150:
173:
971:
appearance of the recruit before a magistrate in the district of recruitment and not the port of embarkation, licensing of recruiters and penalties to recruiters for not observing rules for recruitment, legally defined rules for the
Protector of Emigrants, rules for the depots, payment for agents to be by salary and not commission, the treatment of emigrants on board ships and the proportion of females to males were set uniformly to 25 females to 100 males. Despite this the sugar colonies were able to devise labour laws that were disadvantageous to the immigrants. For example, in
158:
142:
431:. Return passage had to be provided at any time after five years when claimed. After the lifting of the ban, the first ship left Calcutta for Mauritius on 23 January 1843. The Protector of the Immigrants in Mauritius reported that a ship arrived every few days with a human consignment and a large number of immigrants were causing a backlog in processing and he asked for help. During 1843, 30,218 male and 4,307 female indentured immigrants entered Mauritius. The first ship from Madras arrived in Mauritius on 21 April 1843.
308:. The would-be emigrant and his emigration agent were required to appear before an officer designated by the Government of British India, with a written statement of the terms of the contract. The length of service was to be five years, renewable for further five-year terms. The emigrant was to be returned at the end of his service to the port of departure. Each emigrant vessel was required to conform to certain standards of space, diet etc. and to carry a medical officer. In 1837 this scheme was extended to
1794:
1310:
ten years’ continuous residence. If the
Emigrant was under twelve years of age when he was introduced into the colony, he will be entitled to a free return passage if he claims it before he reaches 24 years of age and fulfills the other conditions as to residence. A child of an Emigrant born within the colony will be entitled to a free return passage until he reaches the age of twelve, and must be accompanied on the voyage by his parents or guardian.
705:
within six months of entitlement, it would be forfeited, but with safeguards for the sick and poor. A further change in 1852 stipulated that labourers could return after five years (contributing $ 35 towards the return passage) but would qualify for a free return passage after 10 years. This had a negative effect on recruitment as few wanted to sign up for 10 years and a sum of $ 35 was prohibitive; the change was discontinued after 1858.
1214:
1084:
994:
910:
786:
635:
445:
358:
240:
704:
of £2 to each labourer who decided to remain in
Mauritius and renounce his claim to a free passage. The Mauritius Government also wanted to discontinue the return passage and finally on 3 August 1852, the Government of British India agreed to change the conditions whereby if a passage was not claimed
616:
Importing indentured labour became viable for plantation owners because newly emancipated slaves refused to work for low wages. This is demonstrated in the sheer number of freed slaves in colonies that imported Indian workers. Jamaica had 322,000 while
British Guiana and Barbados had about 90,000 and
717:
was small and the first effort to correct this imbalance was when, on 18 March 1856, the
Secretary for the Colonies sent a dispatch to the Governor of Demerara that stated that for the season 1856–7 women must form 25 percent of the total. It was more difficult to induce women from North India to go
1291:
Monthly or Daily Wages and Task-Work Rates-When employed at time-work every adult male
Emigrant above the age of fifteen years will be paid not less than one shilling, which is at present equivalent to twelve annas and every adult female Emigrant above that age not less than nine pence, which is at
1309:
After ten years’ continuous residence every
Emigrant who was above the age of twelve on introduction to the Colony and who during that period has completed an industrial residence of five years, shall be entitled to a free-return passage if he claims it within two years after the completion of the
742:
The success of the Indian indenture system for the
British, at a terrible human cost, did not remain unnoticed. Other European plantation owners began setting up agents in India to recruit manpower. For instance, French sugar colonies hired labour via the French ports in India without knowledge of
1325:
An
Emigrant who has a wife still living is not allowed to marry another wife in the Colony unless his marriage with his first wife shall have been legally dissolved; but if he is married to more than one wife in his country he can take them all with him to the Colony and they will then be legally
1313:
Other
Conditions-Emigrants will receive rations from their employers during the first six months after their arrival on the plantation according to the scale prescribed by the government of Fiji at a daily cost of four pence, which is at present equivalent to four annas, for each person of twelve
1299:
The law is that a man's task shall be as much as ordinary able-bodied adult male Emigrant can do in six hours’ steady work, and that a woman's task shall be three-fourths of a man's task. An employer is not bound to allot, nor is an Emigrant bound to perform more than one task in each day, but by
524:
There were also Company officials stationed in colonies that hosted Indian immigrants. For example, when the Danish plantation owners began recruiting Indians, the British representative – also considered a consul – to the Danish West Indies was called the Protector of Immigrants. This official
751:
is estimated to have reached 37,694. It was not until 25 July 1860 that France was officially permitted by the British authorities to recruit labour for Reunion at a rate of 6,000 annually. This was extended on 1 July 1861 with permission to import ‘free’ labourers into the French colonies of
729:
followed a different trend where the Government offered the labourers a stake in the colony by providing real inducements to settle when their indentures had expired. From 1851 £10 was paid to all those who forfeited their return passages. This was replaced by a land grant and in 1873 further
979:
in 1867 made it impossible for time-expired labourers to shake free of the estate economy. They were required to carry passes, which showed their occupation and district and anyone found outside his district was liable to arrest and dispatched Immigration Depot. If he was found to be without
970:
There were a lot of discrepancies between systems used for indentured Colonial British Indian labour to various colonies. Colonial British Government regulations of 1864 made general provisions for recruitment of Indian labour in an attempt to minimise abuse of the system. These included the
768:
was for a period of five years (longer than British colonies at the time), return passage was provided at the end of indenture. (Not after ten as in British colonies) and the Governor-General was empowered to suspend emigration to any French colony if any abuse was detected in the system.
544:
426:
finally capitulated under intense pressure from European planters and their supporters: On 2 December 1842, the British Government permitted emigration from Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras to Mauritius. Emigration Agents were appointed at each departure point. There were penalties for
1321:
Suitable dwelling will be assigned to Emigrants under indenture free of rent and will be kept in good repair by the employers. When Emigrants under indenture are ill they will be provided with Hospital accommodation, Medical attendance, Medicines, Medical comforts and Food free of
1070:. Labourers were signed up for five years and were provided with a return passage at the end of this term, but were to be subject to Dutch law. The first ship carrying Indian indentured labourers arrived in Suriname in June 1873 followed by six more ships during the same year.
617:
82,000 freed slaves, respectively. There was also a political incentive to the British import of foreign workers. The influx of Indian workers diminished the competitive leverage and bargaining power of the freed slaves, marginalizing their position within the so-called
225:
in colonial territories, who hoped the system would provide reliable cheap labour similar to the conditions under slavery. The new system was expected to demonstrate the superiority of "free" over slave labour in the production of tropical products for imperial markets.
1884:
589:. All these efforts failed to satisfy the labour needs of the colonies due to high mortality of the new arrivals and their reluctance to continue working at the end of their indenture. On 16 November 1844, the British Indian Government legalised emigration to
328:. On 1 August 1838, a committee was appointed to inquire into the export of Indian labour. It heard reports of abuses of the new system. On 29 May 1839, overseas manual labour was prohibited and any person effecting such emigration was liable to a 200
888:, and following adverse reports from the British Consul on the treatment of indentured labourers, further emigration was stopped. The survivors returned to India in 1868, leaving about eighty Indians behind. Permission was granted for emigration to
202:
and declare that he was going voluntarily. This agreement is known as girmit and it outlined a period of five years labour in the colonies with pay of 8 rupees per month (about $ 4 in 1826) and rations, provided labourers had been transported from
343:
Further suspensions of Indian immigration happened during the 19th century. For example, between 1848 and 1851 Indian immigration was stopped towards British Guiana because of the economic and political unrest due to the Sugar Duties Act of 1846.
718:
overseas than those from South India but the Colonial Office persisted and on 30 July 1868 instructions were issued that the proportion of 40 women to 100 men should be adhered to. It remained in force of the rest of the indenture period.
1295:
When employed at task or ticca-work every adult male Emigrant above the age of fifteen years will be paid not less than one shilling, and every adult female Emigrant above that age not less than nine pence for every task which shall be
509:, was forced to restrict emigration from Calcutta, only permitting departure after the signing of a certificate from the Agent and countersigned by the Protector. Migration to Mauritius continued, with 9,709 male unskilled labourers (
1287:
Number of hours in every day during which he is required to labour without extra remuneration-Nine hours on each of five consecutive days in every week commencing with the Monday of each week, and five hours on the Saturday of each
1841:
1317:
Every child between five and twelve years of age will receive approximately half rations free of cost, and every child, five years of age and under, nine chattacks of milk daily free of cost, during the first year after their
1195:
and illegal recruitment to the French colonies. Thus by 1870 the indenture system, transporting Indian labour to the colonies, was an established system of providing labour for European colonial plantations and when, in 1879,
1880:
520:
Without enough recruits from Calcutta to satisfy the demands of European planters in Mauritius, permission was granted in 1847 to reopen emigration from Madras with the first ship leaving Madras for Mauritius in 1850.
516:
The repatriation of Indians who had completed indenture remained a problem with a high death rate and investigations revealed that regulations for the return voyages were not being satisfactorily followed.
2289:
1354:) in February 1910. The bill passed unanimously and came to effect in July 1911. However, the British-led Indian indenture system for other colonies finally ended in 1917. According to
1933:
1857:
2311:
2136:
713:
It was also considered that if the indentured labourers had a family life in the colonies they would be more likely to stay on. The proportion of women in early migration to
505:
The existing regulations failed to stamp out abuses of the system, which continued, including recruitment by false pretences and consequently, in 1843 the Government of
2604:
2279:
1153:
700:
The European planters pressed consistently for longer indentures. In an effort to persuade labourers to stay on, the Mauritius Government, in 1847, offered a
1292:
present equivalent to nine annas, for every working day of nine hours; children below that age will receive wages proportionate to the amount of work done.
1842:
Documentary heritage submitted by Fiji, Guyana, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago and recommended for inclusion in the Memory of the World Register in 2011'
852:
Following introduction of labour laws acceptable to the British Government of India, indenture was extended to the smaller British Caribbean islands;
2365:
2624:
1906:
1597:
1306:
Conditions as to return passage-Emigrants may return to India at their own expense after completing five years’ industrial residence in the Colony.
975:
an ordinance in 1864 made it a crime for a labourer to be absent from work, misbehaving or not completing five tasks each week. New labour laws in
110:
2534:
1921:
2598:
2125:
1853:
2422:
2318:
321:
1670:
2659:
2629:
1799:
1878:
1235:
1105:
1015:
931:
807:
656:
466:
379:
261:
149:
2605:
https://www.lemauricien.com/le-mauricien/the-story-of-the-international-indentured-labour-route-project-and-its-philosophy/400344/
551:, the first ship to bring Indian indentured labours to Trinidad. As per immigration records, 225 immigrants were aboard the ship.
2465:
2339:
2674:
2649:
2481:
734:
adopted an ordinance in 1870 by which new immigrants were not allotted to plantations where the death rate exceeded 7 percent.
609:, sailed from Port Calcutta for British Guiana on 13 January 1838, and arrived in Berbice on 5 May 1838. Transportation to the
2654:
2562:
2260:
2109:
2059:
2034:
1976:
1284:
Number of days on which the Emigrant is required to labour in each Week-Every day, excepting Sundays and authorized holidays.
320:
As soon as the new system of emigration of labour became known, a campaign similar to the anti-slavery campaign sprang up in
538:
422:
worked hard to overturn the ban, while the anti-slavery committee worked just as hard to uphold it. The Government of the
2644:
2634:
1743:
1281:
Nature of labour-Work in connection with the Cultivation of the soil or the manufacture of the produce on any plantation.
1159:
Between 1842 and 1870 a total of 525,482 Indians emigrated to the British and French Colonies. Of these, 351,401 went to
772:
Danish plantation owners also began importing Indian workers to St. Croix. This indenture system, however, did not last.
613:
stopped in 1848 due to problems in the sugar industry and resumed in Demerara and Trinidad in 1851 and Jamaica in 1860.
880:
community. The recruits were employed on three-year contracts. The British Government permitted transportation to the
2639:
2585:
2575:
2398:
1711:
1666:
1261:
1131:
1041:
957:
833:
682:
492:
405:
287:
1243:
1113:
1023:
939:
815:
664:
474:
387:
269:
2689:
2679:
1725:
1652:
865:
2580:
Autobiography of an Indian Indetured Labourer. Munshi Rahman Khan (1874–1972). Shipra Publications, Delhi, 2005.
1679:
1609:
198:
laid down terms for the introduction of Indian labourers to the colony. Each man was required to appear before a
1772:
1752:
1702:
1343:
1239:
1109:
1019:
935:
811:
660:
470:
383:
265:
2664:
1661:
525:
oversaw the welfare of the workers and ensured that the terms of the agreement they signed were implemented.
1361:
332:
fine or three months in jail. After prohibition, a few Indian labourers continued to be sent Mauritius via
1879:
Sherry-Ann Singh, Department of History University of the West Indies St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago.
1734:
2684:
2361:
1693:
1648:
1410:
65:
in 1863. British Indian indentureship lasted till the 1920s. This resulted in the development of a large
1062:
rights to recruit Indian labour, the Dutch transferred some old forts (remnants of slave trade) in West
2126:"Indian Indentureship Records- List of the General Registers of Indian Indentured Labourers: 1845–1917"
1748:
1636:
1616:
423:
54:
2076:
153:
Artistic representation of the first Indian workers seeing the island of Mauritius from a ship in 1834
2694:
2569:
Eight East Indian Immigrants: Gokool, Soodeen, Sookoo, Capildeo, Beccani, Ruknaddeen, Valiama, Bunsee
2669:
1767:
1530:
1490:
1339:
1224:
1094:
1004:
920:
796:
730:
incentives were provided in the form of 5 acres (20,000 m) of land plus £5 cash. Furthermore,
645:
455:
368:
340:). However, immigration was authorised again in 1842 to Mauritius, and in 1845 to the West Indies.
250:
1183:
and 16,341 went to the other French colonies. This figure does not include the 30,000 who went to
49:
of the trade in the early 19th century. The system expanded after the abolition of slavery in the
1228:
1098:
1008:
924:
800:
649:
459:
372:
254:
2081:. West Bengal Secretariat Library, Kolkata: Government of West Bengal. 1842. pp. 1078–1084
1149:
58:
2512:
2619:
2390:
The Legacy of Indian Indenture: Historical and Contemporary Aspects of Migration and Diaspora
2027:
The Legacy of Indian Indenture: Historical and Contemporary Aspects of Migration and Diaspora
1777:
1739:
1335:
847:
172:
2222:"EAST INDIAN INDENTURE AND THE WORK OF THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH AMONG THE INDIANS IN GRENADA"
1929:
1200:
became a recipient of Indian labour it was this same system with a few minor modifications.
304:'s Regulations of 1837 laid down specific conditions for the dispatch of Indian labour from
2362:"Indian convicts' contributions to early Singapore (1825–1873) - Vernon Cornelius-Takahama"
2195:
1817:
1588:
Indo-Caribbean writers have had a strong impact on the literature of the region. In Guyana
877:
333:
204:
122:
66:
42:
26:
8:
1812:
1721:
1593:
1450:
1365:
428:
130:
218:, ended in failure, but by 1838, 25,000 Indian labourers had been shipped to Mauritius.
16:
System of indentured servitude using Indian laborers to replace slavery (1800s to 1920s)
1560:
301:
2581:
2571:
2558:
2500:
2394:
2387:
Hassankhan, Maurits S.; Roopnarine, Lomarsh; Ramsoedh, Hans (10 November 2016). "3".
2335:
2256:
2233:
2105:
2055:
2030:
1972:
1922:"Asian Indentured Labor in the 19th and Early 20th Century Colonial Plantation World"
1900:
1762:
1730:
1707:
1550:
1390:
582:
208:
126:
38:
892:
in 1864, but no Indians were transported under the indenture system to this part of
141:
2005:
1925:
222:
157:
2388:
1698:
1675:
1460:
1440:
1420:
1347:
1176:
869:
74:
1759:
Others including significant minority in past or economically strong minority:
1430:
1400:
1371:
1192:
1145:
884:
colonies in 1862. There was a high mortality rate in the one ship load sent to
534:
114:
106:
50:
2613:
2284:
2237:
2010:
1993:
1657:
1589:
1510:
1356:
899:
761:
744:
325:
34:
1822:
1689:
1605:
1601:
1520:
1351:
1058:
began under an agreement that has been declared as Imperial. In return for
548:
191:
62:
46:
1994:"Indian Indentured Labour and the History of International Rights Regimes"
1641:
Several countries experienced demographic changes due to this migration.
1470:
1300:
mutual agreement such extra work may be allotted, performed and paid for.
1059:
872:
was approved on 7 August 1860, and the first ship from Madras arrived in
618:
563:
556:
337:
118:
78:
2599:
Indian indentured labourers – The National Archives of the UK Government
2221:
1881:"The Experience of Indian Indenture in Trinidad: Arrival and Settlement"
1073:
221:
The Indian indenture system was put in place initially at the behest of
2541:
A New System of Slavery: The Export of Indian Labour Overseas 1820–1920
1540:
889:
757:
753:
199:
177:
162:
2135:. Port of Spain: National Archives of Trinidad and Tobago. p. 1.
1500:
1368:
and declining profitability, rather than from humanitarian concerns."
1180:
748:
195:
82:
1184:
1160:
976:
893:
765:
714:
610:
419:
215:
90:
86:
70:
2448:
1278:
Period of Service-Five Years from the Date of Arrival in the Colony.
1213:
1083:
993:
909:
785:
634:
444:
357:
239:
2529:
Sen, Sunanda. "Indentured Labour from India in the Age of Empire."
1168:
1164:
1055:
972:
885:
861:
857:
731:
726:
701:
598:
594:
305:
94:
1066:
to the British and also bargained for an end to British claims in
624:
2025:
Hassankhan, Maurits; Roopnarine, Lomarsh; Ramsoedh, Hans (2016).
1624:
1620:
1172:
1067:
881:
853:
775:
590:
586:
574:
570:
510:
181:
166:
98:
543:
528:
1807:
1188:
1063:
873:
602:
506:
309:
188:
2482:"Asian Games: Indian connect in Malaysia's men's kabaddi team"
1612:
origin and his literary works are a reflection of his origin.
2468:
2163:
The Subaltern Indian Woman: Domination and Social Degradation
1480:
578:
566:
559:
513:), and 1,840 female wives and daughters transported in 1844.
434:
347:
329:
2466:
Department of Sport and Recreation – Annual Report 2007–2008
2386:
2024:
1957:, 2005, James Hagan, Andrew Wells – University of Wollongong
1372:
British transportation of Indian indentured labour by colony
1197:
102:
900:
Streamlining the indentured labour system of British India
737:
229:
1152:
in 1848, and the U.S. abolished slavery in 1865 with the
145:
Newly arrived indentured labourers from India in Trinidad
2550:, Fiji Institute of Applied Studies, Lautoka, Fiji, 2004
1627:) became established in South Africa and parts of Asia.
2255:. India: Penguin Random House India. pp. 391–392.
2603:
The genesis of the Indentured Labour Route of UNESCO,
2312:"Nelson Island and Indian Indenture-ship in Trinidad"
2280:"The legacy of Indian migration to European colonies"
2102:
Indian Indenture in the Danish West Indies, 1863–1873
2075:"The Calcutta Gazette: Saturday, December 10, 1842".
1074:
British transportation of Indian labour, 1842 to 1870
1969:
Indian Diaspora: Socio-Cultural and Religious Worlds
1789:
1303:
Wages are paid weekly on the Saturday of each week.
695:
1274:The following is the indenture agreement of 1912:
1144:Following the abolition of slavery throughout the
214:The first attempt at importing Indian labour into
2078:The Calcutta Gazette, 2nd July–28th December 1842
1364:finally ended indenture because of pressure from
747:authorities. By 1856, the number of labourers in
708:
315:
2611:
1919:
1854:"Indian indentured labourers – National Archive"
1330:
625:Persuading labourers to prolong their indenture
2328:
1955:The British and rubber in Malaya, c. 1890–1940
876:on 16 November 1860, forming the basis of the
776:Indenture to other parts of the British Empire
2449:"Disappearing Ancient Games In The Caribbean"
983:
529:Indian labour transportation to the Caribbean
2104:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 12.
1905:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1637:Indian diaspora § Demography by country
1596:. Notable writers of Indian descent include
1377:Indian indentured labour importing colonies
2548:Girmitiyas: The Origins of the Fiji Indians
1242:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1112:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1022:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
938:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
814:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
663:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
621:system persisting in the British colonies.
555:After the end of slavery, the European-led
473:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
386:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
268:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2099:
1346:to end the export of indentured labour to
1203:
435:Attempts to stamp out abuses of the system
348:Resumption of Indian labour transportation
187:On 18 January 1826, the Government of the
2423:"The Indian ethos in Guyanese literature"
2420:
2380:
2009:
1800:Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal
1326:registered and acknowledged as his wives.
1262:Learn how and when to remove this message
1132:Learn how and when to remove this message
1042:Learn how and when to remove this message
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2133:National Archives of Trinidad and Tobago
1592:writers have had a strong impact on the
542:
171:
156:
148:
140:
2625:Economic history of Trinidad and Tobago
2543:, Oxford University Press, London, 1974
2049:
1991:
1630:
1154:13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution
738:Recruitment for other European colonies
418:European planters in Mauritius and the
230:Government of British India regulations
2612:
2555:Coolie Woman: The Odyssey of Indenture
2274:
2272:
2219:
2052:Coolie Woman: The Odyssey of Indenture
2043:
1985:
2368:from the original on 12 February 2019
2342:from the original on 3 September 2017
2292:from the original on 1 September 2017
2160:
1966:
1936:from the original on 12 February 2019
1930:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.33
2480:Desk, NewsonRadar (4 October 2023).
2479:
2250:
2193:
1240:adding citations to reliable sources
1207:
1110:adding citations to reliable sources
1077:
1020:adding citations to reliable sources
987:
980:employment he was deemed a vagrant.
936:adding citations to reliable sources
903:
812:adding citations to reliable sources
779:
661:adding citations to reliable sources
628:
539:Indentured servitude in the Americas
471:adding citations to reliable sources
438:
384:adding citations to reliable sources
351:
266:adding citations to reliable sources
233:
2557:. The University of Chicago (2014)
2446:
2336:"Kenya's Asian heritage on display"
2269:
1992:Sturman, Rachel (1 December 2014).
1671:Demographics of Trinidad and Tobago
1054:Transportation of Indian labour to
13:
2142:from the original on 20 March 2022
1920:Richard B. Allen (29 March 2017).
1887:from the original on 17 April 2022
136:
14:
2706:
2592:
1860:from the original on 1 April 2019
1667:Indo-Trinidadians and Tobagonians
2660:Economic history of South Africa
2630:History of the Colony of Jamaica
2029:. London: Routledge. p. 4.
1792:
1385:Number of Labourers Transported
1212:
1148:, it was again abolished in the
1082:
992:
908:
784:
696:Renouncing claim to free passage
633:
443:
356:
238:
2523:
2473:
2459:
2440:
2414:
2354:
2304:
2244:
2213:
2196:"Indian Arrival Day in Grenada"
2187:
2178:
2169:
2165:. Berlin: Springer. p. 20.
2154:
2118:
2093:
2068:
1610:Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian
1187:earlier, labourers who went to
176:Plaques of Indenture Memorial,
2018:
1998:The American Historical Review
1960:
1948:
1913:
1872:
1846:
1835:
721:
709:Increasing proportion of women
316:Ban on export of Indian labour
37:were transported to labour in
1:
2675:Slavery in the British Empire
2650:Economic history of Mauritius
2054:. The University of Chicago.
1971:. Leiden: Brill. p. 38.
1828:
1342:leader, tabled a bill in the
1331:Final ban on indenture system
2655:Economic history of Malaysia
2567:de Verteuil, Anthony. 1989.
2421:Creighton, Al (8 May 2011).
2220:STEELE, BEVERLEY A. (1976).
2100:Roopnarine, Lomarsh (2016).
1773:Réunionnais of Indian origin
1744:Demographics of South Africa
1362:Imperial Legislative Council
7:
1785:
1649:Mauritians of Indian origin
1645:Majority or biggest group:
1411:British Trinidad and Tobago
1344:Viceroy Legislative Council
105:, as well as the growth of
10:
2711:
2645:Economic history of Guyana
2635:History of British Grenada
2469:https://www.kzndsr.gov.za/
2251:Guha, Ramachandra (2013).
1749:Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka
1712:Demographics of Martinique
1634:
1583:
984:Transportation to Suriname
845:
562:colonies tried the use of
532:
2338:. BBC News. 24 May 2000.
2050:Bahadur, Gaiutra (2014).
1753:Demographics of_Sri Lanka
1726:Demographics of Singapore
1653:Demographics of Mauritius
1314:years of age and upwards.
2640:Economic history of Fiji
1768:Indians in French Guiana
1735:Demographics of Malaysia
1680:Demographics of Suriname
1617:traditional Indian games
29:, by which more than 1.6
2690:Indian domestic workers
2680:Social history of India
1703:Demographics of Grenada
1204:The Indenture Agreement
868:in 1860. Emigration to
605:). The first ship, the
23:Indian indenture system
2533:44.1/2 (2016): 35–74.
2011:10.1093/ahr/119.5.1439
1967:Kumar, Pratap (2015).
1718:Significant minority:
1686:Second largest group:
1662:Demographics of Guyana
1150:French colonial empire
552:
184:
169:
154:
146:
41:, as a substitute for
1778:Indo-Caribbean people
1740:Indian South Africans
1635:Further information:
1336:Gopal Krishna Gokhale
848:Indian South Africans
846:Further information:
546:
336:(a French enclave in
175:
160:
152:
144:
33:million workers from
2665:Indentured servitude
2288:. 2 September 2017.
2161:Misir, Prem (2017).
1818:Global Girmit Museum
1694:Demographics of Fiji
1631:Demographical impact
1594:literature of Guyana
1236:improve this section
1106:improve this section
1016:improve this section
932:improve this section
878:Indian South African
808:improve this section
657:improve this section
547:General Register of
467:improve this section
380:improve this section
262:improve this section
161:Indenture Memorial,
75:Natal (South Africa)
67:South Asian diaspora
61:in 1848, and in the
27:indentured servitude
2447:Mahabir, Dr Kumar.
2324:on 27 October 2021.
2253:Gandhi Before India
2226:Caribbean Quarterly
2200:Black Wall St Media
2194:BWSM (3 May 2023).
1722:Indian Singaporeans
1451:British Saint Lucia
1378:
1366:Indian nationalists
429:abuse of the system
2685:Pakistani diaspora
2511:has generic name (
2184:Roopnarine, p. 12.
1561:Danish West Indies
1376:
553:
424:East India Company
302:East India Company
185:
170:
155:
147:
2563:978-0-226-21138-1
2553:Gaiutra Bahadur,
2262:978-0-14-342964-7
2111:978-3-319-30709-1
2061:978-0-226-21138-1
2036:978-1-138-28052-6
1978:978-90-04-28798-3
1763:Indians in Uganda
1731:Malaysian Indians
1708:Indo-Martiniquais
1604:. Nobel laureate
1581:
1580:
1551:British Singapore
1391:British Mauritius
1272:
1271:
1264:
1179:, 15,005 went to
1171:, 15,169 went to
1167:, 42,519 went to
1163:, 76,691 went to
1142:
1141:
1134:
1052:
1051:
1044:
968:
967:
960:
844:
843:
836:
693:
692:
685:
503:
502:
495:
416:
415:
408:
298:
297:
290:
39:European colonies
2702:
2695:Slavery in India
2531:Social Scientist
2517:
2516:
2510:
2506:
2504:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2477:
2471:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2444:
2438:
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2411:
2409:
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2378:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2317:. Archived from
2316:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2276:
2267:
2266:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2217:
2211:
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2191:
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2090:
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2086:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2004:(5): 1439–1465.
1989:
1983:
1982:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1904:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1876:
1870:
1869:
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1865:
1850:
1844:
1839:
1802:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1379:
1375:
1267:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1247:
1216:
1208:
1175:, 6,448 went to
1137:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1117:
1086:
1078:
1047:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1027:
996:
988:
963:
956:
952:
949:
943:
912:
904:
839:
832:
828:
825:
819:
788:
780:
688:
681:
677:
674:
668:
637:
629:
569:, families from
498:
491:
487:
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478:
447:
439:
411:
404:
400:
397:
391:
360:
352:
293:
286:
282:
279:
273:
242:
234:
131:Indo-Singaporean
45:, following the
32:
25:was a system of
2710:
2709:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2670:Indian diaspora
2610:
2609:
2595:
2526:
2521:
2520:
2508:
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2048:
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2019:
1990:
1986:
1979:
1965:
1961:
1953:
1949:
1939:
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1918:
1914:
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1847:
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1793:
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1699:Indo-Grenadians
1676:Indo-Surinamese
1639:
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1586:
1441:British Grenada
1421:British Jamaica
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1268:
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59:French colonies
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2593:External links
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51:British Empire
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2586:81-7541-243-7
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2576:976-8054-25-5
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2487:
2486:News On Radar
2483:
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2454:
2450:
2443:
2428:
2427:Stabroek News
2424:
2417:
2402:
2400:9781351986830
2396:
2393:. Routledge.
2392:
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2367:
2363:
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2291:
2287:
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2285:The Economist
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2175:Misir, p. 20.
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1813:Surinaam Ghat
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1658:Indo-Guyanese
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1353:
1350:(present day
1349:
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1341:
1338:, a moderate
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1001:This section
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793:This section
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673:November 2022
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35:British India
28:
24:
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2620:Debt bondage
2568:
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2530:
2524:Bibliography
2489:. Retrieved
2485:
2475:
2461:
2452:
2442:
2430:. Retrieved
2426:
2416:
2404:. Retrieved
2389:
2382:
2370:. Retrieved
2356:
2344:. Retrieved
2330:
2319:the original
2306:
2294:. Retrieved
2283:
2252:
2246:
2232:(1): 28–39.
2229:
2225:
2215:
2203:. Retrieved
2199:
2189:
2180:
2171:
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2156:
2144:. Retrieved
2132:
2120:
2101:
2095:
2083:. Retrieved
2077:
2070:
2051:
2045:
2026:
2020:
2001:
1997:
1987:
1968:
1962:
1954:
1950:
1938:. Retrieved
1915:
1889:. Retrieved
1874:
1862:. Retrieved
1848:
1837:
1823:Ibis trilogy
1690:Indo-Fijians
1640:
1615:Some of the
1614:
1606:V.S. Naipaul
1602:Shana Yardan
1587:
1575:
1570:
1521:British Fiji
1360:, "When the
1355:
1352:South Africa
1334:
1273:
1258:
1249:
1234:Please help
1222:
1158:
1143:
1128:
1119:
1104:Please help
1092:
1053:
1038:
1029:
1014:Please help
1002:
969:
954:
945:
930:Please help
918:
860:in 1858 and
851:
830:
821:
806:Please help
794:
771:
741:
725:
712:
699:
679:
670:
655:Please help
643:
615:
606:
554:
549:Fatel Razack
523:
519:
515:
504:
489:
480:
465:Please help
453:
417:
402:
393:
378:Please help
366:
342:
319:
299:
284:
275:
260:Please help
248:
220:
213:
192:Indian Ocean
186:
111:Indo-African
63:Dutch Empire
22:
20:
18:
2539:Tinker, H.
2509:|last=
2432:30 November
2372:11 February
2346:2 September
2296:2 September
1940:10 February
1891:10 February
1864:10 February
1531:East Africa
1471:Saint Kitts
764:(Cayenne).
722:Land grants
619:plantocracy
564:emancipated
557:West Indian
338:South India
334:Pondicherry
205:Pondicherry
119:Indo-Fijian
79:East Africa
43:slave labor
2614:Categories
2546:Lal, B.V.
1829:References
1541:Seychelles
1296:performed.
890:Queensland
866:St Vincent
758:Guadeloupe
754:Martinique
583:Portuguese
533:See also:
200:magistrate
194:island of
178:Kidderpore
163:Kidderpore
2491:5 October
2238:0008-6495
1692:: 37.50%
1678:: 27.40%
1669:: 35.43%
1660:: 39.83%
1651:: 65.00%
1619:(such as
1576:1,601,935
1223:does not
1185:Mauritius
1161:Mauritius
1093:does not
1003:does not
977:Mauritius
919:does not
894:Australia
856:in 1856,
795:does not
766:Indenture
715:Mauritius
644:does not
611:Caribbean
454:does not
420:Caribbean
367:does not
249:does not
216:Mauritius
91:Sri Lanka
87:Mauritius
71:Caribbean
57:, in the
47:abolition
2501:cite web
2453:Academia
2406:27 April
2366:Archived
2340:Archived
2290:Archived
2146:17 March
2137:Archived
2085:21 April
1934:Archived
1901:cite web
1885:Archived
1858:Archived
1786:See also
1742:: 2.60%
1733:: 7.00%
1724:: 9.00%
1465:152,184
1435:400,000
1415:147,596
1405:238,909
1395:453,063
1340:Congress
1318:arrival.
1169:Trinidad
1165:Demerara
1056:Suriname
973:Demerara
886:St Croix
862:St Kitts
858:St Lucia
732:Trinidad
727:Trinidad
702:gratuity
599:Demerara
595:Trinidad
511:Dhangars
306:Calcutta
209:Karaikal
95:Malaysia
1751:: 4.2%
1625:kho-kho
1621:kabaddi
1584:Culture
1535:32,000
1525:60,965
1515:34,304
1505:26,507
1501:Réunion
1425:36,412
1322:charge.
1244:removed
1229:sources
1181:Réunion
1173:Jamaica
1114:removed
1099:sources
1068:Sumatra
1024:removed
1009:sources
940:removed
925:sources
854:Grenada
816:removed
801:sources
749:Réunion
745:British
665:removed
650:sources
591:Jamaica
587:Madeira
575:Germany
571:Ireland
475:removed
460:sources
388:removed
373:sources
322:Britain
270:removed
255:sources
196:Réunion
182:Kolkata
167:Kolkata
99:Myanmar
83:Réunion
69:in the
2584:
2574:
2561:
2535:online
2397:
2259:
2236:
2205:15 May
2108:
2058:
2033:
1975:
1808:Coolie
1710:: 10%
1701:: 11%
1608:is of
1555:3,000
1545:6,315
1495:2,472
1455:4,350
1445:3,200
1193:Malaya
1189:Ceylon
1064:Africa
882:Danish
874:Durban
607:Whitby
603:Guyana
567:slaves
507:Bengal
310:Madras
189:French
129:, and
101:, and
31:
2322:(PDF)
2315:(PDF)
2140:(PDF)
2129:(PDF)
1571:Total
1481:Nevis
1461:Natal
1348:Natal
1288:week.
1177:Natal
1060:Dutch
870:Natal
585:from
579:Malta
560:sugar
330:Rupee
2582:ISBN
2572:ISBN
2559:ISBN
2513:help
2493:2023
2434:2022
2408:2017
2395:ISBN
2374:2019
2348:2017
2298:2017
2257:ISBN
2234:ISSN
2207:2023
2148:2022
2106:ISBN
2087:2022
2056:ISBN
2031:ISBN
1973:ISBN
1942:2019
1907:link
1893:2019
1866:2019
1623:and
1600:and
1565:321
1485:315
1475:337
1227:any
1225:cite
1198:Fiji
1097:any
1095:cite
1007:any
1005:cite
923:any
921:cite
864:and
799:any
797:cite
760:and
743:the
648:any
646:cite
597:and
581:and
577:and
537:and
458:any
456:cite
371:any
369:cite
324:and
300:The
253:any
251:cite
207:and
103:Fiji
55:1833
21:The
2006:doi
2002:119
1926:doi
1238:by
1191:or
1108:by
1018:by
934:by
810:by
659:by
469:by
382:by
264:by
53:in
2616::
2505::
2503:}}
2499:{{
2484:.
2451:.
2425:.
2364:.
2282:.
2271:^
2230:22
2228:.
2224:.
2198:.
2131:.
2000:.
1996:.
1932:.
1924:.
1903:}}
1899:{{
1883:.
1856:.
1156:.
896:.
756:,
593:,
573:,
312:.
211:.
180:,
165:,
125:,
121:,
117:,
113:,
109:,
97:,
93:,
89:,
85:,
81:,
77:,
73:,
2588:.
2515:)
2495:.
2455:.
2436:.
2410:.
2376:.
2350:.
2300:.
2265:.
2240:.
2209:.
2150:.
2114:.
2089:.
2064:.
2039:.
2014:.
2008::
1981:.
1944:.
1928::
1909:)
1895:.
1868:.
1265:)
1259:(
1254:)
1250:(
1246:.
1232:.
1135:)
1129:(
1124:)
1120:(
1116:.
1102:.
1045:)
1039:(
1034:)
1030:(
1026:.
1012:.
961:)
955:(
950:)
946:(
942:.
928:.
837:)
831:(
826:)
822:(
818:.
804:.
686:)
680:(
675:)
671:(
667:.
653:.
601:(
496:)
490:(
485:)
481:(
477:.
463:.
409:)
403:(
398:)
394:(
390:.
376:.
291:)
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280:)
276:(
272:.
258:.
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