:British East India Company 605:indirect political control 541:(1848–49) Anglo-Sikh Wars. 452: 428:. On 26 January 1950, the 29: 11962:Malaysian Indian Congress 11899: 11819: 11626: 11542: 11433: 11422: 11341: 11245: 11214: 11182: 11174:Tilak Smarak Ranga Mandir 11164:Tilak Nagar metro station 11146: 11105: 11082: 11046: 11025: 10957: 10866: 10765: 10650:Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi 10450:Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi 10270: 10147:Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar 10067: 10022:Indian Home Rule movement 9964: 9861:Fourteen Points of Jinnah 9801:Jallianwala Bagh massacre 9729: 9666: 9514: 9212:Gonsalves, Peter (2012). 8966:10.1080/14662049708447745 7857:, p. 147 Savarkar's 7331:Jallianwala Bagh Massacre 6935:Sedition Committee Report 6881:First Spark of Revolution 6843:. ABC-CLIO. p. 310. 6515:Robert P. O'Kell (2014). 6094:10.1017/s0021911807001234 5205:Indian victory over China 5114:Governor General of India 5074:Governor-General of India 5068:On 3 June 1947, Viscount 4721: 4315:Defence of India Act 1915 3536:(complete self-rule) Day. 3162:Jallianwala Bagh massacre 3150:Jallianwala Bagh massacre 3100:Jallianwala Bagh massacre 3009:Jallianwala Bagh massacre 2691:Jallianwala Bagh massacre 2674:Defence of India Act 1915 2517:Irish republican movement 2447:Defence of India Act 1915 2428:Defence of India Act 1915 1876:Partition of Bengal, 1905 1680:Servants of India Society 1646:Aligarh Muslim University 1644:, Uttar Pradesh (renamed 1494:Bankim Chandra Chatterjee 1351:Governor-General of India 1032:to attack the British at 774:Hindu Zamindars of Bengal 651:. He was born in a Tamil 514:and the Midnapur part of 400:Jallianwala Bagh massacre 11917:Special Bureau for India 11552:Indian National Congress 11222:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar 11138:Vishnushastri Chiplunkar 11123:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar 11054:Deccan Education Society 10972:Indian National Congress 10889:Indian annexation of Goa 10735:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar 10247:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar 10012:Indian National Congress 9811:Non-cooperation movement 9432:. Boston: Beacon Press. 9187:10.2105/AJPH.2007.120139 8992:Patel, Hitendra (2008). 8333:Transitions to Democracy 7287:(2000) pp 459–60, 519–20 6582:Marshall, P. J. (2001), 5272: 5247:Independence Day (India) 5207:in Nathu La and Cho La. 4996:Royal Indian Navy Mutiny 4988:Royal Indian Navy Mutiny 4841:in France in March 1944. 4744:Royal Indian Navy Mutiny 4732:Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind 4658:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar 4514:Pandit Ram Prasad Bismil 4403:Kallara-Pangode Struggle 4181:threw a bomb inside the 4105:under the leadership of 4070:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar 3477:Communist Party of India 3410:Non-cooperation movement 3332:leading the famous 1930 3276:Communist Party of India 2890:, a close confidante of 2703:after the final battle, 2682:Benares Conspiracy Trial 1990:was associated with the 1827:All India Catholic Union 1797:Indian Councils Act 1909 1728:Indian National Congress 1676:Indian National Congress 1610:showing "Mother India" ( 1526:V. O. Chidambaram Pillai 1486:V. O. Chidambaram Pillai 1396:Indian National Congress 1242:Indian rebellion of 1857 1188:Indian Rebellion of 1857 1121:Maveeran Azhagu Muthukon 1107:Veerapandiya Kattabomman 990:Veerapandiya Kattabomman 633:Maveeran Alagumuthu Kone 626:Indian Rebellion of 1857 314:Indian National Congress 11710:Rani of Jhansi Regiment 11455:Indian National Council 11169:Lokmanya Tilak Terminus 10894:Indian Independence Act 10480:Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan 10455:Jatindra Mohan Sengupta 10425:Dukkipati Nageswara Rao 10162:Kandukuri Veeresalingam 10142:Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai 9977:All-India Muslim League 9931:Royal Air Force strikes 9896:Round table conferences 9886:Chittagong armoury raid 9776:Hindu–German Conspiracy 9759:Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy 9529:Porto Grande de Bengala 9278:Modern India: 1885–1947 8861:Lahiri, Shompa (2000). 8632:. Viking. p. 122. 8630:The Indian Mutiny: 1857 8610:. Hambledon Continuum. 8330:Anderson, Lisa (1999). 8242:Islam, Shamsul (2006). 7704:Haq, Mushir U. (1970). 7477:The Nonviolence Project 7300:(pp. 226—411, 998) 6801:10.1111/1467-9809.00138 6275:: 45–50. Archived from 6166:Govardhan, Ram (2001). 6115:K. Guru Rajesh (2015). 6013:Encyclopædia Britannica 5450:Encyclopædia Britannica 5287:English colonial empire 5212:Commonwealth of Nations 5147:Instrument of Accession 5043:Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru 4338:Rampa Rebellion of 1922 4155:Chittagong armoury raid 4006:. The assassination of 3957:under the patronage of 3648:All-India Muslim League 3646:, the president of the 3368:Indians to World War II 3336:, a notable example of 2999:Gandhi arrives in India 2849:Hindu–German Conspiracy 2758:under direction of the 2644:, whose members of the 2560:German mission to Kabul 2485:Hindu–German Conspiracy 2479:Hindu–German Conspiracy 2473:Hindu–German Conspiracy 2408:Indian Military Academy 2364:All-India Muslim League 2358:All India Muslim League 2351:Jatindra Nath Mukherjee 2276:Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy 2258:Delhi-Lahore conspiracy 2207:Communist Consolidation 2201:Communist Consolidation 2184:Communist Consolidation 2162:Several leaders of the 1966:The British newspaper, 1813:In colonial India, the 1678:and the founder of the 1472:. The work of men like 1373:where he died in 1862. 1299:North-Western Provinces 1207:furthered dissent. The 919:in North Malabar, near 728:from 1798 to 1799; the 661:Ramanathapuram District 11663:First Arakan offensive 11128:Vasudev Balwant Phadke 10992:Sarvajanik Ganeshotsav 10680:Syama Prasad Mukherjee 10585:Purushottam Das Tandon 9951:Praja Mandala movement 9765:The Indian Sociologist 9469:Quotations related to 8090:Chandra, A.M. (2008). 7909:10.1093/ref:odnb/71628 7530:"Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi" 7394:India: A Country Study 6684:Ramnath, Maia (2011). 6609:Chhabra, G.S. (1963). 6379:"The Uprising of 1857" 6199:The New Indian Express 5293:control following the 5157: 5046: 4991: 4925:. During the war, the 4875:Hitler and Mussolini's 4863:All India Forward Bloc 4715: 4690: 4681: 4586: 4540: 4495:Especially during the 4469: 4089: 4034:of World War I led by 3975:The Indian Sociologist 3858:Dhaka Anushilan Samiti 3735: 3682:Revolutionary movement 3635: 3592: 3548: 3341: 3207:Chauri Chaura incident 3181: 3157: 3103: 3030: 2995: 2872:Werner Otto von Hentig 2805: 2802:Werner Otto von Hentig 2729:Jatindranath Mukherjee 2708: 2594: 2552:Annie Larsen arms plot 2499:, and in Germany, the 2469: 2462:Victoria Memorial Hall 2271: 2225:Calcutta arms act case 2015:Indo-German Conspiracy 1976: 1941:revolutionary movement 1867: 1784: 1731: 1683: 1619: 1579: 1445: 1414:East India Association 1399: 1330: 1284:Shahenshah-e-Hindustan 1263: 1227: 1178: 1004:, India who waged the 962: 879: 816: 629: 12020:History of South Asia 11947:India in World War II 11922:Azad Hind Decorations 11854:INA Defence Committee 11668:Hindustan Field Force 11450:Swami Satyananda Puri 10904:Political integration 10645:Shyamji Krishna Varma 10430:Gopal Krishna Gokhale 10375:Bhupendra Kumar Datta 10207:Rettamalai Srinivasan 10167:Mahadev Govind Ranade 9972:All India Kisan Sabha 9936:Coup d'état of Yanaon 9836:Qissa Khwani massacre 9821:Coolie-Begar movement 9636:Second Anglo-Sikh War 9216:. Sage Publications. 9027:10.1353/nhr.2003.0069 8788:German Studies Review 8161:Bapu, Prabhu (2013). 8124:Tucker, S.C. (2020). 7030:The Alipore Bomb Case 6980:www.millenniumpost.in 6469:World Digital Library 6238:: 1–3. Archived from 6169:Rough with the Smooth 6155:on 14 September 2008. 5536:Horo, Albert (2013). 5323:Svensson, T. (2013). 5192:and Portugal's other 5155: 5041: 4979: 4833:Sikh soldiers of the 4706: 4686: 4677: 4576: 4556:Bharat Chhodo Andolan 4538: 4418: 4374:, Krishna Devi Peta, 4313:, saw the passage of 4275:John Arnold Wallinger 4197:were hanged in 1931. 4163:Sachindra Nath Sanyal 4054:Shyamji Krishna Varma 4048: 4030:, culminating in the 3959:Shyamji Krishna Verma 3944:Robert D'Escourt Ashe 3717: 3638:In 1939, the Viceroy 3625: 3583: 3542: 3328: 3263:, diverging from it. 3179: 3144: 3074: 3057:Gopal Krishna Gokhale 3023:Anugrah Narayan Sinha 3016: 2985: 2788: 2699: 2587:1915 Singapore Mutiny 2584: 2548:1915 Singapore Mutiny 2509:German Foreign Office 2458:1915 Singapore Mutiny 2455: 2265: 1972: 1862: 1843:Constitution of India 1810:against the British. 1773: 1748:Gopal Krishna Gokhale 1720:Surendranath Banerjee 1718: 1672:Gopal Krishna Gokhale 1670: 1658:Gopal Krishna Gokhale 1605: 1550: 1534:Surendranath Banerjee 1443: 1418:Surendranath Banerjee 1390: 1328: 1254: 1246:1857 Indian Rebellion 1225: 1209:Marquess of Dalhousie 1167: 1154:Sidhu and Kanhu Murmu 957: 870: 811: 748:on the Roro River in 620: 576:in the sub-continent. 463:Company rule in India 430:Constitution of India 373:Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit 299:British colonial rule 226:British rule in Burma 196:Company rule in India 11720:Mohammed Zaman Kiani 11490:Bidadary Resolutions 11335:Indian National Army 11232:Subhash Chandra Bose 11159:Tilak Maidan Stadium 11133:Gopal Ganesh Agarkar 10730:Veeran Sundaralingam 10685:Tara Rani Srivastava 10620:Sahajanand Saraswati 10510:Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi 10395:Chandra Shekhar Azad 10300:Alluri Sitarama Raju 10257:Vitthal Ramji Shinde 10212:Sahajanand Saraswati 10132:Gopal Ganesh Agarkar 10032:Indian National Army 9876:Dharasana Satyagraha 9781:Champaran Satyagraha 9631:First Anglo-Sikh War 9304:Seal, Anil (2007) . 9257:. South Asia Books. 9094:. New Delhi: Anmol. 9090:Yadav, B.D. (1992). 8867:. Psychology Press. 8648:Fischer-Tiné, Harald 8368:By Robert Bohm.pp213 7897:"Dhingra, Madan Lal" 7784:K̲h̲ān, Lāl (2007). 7534:amritmahotsav.nic.in 6709:Latif, Asad (2008). 6069:on 4 September 2012. 6063:"Legends from South" 5666:. Orient Blackswan. 5618:Lees, James (2015). 5538:"Jharkhand Movement" 5495:Muthiah, S. (2008). 5225:Special Relationship 5162:Constituent Assembly 5126:Constituent Assembly 5099:British Commonwealth 4896:Indian National Army 4892:Azad Hind Government 4819:Indian National Army 4750:Legion Freies Indien 4728:Indian National Army 4699:) during that time, 4624:August Kranti Maidan 4516:and masterminded by 4478:provincial elections 4352:shifting cultivation 4334:Alluri Sitarama Raju 4253:saw founding of the 4147:Subhash Chandra Bose 4143:Kakori train robbery 4120:Sachindranath Sanyal 4086:Chempakaraman Pillai 4082:Anant Laxman Kanhere 4032:Sedetious conspiracy 3963:Paris Indian Society 3840:from conglomerations 3493:Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi 3353:On 14 July 1942 the 3312:Rajkumari Amrit Kaur 3261:Indian National Army 3120:Defence of India act 3027:Champaran Satyagraha 2992:Champaran Satyagraha 2927:. It influenced the 2884:Chempakaraman Pillai 2856:Raja Mahendra Pratap 2562:, the mutiny of the 2556:Jugantar–German plot 2341:Most of the eminent 1232:Pattern 1853 Enfield 1052:In 1804 the King of 521:After the defeat of 426:Dominion of Pakistan 392:indefinite detention 318:Indian Civil Service 216:British Raj in India 11794:Battle of Irrawaddy 11544:Subhas Chandra Bose 11435:Indian Independence 10951:Bal Gangadhar Tilak 10715:V. K. Krishna Menon 10660:Subhas Chandra Bose 10545:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 10540:Mohammad Ali Jauhar 10435:Govind Ballabh Pant 10415:Dayananda Saraswati 10340:Bal Gangadhar Tilak 10137:Gopal Hari Deshmukh 10117:Dhondo Keshav Karve 10112:Dayananda Saraswati 10107:Bal Gangadhar Tilak 10082:A. Vaidyanatha Iyer 9595:Anglo-Maratha Wars 9391:Wolpert, Stanley A. 9369:Wolpert, Stanley A. 9148:Ash, Timothy Garton 9015:New Hibernia Review 8444:The Daily Telegraph 7573:Rana, K.S. (2022). 7367:Past & Present, 6439:Chandra et al. 1989 6427:Chandra et al. 1989 6415:Chandra et al. 1989 6383:Library of Congress 6366:Chandra et al. 1989 6354:Chandra et al. 1989 6342:Chandra et al. 1989 6330:Chandra et al. 1989 6245:on 11 November 2013 5989:on 21 November 2021 5816:on 21 November 2021 5357:Hashmi, T. (2022). 5072:, the last British 4927:Andaman and Nicobar 4907:British Indian Army 4851:Subhas Chandra Bose 4811:Subhas Chandra Bose 4583:Quit India Movement 4550:Quit India Movement 4544:Quit India Movement 4490:British Indian Army 4392:British Indian Army 4299:W. Somerset Maugham 4128:Chandrashekhar Azad 4111:Hem Chandra Kanungo 4004:British Indian Army 3912:Italian Nationalism 3815:Partition of Bengal 3676:Allah Bakhsh Soomro 3644:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 3504:V. K. Krishna Menon 3502:was established by 3433:V. K. Krishna Menon 3375:Quit India Movement 3364:Quit India Movement 3304:Subramanya Bharathi 3257:Subhas Chandra Bose 3124:political activists 3092:political terrorism 2880:Maulavi Barkatullah 2662:as far as Singapore 2650:Hindu–German Mutiny 2618:British Indian Army 2572:British Indian Army 2568:Black Tom explosion 2533:Indian subcontinent 2521:British Indian Army 2439:failed conspiracies 2391:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 2384:Indian subcontinent 2366:was founded by the 2323:Basant Kumar Biswas 2011:Bhupendranath Datta 1922:Bhupendranath Datta 1709:Bal Gangadhar Tilak 1560:Bal Gangadhar Tilak 1538:Rabindranath Tagore 1514:Bal Gangadhar Tilak 1498:Rabindranath Tagore 1490:Subramanya Bharathy 1366:religious tolerance 1010:Dheeran Chinnamalai 996:and chieftain from 896:Maratha Confederacy 527:subsidiary alliance 357:Rabindranath Tagore 11859:Kailash Nath Katju 11804:Surrender of Japan 11799:Battle of Meiktila 11510:Bangkok Conference 11064:Willingdon College 10899:Partition of India 10745:Yashwantrao Holkar 10710:V. O. Chidamabaram 10665:Subramania Bharati 10595:Rahul Sankrityayan 10580:Pritilata Waddedar 10490:Shri Krishna Singh 10390:C. Rajagopalachari 10380:Bidhan Chandra Roy 10365:Bhavabhushan Mitra 10350:Begum Hazrat Mahal 10305:Annapurna Maharana 10177:Muthulakshmi Reddy 10122:G. Subramania Iyer 9816:Christmas Day Plot 9691:Indian nationalism 9641:Sannyasi rebellion 9539:East India Company 9446:Prasad, Bimal ed. 9373:Jinnah of Pakistan 9175:Am J Public Health 8977:. Editions Codex. 8281:Gordon, Leonard A. 8038:10.1353/jmh.0.0233 8001:Balakrishna, V.G. 7113:on 27 January 2006 6866:, pp. 255–257 6664:www.britannica.com 6049:The Times of India 5983:Adivasi Resurgence 5954:. 15 November 2019 5840:Live History India 5810:Adivasi Resurgence 5475:The Times of India 5237:Partition of India 5178:President of India 5158: 5060:Partition of India 5047: 4992: 4923:Japanese 15th Army 4612:passive resistance 4587: 4560:civil disobedience 4541: 4485:Viceroy Linlithgow 4336:led the ill-fated 4295:Sir Charles Tegart 4139:Chandrasekhar Azad 4090: 3876:group (centred at 3773:Front page of the 3636: 3628:Abdul Ghaffar Khan 3593: 3575:self-determination 3549: 3511:Simon Commission's 3402:C. Rajagopalachari 3342: 3322:, and many others. 3245:C. Rajagopalachari 3182: 3158: 3104: 3061:civil disobedience 3031: 3005:Rowlatt Satyagraha 2996: 2825:diplomatic mission 2806: 2724:Christmas Day plot 2718:Christmas Day plot 2709: 2595: 2470: 2345:leaders including 2327:Amir Chand Bombwal 2272: 2237:Hare Krishna Konar 2176:Hare Krishna Konar 2049:Hemchandra Kanungo 1868: 1837:, which asked for 1785: 1732: 1684: 1620: 1580: 1446: 1400: 1358:royal proclamation 1331: 1264: 1228: 1179: 1175:blowing from a gun 966:Rani Velu Nachiyar 963: 928:Nizam of Hyderabad 906:and his successor 900:Nizam of Hyderabad 880: 858:Jallianwallah Bagh 817: 762:Ganga Narain Singh 714:East India Company 630: 622:Bahadur Shah Zafar 553:Robert Clive with 459:East India Company 390:, which permitted 377:Pritilata Waddedar 361:Subramania Bharati 349:Abdul Ghaffar Khan 337:civil disobedience 310:Province of Bengal 246:Partition of India 11997: 11996: 11869:Tej Bahadur Sapru 11745:Rasammah Bhupalan 11648:Fall of Singapore 11611:Death controversy 11574:Bengal Volunteers 11409:Greater East Asia 11301: 11300: 11237:Chapekar brothers 11118:Bipin Chandra Pal 11059:Fergusson College 10987:Swadeshi movement 10917: 10916: 10884:Republic of India 10720:Vallabhbhai Patel 10705:Ubaidullah Sindhi 10605:Ram Prasad Bismil 10500:M. Bhaktavatsalam 10460:Jatindra Nath Das 10385:Bipin Chandra Pal 10320:Babu Kunwar Singh 10290:Achyut Patwardhan 10047:Khudai Khidmatgar 9891:Gandhi–Irwin Pact 9831:Kakori conspiracy 9791:Rowlatt Committee 9754:Direct Action Day 9716:Swadeshi movement 9696:Khilafat Movement 9686:Hindu nationalism 9646:Rebellion of 1857 9569:Anglo-Mysore Wars 9559:Battle of Plassey 9439:978-0-8070-5909-8 9408:978-0-19-513060-7 9382:978-0-19-503412-7 9360:978-1-900624-12-1 9334:. Rupa & Co. 9319:978-0-521-06274-9 9296:978-0-333-90425-1 9264:978-0-8364-2376-1 9242:978-0-224-01029-0 9161:978-0-19-955201-6 9131:978-0-521-08353-9 9079:978-0-7619-3338-0 9055:978-0-7146-4580-3 9005:978-81-230-2278-9 8984:978-2-918783-02-2 8950:Mitra, Subrata K. 8941:978-81-7102-099-7 8898:978-1-84885-723-0 8874:978-0-7146-4986-3 8853:978-0-521-45850-4 8829:978-0-7195-5017-1 8778:978-0-231-14098-0 8756:978-0-19-562798-5 8661:978-1-317-91681-9 8639:978-0-670-91137-0 8617:978-1-85285-457-7 8595:978-81-241-1416-2 8571:978-0-14-010781-4 8391:978-0-7146-5460-7 8343:978-0-231-11591-9 8255:978-81-7495-236-3 8201:978-81-250-2596-2 8174:978-0-415-67165-1 8137:979-8-216-06249-3 8103:978-981-261-975-4 8058:on 11 August 2007 7976:978-0-230-39271-7 7942:978-9-35150-543-3 7770:The Milli Gazette 7586:978-1-000-72827-9 7559:978-81-7827-133-0 7382:(1996) pp 258- 72 7159:(2000) pp 439–518 7067:978-0-14-341678-4 7040:978-81-89738-31-0 7013:978-1-84331-765-4 6825:978-0-8386-1021-3 6770:978-0-8386-1021-3 6745:978-0-8386-1021-3 6695:978-0-520-26955-2 6642:978-0-520-06041-8 6595:978-0-521-00254-7 6558:978-1-4008-7049-3 6464:"Official, India" 6128:978-93-5206-173-0 6033:. 3 January 2017. 5933:978-81-230-2544-5 5920:A.K.Dhan (2017). 5901:978-81-7046-205-7 5894:. Seagull Books. 5726:978-81-215-0353-2 5673:978-81-250-4198-6 5578:978-93-80607-10-8 5508:978-81-8379-468-8 5370:978-3-030-97158-8 5336:978-1-135-02214-3 5170:Republic of India 5110:Vallabhbhai Patel 5070:Louis Mountbatten 5064:Pakistan movement 4963:Tej Bahadur Sapru 4879:Free India Legion 4817:and revamped the 4758:Capt. Mohan Singh 4736:Direct Action Day 4532:to fight Britain. 4510:Kakori conspiracy 4497:Battle of Britain 4356:Madras Presidency 4319:Rowlatt committee 4305:in Bengal during 4283:Sir Harold Stuart 4279:Sir Robert Nathan 4224:Amritsar Massacre 4187:Inquilab Zindabad 4171:Jatindra Nath Das 4159:Kakori conspiracy 4062:Madan Lal Dhingra 3997:Sir Andrew Fraser 3977:, pamphlets like 3938:was shot dead by 3819:Punjab after 1907 3807:Madras Presidency 3730:, 29 January 1928 3656:Two Nation Theory 3652:Lahore Resolution 3553:Gandhi–Irwin Pact 3414:Vaikom Satyagraha 3253:Vallabhbhai Patel 3146:The Martyrs' Well 3116:Rowlatt Committee 3080:Rowlatt Committee 3017:(Sitting L to R) 2941:sedition in India 2937:Rowlatt Committee 2868:Oskar Niedermayer 2796:, at the head of 2564:Connaught Rangers 2158:Alipore bomb case 2124:Writers' Building 1953:Alipore bomb case 1926:Bipin Chandra Pal 1839:religious freedom 1831:Andhra University 1752:Bipin Chandra Pal 1568:Bipin Chandra Pal 1542:Swadeshi movement 1518:Bipin Chandra Pal 1474:Swami Vivekananda 1378:Benjamin Disraeli 1347:statutory council 1316:guerrilla warfare 1260:Doctrine of Lapse 1213:doctrine of lapse 1182:Rebellion of 1857 1158:Santhal rebellion 1136:Bakshi Jagabandhu 1074:Bakshi Jagabandhu 1039:guerrilla warfare 892:Madras Presidency 888:Kingdom of Mysore 884:Anglo-Mysore Wars 695:country when the 574:British supremacy 559:Battle of Plassey 492:Battle of Plassey 422:Dominion of India 345:Vallabhbhai Patel 287: 286: 254: 253: 161: 160: 118: 117: 16:(Redirected from 12037: 11879:Jawaharlal Nehru 11789:Battle of Kohima 11784:Battle of Imphal 11638:Battle of Malaya 11495:Tokyo Conference 11485:Rash Behari Bose 11428: 11374:Berlin Committee 11328: 11321: 11314: 11305: 11304: 11292:Wikisource texts 11289: 11277: 11276: 11265: 11264: 11253: 11252: 11198:The Orion (book) 10944: 10937: 10930: 10921: 10920: 10909:Simla Conference 10700:Tiruppur Kumaran 10670:Subramaniya Siva 10625:Sangolli Rayanna 10615:Rash Behari Bose 10555:Nagnath Naikwadi 10465:Jawaharlal Nehru 10410:Dadabhai Naoroji 10405:Chittaranjan Das 10295:A. K. Fazlul Huq 10217:Savitribai Phule 10042:Khaksar movement 9997:Berlin Committee 9982:Anushilan Samiti 9946:Independence Day 9906:Aundh Experiment 9881:Vedaranyam March 9786:Kheda Satyagraha 9771:Singapore Mutiny 9554:Portuguese India 9501: 9494: 9487: 9478: 9477: 9468: 9443: 9424:Gandhi, Mohandas 9412: 9400: 9386: 9364: 9345: 9323: 9311: 9300: 9268: 9246: 9227: 9208: 9198: 9165: 9140:Brown, Judith M. 9135: 9118:Brown, Judith M. 9105: 9083: 9059: 9038: 9009: 8988: 8969: 8945: 8926: 8902: 8878: 8857: 8833: 8811: 8782: 8760: 8738: 8715:Social Scientist 8702: 8665: 8643: 8621: 8599: 8575: 8545: 8516: 8492: 8453: 8452: 8451:on 21 July 2010. 8447:. Archived from 8434: 8428: 8427:, pp. 55–74 8422: 8416: 8409: 8403: 8402: 8400: 8398: 8375: 8369: 8361: 8355: 8354: 8352: 8350: 8327: 8321: 8320: 8318: 8316: 8305: 8299: 8298: 8277: 8271: 8266: 8260: 8259: 8239: 8233: 8227: 8221: 8215: 8206: 8205: 8185: 8179: 8178: 8158: 8149: 8148: 8146: 8144: 8121: 8115: 8114: 8112: 8110: 8087: 8081: 8074: 8068: 8067: 8065: 8063: 8048: 8042: 8041: 8021: 8015: 8014: 8012: 8010: 7998: 7989: 7988: 7962: 7956: 7953: 7947: 7946: 7926: 7920: 7919: 7917: 7915: 7893: 7887: 7881: 7875: 7869: 7863: 7852: 7846: 7840: 7834: 7828: 7817: 7811: 7802: 7801: 7781: 7775: 7774: 7760: 7749: 7748: 7740:The Friday Times 7735:"The dissenters" 7730: 7721: 7720: 7701: 7695: 7694: 7676: 7670: 7669: 7646:Social Scientist 7641: 7635: 7632: 7626: 7625: 7597: 7591: 7590: 7570: 7564: 7563: 7544: 7538: 7537: 7525: 7519: 7518: 7516: 7514: 7509:on 29 March 2020 7495: 7489: 7488: 7486: 7484: 7479:. 19 August 2021 7469: 7463: 7462: 7450: 7444: 7437: 7431: 7424: 7418: 7412: 7411: 7407: 7389: 7383: 7376: 7370: 7363: 7357: 7351: 7345: 7339: 7333: 7328: 7322: 7321: 7319: 7317: 7307: 7301: 7294: 7288: 7281: 7275: 7274: 7247: 7241: 7235: 7229: 7223: 7217: 7211: 7205: 7199: 7190: 7184: 7175: 7169: 7160: 7155:Lawrence James, 7153: 7147: 7141: 7135: 7129: 7123: 7122: 7120: 7118: 7109:. Archived from 7102: 7096: 7090: 7084: 7078: 7072: 7071: 7051: 7045: 7044: 7033:. Niyogi Books. 7024: 7018: 7017: 6997: 6991: 6990: 6988: 6986: 6971: 6965: 6964: 6959:Majumdar, R. C. 6956: 6950: 6944: 6938: 6927: 6921: 6915: 6909: 6902: 6896: 6895: 6876: 6867: 6861: 6855: 6854: 6836: 6830: 6829: 6811: 6805: 6804: 6784: 6775: 6774: 6756: 6750: 6749: 6731: 6725: 6724: 6706: 6700: 6699: 6681: 6675: 6674: 6672: 6670: 6656: 6650: 6649: 6625:Wolpert, Stanley 6621: 6615: 6614: 6606: 6600: 6598: 6579: 6562: 6561: 6539: 6533: 6532: 6512: 6506: 6500: 6494: 6493:, pp. 47–48 6488: 6482: 6481: 6479: 6477: 6460: 6454: 6448: 6442: 6436: 6430: 6429:, pp. 38–39 6424: 6418: 6412: 6406: 6400: 6394: 6393: 6391: 6389: 6375: 6369: 6363: 6357: 6356:, pp. 33–34 6351: 6345: 6339: 6333: 6327: 6318: 6317: 6315: 6313: 6302:"Paik Rebellion" 6298: 6292: 6291: 6289: 6287: 6282:on 22 April 2014 6281: 6270: 6261: 6255: 6254: 6252: 6250: 6244: 6233: 6224: 6218: 6217: 6212: 6210: 6201:. Archived from 6190: 6184: 6183: 6163: 6157: 6156: 6139: 6133: 6132: 6112: 6106: 6105: 6077: 6071: 6070: 6065:. Archived from 6059: 6053: 6052: 6051:. 17 March 2016. 6041: 6035: 6034: 6023: 6017: 6016: 6005: 5999: 5998: 5996: 5994: 5975: 5964: 5963: 5961: 5959: 5944: 5938: 5937: 5917: 5906: 5905: 5885: 5876: 5875: 5873: 5871: 5857: 5851: 5850: 5848: 5846: 5832: 5826: 5825: 5823: 5821: 5812:. Archived from 5801: 5795: 5794: 5785: 5779: 5778: 5746: 5740: 5737: 5731: 5730: 5710: 5704: 5703: 5701: 5699: 5684: 5678: 5677: 5657: 5648: 5647: 5615: 5609: 5608: 5606: 5604: 5589: 5583: 5582: 5571:. Primus Books. 5562: 5553: 5552: 5542: 5533: 5520: 5519: 5517: 5515: 5492: 5486: 5485: 5483: 5481: 5467: 5461: 5460: 5458: 5456: 5442: 5436: 5435:, pp. 11–12 5430: 5424: 5418: 5412: 5406: 5400: 5399: 5397: 5395: 5381: 5375: 5374: 5354: 5348: 5347: 5345: 5343: 5320: 5298: 5283: 5106:Jawaharlal Nehru 4971:Jawaharlal Nehru 4830: 4807: 4790:, leader of the 4784:Iwaichi Fujiwara 4779: 4252: 4249:Anushilan Samiti 4236:the India League 4179:Batukeshwar Dutt 4130:in north India. 4078:M. P. T. Acharya 4036:Rash Behari Bose 4024:Anushilan Samiti 4012:Madanlal Dhingra 4010:in the hands of 3946:at the hands of 3884:and his brother 3861: 3837: 3834:Anushilan Samiti 3817:in 1905, and in 3770: 3745: 3694:Anushilan Samiti 3566:Shivaram Rajguru 3481:Swami Kumaranand 3463: 3452:Jawaharlal Nehru 3448: 3435:in 1928 founded 3429: 3398: 3316:Muthulaxmi Reddy 3249:Jawaharlal Nehru 3221:Sabarmati Ashram 3154:Jallianwala Bagh 2988:Kheda Satyagraha 2933:Bolshevik Russia 2925:Third Afghan War 2876:Berlin Committee 2766:and the British 2636:in Germany, the 2634:Berlin Committee 2435:unrest in Punjab 2337:Howrah gang case 2300:Rash Behari Bose 2280:Viceroy of India 2245:Batukeshwar Dutt 2166:party including 2128:Dalhousie square 2104: 2095: 2086: 2007: 1996:British colonial 1984: 1950: 1949: 1947:Anushilan Samiti 1699:Dadabhai Naoroji 1689:Dadabhai Naoroji 1502:Dadabhai Naoroji 1410:Dadabhai Naoroji 1392:Dadabhai Naoroji 1382:Empress of India 1339:Cabinet minister 1150: 1138:, the leader of 1131: 1117: 1103: 1089: 1030:Maruthu Pandiyar 998:Panchalankurichi 932:Northern Circars 930:transferred the 783:Kol Insurrection 766:Chuar Rebellions 585: 550: 341:Jawaharlal Nehru 279: 272: 265: 182: 181: 175: 174: 139: 138: 132: 131: 125:Portuguese India 66: 65: 55:Map of colonial 53: 39: 38: 21: 12045: 12044: 12040: 12039: 12038: 12036: 12035: 12034: 12000: 11999: 11998: 11993: 11942:Masakasu Kawabe 11937:Burma Area Army 11907:Azad Hind Radio 11895: 11874:Bhulabhai Desai 11821:Red Fort trials 11815: 11730:A.D. Loganathan 11629: 11628:Indian National 11622: 11606:Habib-ur-Rahman 11538: 11436: 11429: 11420: 11337: 11332: 11302: 11297: 11241: 11210: 11178: 11142: 11113:Lala Lajpat Rai 11101: 11078: 11042: 11021: 10959: 10953: 10948: 10918: 10913: 10874:Cabinet Mission 10862: 10766:British leaders 10761: 10750:Yogendra Shukla 10655:Siraj ud-Daulah 10610:Rani Lakshmibai 10600:Rajendra Prasad 10590:R. Venkataraman 10535:Mithuben Petit‎ 10515:Mahadaji Shinde 10495:Lala Lajpat Rai 10330:Bahadur Shah II 10315:Ashfaqulla Khan 10285:Accamma Cherian 10280:Abul Kalam Azad 10272: 10266: 10237:Syed Ahmad Khan 10227:Sister Nivedita 10192:Pandita Ramabai 10187:Niralamba Swami 10152:J. B. Kripalani 10077:Ashfaqulla Khan 10069: 10063: 10002:Ghadar Movement 9960: 9841:Flag Satyagraha 9749:Revolutionaries 9731: 9725: 9668: 9662: 9564:Battle of Buxar 9510: 9505: 9461: 9456: 9440: 9419: 9417:Primary sources 9409: 9383: 9361: 9342: 9320: 9297: 9265: 9251:Majumdar, R. C. 9243: 9224: 9162: 9132: 9112: 9110:Further reading 9102: 9086: 9080: 9056: 9006: 8985: 8942: 8905:Maclean, Kama. 8899: 8891:. I.B. Tauris. 8875: 8854: 8830: 8822:. John Murray. 8800:10.2307/1428642 8779: 8757: 8727:10.2307/3517678 8662: 8640: 8618: 8596: 8572: 8564:. p. 600. 8554:Panikkar, K. N. 8534:10.2307/3634258 8462: 8457: 8456: 8435: 8431: 8423: 8419: 8410: 8406: 8396: 8394: 8392: 8376: 8372: 8362: 8358: 8348: 8346: 8344: 8328: 8324: 8314: 8312: 8307: 8306: 8302: 8295: 8278: 8274: 8267: 8263: 8256: 8240: 8236: 8232:, pp. 134– 8228: 8224: 8216: 8209: 8202: 8186: 8182: 8175: 8159: 8152: 8142: 8140: 8138: 8122: 8118: 8108: 8106: 8104: 8088: 8084: 8075: 8071: 8061: 8059: 8050: 8049: 8045: 8022: 8018: 8008: 8006: 7999: 7992: 7977: 7963: 7959: 7954: 7950: 7943: 7927: 7923: 7913: 7911: 7895: 7894: 7890: 7882: 7878: 7872:Popplewell 1995 7870: 7866: 7853: 7849: 7841: 7837: 7829: 7820: 7812: 7805: 7798: 7790:. Aakar Books. 7782: 7778: 7761: 7752: 7731: 7724: 7702: 7698: 7691: 7677: 7673: 7658:10.2307/3518012 7642: 7638: 7633: 7629: 7598: 7594: 7587: 7571: 7567: 7560: 7546: 7545: 7541: 7526: 7522: 7512: 7510: 7497: 7496: 7492: 7482: 7480: 7471: 7470: 7466: 7451: 7447: 7438: 7434: 7425: 7421: 7409: 7404: 7390: 7386: 7377: 7373: 7364: 7360: 7352: 7348: 7340: 7336: 7329: 7325: 7315: 7313: 7309: 7308: 7304: 7295: 7291: 7282: 7278: 7264:10.2307/3021176 7248: 7244: 7236: 7232: 7224: 7220: 7212: 7208: 7200: 7193: 7185: 7178: 7170: 7163: 7154: 7150: 7144:Popplewell 1995 7142: 7138: 7130: 7126: 7116: 7114: 7103: 7099: 7091: 7087: 7079: 7075: 7068: 7052: 7048: 7041: 7025: 7021: 7014: 6998: 6994: 6984: 6982: 6972: 6968: 6957: 6953: 6945: 6941: 6933:Regiment) (cf: 6928: 6924: 6916: 6912: 6903: 6899: 6877: 6870: 6862: 6858: 6851: 6837: 6833: 6826: 6812: 6808: 6795:(3): 357, 361. 6785: 6778: 6771: 6757: 6753: 6746: 6732: 6728: 6721: 6707: 6703: 6696: 6682: 6678: 6668: 6666: 6658: 6657: 6653: 6643: 6622: 6618: 6607: 6603: 6596: 6580: 6565: 6559: 6540: 6536: 6529: 6513: 6509: 6501: 6497: 6489: 6485: 6475: 6473: 6462: 6461: 6457: 6449: 6445: 6437: 6433: 6425: 6421: 6413: 6409: 6401: 6397: 6387: 6385: 6377: 6376: 6372: 6364: 6360: 6352: 6348: 6340: 6336: 6328: 6321: 6311: 6309: 6300: 6299: 6295: 6285: 6283: 6279: 6268: 6262: 6258: 6248: 6246: 6242: 6231: 6225: 6221: 6208: 6206: 6191: 6187: 6180: 6164: 6160: 6141: 6140: 6136: 6129: 6113: 6109: 6078: 6074: 6061: 6060: 6056: 6043: 6042: 6038: 6031:The News Minute 6025: 6024: 6020: 6007: 6006: 6002: 5992: 5990: 5977: 5976: 5967: 5957: 5955: 5946: 5945: 5941: 5934: 5918: 5909: 5902: 5886: 5879: 5869: 5867: 5859: 5858: 5854: 5844: 5842: 5834: 5833: 5829: 5819: 5817: 5802: 5798: 5787: 5786: 5782: 5747: 5743: 5738: 5734: 5727: 5711: 5707: 5697: 5695: 5685: 5681: 5674: 5658: 5651: 5616: 5612: 5602: 5600: 5599:. 20 March 2018 5591: 5590: 5586: 5579: 5563: 5556: 5540: 5534: 5523: 5513: 5511: 5509: 5493: 5489: 5479: 5477: 5469: 5468: 5464: 5454: 5452: 5444: 5443: 5439: 5431: 5427: 5423:, pp. 9–10 5419: 5415: 5407: 5403: 5393: 5391: 5383: 5382: 5378: 5371: 5355: 5351: 5341: 5339: 5337: 5321: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5301: 5284: 5280: 5275: 5233: 5194:Indian enclaves 5174:Rajendra Prasad 5135:Hyderabad State 5118:Rajagopalachari 5066: 5054:Main articles: 5052: 5002:and subsequent 4955:Shah Nawaz Khan 4847: 4846: 4845: 4842: 4831: 4822: 4808: 4799: 4780: 4768: 4746: 4726:Main articles: 4724: 4654:Hindu Mahasabha 4636:Aga Khan Palace 4600:Cripps' Mission 4596:Stafford Cripps 4592:South East Asia 4552: 4546: 4518:Rajendra Lahiri 4474: 4468: 4458: 4453: 4447: 4441:Three thousand 4440: 4429:Sanatana Dharma 4421: 4368:Rampachodavaram 4259:Calcutta Police 4220:Michael O'Dwyer 4203:Khaksar Tehreek 4199:Allama Mashriqi 4122:, founding the 3882:Aurobindo Ghosh 3830:In Bengal, the 3782: 3781: 3780: 3779: 3778: 3771: 3762: 3761: 3760: 3746: 3716: 3690: 3684: 3616:princely states 3604: 3598: 3467: 3464: 3455: 3449: 3440: 3430: 3421: 3399: 3390: 3384: 3359:Abul Kalam Azad 3347: 3272:Hindu Mahasabha 3187: 3180:Mahatma Gandhi. 3019:Rajendra Prasad 3011: 3001: 2969: 2967:British reforms 2949: 2939:to investigate 2921:Habibullah Khan 2817: 2811: 2790:Mahendra Pratap 2720: 2714: 2689:and thence the 2606: 2600: 2537:February mutiny 2481: 2475: 2430: 2424: 2422:First World War 2416:First World War 2360: 2339: 2260: 2254: 2209: 2203: 2168:Aurobindo Ghosh 2160: 2154: 2139: 2138: 2137: 2136: 2135: 2107: 2106: 2105: 2097: 2096: 2088: 2087: 2031: 2025: 2018: 2008: 1999: 1985: 1896:divide and rule 1884: 1878: 1873: 1756:Lala Lajpat Rai 1638:Syed Ahmed Khan 1625: 1552:Lala Lajpat Rai 1522:Lala Lajpat Rai 1506:Sister Nivedita 1405: 1312:Rani Lakshmibai 1303:civil rebellion 1301:as well, where 1280:Bahadur Shah II 1190: 1184: 1177:by the British. 1160: 1151: 1142: 1140:Paika Rebellion 1132: 1123: 1118: 1109: 1104: 1095: 1090: 845:Munda community 718:Rangpur, Bengal 615: 608: 593:Henry Singleton 586: 577: 566:Siraj-ud-Daulah 551: 504:Battle of Buxar 500:Nawab of Bengal 496:Siraj ud-Daulah 469: 453:Main articles: 451: 446: 396:Punjab province 381:Kasturba Gandhi 283: 236:Princely states 176: 172: 171: 170: 133: 129: 128: 127: 60: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12043: 12033: 12032: 12027: 12025:Decolonization 12022: 12017: 12012: 11995: 11994: 11992: 11991: 11984: 11979: 11974: 11969: 11964: 11959: 11954: 11949: 11944: 11939: 11934: 11929: 11924: 11919: 11914: 11909: 11903: 11901: 11900:Related topics 11897: 11896: 11894: 11893: 11886: 11881: 11876: 11871: 11866: 11861: 11856: 11851: 11846: 11841: 11836: 11831: 11825: 11823: 11817: 11816: 11814: 11813: 11806: 11801: 11796: 11791: 11786: 11781: 11774: 11767: 11762: 11757: 11752: 11747: 11742: 11737: 11732: 11727: 11725:Lakshmi Sahgal 11722: 11717: 11712: 11707: 11702: 11697: 11695:Subhas Brigade 11692: 11687: 11685:Gandhi Brigade 11682: 11677: 11670: 11665: 11660: 11655: 11650: 11645: 11640: 11634: 11632: 11624: 11623: 11621: 11620: 11613: 11608: 11603: 11596: 11591: 11586: 11581: 11579:Emilie Schenkl 11576: 11571: 11564: 11559: 11554: 11548: 11546: 11540: 11539: 11537: 11536: 11529: 11524: 11519: 11512: 11507: 11502: 11497: 11492: 11487: 11482: 11477: 11472: 11467: 11462: 11457: 11452: 11447: 11441: 11439: 11431: 11430: 11423: 11421: 11419: 11418: 11411: 11406: 11401: 11399:Imperial Japan 11396: 11391: 11386: 11381: 11376: 11371: 11366: 11361: 11356: 11351: 11345: 11343: 11339: 11338: 11331: 11330: 11323: 11316: 11308: 11299: 11298: 11296: 11295: 11283: 11271: 11259: 11246: 11243: 11242: 11240: 11239: 11234: 11229: 11227:Mahatma Gandhi 11224: 11218: 11216: 11212: 11211: 11209: 11208: 11201: 11194: 11186: 11184: 11180: 11179: 11177: 11176: 11171: 11166: 11161: 11156: 11150: 11148: 11144: 11143: 11141: 11140: 11135: 11130: 11125: 11120: 11115: 11109: 11107: 11103: 11102: 11100: 11099: 11094: 11086: 11084: 11080: 11079: 11077: 11076: 11071: 11066: 11061: 11056: 11050: 11048: 11044: 11043: 11041: 11040: 11035: 11029: 11027: 11023: 11022: 11020: 11019: 11014: 11009: 11004: 10999: 10994: 10989: 10984: 10979: 10974: 10969: 10963: 10961: 10955: 10954: 10947: 10946: 10939: 10932: 10924: 10915: 10914: 10912: 10911: 10906: 10901: 10896: 10891: 10886: 10881: 10876: 10870: 10868: 10864: 10863: 10861: 10860: 10855: 10850: 10845: 10840: 10835: 10830: 10825: 10820: 10815: 10810: 10805: 10800: 10795: 10790: 10785: 10780: 10775: 10769: 10767: 10763: 10762: 10760: 10759: 10752: 10747: 10742: 10737: 10732: 10727: 10722: 10717: 10712: 10707: 10702: 10697: 10692: 10690:Tarak Nath Das 10687: 10682: 10677: 10672: 10667: 10662: 10657: 10652: 10647: 10642: 10640:Shuja-ud-Daula 10637: 10632: 10630:Sarojini Naidu 10627: 10622: 10617: 10612: 10607: 10602: 10597: 10592: 10587: 10582: 10577: 10575:Prafulla Chaki 10572: 10567: 10562: 10557: 10552: 10547: 10542: 10537: 10532: 10527: 10522: 10520:Mahatma Gandhi 10517: 10512: 10507: 10502: 10497: 10492: 10487: 10482: 10477: 10472: 10467: 10462: 10457: 10452: 10447: 10442: 10437: 10432: 10427: 10422: 10417: 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R. Ambedkar 10094: 10089: 10087:Ayya Vaikundar 10084: 10079: 10073: 10071: 10065: 10064: 10062: 10061: 10054: 10049: 10044: 10039: 10034: 10029: 10024: 10019: 10014: 10009: 10004: 9999: 9994: 9989: 9984: 9979: 9974: 9968: 9966: 9962: 9961: 9959: 9958: 9953: 9948: 9943: 9938: 9933: 9928: 9923: 9918: 9916:Cripps Mission 9913: 9908: 9903: 9898: 9893: 9888: 9883: 9878: 9873: 9868: 9863: 9858: 9853: 9848: 9843: 9838: 9833: 9828: 9823: 9818: 9813: 9808: 9806:Noakhali riots 9803: 9798: 9793: 9788: 9783: 9778: 9773: 9768: 9761: 9756: 9751: 9746: 9741: 9735: 9733: 9727: 9726: 9724: 9723: 9718: 9713: 9708: 9703: 9698: 9693: 9688: 9683: 9678: 9672: 9670: 9669:and ideologies 9664: 9663: 9661: 9660: 9653: 9651:Radcliffe Line 9648: 9643: 9638: 9633: 9628: 9626:Vellore Mutiny 9623: 9618: 9617: 9616: 9611: 9606: 9601: 9593: 9592: 9591: 9586: 9581: 9576: 9566: 9561: 9556: 9551: 9546: 9541: 9536: 9531: 9526: 9520: 9518: 9512: 9511: 9504: 9503: 9496: 9489: 9481: 9475: 9474: 9460: 9459:External links 9457: 9455: 9454: 9444: 9438: 9418: 9415: 9414: 9413: 9407: 9387: 9381: 9365: 9359: 9346: 9340: 9328:Singh, Jaswant 9324: 9318: 9301: 9295: 9269: 9263: 9247: 9241: 9228: 9222: 9209: 9166: 9160: 9136: 9130: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9107: 9106: 9100: 9085: 9084: 9078: 9060: 9054: 9039: 9010: 9004: 8989: 8983: 8970: 8946: 8940: 8927: 8910: 8903: 8897: 8879: 8873: 8858: 8852: 8834: 8828: 8816:Hopkirk, Peter 8812: 8794:(2): 245–261. 8783: 8777: 8761: 8755: 8739: 8721:(9/10): 3–27. 8710: 8705:Ghosh, Durba. 8703: 8677:(2): 255–272. 8666: 8660: 8644: 8638: 8622: 8616: 8604:Collett, Nigel 8600: 8594: 8580:Chandra, Bipan 8576: 8570: 8550:Chandra, Bipan 8546: 8528:(3): 299–310. 8517: 8507:(4): 438–450. 8493: 8475:(3): 324–342. 8463: 8461: 8458: 8455: 8454: 8429: 8417: 8404: 8390: 8370: 8365:Notes on India 8356: 8342: 8322: 8300: 8293: 8272: 8261: 8254: 8234: 8222: 8207: 8200: 8180: 8173: 8150: 8136: 8116: 8102: 8082: 8069: 8043: 8032:(2): 144–172. 8016: 7990: 7975: 7957: 7948: 7941: 7921: 7888: 7876: 7864: 7847: 7835: 7818: 7803: 7796: 7776: 7750: 7722: 7696: 7689: 7671: 7652:(7/8): 11–47. 7636: 7627: 7608:(2): 239–260. 7592: 7585: 7565: 7558: 7539: 7520: 7490: 7464: 7459:History Review 7445: 7432: 7426:Sankar Ghose, 7419: 7402: 7384: 7371: 7358: 7346: 7334: 7323: 7302: 7289: 7276: 7258:(5): 767–791, 7242: 7230: 7218: 7214:Mukherjee 2010 7206: 7191: 7176: 7161: 7148: 7136: 7124: 7097: 7085: 7073: 7066: 7046: 7039: 7019: 7012: 6992: 6966: 6951: 6939: 6922: 6910: 6897: 6868: 6856: 6849: 6831: 6824: 6806: 6776: 6769: 6751: 6744: 6726: 6719: 6701: 6694: 6676: 6651: 6641: 6616: 6601: 6594: 6563: 6557: 6534: 6527: 6507: 6495: 6483: 6455: 6443: 6431: 6419: 6407: 6395: 6370: 6358: 6346: 6334: 6319: 6293: 6256: 6219: 6185: 6178: 6158: 6134: 6127: 6107: 6088:(4): 881–896. 6072: 6054: 6036: 6018: 6000: 5965: 5939: 5932: 5907: 5900: 5877: 5852: 5827: 5796: 5780: 5741: 5732: 5725: 5705: 5679: 5672: 5649: 5630:(2): 301–315. 5610: 5597:Jagranjosh.com 5584: 5577: 5554: 5521: 5507: 5487: 5462: 5437: 5425: 5413: 5401: 5376: 5369: 5349: 5335: 5314: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5300: 5299: 5277: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5270: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5232: 5229: 5176:was the first 5139:Operation Polo 5122:princely state 5094:15 August 1947 5090:14 August 1947 5088:, at 11:57 on 5051: 5048: 4967:Aruna Asaf Ali 4844: 4843: 4832: 4825: 4823: 4809: 4802: 4800: 4781: 4774: 4771: 4770: 4769: 4740:Noakhali riots 4723: 4720: 4701:M.S. Golwalkar 4697:sarsanghchalak 4695:The RSS head ( 4673:M.S. Golwalkar 4630:Gowalia Tank, 4577:Procession in 4548:Main article: 4545: 4542: 4473: 4470: 4467: 4466: 4419: 4360:Andhra Pradesh 4348:Slash-and-burn 4332:In the 1920s, 4255:Special Branch 4232:communist ones 4074:Senapati Bapat 4066:V. V. S. Aiyar 3992:Rowlatt report 3936:A.M.T. Jackson 3928:early attempts 3920:Kakuzo Okakura 3886:Barindra Ghosh 3854:identified as 3772: 3765: 3764: 3763: 3755:(center), and 3747: 3740: 3739: 3738: 3737: 3736: 3734: 3733: 3732: 3731: 3686:Main article: 3683: 3680: 3600:Main article: 3597: 3594: 3589:Mahatma Gandhi 3562:Sukhdev Thapar 3469: 3468: 3465: 3458: 3456: 3450: 3443: 3441: 3431: 3424: 3422: 3408:, joining the 3400: 3393: 3386:Main article: 3383: 3380: 3346: 3343: 3320:Aruna Asaf Ali 3186: 3183: 3088:British Indian 3076:Sidney Rowlatt 3066:Lokmanya Tilak 3000: 2997: 2968: 2965: 2948: 2945: 2929:Kalmyk Project 2899:Russian Empire 2837:British Empire 2833:Central Powers 2813:Main article: 2810: 2807: 2752:Jugantar group 2737:R. C. Majumdar 2716:Main article: 2713: 2710: 2628:, between the 2602:Main article: 2599: 2596: 2513:Ottoman Turkey 2477:Main article: 2474: 2471: 2423: 2420: 2359: 2356: 2338: 2335: 2298:and headed by 2256:Main article: 2253: 2250: 2205:Main article: 2202: 2199: 2156:Main article: 2153: 2150: 2110: 2109: 2108: 2099: 2098: 2090: 2089: 2081: 2080: 2079: 2078: 2077: 2073:Prafulla Chaki 2038:Barindra Ghosh 2027:Main article: 2024: 2021: 2020: 2019: 2009: 2002: 2000: 1988:Prafulla Chaki 1986: 1979: 1961:Prafulla Chaki 1886:In July 1905, 1880:Main article: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1854:Mahatma Gandhi 1776:Ghadar di Gunj 1722:, founded the 1662:Mahatma Gandhi 1654:Lokmanya Tilak 1624: 1621: 1524:), along with 1404: 1401: 1362:Queen Victoria 1276:Mughal emperor 1186:Main article: 1183: 1180: 1162: 1161: 1152: 1145: 1143: 1133: 1126: 1124: 1119: 1112: 1110: 1105: 1098: 1096: 1091: 1084: 1078:Paik Rebellion 1016:chieftain and 975:Nawab of Arcot 940:Paralakhemundi 902:on the other. 837:Revolt of 1857 756:occurred near 750:West Singhbhum 653:Vellalar caste 645:Nawab of Arcot 614: 611: 610: 609: 587: 580: 578: 552: 545: 537:(1845–46) and 531:Maratha Empire 475:, who reached 455:Colonial India 450: 447: 445: 442: 413:, which ended 369:Sarojini Naidu 325:Mahatma Gandhi 285: 284: 282: 281: 274: 267: 259: 256: 255: 252: 251: 248: 242: 241: 238: 232: 231: 228: 222: 221: 218: 212: 211: 208: 202: 201: 198: 192: 191: 188: 178: 177: 166: 163: 162: 159: 158: 155: 149: 148: 145: 135: 134: 123: 120: 119: 116: 115: 112: 106: 105: 102: 96: 95: 92: 86: 85: 82: 76: 75: 72: 70:Austrian India 62: 61: 54: 46: 45: 43:Colonial India 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12042: 12031: 12030:British India 12028: 12026: 12023: 12021: 12018: 12016: 12013: 12011: 12008: 12007: 12005: 11990: 11989: 11985: 11983: 11980: 11978: 11975: 11973: 11970: 11968: 11965: 11963: 11960: 11958: 11955: 11953: 11950: 11948: 11945: 11943: 11940: 11938: 11935: 11933: 11930: 11928: 11925: 11923: 11920: 11918: 11915: 11913: 11910: 11908: 11905: 11904: 11902: 11898: 11892: 11891: 11887: 11885: 11884:Bombay mutiny 11882: 11880: 11877: 11875: 11872: 11870: 11867: 11865: 11862: 11860: 11857: 11855: 11852: 11850: 11849:Burhan-ud-Din 11847: 11845: 11842: 11840: 11837: 11835: 11832: 11830: 11827: 11826: 11824: 11822: 11818: 11812: 11811: 11807: 11805: 11802: 11800: 11797: 11795: 11792: 11790: 11787: 11785: 11782: 11780: 11779: 11775: 11773: 11772: 11768: 11766: 11765:Burma theatre 11763: 11761: 11758: 11756: 11753: 11751: 11750:Shaukat Malik 11748: 11746: 11743: 11741: 11738: 11736: 11733: 11731: 11728: 11726: 11723: 11721: 11718: 11716: 11713: 11711: 11708: 11706: 11703: 11701: 11700:Bahadur Group 11698: 11696: 11693: 11691: 11690:Nehru Brigade 11688: 11686: 11683: 11681: 11678: 11676: 11675: 11671: 11669: 11666: 11664: 11661: 11659: 11656: 11654: 11651: 11649: 11646: 11644: 11641: 11639: 11636: 11635: 11633: 11631: 11625: 11619: 11618: 11614: 11612: 11609: 11607: 11604: 11602: 11601: 11597: 11595: 11592: 11590: 11589:Indian Legion 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9288: 9284: 9280: 9279: 9274: 9273:Sarkar, Sumit 9270: 9266: 9260: 9256: 9252: 9248: 9244: 9238: 9234: 9229: 9225: 9223:9788132107354 9219: 9215: 9210: 9206: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9188: 9184: 9180: 9176: 9172: 9167: 9163: 9157: 9153: 9149: 9145: 9144:Roberts, Adam 9141: 9137: 9133: 9127: 9123: 9119: 9115: 9114: 9103: 9101:81-7041-470-9 9097: 9093: 9088: 9087: 9081: 9075: 9071: 9070: 9065: 9064:Puniyani, Ram 9061: 9057: 9051: 9047: 9046: 9040: 9036: 9032: 9028: 9024: 9021:(3): 81–105. 9020: 9016: 9011: 9007: 9001: 8997: 8996: 8990: 8986: 8980: 8976: 8971: 8967: 8963: 8959: 8955: 8951: 8947: 8943: 8937: 8933: 8928: 8924: 8920: 8916: 8911: 8908: 8904: 8900: 8894: 8890: 8889: 8884: 8880: 8876: 8870: 8866: 8865: 8859: 8855: 8849: 8845: 8844: 8839: 8838:Jalal, Ayesha 8835: 8831: 8825: 8821: 8817: 8813: 8809: 8805: 8801: 8797: 8793: 8789: 8784: 8780: 8774: 8770: 8766: 8762: 8758: 8752: 8748: 8744: 8740: 8736: 8732: 8728: 8724: 8720: 8716: 8711: 8708: 8704: 8700: 8696: 8692: 8688: 8684: 8680: 8676: 8672: 8667: 8663: 8657: 8653: 8649: 8645: 8641: 8635: 8631: 8627: 8623: 8619: 8613: 8609: 8605: 8601: 8597: 8591: 8587: 8586: 8581: 8577: 8573: 8567: 8563: 8562:Penguin Books 8560:. New Delhi: 8559: 8555: 8551: 8547: 8543: 8539: 8535: 8531: 8527: 8523: 8518: 8514: 8510: 8506: 8502: 8498: 8494: 8490: 8486: 8482: 8478: 8474: 8470: 8465: 8464: 8450: 8446: 8445: 8440: 8433: 8426: 8421: 8414: 8408: 8393: 8387: 8383: 8382: 8374: 8367: 8366: 8360: 8345: 8339: 8335: 8334: 8326: 8310: 8304: 8296: 8294:0-231-07443-3 8290: 8286: 8282: 8276: 8270: 8265: 8257: 8251: 8247: 8246: 8238: 8231: 8230:Puniyani 2005 8226: 8220:, p. 140 8219: 8214: 8212: 8203: 8197: 8193: 8192: 8184: 8176: 8170: 8166: 8165: 8157: 8155: 8139: 8133: 8129: 8128: 8120: 8105: 8099: 8095: 8094: 8086: 8079: 8078:Tarak Barkawi 8073: 8057: 8053: 8047: 8039: 8035: 8031: 8027: 8020: 8004: 7997: 7995: 7986: 7982: 7978: 7972: 7968: 7961: 7952: 7944: 7938: 7934: 7933: 7925: 7910: 7906: 7902: 7898: 7892: 7886:, p. 129 7885: 7880: 7874:, p. 135 7873: 7868: 7860: 7859:Bande Mataram 7856: 7855:Majumdar 1966 7851: 7844: 7839: 7832: 7827: 7825: 7823: 7816:, p. 257 7815: 7810: 7808: 7799: 7797:9788189833107 7793: 7789: 7788: 7780: 7772: 7771: 7766: 7759: 7757: 7755: 7747: 7742: 7741: 7736: 7729: 7727: 7719: 7715: 7711: 7707: 7700: 7692: 7690:9781108621236 7686: 7682: 7675: 7667: 7663: 7659: 7655: 7651: 7647: 7640: 7631: 7623: 7619: 7615: 7611: 7607: 7603: 7596: 7588: 7582: 7578: 7577: 7569: 7561: 7555: 7551: 7550: 7543: 7535: 7531: 7524: 7508: 7504: 7500: 7494: 7478: 7474: 7468: 7460: 7456: 7449: 7442: 7436: 7430:(1991) p. 107 7429: 7423: 7416: 7415:public domain 7405: 7403:0-8444-0833-6 7399: 7395: 7388: 7381: 7375: 7368: 7362: 7356:, p. 181 7355: 7350: 7343: 7338: 7332: 7327: 7312: 7306: 7299: 7293: 7286: 7280: 7273: 7269: 7265: 7261: 7257: 7253: 7246: 7240:, p. 179 7239: 7234: 7228:, p. 281 7227: 7226:Majumdar 1975 7222: 7216:, p. 160 7215: 7210: 7204:, p. 300 7203: 7198: 7196: 7189:, p. 252 7188: 7183: 7181: 7173: 7168: 7166: 7158: 7152: 7146:, p. 201 7145: 7140: 7133: 7128: 7112: 7108: 7101: 7094: 7089: 7082: 7077: 7069: 7063: 7059: 7058: 7050: 7042: 7036: 7032: 7031: 7023: 7015: 7009: 7005: 7004: 6996: 6981: 6977: 6970: 6962: 6955: 6949:, p. 133 6948: 6943: 6936: 6932: 6926: 6919: 6914: 6907: 6901: 6894: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6875: 6873: 6865: 6860: 6852: 6850:9781576078334 6846: 6842: 6835: 6827: 6821: 6817: 6810: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6783: 6781: 6772: 6766: 6762: 6755: 6747: 6741: 6737: 6730: 6722: 6720:9789810815394 6716: 6712: 6705: 6697: 6691: 6687: 6680: 6665: 6661: 6655: 6648: 6644: 6638: 6634: 6630: 6626: 6620: 6612: 6605: 6597: 6591: 6587: 6586: 6578: 6576: 6574: 6572: 6570: 6568: 6560: 6554: 6550: 6549: 6544: 6538: 6530: 6528:9781442661042 6524: 6520: 6519: 6511: 6504: 6499: 6492: 6487: 6471: 6470: 6465: 6459: 6452: 6447: 6440: 6435: 6428: 6423: 6416: 6411: 6405:, p. 122 6404: 6399: 6384: 6380: 6374: 6367: 6362: 6355: 6350: 6343: 6338: 6331: 6326: 6324: 6307: 6303: 6297: 6278: 6274: 6273:Orissa Review 6267: 6260: 6241: 6237: 6236:Orissa Review 6230: 6223: 6216: 6205:on 6 May 2014 6204: 6200: 6196: 6189: 6181: 6179:9789381115619 6175: 6171: 6170: 6162: 6154: 6150: 6149: 6144: 6138: 6130: 6124: 6120: 6119: 6111: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6076: 6068: 6064: 6058: 6050: 6046: 6040: 6032: 6028: 6022: 6014: 6010: 6004: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5974: 5972: 5970: 5953: 5949: 5943: 5935: 5929: 5925: 5924: 5916: 5914: 5912: 5903: 5897: 5893: 5892: 5884: 5882: 5866: 5862: 5856: 5841: 5837: 5831: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5800: 5792: 5791: 5784: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5745: 5736: 5728: 5722: 5718: 5717: 5709: 5694: 5690: 5683: 5675: 5669: 5665: 5664: 5656: 5654: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5614: 5598: 5594: 5588: 5580: 5574: 5570: 5569: 5561: 5559: 5550: 5546: 5539: 5532: 5530: 5528: 5526: 5510: 5504: 5500: 5499: 5491: 5476: 5472: 5466: 5451: 5447: 5441: 5434: 5429: 5422: 5417: 5410: 5405: 5390: 5386: 5380: 5372: 5366: 5362: 5361: 5353: 5338: 5332: 5328: 5327: 5319: 5315: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5282: 5278: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5234: 5228: 5226: 5222: 5221:David Cameron 5217: 5213: 5208: 5206: 5202: 5199: 5196:in 1961, and 5195: 5191: 5187: 5184:in 1951, and 5183: 5182:Chandernagore 5179: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5154: 5150: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5102: 5100: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5029: 5023: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5012:British India 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4989: 4985: 4984: 4978: 4974: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4946: 4941: 4939: 4934: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4903: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4840: 4839:Atlantic Wall 4837:guarding the 4836: 4835:Indian Legion 4829: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4815:Indian Legion 4812: 4806: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4778: 4773: 4772: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4719: 4714: 4712: 4705: 4702: 4698: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4680: 4676: 4674: 4670: 4669:K.B. Hedgewar 4666: 4661: 4659: 4655: 4650: 4648: 4647:Muslim League 4643: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4627: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4608: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4584: 4580: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4551: 4537: 4533: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4506: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4479: 4465: 4461: 4460: 4459: 4456: 4455:Vande Mataram 4451: 4444: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4417: 4415: 4411: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4358:(present-day 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4344: 4339: 4335: 4330: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4297:, as well as 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4251: 4250: 4243: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4131: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4099: 4095: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4041: 4040:Lala Hardayal 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4000: 3998: 3993: 3989: 3988:Anant Kanhere 3984: 3980: 3979:Bande Mataram 3976: 3972: 3971:V.D. Savarkar 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3951: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3940:Anant Kanhere 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3874: 3869: 3865: 3860: 3859: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3836: 3835: 3828: 3826: 3825: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3799:Uttar Pradesh 3796: 3792: 3788: 3776: 3769: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3744: 3729: 3725: 3724: 3723: 3722: 3721: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3689: 3679: 3677: 3671: 3668: 3664: 3659: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3633: 3629: 3624: 3620: 3617: 3613: 3612:British India 3609: 3603: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3576: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3554: 3546: 3541: 3537: 3535: 3534: 3528: 3523: 3520: 3519:Motilal Nehru 3516: 3512: 3507: 3505: 3501: 3496: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3473:Hasrat Mohani 3462: 3457: 3453: 3447: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3428: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3397: 3392: 3391: 3389: 3379: 3376: 3371: 3369: 3365: 3360: 3356: 3351: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3264: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3217: 3215: 3210: 3208: 3204: 3203: 3197: 3193: 3178: 3174: 3171: 3170:Reginald Dyer 3167: 3163: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3137: 3136: 3130: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3067: 3062: 3058: 3052: 3050: 3046: 3045: 3040: 3036: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3015: 3010: 3006: 2993: 2989: 2984: 2980: 2978: 2974: 2973:Edwin Montagu 2964: 2962: 2956: 2954: 2944: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2917: 2915: 2914:King George V 2911: 2910:Lord Hardinge 2908: 2904: 2900: 2895: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2854: 2853:Indian prince 2850: 2846: 2845:British India 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2816: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2748:British India 2745: 2740: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2725: 2719: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2692: 2688: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2666: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2610:Ghadar Mutiny 2605: 2604:Ghadar Mutiny 2598:Ghadar Mutiny 2592: 2588: 2583: 2579: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2544: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2480: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2454: 2450: 2448: 2442: 2440: 2436: 2429: 2419: 2417: 2414:. During the 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2394:sixty-member 2392: 2387: 2385: 2381: 2380:British India 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2355: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2334: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2319: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2308:Chandni Chowk 2305: 2304:Sachin Sanyal 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2288:British India 2285: 2284:Lord Hardinge 2281: 2277: 2269: 2268:Lord Hardinge 2264: 2259: 2249: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2217:Cellular Jail 2214: 2213:British India 2208: 2198: 2196: 2195:Cellular Jail 2193: 2189: 2188:Cellular Jail 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2159: 2149: 2147: 2143: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2103: 2094: 2085: 2076: 2074: 2070: 2069:Khudiram Bose 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2045: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2030: 2016: 2012: 2006: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1983: 1978: 1977: 1975: 1971: 1969: 1964: 1962: 1958: 1957:Khudiram Bose 1954: 1948: 1942: 1937: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1918:Sri Aurobindo 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1902: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1883: 1865: 1864:Khudiram Bose 1861: 1857: 1855: 1851: 1846: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1811: 1809: 1805: 1800: 1798: 1794: 1793:Muslim League 1790: 1782: 1778: 1777: 1772: 1768: 1765: 1762:, Bengal and 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1710: 1706: 1705: 1700: 1696: 1694: 1690: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1650: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1617: 1616:Vande Mataram 1613: 1609: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1594: 1593:textile mills 1588: 1584: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1530:Sri Aurobindo 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1482:Sri Aurobindo 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1458: 1453: 1452: 1442: 1438: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1374: 1372: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1327: 1323: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1291: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1238:Mangal Pandey 1235: 1233: 1224: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1201: 1199: 1195: 1189: 1176: 1172: 1171: 1166: 1159: 1156:, leaders of 1155: 1149: 1144: 1141: 1137: 1130: 1125: 1122: 1116: 1111: 1108: 1102: 1097: 1094: 1088: 1083: 1082: 1081: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1070:Jayee Rajguru 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1050: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 985: 980: 976: 971: 967: 960: 959:Velu Nachiyar 956: 952: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 924: 922: 918: 914: 913:Pazhassi Raja 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 877: 873: 872:Pazhassi Raja 869: 865: 863: 859: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 814: 810: 806: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 779: 778:Bansher Kella 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 754:Bhumij Revolt 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 722:Bhumij Revolt 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 702:Eastern India 698: 697:Madurai Nayak 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 657:British India 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 627: 623: 619: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 584: 579: 575: 571: 567: 564: 560: 556: 549: 544: 543: 542: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 519: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 488:Mughal Empire 484: 482: 478: 474: 473:Vasco da Gama 468: 464: 460: 456: 441: 439: 435: 434:East Pakistan 431: 427: 423: 419: 416: 412: 408: 407:anti-colonial 403: 401: 397: 393: 389: 384: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 321: 319: 315: 311: 306: 304: 300: 296: 292: 280: 275: 273: 268: 266: 261: 260: 258: 257: 249: 247: 244: 243: 239: 237: 234: 233: 229: 227: 224: 223: 219: 217: 214: 213: 209: 207: 204: 203: 199: 197: 194: 193: 189: 187: 184: 183: 180: 179: 169: 168:British India 165: 164: 156: 154: 151: 150: 146: 144: 143:Casa da Índia 141: 140: 137: 136: 126: 122: 121: 113: 111: 108: 107: 103: 101: 98: 97: 93: 91: 88: 87: 83: 81: 80:Swedish India 78: 77: 73: 71: 68: 67: 64: 63: 58: 52: 48: 47: 44: 41: 40: 37: 33: 19: 11986: 11967:INA treasure 11957:William Slim 11888: 11808: 11776: 11769: 11740:Janaki Davar 11735:J.R. Bhonsle 11680:Azad Brigade 11672: 11615: 11598: 11584:Forward Bloc 11568:Purna Swaraj 11566: 11531: 11522:Hikari Kikan 11514: 11470:K.P.K. Menon 11445:Pritam Singh 11437:League (IIL) 11413: 11404:Pan Asianism 11291: 11278: 11267: 11254: 11203: 11196: 11189: 11089: 11012:Purna Swaraj 10879:Constitution 10867:Independence 10754: 10725:Vanchinathan 10355:Bhagat Singh 10310:Annie Besant 10271:Independence 10252:Vinoba Bhave 10056: 10052:Swaraj Party 9956:Lucknow Pact 9866:Purna Swaraj 9856:Nehru Report 9763: 9667:Philosophies 9655: 9621:Polygar Wars 9549:French India 9534:Dutch Bengal 9524:Colonisation 9507: 9473:at Wikiquote 9447: 9428: 9396: 9372: 9350: 9331: 9307: 9277: 9254: 9232: 9213: 9178: 9174: 9151: 9121: 9091: 9068: 9044: 9018: 9014: 8994: 8974: 8960:(2): 55–74. 8957: 8953: 8931: 8914: 8906: 8887: 8863: 8842: 8819: 8791: 8787: 8768: 8765:Heehs, Peter 8746: 8743:Heehs, Peter 8718: 8714: 8706: 8674: 8670: 8651: 8629: 8607: 8584: 8557: 8525: 8521: 8504: 8500: 8497:Bose, Nirmal 8472: 8469:India Review 8468: 8449:the original 8442: 8432: 8420: 8412: 8407: 8395:. Retrieved 8380: 8373: 8363: 8359: 8347:. Retrieved 8332: 8325: 8313:. Retrieved 8303: 8284: 8275: 8264: 8244: 8237: 8225: 8218:Chandra 2008 8190: 8183: 8163: 8141:. Retrieved 8126: 8119: 8107:. Retrieved 8092: 8085: 8072: 8062:24 September 8060:. Retrieved 8056:the original 8046: 8029: 8025: 8019: 8007:. Retrieved 7966: 7960: 7951: 7931: 7924: 7912:. Retrieved 7900: 7891: 7879: 7867: 7858: 7850: 7843:Hopkirk 1994 7838: 7786: 7779: 7768: 7744: 7738: 7717: 7705: 7699: 7680: 7674: 7649: 7645: 7639: 7630: 7605: 7601: 7595: 7575: 7568: 7548: 7542: 7533: 7523: 7511:. Retrieved 7507:the original 7502: 7493: 7481:. Retrieved 7476: 7467: 7458: 7448: 7443:(2003) p. 43 7440: 7435: 7427: 7422: 7393: 7387: 7379: 7374: 7366: 7361: 7349: 7344:, p. ix 7342:Collett 2005 7337: 7326: 7314:. Retrieved 7305: 7297: 7296:Denis Judd, 7292: 7284: 7279: 7255: 7252:Asian Survey 7251: 7245: 7238:Hopkirk 1994 7233: 7221: 7209: 7174:, p. 84 7172:Plowman 2003 7156: 7151: 7139: 7134:, p. 12 7127: 7115:. 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Madras: 8425:Mitra 1997 7914:29 October 7831:Yadav 1992 7483:4 February 7354:Lloyd 2011 7202:Brown 1948 7132:Gupta 1997 7093:Jalal 1994 6947:Heehs 2008 6918:Patel 2008 6503:Heehs 1998 6491:Heehs 1998 6451:Heehs 1998 6403:David 2002 6209:7 February 5433:Heehs 1998 5421:Heehs 1998 5409:Heehs 1998 5305:References 5186:Pondichéry 4885:'s Indian 4766:INA trials 4748:See also: 4520:; and the 4502:Quit India 3900:philosophy 3868:Bangladesh 3805:, and the 3692:See also: 3663:opposition 3640:Linlithgow 3416:, and the 3338:satyagraha 3334:Salt March 3044:satyagraha 3003:See also: 2722:The first 2426:See also: 2376:Bangladesh 2310:suburb of 2241:Shiv Verma 2112:Benoy Basu 2059:suburb of 1968:The Empire 1468:) sect of 1451:Arya Samaj 1320:Tatya Tope 1272:toll house 1134:Statue of 1034:Coimbatore 1014:Kongu Nadu 1002:Tamil Nadu 665:Tamil Nadu 557:after the 444:Background 438:Bangladesh 418:suzerainty 295:South Asia 11982:Hugh Toye 11972:Peter Fay 11952:14th Army 11771:Admin Box 11658:First INA 11600:Azad Hind 11516:Azad Hind 11500:H Iwakuro 11480:S.A. 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Das 11256:Category 11097:Hinduism 11033:Swadeshi 10858:Hastings 10818:Bentinck 10037:Jugantar 9681:Gandhism 9426:(1993). 9393:(2001). 9371:(1984). 9330:(2009). 9275:(1983). 9205:18048775 9150:(eds.). 9120:(1972). 9066:(2005). 8885:(2011). 8840:(1994). 8818:(1994). 8767:(2008). 8745:(1998). 8628:(2002). 8606:(2005). 8582:(2008). 8556:(1989). 8513:41855198 8397:9 August 8349:9 August 8283:(1990). 8143:9 August 8109:9 August 8009:28 March 7513:11 March 7117:20 April 6985:15 March 6669:11 March 6627:(1988). 6102:20203235 5865:The Wire 5775:44145239 5644:43307694 5514:9 August 5231:See also 5131:Junagadh 5082:Pakistan 5020:Calcutta 4938:Fujiwara 4929:islands 4873:to seek 4709:our own 4558:) was a 4238:and the 4228:Congress 4212:Jugantar 4201:founded 4157:and the 4098:Congress 3878:Calcutta 3873:Jugantar 3838:emerged 3751:(left), 3698:Jugantar 3632:Peshawar 3284:Brahmins 3278:and the 3199:the new 3192:Khilafat 3166:Amritsar 3102:of 1919. 3084:sedition 2839:, enter 2772:Calcutta 2705:Balasore 2515:and the 2412:Dehradun 2343:Jugantar 2292:Calcutta 2221:Kalapani 2164:Jugantar 2061:Calcutta 2034:Jugantar 2029:Jugantar 2023:Jugantar 1992:Jugantar 1930:Jugantar 1914:Arandhan 1901:swadeshi 1736:radicals 1462:Namdhari 1434:teaching 1297:and the 1288:Eurasian 1217:Red Fort 1026:Marathas 898:and the 825:Santhals 758:Midnapur 746:Chaibasa 679:and the 424:and the 329:Congress 11834:Dhillon 11760:Battles 11505:I Kikan 11465:F Kikan 11268:Commons 10778:Canning 10197:Periyar 9846:Bardoli 9614:Gwalior 9516:History 9450:(2008) 9196:2156064 8923:8793353 8808:1428642 8735:3517678 8542:3634258 8315:14 June 7666:3518012 7283:James, 7272:3021176 7081:Samanta 6937:, 1918) 6306:Khordha 6015:. 2023. 5291:British 5143:Kashmir 5016:Karachi 5014:, from 4786:greets 4604:Viceroy 4450:Samrats 4425:mlechas 4195:Rajguru 4191:Sukhdev 3775:Tribune 3757:Rajguru 3753:Sukhdev 3591:, 1944. 3479:leader 3114:by the 2907:Viceroy 2860:Germany 2707:, 1915. 2616:in the 2574:in the 2229:Marxist 2192:Andaman 2172:Kolkata 2132:Kolkata 2126:in the 2053:Kolkata 1934:Sandhya 1642:Aligarh 1470:Sikhism 1371:Rangoon 1308:Gwalior 1058:Kalinga 1054:Khordha 1043:Cauvery 994:Polygar 917:Cotiote 894:), and 726:Manbhum 712:to the 693:Madurai 685:Polygar 677:British 477:Calicut 11839:Sahgal 11369:Chatto 11147:Legacy 11038:Swaraj 11007:Swaraj 10848:Cripps 10843:Outram 10833:Lytton 10798:Curzon 10773:Wavell 10068:Social 9721:Swaraj 9604:Second 9589:Fourth 9579:Second 9452:online 9436: 9405: 9379: 9357: 9338: 9316: 9293: 9261: 9239: 9220: 9203: 9193: 9158: 9128: 9098: 9076: 9052: 9033: 9002: 8981: 8938: 8921: 8895: 8871: 8850: 8826: 8806: 8775: 8753: 8733: 8697: 8691:260216 8689: 8658: 8636: 8614: 8592: 8568: 8540: 8511: 8487: 8388: 8340: 8291: 8252: 8198: 8171: 8134: 8100: 7983: 7973: 7939: 7794: 7714:136880 7712: 7687: 7664: 7620: 7583: 7556: 7428:Gandhi 7400: 7316:29 May 7270: 7064: 7037: 7010: 6887: 6847: 6822: 6767: 6742: 6717: 6692: 6639: 6592: 6555: 6525: 6476:30 May 6176: 6125: 6100: 5930: 5898: 5773: 5765: 5723: 5693:Edvnce 5670: 5642: 5634: 5575: 5505: 5455:18 May 5394:18 May 5367: 5333: 5214:, and 5198:Sikkim 5141:) and 5062:, and 5008:Mumbai 5004:mutiny 4782:Major 4764:, and 4742:, and 4722:Others 4632:Mumbai 4564:Gandhi 4437:mlecha 4327:Samiti 4303:Samiti 4267:MI5(g) 4210:. 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