82:
325:, who were now having to compete with the increasing number of local cotton mills, were already in dire economic straits. Consequently, when the famine began, not only were they the first to apply for relief, but also did so in numbers that were much larger than had been anticipated. Since the government could now offer only limited relief to them in their own trade because of the large capital required, the majority of weavers—either of their own accord or as a result of official dictate—sought the conventional "relief works," which included earth-works and the breaking of rock and metal for building roads.
106:
280:
183:
839:, the former Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab. The Commission affirmed the broad principles of famine relief enunciated by the first Famine Commission of 1880, but made a number of changes in implementation. They recommended increasing the minimum wage in the "relief works," and extending gratuitous (or charitable) relief during the rainy season. They also defined new rules for relief of "
366:
deforestation in the area, and what forest that remained was either in private hands or in reserves. The tribal groups, whose accessible forests were now few and far between, consequently, first endured malnutrition and later, in their weakened state, fell prey to a cholera epidemic which killed 21 people per thousand.
573:
the first rains when the famine-afflicted population left the relief-camps for their villages; there, new pools of standing water attracted the mosquito-borne virus to which their already enfeebled condition offered little resistance. The following table compares the number of deaths due to different
173:
were affected. All in all, during the two years, the famine affected an area of 307,000 square miles (800,000 km) and a population of 69.5 million. Although relief was offered throughout the famine-stricken regions in accordance with the
Provisional Famine Code of 1883, the mortality, both from
317:
The Famine
Commission of 1880 had made special provisions for the relief of weavers, who practised the only trade other than agriculture that employed rural Indians. The commission had recommended that weavers be given relief by offering them monetary advances for weaving coarse cloth or wool that
365:
As the local government began to plan relief measures for the famine, they included, in the list of food resources available, forest produce for the tribal groups; the planned government-sponsored relief for these groups was accordingly reduced. The previous decades, however, had seen large-scale
345:
district had failed entirely on account of very little rain the previous summer. The rice, grown on small terraces cut into the hillsides and forming staggered step-like patterns, was completely dependent on the monsoon: the only means of irrigation being water from the summer rains which flooded
537:
In the second half of the 19th century, cattle numbers per farmer did increase; however, the cattle remained vulnerable to famines. When the crops failed, people were driven to change their diets and eat seeds and fodder. Consequently, many farm animals, especially bullocks, slowly starved. The
296:
4,833,500). Revenue (tax) was remitted to the tune of Rs. 12.5 million (£833,350) and credit totalling Rs. 17.5 million (£1,166,500) was given. A charitable relief fund collected a total of Rs. 17.5 million (£1,166,500) of which Rs. 1.25 were collected in Great
Britain.
255:: of the total area of 307,000 square miles (800,000 km) affected, 225,000 square miles (580,000 km) lay in British territory; similarly, of the total famine-afflicted population of 67.5 million, 62.5 million lived in British territory.
287:
A decade earlier, in 1883, the
Provisional Famine Code had been promulgated soon after the report of the first Indian Famine Commission was submitted in 1880. Now, guided by the Code, relief was organised for 821 million units at a cost of
206:
rains. When the winter monsoon failed as well, the provincial government declared a famine early in 1896 and began to organise relief. However, the summer monsoon of 1896 brought only scanty rains, and soon the famine had spread to the
300:
Even so, the mortality resulting from the famine was great; it is thought that in the
British territory alone, between 750,000 and 1 million people died of starvation. Although the famine relief was reasonably effective in the
258:
The summer monsoon rains of 1897, however, were abundant, as was the following harvest which ended the famine in autumn 1897. However, the rains, which were particularly heavy in some regions, set off a
318:
could then be used in poor-houses or hospitals. This was preferable, it was felt, to having them produce the finer cloth of their trade, such as silk, for which there was no demand during a famine.
530:
to pull the heavier ploughs—than were needed in other, wetter, regions of India; often, up to six bullocks were needed for ploughing. For most of the first half of the 19th century, farmers in the
309:, especially among tribal groups, who were reluctant to perform labour in public works to earn food rations, and who, according to Famine Code guidelines, did not qualify for "charitable relief."
843:" who had been found difficult to reach in 1896–97; in addition, they stressed generous remissions of land revenue. The recommendations were soon to be tested in the Indian famine of 1899–1900.
782:
Estimates of the total famine related deaths during this period vary. The following table gives the varying estimates of total famine related deaths between 1896 and 1902 (including both the
582:. In each case, the mortality had increased during the famine year; this included the small number of officially registered suicides included in the "injuries" category below.
392:, continued to export grains throughout the famine. The table below shows exports and imports for the two districts during a five-year period beginning in 1892.
1790:
940:
867:
1575:
Washbrook, David (1994), "The
Commercialization of Agriculture in Colonial India: Production, Subsistence and Reproduction in the 'Dry South', c. 1870–1930",
538:
famine of 1896–97 proved particularly devastating for bullocks; in some areas of the Bombay
Presidency, their numbers had not recovered some 30 years later.
1785:
1262:, Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. xxx, 1 map, 552.
569:
the rains as large groups of people collected on a daily basis to receive famine relief. Malaria epidemics, on the other hand, usually began
562:
and, in the next decade, would spread to many parts of the country. However, other diseases took a bigger toll during the famine of 1896–97.
271:, which although not very lethal during the famine year, would, in the next decade, become more virulent and spread to the rest of India.
346:
these terraces and which was then allowed to stand until mid-autumn when the crop ripened. The region also had a large proportion of
1625:
190:, February 27, 1897, showing a bazaar scene in India with shoppers, many of whom are emaciated, buying grain from a merchant's shop.
1499:
Hall-Matthews, David (2008), "Inaccurate
Conceptions: Disputed Measures of Nutritional Needs and Famine Deaths in Colonial India",
1193:
534:
did not own enough bullocks to farm effectively. Consequently, many plots were ploughed only once every three or four years.
1400:
Famines in India: A Study in Some
Aspects of the Economic History of India With Special Reference to Food Problem, 1860–1990
1159:
Damodaran, Vinita (2007), "Famine in Bengal: A Comparison of the 1770 Famine in Bengal and the 1897 Famine in
Chotanagpur",
384:
in the trade of grain. For example, two of the worst famine-afflicted areas in the Madras Presidency, the districts of
1230:
Ghose, Ajit Kumar (1982), "Food Supply and Starvation: A Study of Famines with Reference to the Indian Subcontinent",
574:
diseases occurring in the famine year with the average number occurring in the five years preceding the famine in the
1811:
1445:
1427:
1407:
1389:
1326:
1308:
302:
208:
199:
134:
835:
Both the famine and the relief efforts were painstakingly analysed by the Famine Commission of 1898 presided by Sir
1841:
1836:
378:
was preceded by a natural calamity in the form of a drought, it was made more acute by the government's policy of
174:
starvation and accompanying epidemics, was very high: approximately one million people are thought to have died.
1698:
1648:
857:
813:
Famine in Peasant Societies (Contributions in Economics and Economic History), New York: Greenwood Press, 1986
783:
1831:
1708:
1688:
1683:
1618:
1668:
341:, awareness of the famine came late in 1896 when it was discovered that the rice crop in the highlands of
1759:
1653:
1344:
Ambirajan, S. (1976), "Malthusian Population Theory and Indian Famine Policy in the Nineteenth Century",
599:
575:
212:
138:
98:
81:
90:
1269:"Notes on the Distress Amongst the Hand-Weavers in the Bombay Presidency During the Famine of 1896–97"
936:
811:
The Demography of Famines: An Indian Historical Perspective, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1996
1816:
1678:
1611:
852:
1826:
1821:
1440:, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Ltd (reprinted by Adamant Media Corporation),
105:
1703:
1673:
1547:
McAlpin, Michelle B. (1983), "Famines, Epidemics, and Population Growth: The Case of India",
872:
836:
86:
1183:
1179:
334:
244:
166:
43:
8:
279:
1417:
1592:
1564:
1536:
1471:
1361:
1288:
1243:
1219:
283:
Famine relief at the Zenana Mission at Deori Panagar, near Jabalpur, India, March 1897
182:
1767:
1479:
1441:
1423:
1403:
1385:
1369:
1322:
1304:
1247:
1189:
604:
592:
Death rates (per thousand) from different causes during the Indian famine of 1896–97
579:
559:
523:
403:
375:
322:
306:
268:
224:
220:
216:
150:
146:
824:
The Cambridge Economic History of India, Volume 2, Cambridge University Press, 1983
1663:
1584:
1556:
1528:
1508:
1463:
1353:
1280:
1239:
1211:
1168:
882:
1319:
The Economy of Modern India, 1860–1970 (The New Cambridge History of India, III.3)
1751:
1634:
937:
Final repor of thirds revised revenue settlement of Hisar district from 1905-1910
877:
862:
248:
170:
158:
94:
47:
35:
1467:
1215:
1658:
1172:
555:
531:
519:
359:
293:
264:
1588:
1512:
1805:
380:
252:
236:
228:
154:
1483:
1373:
1251:
355:
1382:
Famine: Social Crisis and Historical Change (New Perspectives on the Past)
1724:
1454:
Dyson, Tim (1991b), "On the Demography of South Asian Famines: Part II",
389:
232:
195:
130:
126:
31:
1202:
Dyson, Tim (1991a), "On the Demography of South Asian Famines: Part I",
1540:
1475:
1365:
1292:
1223:
338:
263:
epidemic which killed many people; soon thereafter, an epidemic of the
133:, early in 1896 and spread to many parts of the country, including the
1734:
1596:
1568:
674:
113:, January 31, 1897, showing the areas in India affected by the famine.
698:
240:
202:
experienced drought in the autumn of 1895 as a result of poor summer
162:
39:
1532:
1438:
Open Letters to Lord Curzon on Famines and Land Assessments in India
1357:
1284:
1268:
1257:
961:
923:
1560:
702:
655:
1603:
565:
Typically, deaths from cholera and dysentery and diarrhoea peaked
1729:
840:
678:
636:
551:
547:
347:
342:
260:
203:
73:
527:
424:
385:
351:
122:
1419:
The Famine of 1896–1897 in Bengal: Availability Or Entitlement
429:
142:
1260:
The Indian Empire, Economic (Chapter X: Famine, pp. 475–502)
554:, usually accompanied famines. In 1897, an epidemic of the
289:
1791:
Timeline of major famines in India during British rule
941:
Department of Revenue and Disaster Management, Haryana
868:
Timeline of major famines in India during British rule
1321:, Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press.,
1301:
The Economic History of India, 1857–1947, 2nd edition
1303:, New Delhi: Oxford University Press. Pp. xvi, 385,
1000:
998:
996:
983:
981:
979:
369:
312:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1489:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1107:
1105:
1103:
993:
976:
1803:
1786:Timeline of major famines in India prior to 1765
1519:Klein, Ira (1973), "Death in India, 1871–1921",
328:
1065:
1034:
1032:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
919:
917:
1492:Report of the Indian Famine Commission, Part I
1402:, Stosius Inc/Advent Books Division. Pp. 383,
1117:
1100:
973:1 unit = relief for one individual for one day
957:
955:
953:
951:
949:
915:
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
1619:
1498:
1258:Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III (1907),
1029:
1010:
1415:
1379:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
946:
929:
894:
591:
588:
401:
398:
321:However, by 1896, the rural weavers in the
1626:
1612:
1574:
1343:
1316:
1158:
1082:
1038:
1023:
962:Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III 1907
924:Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III 1907
1044:
278:
186:Drawing, titled "Famine in India," from
181:
104:
80:
1546:
1422:, New Delhi: Orient Longmans. Pp. 541,
546:Epidemics of many diseases, especially
513:
1804:
1453:
1397:
1266:
1201:
1130:
1111:
1004:
987:
101:were especially hard-hit by the famine
1607:
1518:
1229:
1178:
1142:
1059:
786:famine and the famine of 1896–1897).
526:required more farm animals—typically
406:affected by Indian famine of 1896–97
1549:Journal of Interdisciplinary History
1435:
1380:Arnold, David; Moore, R. I. (1991),
821:Cambridge Economic History of India
1633:
1298:
1094:
402:Foodgrain export from districts in
13:
1336:
1244:10.1093/oxfordjournals.oep.a041557
215:, portions of the presidencies of
14:
1853:
370:Food exports in Madras Presidency
584:
394:
358:who had traditionally relied on
313:Weavers in the Bombay Presidency
292:72.5 million (then approx.
274:
1136:
1088:
362:for some of their food intake.
153:presidencies, and parts of the
1436:Dutt, Romesh Chunder (2005) ,
1416:Chakrabarti, Malabika (2004),
967:
89:(1909), showing the different
1:
1151:
329:Tribal groups in Chota Nagpur
251:. The famine affected mostly
1521:The Journal of Asian Studies
1384:, Wiley-Blackwell. Pp. 164,
1161:The Medieval History Journal
830:
817:
802:
777:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
749:
746:
743:
740:
737:
732:
729:
726:
723:
720:
715:
712:
709:
706:
697:
692:
689:
686:
683:
673:
668:
665:
662:
659:
654:
649:
646:
643:
640:
635:
541:
502:
499:
496:
493:
488:
485:
482:
479:
475:7,683 tons imported into V.
474:
471:
468:
465:
460:
457:
454:
451:
444:
441:
438:
7:
1654:Great Bengal famine of 1770
1468:10.1080/0032472031000145446
1216:10.1080/0032472031000145056
846:
600:Central Provinces and Berar
576:Central Provinces and Berar
374:Although the famine in the
213:Central Provinces and Berar
139:Central Provinces and Berar
99:Central Provinces and Berar
10:
1858:
1699:Indian famine of 1899–1900
1694:Indian famine of 1896–1897
1649:Deccan famine of 1630–1632
1490:Famine Commission (1880),
1173:10.1177/097194580701000206
858:Indian famine of 1899–1900
841:aboriginal and hill tribes
626:Pre-famine years (average)
616:Pre-famine years (average)
587:
397:
223:, and of the provinces of
119:Indian famine of 1896–1897
91:provinces of British India
22:Indian famine of 1896–1897
1778:
1743:
1717:
1709:Bihar famine of 1966–1967
1689:Great Famine of 1876–1878
1684:Bihar famine of 1873–1874
1641:
1589:10.1017/s0026749x00011720
1513:10.1017/S0026749X07002892
1317:Tomlinson, B. R. (1993),
1185:Late Victorian Holocausts
603:
598:
558:broke out as well in the
461:79 tons imported into V.
434:Ganjam & Vizagapatam
412:
177:
69:
61:
53:
27:
20:
1812:Famines in British India
1679:Rajputana famine of 1869
1669:Agra famine of 1837–1838
1299:Roy, Tirthankar (2006),
1188:, Verso Books. Pp. 400,
888:
853:Tamil Nadu famine (1891)
1842:1897 disasters in India
1837:1896 disasters in India
792:Estimate (in millions)
1398:Bhatia, B. M. (1991),
1232:Oxford Economic Papers
738:All others and unknown
284:
191:
114:
111:Chicago Sunday Tribune
102:
1704:Bengal famine of 1943
1674:Orissa famine of 1866
873:Company rule in India
837:James Broadwood Lyall
282:
185:
108:
87:British Indian Empire
84:
1832:19th-century famines
1577:Modern Asian Studies
1501:Modern Asian Studies
1273:The Economic Journal
1167:(1&2): 143–181,
943:, point 22, page 11.
514:Cattle in the Deccan
503:7,997 tons exported
497:34,371 tons exported
489:5,751 tons exported
483:31,559 tons exported
469:12,334 tons exported
455:17,817 tons exported
442:13,508 tons exported
245:Central India Agency
167:Central India Agency
44:Central India Agency
1267:Muller, W. (1897),
755:Combined Death Rate
518:Farming in the dry
445:7,585 tons imported
305:, it failed in the
157:; in addition, the
1456:Population Studies
1346:Population Studies
1204:Population Studies
1007:, pp. 287–288
990:, pp. 285–286
285:
192:
115:
103:
1799:
1798:
1768:Akaler Shandhaney
1195:978-1-85984-739-8
935:C.A.H. Townsend,
828:
827:
808:Ronald E. Seavoy
775:
774:
771:
770:
605:Bombay Presidency
580:Bombay Presidency
560:Bombay Presidency
524:Bombay Presidency
511:
510:
507:
506:
500:414 tons exported
458:742 tons imported
416:Rail-borne Trade
404:Madras Presidency
376:Madras Presidency
323:Bombay Presidency
307:Central Provinces
269:Bombay Presidency
79:
78:
1849:
1817:Famines in India
1664:Doji bara famine
1628:
1621:
1614:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1571:
1543:
1515:
1495:
1486:
1450:
1432:
1412:
1394:
1376:
1331:
1313:
1295:
1263:
1254:
1226:
1198:
1175:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1128:
1115:
1109:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1085:, pp. 82–83
1080:
1063:
1057:
1042:
1036:
1027:
1021:
1008:
1002:
991:
985:
974:
971:
965:
959:
944:
933:
927:
921:
883:Drought in India
789:
788:
589:
585:
472:89 tons exported
399:
395:
303:United Provinces
209:United Provinces
135:United Provinces
23:
18:
17:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1774:
1760:Distant Thunder
1739:
1713:
1637:
1635:Famine in India
1632:
1602:
1533:10.2307/2052814
1448:
1430:
1410:
1392:
1358:10.2307/2173660
1339:
1337:Further reading
1334:
1329:
1311:
1285:10.2307/2957261
1279:(26): 285–288,
1196:
1154:
1149:
1141:
1137:
1129:
1118:
1110:
1101:
1093:
1089:
1081:
1066:
1058:
1045:
1037:
1030:
1022:
1011:
1003:
994:
986:
977:
972:
968:
960:
947:
939:, Gazetteer of
934:
930:
922:
895:
891:
878:Famine in India
863:Famine in India
849:
833:
812:
807:
806:Arup Maharatna
780:
630:
625:
620:
615:
544:
516:
486:4 tons exported
413:Sea-borne Trade
372:
331:
315:
277:
180:
159:princely states
145:, parts of the
95:princely states
36:princely states
21:
12:
11:
5:
1855:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1764:
1756:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1659:Chalisa famine
1656:
1651:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1631:
1630:
1623:
1616:
1608:
1601:
1600:
1583:(1): 129–164,
1572:
1561:10.2307/203709
1555:(2): 351–366,
1544:
1527:(4): 639–659,
1516:
1496:
1487:
1462:(2): 279–297,
1451:
1446:
1433:
1428:
1413:
1408:
1395:
1390:
1377:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1314:
1309:
1296:
1264:
1255:
1238:(2): 368–389,
1234:, New Series,
1227:
1199:
1194:
1176:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1147:
1135:
1116:
1099:
1087:
1083:Tomlinson 1993
1064:
1043:
1039:Damodaran 2007
1028:
1024:Damodaran 2007
1009:
992:
975:
966:
945:
928:
892:
890:
887:
886:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
848:
845:
832:
829:
826:
825:
822:
819:
815:
814:
809:
804:
800:
799:
796:
793:
779:
776:
773:
772:
769:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
752:
751:
748:
745:
742:
739:
735:
734:
731:
728:
725:
722:
718:
717:
714:
711:
708:
705:
695:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
671:
670:
667:
664:
661:
658:
652:
651:
648:
645:
642:
639:
633:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
611:Cause of death
608:
607:
602:
597:
594:
593:
556:bubonic plague
543:
540:
522:region of the
515:
512:
509:
508:
505:
504:
501:
498:
495:
491:
490:
487:
484:
481:
477:
476:
473:
470:
467:
463:
462:
459:
456:
453:
449:
448:
446:
443:
440:
436:
435:
432:
427:
422:
418:
417:
414:
411:
408:
407:
371:
368:
360:forest produce
330:
327:
314:
311:
276:
273:
265:bubonic plague
239:affected were
179:
176:
125:that began in
77:
76:
71:
67:
66:
63:
59:
58:
55:
51:
50:
29:
25:
24:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1854:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1827:1897 in India
1825:
1823:
1822:1896 in India
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1624:
1622:
1617:
1615:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1449:
1447:1-4021-5115-2
1443:
1439:
1434:
1431:
1429:81-250-2389-5
1425:
1421:
1420:
1414:
1411:
1409:81-220-0211-0
1405:
1401:
1396:
1393:
1391:0-631-15119-2
1387:
1383:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1341:
1330:
1328:0-521-58939-8
1324:
1320:
1315:
1312:
1310:0-19-568430-3
1306:
1302:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1197:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1156:
1144:
1139:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1097:, p. 363
1096:
1091:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1062:, p. 380
1061:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1041:, p. 170
1040:
1035:
1033:
1026:, p. 169
1025:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1006:
1001:
999:
997:
989:
984:
982:
980:
970:
964:, p. 491
963:
958:
956:
954:
952:
950:
942:
938:
932:
926:, p. 490
925:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
900:
898:
893:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
850:
844:
842:
838:
823:
820:
816:
810:
805:
801:
797:
794:
791:
790:
787:
785:
753:
736:
719:
704:
700:
696:
680:
676:
672:
657:
653:
638:
634:
628:
623:
618:
613:
610:
609:
606:
601:
596:
595:
590:
586:
583:
581:
577:
572:
568:
563:
561:
557:
553:
549:
539:
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
492:
478:
464:
450:
447:
437:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
420:
419:
415:
410:
409:
405:
400:
396:
393:
391:
387:
383:
382:
381:laissez faire
377:
367:
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
348:tribal groups
344:
340:
336:
326:
324:
319:
310:
308:
304:
298:
295:
291:
281:
275:Famine relief
272:
270:
267:began in the
266:
262:
256:
254:
253:British India
250:
246:
242:
238:
237:native states
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
205:
201:
200:Agra Province
197:
189:
184:
175:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
112:
107:
100:
96:
92:
88:
83:
75:
72:
68:
65:ca. 1 million
64:
60:
56:
52:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
30:
26:
19:
16:
1766:
1758:
1750:
1693:
1580:
1576:
1552:
1548:
1524:
1520:
1504:
1500:
1491:
1459:
1455:
1437:
1418:
1399:
1381:
1349:
1345:
1318:
1300:
1276:
1272:
1259:
1235:
1231:
1207:
1203:
1184:
1164:
1160:
1138:
1133:, p. 16
1114:, p. 15
1090:
969:
931:
834:
798:Publication
781:
677:(especially
631:Famine year
570:
566:
564:
545:
536:
517:
379:
373:
364:
335:Chota Nagpur
332:
320:
316:
299:
286:
257:
198:district of
193:
187:
118:
116:
110:
62:Total deaths
15:
1725:British Raj
1507:(1): 1–24,
1352:(1): 5–14,
1210:(1): 5–25,
1180:Davis, Mike
1145:, p. 7
1131:Dyson 1991a
1112:Dyson 1991a
1005:Muller 1897
988:Muller 1897
621:Famine year
390:Vizagapatam
233:Upper Burma
231:, and even
196:Bundelkhand
188:The Graphic
127:Bundelkhand
85:Map of the
1806:Categories
1494:, Calcutta
1152:References
1143:Davis 2001
1060:Ghose 1982
350:including
339:East India
831:Aftermath
784:1899–1900
778:Mortality
699:Dysentery
542:Epidemics
249:Hyderabad
241:Rajputana
171:Hyderabad
163:Rajputana
109:Map from
57:1896–1897
48:Hyderabad
40:Rajputana
1484:11622922
1374:11630514
1252:11620403
1182:(2001),
1095:Roy 2006
847:See also
795:Done by
721:Injuries
703:Diarrhea
656:Smallpox
624:1891–95
614:1891–95
578:and the
528:bullocks
93:and the
1779:Related
1752:Nabanna
1735:El Niño
1730:Monsoon
1642:Famines
1541:2052814
1476:2174784
1366:2173660
1293:2957261
1224:2174991
679:Malaria
637:Cholera
552:malaria
548:cholera
494:1896–97
480:1895–96
466:1894–95
452:1893–94
439:1892–93
352:Santals
343:Manbhum
261:malaria
204:monsoon
74:drought
28:Country
1771:(1980)
1763:(1973)
1755:(1944)
1718:Issues
1597:312924
1595:
1569:203709
1567:
1539:
1482:
1474:
1444:
1426:
1406:
1388:
1372:
1364:
1325:
1307:
1291:
1250:
1222:
1192:
767:39.84
693:24.59
675:Fevers
567:before
532:Deccan
520:Deccan
425:Ganjam
386:Ganjam
356:Mundas
247:, and
235:. The
229:Punjab
225:Bengal
221:Madras
217:Bombay
178:Course
169:, and
155:Punjab
151:Madras
147:Bombay
137:, the
123:famine
121:was a
97:. The
70:Causes
54:Period
46:, and
34:, the
1744:Media
1593:JSTOR
1565:JSTOR
1537:JSTOR
1472:JSTOR
1362:JSTOR
1289:JSTOR
1220:JSTOR
889:Notes
764:29.58
761:69.34
758:33.86
750:7.08
744:12.64
733:0.37
716:4.57
690:21.12
687:40.98
684:21.28
669:0.20
650:3.03
629:1897
619:1897
571:after
430:Vizag
143:Bihar
131:India
32:India
1480:PMID
1442:ISBN
1424:ISBN
1404:ISBN
1386:ISBN
1370:PMID
1323:ISBN
1305:ISBN
1248:PMID
1190:ISBN
818:6.1
803:8.4
747:4.84
741:8.14
730:0.31
727:0.79
724:0.56
713:1.87
710:8.53
707:1.85
666:0.14
663:0.38
660:0.24
647:1.30
644:6.01
641:1.79
550:and
421:Year
388:and
354:and
219:and
194:The
149:and
117:The
1585:doi
1557:doi
1529:doi
1509:doi
1464:doi
1354:doi
1281:doi
1240:doi
1212:doi
1169:doi
333:In
290:Rs.
161:of
38:of
1808::
1591:,
1581:28
1579:,
1563:,
1553:14
1551:,
1535:,
1525:32
1523:,
1505:42
1503:,
1478:,
1470:,
1460:45
1458:,
1368:,
1360:,
1350:30
1348:,
1287:,
1275:,
1271:,
1246:,
1236:34
1218:,
1208:45
1206:,
1165:10
1163:,
1119:^
1102:^
1067:^
1046:^
1031:^
1012:^
995:^
978:^
948:^
896:^
337:,
243:,
227:,
211:,
165:,
141:,
129:,
42:,
1627:e
1620:t
1613:v
1587::
1559::
1531::
1511::
1466::
1356::
1283::
1277:7
1242::
1214::
1171::
701:/
681:)
294:£
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