Indian independence movement

4631:. The Congress Party's Working Committee, or national leadership was arrested all together and imprisoned at the Ahmednagar Fort. They also banned the party altogether. All the major leaders of the INC were arrested and detained. As the masses were leaderless the protest took a violent turn. Large-scale protests and demonstrations were held all over the country. Workers remained absent en masse and strikes were called. The movement also saw widespread acts of sabotage, Indian under-ground organisation carried out bomb attacks on allied supply convoys, government buildings were set on fire, electricity lines were disconnected and transport and communication lines were severed. The disruptions were under control in a few weeks and had little impact on the war effort. The movement soon became a leaderless act of defiance, with a number of acts that deviated from Gandhi's principle of non-violence. In large parts of the country, the local underground organisations took over the movement. 4817: 7735:...Allah Bakhsh was totally opposed to the Muslim League's demand for the creation of Pakistan through a division of India on a religious basis. Consequently, he established the Azad Muslim Conference. In its Delhi session held during April 27–30, 1940 some 1400 delegates took part. They belonged mainly to the lower castes and working class. The famous scholar of Indian Islam, Wilfred Cantwell Smith, feels that the delegates represented a 'majority of India's Muslims'. Among those who attended the conference were representatives of many Islamic theologians and women also took part in the deliberations ... Shamsul Islam argues that the All-India Muslim League at times used intimidation and coercion to silence any opposition among Muslims to its demand for Partition. He calls such tactics of the Muslim League as a 'Reign of Terror'. He gives examples from all over India including the NWFP where the Khudai Khidmatgars remain opposed to the Partition of India. 5142: 1315: 2422:

substantial political concessions—if not immediate independence or at least dominion status following the war, then surely its promise soon after the Allies achieved victory. Contrary to initial British fears of an Indian revolt, Indians contributed considerably to the British war effort by providing men and resources. About 1.3 million Indian soldiers and labourers served in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East, while both the Indian government and the princes sent large supplies of food, money, and ammunition. The major threat for the British Government in South Asia came from the armed tribes in North Western frontier and Afghanistan. The source of the second potential threat for the colonial government was the Indian Muslims whom the British believed shall sympathise with the Ottoman Empire.. Nationalism in Bengal, increasingly associated with the

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controversial issues such as civil rights or opportunities in government (especially in the civil service). These resolutions were submitted to the Indian government and occasionally to the British Parliament, but the Congress's early gains were slight. "Despite its claim to represent all India, the Congress voiced the interests of urban elites; the number of participants from other social and economic backgrounds remained negligible. However, this period of history is still crucial because it represented the first political mobilisation of Indians, coming from all parts of the subcontinent and the first articulation of the idea of India as one nation, rather than a collection of independent princely states.

3003: 2775: 3450: 3385: 944: 3757: 40: 2968:, which introduced the principle of a dual-mode of administration, or diarchy, in which both elected Indian legislators and, appointed British officials shared power. The act also expanded the central and provincial legislatures and widened the franchise considerably. The diarchy set in motion certain real changes at the provincial level: a number of non-controversial or "transferred" portfolios, such as agriculture, local government, health, education, and public works, were handed over to Indians, while more sensitive matters such as finance, taxation, and maintaining law and order were retained by the provincial British administrators. 4525: 1090: 3562:

by itself, but it brought the Indian population together, under the Indian National Congress's leadership. The movement resulted in self rule being a talking point once again, and recruited more Indians to the idea. The movement allowed the Indian independence community to revive their inner confidence and strength against the British Government. In addition, the movement weakened the authority of the British and aided in the end of the British Empire in India. Overall, the civil disobedience Movement was an essential achievement in the history of Indian self-rule because it persuaded New Delhi of the role of the masses in

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proposed to teach all protestors a lesson the harsher way. A total of 1,651 rounds were fired, killing 379 people (as according to an official British commission; Indian officials' estimates ranged as high as 1,499 and wounding 1,137 in the massacre.) Dyer was forced to retire but was hailed as a hero by some in Britain, demonstrating to Indian nationalists that the Empire was beholden to public opinion in Britain, but not in India. The episode dissolved wartime hopes of home rule and goodwill and opened a rift that could not be bridged short of complete self-rule.

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independence for India, as they were often called off before they naturally concluded due to laws and punishment. While in the later years of the Raj economic factors like the reversing trade fortunes between Britain and India and the cost of fielding the Indian armed forces abroad lumped on the British taxpayer by the 1935 Government of India act, had mounting implications for British administration, united resistance further drew light on the growing disparity of the British failures to achieve solidarity over India.

3732: 1104: 3435: 1118: 3612: 1849: 607: 4555:'s call for immediate self-rule by Indians and against sending Indians to World War II. He asked all teachers to leave their schools, and other Indians to leave their respective jobs and take part in this movement. Due to Gandhi's political influence, his request was followed by a significant proportion of the population. In addition, Congress-led the Quit India Movement to demand the British to leave India and transfer the political power to a representative government. 2571: 1377: 11240: 1076: 11415: 1241: 2073: 11276: 798: 2964:, Secretary of state for India, made an historic announcement in Parliament that the British policy was for: "increasing association of Indians in every branch of the administration and the gradual development of self-governing institutions with a view to the progressive realisation of responsible government in India as an integral part of the British Empire." The means of achieving the proposed measures were later enshrined in the 11264: 9455: 3166: 4966: 7834:, p. 46 India House was beginning to come under suspicion ... too late to save Sir William Curzon Wyllie from the assassin's pistol ... Savarkar could see that London was rapidly becoming too hot for him ... In early January 1910, therefore, he slipped quietly over to Paris, determined to make it his new revolutionary headquarters ... managed to obtain evidence linking him with the smuggling of firearms into India. 845:

tensions which were getting increasingly out of control of the British, they aggressively set out to search for Birsa Munda, even setting up a reward for him. They brutally attacked the Dombari Hills where Birsa had repaired a water tank and made his revolutionary headquarters between January 7–9, 1900, murdering a minimum of 400 of the Munda warriors who had congregated there, akin to the attacks on the people at

11252: 2686: 2082: 4035: 1430: 4215:, in London. However, the revolutionary movement gradually disseminated into the Gandhian movement. As the political scenario changed in the late 1930s — with the mainstream leaders considering several options offered by the British and with religious politics coming into play — revolutionary activities gradually declined. Many past revolutionaries joined mainstream politics by joining 3315: 2091: 2252: 7399: 1657: 1760: 3570: 1189:. The predominance of members from the upper castes in the army, perceived loss of caste due to overseas deployment, and rumours of secret designs of the government to convert them to Christianity led to growing discontent. The sepoys were also disillusioned by their low salaries and the racial discrimination practised by British officers in matters of promotion and privileges. 5028: 1537: 4649:, the president of the Hindu Mahasabha at that time, even went to the extent of writing a letter titled "Stick to your Posts", in which he instructed Hindu Sabhaites who happened to be "members of municipalities, local bodies, legislatures or those serving in the army...to stick to their posts" across the country, and not to join the Quit India Movement at any cost. 7774: 4329:–24, during which a band of tribal leaders and other sympathisers fought against the British Raj. Local people referred to him as "Manyam Veerudu" ("Hero of the Jungles"). After the passage of the 1882 Madras Forest Act, its restrictions on the free movement of tribal peoples in the forest prevented them from engaging in their traditional 4842:. Bose had been elected President of the Congress in 1938 and 1939 but later resigned owing to differences of opinion with the Congress, however he remained emotionally attached to Congress for the remainder of his life. After his resignation he formed his own wing separated from the mainstream Congress leadership known as 1580:

swadeshi or Indian goods and to wear only Indian cloth. Imported garments were viewed with hate. At many places, public burnings of foreign cloth were organised. Shops selling foreign cloths were closed. The cotton textile industry is rightly described as the Swadeshi industry. The period witnessed the growth of swadeshi

4623:, Gandhi urged Indians to follow non-violent civil disobedience. Gandhi told the masses to act as citizens of a sovereign nation and not to follow the orders of the British. The British, already alarmed by the advance of the Japanese army to the India–Burma border, responded the next day by imprisoning Gandhi at the 1705: 4178:", though no one was killed or injured in the bomb incident. Bhagat Singh surrendered after the bombing incident and a trial was conducted. Sukhdev and Rajguru were also arrested by police during search operations after the bombing incident. Following the trial (Central Assembly Bomb Case), Bhagat Singh, 1592: 975:, dousing herself in oil and setting herself alight and walking into the storehouse. Rani formed a women's army named "Udaiyaal" in honour of her adopted daughter, who had died detonating a British arsenal. Rani Nachiyar was one of the few rulers who regained her kingdom, and ruled it for a decade more. 3205:. Membership in the party was opened to anyone prepared to pay a token fee, and a hierarchy of committees was established and made responsible for discipline and control over a hitherto amorphous and diffuse movement. The party was transformed from an elite organisation to one of mass national appeal. 3607:

and British India at the centre, were not implemented because of ambiguities in safeguarding the existing privileges of princes. In February 1937, however, provincial autonomy became a reality when elections were held; the Congress emerged as the dominant party with a clear majority in five provinces

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emerged. The Muslim League disputed the claim of the Congress to represent all people of India, while the Congress disputed the Muslim League's claim to voice the aspirations of all Muslims. The Civil Disobedience Movement launched a new chapter in the Indian independence movement. It did not succeed

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The initial response throughout India to Lord Hardinge’s announcement was, for the most part, enthusiastic support. Indian princes volunteered their men, money, and personal service. Support from the Congress Party was primarily offered on the hopes that Britain would repay such loyal assistance with

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rule ended. He later fought war against the British and the Arcot Nawab. A dispute arose with the British and Arcot Nawab, and three of Khan's associates were bribed to capture him. He was captured during his morning prayer (Thozhugai) and hanged on 15 October 1764 at Sammatipuram near Madurai. Local

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In 1942 also, there was a strong sentiment in the hearts of many. At that time too, the routine work of the Sangh continued. Sangh decided not to do anything directly. 'Sangh is the organisation of inactive people, their talks have no substance' was the opinion uttered not only by outsiders but also

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was a conspiracy made by the Indian revolutionary movement in 1909: during the year-ending holidays, the Governor of Bengal organised at his residence a ball in the presence of the Viceroy, the Commander-in-Chief and all the high-ranking officers and officials of the Capital (Calcutta). The 10th Jat

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were planned to participate in the rebellion. The plans were thwarted through a coordinated intelligence and police response. British intelligence infiltrated the Ghadarite movement in Canada and in India, and last-minute intelligence from a spy helping to crush the planned uprising in Punjab before

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deeply opposed a British education system that ignored and defamed India's culture, history, and values. He resented the denial of freedom of expression for nationalists, and the lack of any voice or role for ordinary Indians in the affairs of their nation. For these reasons, he considered Swaraj as

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After Lord Curzon announced the partition of Bengal in 1905, there was massive opposition from the people of Bengal. Initially, the partition plan was opposed through press campaign. The total follower of such techniques led to the boycott of British goods and the people of India pledged to use only

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by Savarkar extolled revolutionary violence. Direct influences and incitement from India House were noted in several incidents of political violence, including assassinations, in India at the time. One of the two charges against Savarkar during his trial in Bombay was for abetting the murder of the

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blocked the main, and only entrance, and ordered troops under his command to fire into an unarmed and unsuspecting crowd of some 15,000 men, women, and children. They had assembled peacefully at Jallianwala Bagh, a walled courtyard, but Dyer had wanted to execute the imposed ban on all meetings and

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Gandhi returned to India on 9 January 1915, and initially entered the political fray not with calls for a nation-state, but in support of the unified commerce-oriented territory that the Congress Party had been asking for. Gandhi believed that the industrial development and educational development

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According to Surendranath Banerji, the Swadeshi movement changed the entire texture of Indian social and domestic life. The songs composed by Rabindranath Tagore, Rajanikanta Sen and Syed Abu Mohd became the moving spirit for the nationalists. The movement soon spread to the rest of the country and

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On the other hand, India was rich in cotton production and was in a position to supply British mills with the raw material they required. This was the time when India was under British rule and the East India Company had already established its roots in India. Raw materials were exported to England

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A number of violent incidents against British officials also took place during the Quit India movement around the country. The British arrested tens of thousands of leaders, keeping them imprisoned until 1945. Ultimately, the British government realised that India was ungovernable in the long run,

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and Indian material as alternatives to those shipped from Britain. It also urged people to boycott British educational institutions and law courts, resign from government employment, refuse to pay taxes, and forsake British titles and honors. Although this came too late to influence the framing of

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Nationalistic sentiments among Congress members led to a push to be represented in the bodies of government, as well as to have a say in the legislation and administration of India. Congressmen saw themselves as loyalists, but wanted an active role in governing their own country, albeit as part of

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fought a war on four fronts with the British attacking from the west, south, and east, while the Marathas and the Nizam's forces attacked from the north. The fourth war resulted in the overthrow of the house of Hyder Ali and Tipu (who was killed in the final war, in 1799), and the dismantlement of

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However, the book is a tribute to the role of one Muslim leader who steadfastly opposed the Partition of India: the Sindhi leader Allah Bakhsh Soomro. Allah Bakhsh belonged to a landed family. He founded the Sindh People's Party in 1934, which later came to be known as 'Ittehad' or 'Unity Party'.

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with mass arrests. Over 100,000 arrests were made, massive fines were levied, and demonstrators were subjected to public flogging. Hundreds of civilians were killed in violence many shot by the police army. Tens of thousands of leaders were also arrested and imprisoned until 1945. Ultimately, the

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The pre-war nationalist movement revived moderate and extremist groups within the Congress submerged their differences in order to stand together as a unified front. They argued that their enormous services to the British Empire during the war demanded a reward to demonstrate Indian capacity for

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During the movement, Gandhi and his followers continued to use non-violence against British rule. This movement was where Gandhi gave his famous message, "Do or Die!", and this message spread towards the Indian community. In addition, this movement was addressed directly to women as "disciplined

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joined the Indian National Congress, which was the largest Indian political organisation. Like most of the Congress at the time, Jinnah did not favour outright self-rule, considering British influences on education, law, culture, and industry as beneficial to India. Jinnah became a member of the

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occupants since 1753 as per the Nizam's earlier handover of his estate to them on similar grounds. Narayan Deo II fought the British at Jelmur fort on 4 April 1768 and was defeated due to superior firepower of the British. He fled to the tribal hinterlands of his estate and continued his efforts

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to elected Indian legislature. However, the talks failed, having failed to address the key demand of a timeframe towards self-government, and of the definition of the powers to be relinquished, essentially portraying an offer of limited dominion-status that was wholly unacceptable to the Indian

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initially appeared impractical to some Indians and their Congress leaders. In the Mahatma's own words, "civil disobedience is civil breach of immoral statutory enactments." It had to be carried out non-violently by withdrawing co-operation with the corrupt state. Gandhi had great respect for

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communities in "Ulgulaan" (revolt) against British political expansion and those who advanced it, against forceful conversions of Indigenous peoples into Christianity (even creating a Birsaite movement), and against the displacement of Indigenous peoples from their lands. To subdue these rising

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On 8 August 1942, the Quit India resolution was passed at the Mumbai session of the All India Congress Committee (AICC). The draft proposed that if the British did not accede to the demands, a massive Civil Disobedience would be launched. However, it was an extremely controversial decision. At

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The Indian textile industry also played an important role in the freedom struggle of India. The merchandise of the textile industry pioneered the Industrial Revolution in India and soon England was producing cotton cloth in such great quantities that the domestic market was saturated, and the

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contained exhortations ... This sort of propaganda produced a natural effect. A. M. T. Jackson, the Magistrate ... was shot dead on 21 December 1909 ... charges against him included the sending of pistols and seditious pamphlets to India. Another charge was that in 1908 he with the help of

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The British Government stated that the RSS was not at all supporting any civil disobedience against them, and as such their other political activities(even if objectionable) can be overlooked. Further, the British Government also asserted that at Sangh meetings organised during the times of

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unilaterally declared India a belligerent state on the side of Britain, without consulting the elected Indian representatives. In opposition to Linlithgow's action, the entire Congress leadership resigned from the provincial and local governments. The Muslims and Sikhs, by contrast, strongly

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followed the mutinies, leading to popular uprisings. The British were initially caught off-guard and were thus slow to react, but eventually responded with force. The lack of effective organisation among the rebels, coupled with the military superiority of the British, brought an end to the

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and journalism. At its inception, Congress had no well-defined ideology and commanded few of the resources essential to a political organisation. Instead, it functioned more as a debating society that met annually to express its loyalty to the British and passed numerous resolutions on less

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later openly admitted to the fact that the RSS did not participate in the Quit India Movement. However, such an attitude during the Indian independence movement also led to the Sangh being viewed with distrust and anger, both by the general Indian public, as well as certain members of the

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At the outbreak of war, the Congress Party had during the Wardha meeting of the working-committee in September 1939, passed a resolution conditionally supporting the fight against fascism, but were rebuffed when they asked for self-rule in return. In March 1942, faced with an increasingly

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The mass movements sparked nationalist sentiment with the Indian populace and figures like Mahatma Gandhi united a nation behind his non-violence movement; philosophy and undoubtedly put crucial pressure on the British occupation. The movements failed in their primary objective, achieving

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gathered in Delhi in April 1940 to voice its support for a united India. Its members included several Islamic organisations in India, as well as 1400 nationalist Muslim delegates; the "attendance at the Nationalist meeting was about five times than the attendance at the League meeting."

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from 1760 to 1790. Rani Nachiyar was trained in war match weapons usage, martial arts like Valari, Silambam (fighting using stick), horse riding and archery. She was a scholar in many languages and she had proficiency with languages like French, English, and Urdu. When her husband,

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in Bengali) in Narkelberia Village, which gained a prominent place into Bengali folk legend. After the storming of the fort by British soldiers, Titumir died of his wounds on 19 November 1831. These rebellions lead to larger regional movements in Jharkhand and beyond such as the

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The agitations, mass strikes, demonstrations and consequently support for the mutineers, therefore continued several days even after the mutiny had been called off. Along with this, the assessment may be made that it described in crystal clear terms to the government that the

2724:, on 6 February 1910, M. Arsenyev, the Russian Consul-General, wrote to St Petersburg that it had been intended to "arouse in the country a general perturbation of minds and, thereby, afford the revolutionaries an opportunity to take the power in their hands." According to 3518:

session in December 1929, the Indian National Congress adopted the aim of complete self-rule. It authorised the Working Committee to launch a civil disobedience movement throughout the country. It was decided that 26 January 1930 should be observed all over India as the

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and Ali brothers had been detained. The Rowlatt Act was, therefore, passed in the face of universal opposition among the (non-official) Indian members in the Viceroy's council. The extension of the act drew widespread critical opposition. A nationwide cessation of work

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None of the revolutionary conspiracies made a significant impact inside India. The prospect that subversive violence would have an effect on a popular war effort drew support from the Indian population for special measures against anti-colonial activities in the form of

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rebellion. The British fought the main army of the rebels near Delhi, and after prolonged fighting and a siege, defeated them and reclaimed the city on 20 September 1857. Subsequently, revolts in other centres were also crushed. The last significant battle was fought in

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was formed. After a dramatic decline in Germany's military fortunes, a German land invasion of India became untenable. Hitler advised Bose to go to Japan where a submarine was arranged to transport Bose, who was ferried to Japanese Southeast Asia, where he formed the

1887:. The Bengali Hindu intelligentsia exerted considerable influence on local and national politics. The partition outraged Bengalis. Widespread agitation ensued in the streets and in the press, and the Congress advocated boycotting British products under the banner of 2972: 1576:

at very low rates while cotton cloth of refined quality was imported to India and sold at very high prices. This was draining India's economy, causing the textile industry of India to suffer greatly. This led to great resentment among cotton cultivators and traders.

3359:. Other major parties rejected the Quit India plan, and most cooperated closely with the British, as did the princely states, the civil service, and the police. The Muslim League supported the Raj and grew rapidly in membership, and in influence with the British. 4615:(August Revolution Ground). However, almost the entire Congress leadership, and not merely at the national level, was put into confinement less than 24 hours after Gandhi's speech, and the greater number of the Congress were to spend the rest of the war in jail. 3983:

to have aided and influenced political assassinations, including the murder of Robert D'Escourt Ashe. The Paris-Safranski link was strongly suggested by French police to be involved in a 1907 attempt in Bengal to derail the train carrying the Lieutenant-Governor

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have since become friendly. There are many areas in which the two countries seek stronger ties for mutual benefit, and the two nations also have strong cultural and social ties. The UK has an ethnic Indian population of over 1.6 million. In 2010, Prime Minister

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Apart from a few stray struggles, revolutions against the British rulers did not occur before the beginning of the 20th century. The Indian revolutionary underground began gathering momentum through the first decade of the 20th century, with groups arising in

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shaped the demand of the people and India's nationalism. Gokhale criticised Tilak for encouraging acts of violence and armed resistance. But the Congress of 1906 did not have public membership, and thus Tilak and his supporters were forced to leave the

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in 1920). Its objective was to educate students by emphasising the compatibility of Islam with modern western knowledge. The diversity among India's Muslims, however, made it impossible to bring about uniform cultural and intellectual regeneration.

2771:" set up by the Germans in Berlin, the Ghadar Party in North America, and the German Foreign office. The plot was ultimately thwarted after British intelligence uncovered the plot through German and Indian double agents in Europe and Southeast Asia. 2236:

and other prisoners of Cellular jail who were attracted to Marxist ideology. This party also led the second hunger strike in Cellular Jail, which demanded the designation of these prisoners as political prisoners rather than a freedom fighters.

2912:, to the German and Turkish war effort, but it influenced other major events. In Afghanistan, the expedition triggered reforms and drove political turmoil that culminated in the assassination of the Emir in 1919, which in turn precipitated the 398:, it was supplemented by visions of independent, economic development with a secular, democratic, republican, and civil-libertarian political structure. After the 1930s, the movement took on a strong socialist orientation. It culminated in the 4488:

in 1940, Gandhi resisted calls for massive civil disobedience movements that came from within as well as outside his party, stating he did not seek India's self-rule out of the ashes of a destroyed Britain. In 1942, the Congress launched the

4929:, who were devoted to the Indian cause, observed Bose as a military incompetent as well as an unrealistic and stubborn man who sees only his own needs and problems and could not observe the larger picture of the war as the Japanese had to. 4434:

have taken a vow to kill George V as soon as he lands in our country. In order to make others know our intention, I who am the least in the company, have done this deed this day. This is what everyone in Hindustan should consider it as his

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India became a sovereign and democratic nation. Eventually, 15 August became Independence Day for India marking the end of British India. Also on 15 August, both Pakistan and India had the right to remain in or remove themselves from the

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movement. There was some violence but the Raj cracked down and arrested tens of thousands of Congress leaders, including all the main national and provincial figures. They were not released until the end of the war was in sight in 1945.

3107:. The commission was set up to look into the war-time conspiracies by the nationalist organisations and recommend measures to deal with the problem in the post-war period. Rowlatt recommended the extension of the war-time powers of the 1814:. The AICIC also was opposed to separate electorates for Christians, believing that the faithful "should participate as common citizens in the one common, national political system". The All India Conference of Indian Christians and the 5019:

could no longer be universally relied upon for support in crisis, and even more it was more likely itself to be the source of the sparks that would ignite trouble in a country fast slipping out of the scenario of political settlement.

4816: 3299:, and Neelakanda Brahmachari played a major role from Tamil Nadu in both self-rule struggle and fighting for equality for all castes and communities. Many women participated in the movement, including Kasturba Gandhi (Gandhi's wife), 1731:, advocated civil agitation and direct revolution to overthrow the British Empire and the abandonment of all British goods. This movement gained traction and huge following of the masses in the western and eastern parts of India. The 5023:

The mutiny ended with the surrender of revolting the sailors to British officials. Congress and the Muslim League had convinced Indian sailors to surrender. They condemned the mutiny due to the political and military risks of unrest.

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By 1900, although the Congress had emerged as an all-India political organisation, it did not have the support of most Indian Muslims. Attacks by Hindu reformers against religious conversion, cow slaughter, and the preservation of

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and began to admit Indians into the civil service. However, they also increased the number of British soldiers in relation to native Indian ones, and allowed only British soldiers to handle artillery. Bahadur Shah II was exiled to

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was signed in March 1931, and the government agreed to release political prisoners. Mahatma Gandhi managed to have over 90,000 political prisoners released under this pact. Though his appeal to terminate the death sentences of

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would be treated as an enemy state. Patel took on the responsibility for bringing princely states into the Union of India, steering efforts by his "iron fist in a velvet glove" policies. India used military force to integrate

4138:, were accused by the British Government of having links with and allowing patronage to the revolutionary organisations during this time. The violence and radical philosophy revived in the 1930s, when revolutionaries of the 4306:. These measures saw the arrest, internment, transportations, and execution of a number of revolutionaries linked to the organisation, and was successful in crushing the East Bengal Branch. In the aftermath of the war, the 3194:, the movement enjoyed widespread popular support, and the resulting unparalleled magnitude of disorder presented a serious challenge to foreign rule. However, Gandhi called off the movement because he was scared after the 1497:, spread the passion for rejuvenation and freedom. The rediscovery of India's indigenous history by several European and Indian scholars also fed into the rise of nationalism among Indians. The triumvirate also is known as 3708:

There is no real connection between these two unrests, labour, and Congress opposition. But their very existence and coexistence, explains and fully justifies the attention, which Lord Irwin gave to the labour problems.

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to create a constitution for India. The Kolkata session of the Indian National Congress asked the British government to accord India dominion status by December 1929, or face a countrywide civil disobedience movement.

828:. More than 100 years of such escalating rebellions created grounds for a large, impactful, millenarian movement in Eastern India that again shook the foundations of British rule in the region, under the leadership of 4591:. The purpose of the mission was to negotiate with the Indian National Congress a deal to obtain total co-operation during the war, in return of progressive devolution and distribution of power from the crown and the 3178:

From 1920 to 1922, Gandhi started the Non-Cooperation Movement. At the Kolkata session of the Congress in September 1920, Gandhi convinced other leaders of the need to start a non-co-operation movement in support of

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who were not arrested earlier, were arrested in 1910, in connection with the murder of Shamsul Alam. Thanks to Bagha Jatin's new policy of a decentralised federated action, most of the accused were released in 1911.

2438:. There were no major mutinies occurring during wartime, yet conspiracies exacerbated profound fears of insurrection among British officials, preparing them to use extreme force to frighten Indians into submission. 689:

legends state that he survived two earlier attempts at hanging, and that the Nawab feared Yusuf Khan would come back to life and so had his body dismembered and buried in different locations around Tamil Nadu. In

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without trial, and arresting any individuals suspected of sedition or treason without a warrant. It was increasingly reviled within India due to widespread and indiscriminate use. Many popular leaders, including

8427: 3603:, articulated three major goals: establishing a loose federal structure, achieving provincial autonomy, and safeguarding minority interests through separate electorates. The federal provisions, intended to unite 4089:

and Gandhian non-violent movement. Revolutionary nationalist violence saw a resurgence after the collapse of Gandhian non-cooperation movement in 1922. In Bengal, this saw reorganisation of groups linked to the

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was one of some 39 agitations against the Government of India. The Home department has later notified about 38 movements/struggles across Indian territories as the ones that culminated in self-rule ended the

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in order to direct particularly the Muslims towards the self-rule movement. Some of its members left for the Indian National Congress then led by Subhas Chandra Bose, while others identified more closely with

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in the early 1920s, which recalled the powers of incarceration and detention of the Defence of India Act. In north India, remnants of Punjab and Bengalee revolutionary organisations reorganised, notably under

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The All-India Muslim League worked to try to silence those Muslims who stood against the partition of India, often using "intimidation and coercion". The murder of the All India Azad Muslim Conference leader

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in 1800. The British forces managed to stop the armies of the allies, forcing Chinnamalai to attack Coimbatore on his own. His army was defeated and he escaped from the British forces. Chinnamalai engaged in

2728:, "The police had suspected nothing and it is hard to say what the outcome would have been had the soldiers not been betrayed by one of their comrades who informed the authorities about the impending coup". 970:

with the aim of attacking the British, whom she successfully challenged in 1780. When the inventories of the Britishers were discovered, she is said to have arranged a suicide attack by a faithful follower,

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supported Gandhi, passed a resolution demanding complete independence from the British government, and proposed massive civil disobedience if the British did not accede to the demands. On 8 August 1942 the

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The decades following the Rebellion were a period of growing political awareness, the manifestation of Indian public opinion and the emergence of Indian leadership at both national and provincial levels.

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which saw death sentences awarded to a number of Indian revolutionaries, and exile to a number of others. After the end of the war, fear of a second Ghadarite uprising led to the recommendations of the

1993: 7851:

residents in the India House manifolded in type a number of copies of a work describing minutely the manner of preparing explosives and bombs. He despatched these copies to various addresses in India.

7707:

This was also reflected in one of the resolutions of the Azad Muslim Conference, an organisation which attempted to be representative of all the various nationalist Muslim parties and groups in India.

1795:

was formed overseas in 1913 to fight for the Independence of India with members coming from the United States and Canada, as well as Shanghai, Hong Kong, and Singapore. Members of the party aimed for

1322:

The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was a turning point. While affirming the military and political power of the British, it led to a significant change in how India was to be controlled by them. Under the

1940:, led by brothers Aurobindo and Barin Ghosh organised a number of attacks of figureheads of the Raj, culminating in the attempt on the life of a British judge in Muzaffarpur. This precipitated the 2720:, its soldiers decided to blow up the ballroom and take advantage of destroying the colonial Government. In keeping with his predecessor Otto (William Oskarovich) von Klemm, a friend of Lokamanya 1353:

promised equal opportunity of public service under British law, and also pledged to respect the rights of native princes. The British stopped the policy of seizing land from the princes, decreed

1822:

serving as president and B.L. Rallia Ram of Lahore serving as general secretary. In its meeting on 16 and 17 April 1947, the joint committee prepared a 13-point memorandum that was sent to the

3631:

declared India's entrance into the Second World War without consulting provincial governments. In protest, the Congress asked all of its elected representatives to resign from the government.

4583:, and with growing dissatisfactions among Indian troops- especially in Europe- and among the civilian population in the sub-continent, the British government sent a delegation to India under 4387:. The British campaign lasted for nearly a year from December 1922. Raju was eventually trapped by the British in the forests of Chintapalli then tied to a tree and shot dead with a rifle. 4891:

in South-East Asia, with the help of the Japanese. Its aim was to reach India as a fighting force that would build on public resentment to inspire revolt among Indian soldiers of the Raj.

4424:

and restore Sanatana Dharma. Our Raman, Sivaji, Krishnan, Guru Govindan, Arjuna ruled our land protecting all dharmas, but in this land, they are making arrangements to crown George V, a

3036:. In January 1914 (well before the First World War began) Gandhi was successful. The legislation against Indians was repealed and all Indian political prisoners were released by General 3415: 5153:, headed by the prominent lawyer, reformer and Dalit leader, B.R. Ambedkar was tasked heading the creation of the constitution of independent India, and the constitution was drafted by 1421:

in 1885 and founded the Indian National Congress. They were mostly members of the upwardly mobile and successful western-educated provincial elites, engaged in professions such as law,

4932:

The INA failed owing to disrupted logistics, poor supplies from the Japanese, and lack of training. The Azad Hind Fauj surrendered unconditionally to the British in Singapore in 1945.

4919: 1780:(1905–10), seeking concessions from the impending constitutional reforms, including special considerations in government service and electorates. The British recognised some of the 3950:

came under increasing scrutiny for championing and justifying violence in the cause of Indian nationalism, which found in Indian students in Britain and from Indian expatriates in

3495:

in London to demand total independence from the British rule. This organisation has been described as "the principal organisation promoting Indian nationalism in pre-war Britain".

2387:. The council had no real power or authority, and included a large number of unelected pro-Raj loyalists and Europeans. Nevertheless, Jinnah was instrumental in the passing of the 997:

against the East India Company. He was captured by the British and hanged in 1799 CE. Kattabomman refused to accept the sovereignty of East India Company, and fought against them.

468:

in 1498 in search of spice. Just over a century later, the Dutch and English established trading outposts on the Indian subcontinent, with the first English trading post set up at

1223:

rifle cartridges. Soldiers had to bite the cartridges with their teeth before loading them into their rifles, ingesting the fat. This was sacrilegious to both Hindus and Muslims.

1776:

But with Tilak's arrest, all hopes for an Indian offensive were stalled. The Indian National Congress lost credibility with the people. A Muslim deputation met with the Viceroy,

1136: 6918:

The major charge... during the trial (1910–1911) was "conspiracy to wage war against the King-Emperor" and "tampering with the loyalty of the Indian soldiers" (mainly with the

5794: 4765: 3919:

to assassinate Raj officials whilst led by Ghosh brothers. In the meantime, in Maharashtra and Punjab arose similarly militant nationalist feelings. The District Magistrate of

3455:

Vallabhbhai Patel was appointed as the 49th President of Indian National Congress, organising the party for elections in 1934 and 1937 while promoting the Quit India Movement.

3514:

Amid rising discontent and increasingly violent regional movements, a call for complete sovereignty and an end to British rule found greater support from the people. At the

2960:

The British themselves adopted a "carrot and stick" approach in recognition of India's support during the war and in response to renewed nationalist demands. In August 1917,

1181:

The Indian war of independence of 1857 was a large uprising in northern and central India against the East India Company. The conditions of service in the company's army and

4015:, nationalists in Punjab, and the nationalism that arose among Indian expatriates and labourers in North America, a different movement began to emerge in the North American 3248:

and others- who would, later on, come to form the most prominent voices of the Indian self-rule movement, whether keeping with Gandhian Values, or, as in the case of Bose's

912:, India between 1774 and 1805. He fought a guerrilla war with tribal people from Wynad supporting him. He was captured by the British and his fort was razed to the ground. 4634:

All the other major parties rejected the Quit India plan, and most cooperated closely with the British, as did the princely states, the civil service, and the police. The

4596:

movement. To force the British Raj to meet its demands and to obtain definitive word on total self-rule, the Congress took the decision to launch the Quit India Movement.

3979:

in December 1909. The arms used were directly traced through an Italian courier to India House. Ex-India House residents M.P.T. Acharya and V.V.S. Aiyar were noted in the

3915:

was involved in a number of noted incidences of revolutionary terrorism against British interests and administration in India within the decade of its founding, including

8437: 4793: 4441:. This I do to make them understand the fate of those who cherish the thought of enslaving this sacred land. I, as the least of them, wish to warn George by killing Ashe. 3962:

were able to obtain manuals for manufacturing bombs. India House was also a source of arms and seditious literature that was rapidly distributed in India. In addition to

1897:, the birth of Indian financial institutions and banks, as well as an interest in Indian culture and achievements in science and literature. Hindus showed unity by tying 2637:

community in Canada and the United States were among the most prominent participants in the plan. It was the most prominent amongst a number of plans of the much larger

4254:

which later grew to be the Intelligence Bureau in independent India. Heading the intelligence and missions against Ghadarite movement and India revolutionaries was the

5459: 2670: 849:, however, receiving much less attention. The hills are known as "Topped Buru" today – the mound of the dead. Birsa was ultimately captured in the Jamkopai forest in 3702: 656:, India. He converted to Islam and was named Muhammad Yusuf Khan. He was popularly known as Khan Sahib when he became a ruler of Madurai. He became a warrior in the 4262:

detective agency. Notable officers who led the police and intelligence operations against Indian revolutionaries, or were involved in it, at various time included

3355:(Bharat Chhodo Andolan) began, a civil disobedience movement in India in response to Mahatma Gandhi's call for immediate self-rule by Indians and against sending 6588:

Quote: "The first modern nationalist movement to arise in the non-European empire, and one that became an inspiration for many others, was the Indian Congress."

3434: 9487: 6254: 4469:

were held and the Congress came to power in seven of the eleven provinces. This was a strong indicator of the Indian people's support for complete self-rule.

309:

examinations in British India, as well as more economic rights for natives. The first half of the 20th century saw a more radical approach towards self-rule.

5967: 5255: 4220: 3111:

into the post-war period. The war-time act had vested the Viceroy's government with extraordinary powers to quell sedition by silencing the press, detaining

3367:

British government realised that India was ungovernable in the long run, and the question for the postwar era became how to exit gracefully and peacefully.

4668:

The Sangh has scrupulously kept itself within the law, and in particular, has refrained from taking part in the disturbances that broke out in August 1942.

4641:

There was opposition to the Quit India Movement from several political quarters who were fighting for Indian self-rule. Hindu nationalist parties like the

4599:

The aim of the movement was to force the British Government to the negotiating table by holding the Allied war effort hostage. The call for determined but

6964: 6217: 5581: 3816:

community that came to form the "classic" Indian revolutionary, while the latter had an immense support base in the rural and military society of Punjab.

2743:

under the Bengali Indian revolutionary Jatindranath Mukherjee, to be coordinated with simultaneous uprising in the British colony of Burma and Kingdom of

10796: 1777: 11748: 9459: 3040:. Gandhi accomplished this through extensive use of non-violent protests, such as boycotting, protest marching, and fasting by him and his followers. 11976: 2898: 2272: 2256: 1893:, or indigenous industries. A growing movement emerged, focussing on indigenous Indian industries, finance, and education, which saw the founding of 11279: 7487: 6033: 5141: 4664:

completely abstained from joining in the Quit India Movement as well. The Bombay government (British) appreciated the RSS as such, by noting that,

8040: 6015: 4234:

Within a short time of its inception, these organisations became the focus of an extensive police and intelligence operations. Operations against

2924:

to propagate socialist revolution in Asia, with one goal being the overthrow of the British Raj. Other consequences included the formation of the

11782: 10786: 8456:

Amstutz, Andrew (27 May 2019). "Review essay: Alternative histories of revolutionaries in modern South Asia: context, chronology, and archives".

8066: 6051: 4437:

I will kill Ashe, whose arrival here is to celebrate the crowning of cow-eater King George V in this glorious land which was once ruled by great

1876: 1701:

the natural and only solution. His popular sentence "Swaraj is my birthright, and I shall have it" became the source of inspiration for Indians.

1158: 729:

community in Tamar region, during 1807 led by Dukan Mank, and 1819–20 under the leadership Bundu and Konta. The Ho Rebellion took place when the

7589:

McGarr, Paul M. (2011). ""India's Rasputin"?: V. K. Krishna Menon and Anglo–American Misperceptions of Indian Foreign Policymaking, 1947–1964".

11594: 9737: 5245: 4477:

supported the war effort and gained enormous stature in London. Defying Congress, millions of Indians supported the war effort, and indeed the

3676: 2929: 2319: 1929: 6183: 2932:

as influenced by Germany and Bolshevism, and changes in the Raj's approach to the Indian independence movement immediately after World War I.

10930: 10801: 2629:

in British India and the German Foreign Office through the consulate in San Francisco. The incident derives its name from the North American

1197: 3472:

had demanded complete independence (Purna Swaraj) from the British in 1921 and put the resolution during an All-India Congress Forum at the

2216:. The prisoners of cellular jail carried out their first hunger strike in 1933 due to inhumane treatment in jail. The prisoners encountered 3026:. He had also been a vocal opponent of basic discrimination and abusive labour treatment as well as suppressive police control such as the 6131: 2657:

Intelligence about the threat of the mutiny led to a number of important war-time measures introduced in India, including the passages of

10771: 5609:"'A Character to lose': Richard Goodlad, the Rangpur dhing, and the priorities of the East India Company's early colonial administrators" 5135: 3255:

The Indian political spectrum was further broadened in the mid-1920s by the emergence of both moderate and militant parties, such as the

3084: 2356: 156: 6204:

historians claim he is actually the first martyr in the country's freedom movement because none was killed by the Britishers before 1806

1963:

Khudiram Bose was executed this morning;... it is alleged that he mounted the scaffold with his body erect. He was cheerful and smiling.

1625:

script deepened their concerns of minority status and denial of rights if the Congress alone were to represent the people of India. Sir

1433:

The first session of the Indian National Congress in 1885. The Congress was the first modern nationalist movement in the British Empire.

1075: 475:

Over the next two centuries, the British defeated the Portuguese and Dutch but remained in conflict with the French. The decline of the

11703: 10781: 9995: 9480: 5824: 4936:

occurred from third-degree burns on 18 August 1945 after his overloaded Japanese plane crashed in Japanese-ruled Formosa (now Taiwan).

4123: 1117: 10816: 5802: 5250: 1803: 693:

and across the country, Indigenous communities organised numerous uprising against the British and their fellow members, especially

11314: 10821: 9799: 4223:, while many of the activists were kept under hold in different jails across the country. Indians who were based in the UK, joined 3208:

Gandhi was sentenced in 1922 to six years in prison, but was released after serving two. On his release from prison, he set up the

265: 4562: 3958:'s links to Russian revolutionary Nicholas Safranski, Indian groups including Bengal revolutionaries as well as India House under 1533:

was the most successful. The name of Lokmanya began spreading around and people started following him in all parts of the country.

10841: 10000: 9939: 4473: 2894:

during the summer of 1915. Britain waged a covert intelligence and diplomatic offensive, including personal interventions by the

2295:, the conspiracy culminated on the attempted assassination on 23 December 1912, when the ceremonial procession moved through the 1788:. The Muslim League insisted on its separateness from the Hindu-dominated Congress, as the voice of a "nation within a nation". 1772:

literature produced in the early stages of the movement. A compilation of nationalist literature, it was banned in India in 1913.

1629:

launched a movement for Muslim regeneration that culminated in the founding in 1875 of the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College at

1089: 853:, and assassinated by the British in jail in 1900, with a rushed cremation/burial conducted to ensure his movement was subdued. 522:, after defeating them in a series of wars. Much of Punjab was annexed in the year 1849, after the defeat of Sikh armies in the 11397: 11057: 10965: 10791: 10744: 9416: 9342:. Janet Sethre Paxia (translator) (English edition translated from the Italian ed.). Gloucestershire: The Windrush Press. 4174:

on 8 April 1929 protesting against the passage of the Public Safety Bill and the Trade Disputes Bill while raising slogans of "

3398: 1883:. The stated aim was to improve administration. However, this was seen as an attempt to quench nationalistic sentiment through 1681: 1314: 7095: 11998: 11403: 10046: 9473: 9426: 9395: 9369: 9347: 9306: 9283: 9251: 9229: 9148: 9118: 9066: 9042: 8992: 8971: 8928: 8885: 8861: 8840: 8816: 8765: 8743: 8648: 8626: 8604: 8582: 8558: 8378: 8330: 8242: 8188: 8161: 8124: 8090: 7963: 7929: 7753: 7573: 7546: 7054: 7027: 7000: 6812: 6757: 6732: 6682: 6629: 6582: 6545: 6115: 5920: 5888: 5713: 5660: 5565: 5495: 5357: 5323: 2952:, a temporary alliance with the All India Muslim League over the issues of devolution and the future of Islam in the region. 2564: 9504: 4854:. In 1940 the British authorities in Calcutta placed Bose under house arrest. However, he escaped and made his way through 4579:

dissatisfied sub-continent only reluctantly participating in the war, and deteriorations in the war situation in Europe and

3643:, demanding the division of India into two separate sovereign states, one Muslim, the other Hindu; sometimes referred to as 2767:

the later plans for pan-Indian mutiny during the war that were coordinated between the Indian nationalist underground, the "

12003: 11878: 11255: 4251: 3651: 3639:, persuaded participants at the annual Muslim League session at Lahore in 1940 to adopt what later came to be known as the 1811: 1259:

broke ranks and turned on their commanding officers, killing some of them. They reached Delhi on 11 May, set the company's

7044: 7017: 4677:

Speakers urged the Sangh members to keep aloof from the congress movement and these instructions were generally observed.

3224:, introducing a series of reforms aimed at the socially disadvantaged within Hindu society — the rural poor, and the 2739:

during World War I with German arms and support. Scheduled for Christmas Day, 1915, the plan was conceived and led by the

1437:

Religious groups played a role in reforming Indian society. These were of several religions from Hindu groups such as the

11521: 10872: 9517: 7633:

Greenough, Paul R. (1999). "Political mobilisation and the Underground Literature of the Quit Indian Movement, 1942–44".

6990: 5936: 4155: 3698: 924: 5157:. The Constituent Assembly completed the work of drafting the constitution on 26 November 1949; on 26 January 1950, the 4003:

was highly publicised and saw increasing surveillance and suppression of Indian nationalism. These were followed by the

3149:

The agitation unleashed by the acts led to demonstrations and British repressions, culminating on 13 April 1919, in the

1739:, on the other hand, wanted reform within the framework of British rule. Tilak was backed by rising public leaders like 6105: 5204: 5189: 2658: 2476:, was a series of plans between 1914 and 1917 by Indian nationalist groups to attempt Pan-Indian rebellion against the 2168: 2137:. They were tried for treason, the charge being that they had incited various regiments of the army against the ruler. 850: 479:

in the first half of the eighteenth century allowed the British to establish a foothold in Indian politics. During the

20: 8013:

Roy, Kaushik (2009). "Military Loyalty in the Colonial Context: A Case Study of the Indian Army during World War II".

7367:

Dennis Judd, "The Amritsar Massacre of 1919: Gandhi, the Raj and the Growth of Indian Nationalism, 1915–39," in Judd,

4081:

However, the emergence of the Gandhian movement slowly began to absorb the different revolutionary groups. The Bengal

1917:

began writing virulent newspaper articles challenging the legitimacy of British rule in India in publications such as

11377: 10923: 10766: 10761: 9328: 9210: 9088: 8281: 7784: 7677: 7390: 6837: 6707: 6515: 6166: 4999:) harbour on 18 February 1946. From the initial flashpoint in Bombay, the mutiny spread and found support throughout 4466: 2809: 2803: 2786: 2548: 2133:

was one of the senior leaders in Jugantar. He was arrested, along with several other leaders, in connection with the

6265: 3991:

The activities of nationalists abroad is believed to have shaken the loyalty of a number of native regiments of the

1326:, the East India Company's territory was transferred to the British government. At the apex of the new system was a 11940: 11372: 10776: 9689: 6636:

For the most part, however, Muslim India remained either aloof from or distrustful of the Congress and its demands.

5044: 4112: 3655: 3590: 2626: 2481: 1932:, which was particularly gaining strength in Bengal and Maharashtra from the last decade of the 1800s. In Bengal, 551: 514:, most of southern India came either under the company's direct rule, or under its indirect political control in a 194: 5975: 4085:

moved away from its philosophy of violence in the 1920s, when a number of its members identified closely with the

3198:, which saw the death of twenty-two policemen at the hands of an angry mob that India would descend into anarchy. 1219:

The final spark was provided by the rumoured use of tallow (from cows) and lard (pig fat) in the newly introduced

624:

was an early revolutionary against the British presence in Tamil Nadu. He became a military leader in the town of

11945: 11787: 11382: 9929: 9919: 9884: 4478: 3828: 3802:. More groups were scattered around India. Particularly notable movements arose in Bengal, especially around the 3048:, a veteran Congressman and Indian leader, became Gandhi's mentor. Gandhi's ideas and strategies of non-violent 2782: 2513: 1544: 697:

and moneylenders. One of the earliest of these on record was led by Binsu Manki around 1771 over the transfer of

384: 6882:

They threw a bomb on a coach similar to that of Kingsford's ... Khudiram ... was sentenced to death and hanged.

2940:

In the aftermath of the First World War, high casualty rates, soaring inflation compounded by heavy taxation, a

709:. Following the Binsu Manki's revolt in Jharkhand, numerous uprising across the region took place including the 12008: 10990: 10892: 7623:

Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh, Volume 3, p. 36, Sirajul Islam, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh

6228: 4228: 2840:, a series of Indo-German efforts to provoke a nationalist revolution in India. Nominally headed by the exiled 2654:

it started. Key figures were arrested, mutinies in smaller units and garrisons within India were also crushed.

1350: 816:

that happened from 1855 to 1857 (but started as early as 1784) and was particularly led by siblings – brothers

636:, who was supported by the British. Maruthanayagam Pillai was a commandant of the British East India Company's 6675:

Haj to Utopia: How the Ghadar Movement Charted Global Radicalism and Attempted to Overthrow the British Empire

3201:

In 1920, under Gandhi's leadership, the Congress was reorganized and given a new constitution, whose goal was

11798: 11193: 10862: 10831: 6069:

Yang, Anand A. (November 2007). "Bandits and Kings: Moral Authority and Resistance in Early Colonial India".

5150: 5114: 4656:(RSS) had a tradition of keeping aloof from the anti-British Indian self-rule movement since its founding by 4103: 2965: 2774: 2768: 2666: 2489: 2134: 1894: 1823: 1327: 141: 8702:

Gupta, Amit Kumar (September–October 1997). "Defying Death: Nationalist Revolutionism in India, 1897–1938".

1103: 11920: 11605: 11599: 11307: 11244: 11179: 11142: 10955: 10916: 10882: 10538: 9889: 6156: 5074: 4933: 4559:

soldiers of Indian freedom" and they had to keep the war for independence to go on (against British rule).

4351:). Inspired by the patriotic zeal of revolutionaries in Bengal, Raju raided police stations in and around 4171: 3892: 3596: 3558: 3477: 3190: 3100: 2532:

movement and arrested key figures. Mutinies in smaller units and garrisons within India were also crushed.

2520:. This plot was planned to be executed in February 1915 with the aim of overthrowing British rule over the 2384: 1838: 1331: 1323: 399: 353: 291: 258: 5373: 3557:

was not accepted by the British. For the next few years, Congress and the government negotiated until the

2426:, was of significant ferocity to almost complete the paralysis of the regional administration. Meanwhile, 11900: 11809: 11357: 11337: 11062: 10728: 10115: 9764: 7461: 5240: 5193: 5106: 5016: 4939: 4863: 4742: 4653: 4279: 3406: 3268: 2837: 2764: 2638: 2473: 2467: 2200:

Several leaders of Jugantar group were imprisoned in various jails, one of which was a prominent jail of

1712: 1410: 9924: 7495: 2763:, which was then to be used as a staging ground for a pan-Indian revolution. The Christmas Day plot was 2064:(30 April 1908) initiated a police investigation that led to the arrest of many of the revolutionaries. 11915: 11646: 11433: 11423: 10985: 10970: 10463: 10015: 9732: 9727: 9034:

Intelligence and Imperial Defence: British Intelligence and the Defence of the Indian Empire, 1904-1924

8044: 6367: 5230: 4780: 4750: 4552: 4514: 4352: 3996: 3955: 3803: 3756: 3628: 3343: 3228:. This era saw the emergence of a new generation of Indians from within the Congress Party, including 2941: 1880: 1870: 1645:, who was regarded as the "father of Indian Unrest" by the British. Along with Tilak were leaders like 1065:

launched an armed revolution against the East India Company's rule in Odisha. This is now known as the

1061:, the chief of Army of Kalinga requested a common alliance against the British. After Rajguru's death, 758: 661: 68: 11268: 6055: 4524: 3748:(right) are considered among the most influential revolutionaries of the Indian independence movement. 1806:(AICIC), which was founded in 1914, played a role in the Indian independence movement, advocating for 962:

Muthuvaduganathaperiya Udaiyathevar, was killed in battle with British soldiers and the forces of the

11950: 11832: 11673: 11162: 11152: 10438: 10135: 10010: 9849: 9789: 7239:

Wilkinson, Steven Ian (September–October 2000), "India, Consociational Theory, and Ethnic Violence",

5102: 5062: 4943: 4303: 3810:. In the former case, it was the educated, intelligent and dedicated youth of the urban middle class 3150: 3138: 3108: 3088: 2997: 2895: 2679: 2662: 2435: 2416: 1944:, whilst a number of revolutionaries were killed, or captured and put on trial. Revolutionaries like 1928:

The Partition also precipitated increasing activity from the then still Nascent militant nationalist

1668: 1634: 1482: 1339: 936: 935:

and in the northernmost region of the then political division was continuously revolting against the

846: 628:

and was defeated in battle against the British and Maruthanayagam's forces. He was executed in 1757.

581: 388: 9141:

Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present

3647:. Although the idea of Pakistan had been introduced as early as 1930, very few had responded to it. 2759:. The aim of the plot was to seize the Fort William, isolate Bengal and capture the capital city of 2310:

The investigations in the aftermath of the assassination attempt led to the Delhi Conspiracy trial.

2251: 2036:

Some senior members of the group were sent abroad for political and military training. One of them,

1247:, one of the principal leaders of the rebellion who earlier had lost her kingdom as a result of the 11955: 11925: 11910: 11905: 11872: 11837: 11540: 11210: 11126: 11111: 11042: 10960: 10723: 10698: 10235: 9934: 9914: 9774: 9634: 9592: 9002:

Plowman, Matthew (Autumn 2003). "Irish Republicans and the Indo-German Conspiracy of World War I".

5728:

Khan, Muazzam Hussain. "Titu Mir". Banglapedia. Bangladesh Asiatic Society. Retrieved 4 March 2014.

5279: 5235: 5178: 5098: 5082: 4984: 4976: 4732: 4720: 4646: 4603:

that signified the certitude that Gandhi foresaw for the movement is best described by his call to

4502: 4391: 4216: 4086: 4058: 3932: 3465: 3264: 2976: 1815: 1785: 1716: 1664: 1514: 1474: 1384: 1234: 1230: 1176: 1109: 1095: 978: 825: 621: 614: 317: 302: 1271:, to become their leader and reclaim his throne. The emperor eventually agreed and was proclaimed 1153: 12013: 11759: 11698: 11443: 11300: 11157: 10443: 10413: 10150: 10130: 9965: 9874: 9597: 9587: 9577: 9567: 5275: 5200: 5094: 5031: 4883:. The Provisional Free Indian Government in exile reorganised the Japanese collaborationit unit 4635: 4326: 4143: 4020: 4004: 3636: 3533: 3044:

that the Europeans had brought were long required to alleviate many of India's chronic problems.

2427: 2396: 2352: 2339: 2264: 2246: 2195: 2172: 1781: 1287: 738: 649: 251: 6572: 3130: 3127:) was called, marking the beginning of widespread, although not nationwide, popular discontent. 2395:(religious endowments) and was appointed to the Sandhurst committee, which helped establish the 2212:. In 1932 many freedom fighters from Bengal were imprisoned in cellular jail as a result of the 12018: 11822: 11651: 11582: 11572: 11116: 10668: 10578: 10573: 9814: 9753: 9645: 9572: 9562: 9132: 8871: 8114: 6191: 6141: 4851: 3942:

Indian nationalism made headway through Indian societies as far as Paris and London. In London

3846: 3791: 3195: 2860: 2817: 2790: 2717: 2646: 2450: 2003: 1402: 966:, she was drawn into battle. She formed an army and sought an alliance with Gopala Nayaker and 39: 9297:

Emergence of Indian Nationalism: Competition and Collaboration in the Later Nineteenth Century

9275: 9265: 9056: 8987:. New Delhi: Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India. 8875: 8851: 8636: 8572: 8320: 8232: 8178: 8151: 6505: 5485: 5349:

Fifty Years of Bangladesh, 1971-2021: Crises of Culture, Development, Governance, and Identity

5347: 5145:

Rare photograph of Hindustan Times Newspaper when India got its Independence from the British.

4134:

was done largely by the members of HSRA. A number of Congress leaders from Bengal, especially

900:

Mysore to the benefit of the East India Company, which won and took control of much of India.

421:

established the Republic of India. Pakistan adopted its first constitution in 1956. In 1971,

11935: 11842: 11656: 11631: 10867: 10806: 10633: 10418: 10363: 10195: 10155: 9960: 9879: 9824: 9809: 9759: 9747: 9624: 8080: 7919: 7563: 6617: 6535: 6457: 5313: 4995:

by Indian sailors of the Royal Indian Navy on board ship and shore establishments at Bombay (

4776: 4409:

I dedicate my life as a small contribution to my motherland. I am alone responsible for this.

4263: 4151: 4042: 3947: 3766:(25 March 1931), reporting the execution of Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev by the British. 3541: 3356: 3060: 3045: 3011: 2824:

in 1915–1916. The purpose was to encourage Afghanistan to declare full independence from the

2650: 2575: 2536: 2446: 1831: 1736: 1708: 1660: 1646: 1522: 1406: 1279:, and Christian population of the city, including natives who had converted to christianity. 1142: 950:, was one of the earliest Indian queens to fight against the British colonial power in India. 817: 685: 562: 527: 451: 418: 361: 312:

The stages of the independence struggle in the 1920s were characterised by the leadership of

214: 184: 9032: 8830: 8368: 7518: 7385:(5th ed.). Washington, DC: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. p. 42. 2508:. The most prominent plan attempted to foment unrest and trigger a Pan-Indian mutiny in the 875:

were a series of wars fought in over the last three decades of the 18th century between the

11728: 11708: 11616: 11478: 11323: 11220: 11147: 11121: 10718: 10673: 10608: 10553: 10498: 10383: 10288: 10245: 10200: 10120: 10020: 9864: 9769: 9619: 9271: 7991: 7238: 5526: 5213: 5174: 5087: 5070: 4969: 4884: 4880: 4807: 4738: 4716: 4340: 4322: 4135: 4131: 4108: 4074: 4070: 3951: 3481: 3300: 3249: 3015: 3002: 2980: 2961: 2872: 2844: 2496:. The conspiracy was drawn up at the beginning of the war, with extensive support from the 2112: 1342:(Viceroy) was made responsible to him, while he in turn was responsible to the government. 1220: 797: 765:

and the British during the 19th century. Along with his followers, he built a bamboo fort (

523: 414: 380: 372:

promoted the emancipation of Indian women and their participation in the freedom struggle.

306: 11275: 8274:

Brothers Against the Raj: A Biography of Indian Nationalists Sarat and Subhas Chandra Bose

7381:

Paul, John J. (1996). "Historical Setting". In Heitzman, James; Worden, Robert L. (eds.).

3506:

in May 1928 to instill a sense of camaraderie. The conference appointed a committee under

8: 11641: 11636: 11532: 10939: 10703: 10648: 10533: 10528: 10423: 10403: 10328: 10125: 10105: 10100: 10095: 10070: 9909: 8432: 6371: 5880:

Birsa Munda and His Movement, 1872–1901: A Study of a Millenarian Movement in Chotanagpur

5779:

This is our homeland... a collection of essays on the betrayal of Adivasi rights in India

4915: 4895: 4839: 4799: 4681:

As such, the British government did not crackdown on the RSS and Hindu Mahasabha at all.

4571: 4538: 4380: 4287: 4116: 4099: 3992: 3664: 3632: 3573: 3492: 3421: 3363: 3352: 3292: 3245: 3080: 2868: 2606: 2560: 2556: 2540: 2521: 2509: 2505: 2430:

were triggered by revolutionaries lack of preparedness to organise a nationalist revolt.

2379: 2372: 2311: 1999: 1910: 1728: 1697: 1548: 1526: 1502: 1486: 1478: 1414: 1354: 998: 905: 884: 762: 750: 706: 519: 515: 345: 4420:

of the Hindus and destroy them. Every Indian is trying to drive out the English and get

3667:

also made it easier for the All-India Muslim League to demand the creation of Pakistan.

2441: 1229:

was sepoy who played a key part in the events immediately preceding the outbreak of the

375:

Few leaders followed a more violent approach, which became especially popular after the

11847: 11792: 11550: 11498: 11438: 11052: 10887: 10733: 10653: 10583: 10568: 10478: 10468: 10378: 10368: 10353: 10338: 10318: 10293: 10165: 10110: 9834: 9804: 9699: 9679: 9629: 9527: 9379: 9357: 9295: 9184: 9159: 9136: 9019: 8792: 8719: 8683: 8675: 8526: 8497: 8473: 7650: 7256: 6086: 5759: 5628: 5283: 5225: 5166: 5048: 4911: 4600: 4588: 4548: 4331: 4283: 4208: 4127: 3807: 3616: 3563: 3390: 3233: 3049: 2993: 2921: 2863:. Other participants included members of an Indian nationalist organisation called the 2813: 2712: 2706: 2544: 2315: 2225: 2164: 2037: 1796: 1346: 1163: 916: 888: 702: 610: 447: 365: 349: 337: 298: 234: 174: 5997: 5677: 4517:

was a former leader of Congress. From its earliest wartime inception, Bose joined the

2497: 1784:'s petitions by increasing the number of elective offices reserved for Muslims in the 943: 11857: 11733: 11562: 11225: 11106: 11047: 11021: 10975: 10877: 10708: 10693: 10593: 10488: 10448: 10373: 10278: 10250: 10210: 10035: 9819: 9779: 9742: 9704: 9684: 9674: 9557: 9547: 9440: 9422: 9391: 9384: 9365: 9343: 9324: 9302: 9279: 9247: 9225: 9206: 9189: 9144: 9114: 9084: 9062: 9038: 9023: 8988: 8982: 8967: 8924: 8907: 8881: 8857: 8836: 8812: 8761: 8739: 8696:

Gentlemanly Terrorists: Political Violence and the Colonial State in India, 1919-1947

8687: 8644: 8622: 8600: 8578: 8554: 8477: 8374: 8326: 8277: 8269: 8238: 8184: 8157: 8120: 8116:

The Cold War: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection [5 volumes]

8086: 7969: 7959: 7925: 7780: 7758: 7723: 7698: 7673: 7606: 7569: 7542: 7386: 7050: 7023: 6996: 6873: 6833: 6808: 6753: 6728: 6703: 6678: 6625: 6578: 6541: 6511: 6162: 6111: 6016:"Remembering Queen Velu Nachiyar of Sivagangai, the first queen to fight the British" 5916: 5884: 5751: 5709: 5656: 5620: 5561: 5491: 5353: 5319: 5158: 5066: 5058: 5052: 5011:

and ultimately came to involve 78 ships, 20 shore establishments and 10,000 sailors.

4951: 4867: 4746: 4724: 4638:

supported the Raj and grew rapidly in membership, and in influence with the British.

4498: 4485: 4344: 4343:. Raju started a protest movement in the border areas of the Godavari Agency part of 4307: 4271: 4267: 4212: 4175: 4159: 4147: 4050: 3985: 3916: 3896: 3795: 3644: 3640: 3402: 3241: 3180: 3104: 3068: 2925: 2856: 2552: 2525: 2146: 1941: 1914: 1827: 1819: 1740: 1560: 1556: 1530: 1506: 1462: 1366: 1304: 1248: 1233:. His defiance to his British superiors and later his execution ignited the fire for 1201: 1185:

had increasingly come into conflict with the religious beliefs and prejudices of the

1146: 1124: 1062: 1027: 880: 876: 872: 809: 589: 547: 480: 460:

The first European to reach India via the Atlantic Ocean was the Portuguese explorer

410: 333: 5169:, taking over from Governor General Rajgopalachari. Subsequently, the French ceded 3271:. Regional political organisations also continued to represent the interests of non- 491:, and the company established itself as a major player in Indian affairs. After the 394:

The Indian independence movement was in constant ideological evolution. Essentially

11867: 11777: 11772: 11718: 11626: 11545: 11483: 11473: 11448: 11362: 11342: 11186: 10980: 10897: 10811: 10688: 10658: 10638: 10613: 10603: 10543: 10453: 10398: 10393: 10283: 10205: 10030: 9985: 9970: 9894: 9869: 9839: 9602: 9542: 9179: 9171: 9011: 8950: 8938: 8784: 8711: 8667: 8518: 8465: 8153:

Hindu Mahasabha in Colonial North India, 1915–1930: Constructing Nation and History

8022: 7893: 7728: 7642: 7598: 7248: 7099: 6785: 6078: 5849: 5182: 4959: 4926: 4907: 4772: 4707:

and the question for the postwar era became how to exit gracefully and peacefully.

4237: 4183: 4167: 4066: 4024: 4012: 4007:

on the life of Viceroy of India. Following this, the nucleus of networks formed in

4000: 3822: 3745: 3682: 3554: 3499: 3469: 3440: 3304: 3237: 3225: 3209: 3142: 2913: 2864: 2622: 2288: 2268: 2233: 1935: 1687: 1677: 1490: 1398: 1380: 1370: 1335: 1211: 1192:

The indifference of the British towards native Indian rulers and the annexation of

1018: 986: 920: 856: 742: 710: 592:, most of South India was now either under the company's direct rule, or under its 395: 329: 113: 8469: 4150:

and other attempts against the administration in British India and Raj officials.

2641:, formulated between 1914 and 1917 to initiate a Pan-Indian rebellion against the 2371:, the Muslim League played a decisive role behind the creation of Pakistan in the 131: 11930: 11895: 11862: 11387: 11101: 10846: 10836: 10738: 10643: 10588: 10503: 10483: 10303: 10273: 10268: 10225: 10215: 10180: 10175: 10140: 10065: 9990: 9829: 9552: 9412: 9128: 9106: 8488:(October–December 1985). "Subhas Chandra Bose and the Indian National Congress". 8353: 7602: 7536: 6613: 5910: 5878: 5777: 5703: 5650: 5555: 5162: 5123: 4942:

began in late 1945, and included the infamous joint court-martial of key figures

4642: 4624: 4584: 4580: 4506: 4417: 4356: 4247: 4187: 3870: 3731: 3347: 3260: 3217: 3007: 2909: 2778: 2404: 2180: 2175:

were arrested for connection with Calcutta arms act case in 1932 and deported to

2156: 1884: 1855:

was one of the youngest Indian revolutionaries tried and executed by the British.

1744: 1626: 1622: 1552: 1540: 1510: 1494: 1300: 1291: 1268: 1128: 863:, fought the British in a series of continuous struggles for 13 years during the 754: 722: 554: 492: 488: 484: 369: 8941:(July 1997). "Nehru's policy towards Kashmir: Bringing politics back in again". 6776:

Oddie, Geoffrey A. (2001). "Indian Christians and National Identity 1870–1947".

2303:. The Viceroy escaped with his injuries, along with Lady Hardinge, although the 1373:. The British Liberals objected as the title was foreign to British traditions. 879:

on the one hand, and the British East India Company (represented chiefly by the

11766: 11753: 11713: 11683: 11567: 11458: 11215: 10678: 10628: 10618: 10598: 10563: 10523: 10508: 10230: 10160: 10145: 10085: 10075: 9904: 9794: 9664: 9639: 9614: 9512: 9465: 9239: 8671: 8542: 7897: 6965:"Story of Basanta Biswas, penned by Ujjal Biswas, to be portrayed on celluloid" 5127: 5110: 5078: 4955: 4728: 4689: 4661: 4348: 4336: 4259: 4243: 4062: 4054: 3980: 3924: 3908: 3874: 3741: 3604: 3577: 3550: 3308: 3183:

as well as for dominion status. The first satyagraha movement urged the use of

3064: 3054: 2944:

and the disruption of trade during the war escalated human suffering in India.

2917: 2887: 2852: 2841: 2825: 2821: 2740: 2725: 2501: 2061: 2026: 1976: 1949: 1898: 1845:, who saw alcohol as a foreign importation to the culture of the subcontinent. 1842: 1764: 1650: 1642: 1529:

were some of the prominent leaders of movements in the early 20th century. The

1311:, continued until spring 1859, but most of the rebels were eventually subdued. 1244: 1066: 963: 928: 741:, but were defeated by the technologically enhanced colonial cavalry. A larger 665: 633: 593: 443: 357: 313: 224: 58: 31: 8954: 7885: 6082: 4850:

focus for ex-congress leaders holding socialist views. Bose then founded the

4211:(the last political murder outside India), generally held responsible for the 11992: 11738: 11723: 11688: 11678: 11577: 11515: 11488: 11079: 10623: 10548: 10513: 10473: 10388: 10358: 10348: 10333: 10220: 10190: 10170: 9899: 9316: 9175: 8964:

Les racines intellectuelles du mouvement d'indépendance de l'Inde (1893-1918)

8804: 8592: 8568: 8550: 8538: 8065:

Culture and Combat in the Colonies. The Indian Army in the Second World War.

7973: 7610: 7403: 6877: 6531: 5755: 5624: 5434: 5209: 5170: 5000: 4988: 4827: 4823: 4803: 4657: 4443: 4299: 4028: 3976: 3959: 3928: 3787: 3611: 3600: 3507: 3461: 3158: 2848: 2789:

with the German and Turkish delegates in Kabul, 1915. Seated to his right is

2756: 2736: 2598: 2592: 2484:

and exiled or self-exiled nationalists who formed, in the United States, the

2423: 2407:, Jinnah joined other Indian moderates in supporting the British war effort. 2367:), in 1906. Being a political party to secure the interests of the Muslim in 2296: 2292: 2276: 2205: 2201: 2183: 2176: 2057: 1945: 1906: 1852: 1848: 1752: 1641:

The Hindu faction of the Independence movement was led by Nationalist leader

1618: 1604: 1588:

the partition of Bengal had to be firmly inhaled on the first of April, 1912.

1518: 1470: 1264: 1226: 1058: 954: 947: 901: 860: 841: 837: 813: 787: 783: 645: 476: 461: 422: 403: 8904:

Militant nationalism in India and its socio-religious background (1897–1917)

6789: 5093:

Violent clashes between Hindus, Sikhs, and Muslims followed. Prime Minister

4481:

became the largest volunteer force, numbering 2,500,000 men during the war.

3835:) in Bengal in 1902, forming two prominent and somewhat independent arms in 2044:

he set up a combined religious school and bomb factory at a garden house in

1747:, who held the same point of view. Under them, India's three great states – 11960: 11668: 11556: 11510: 11392: 11352: 11000: 10826: 10713: 10343: 10308: 10298: 10240: 10040: 9944: 9854: 9844: 9609: 9537: 9522: 9261: 9193: 9052: 8911: 8826: 8404:

and; Unpublished, Public Relations Office, London. War Office. 208/819A 25C

8297: 5460:"P Chidambaram releases documentary film on Alagumuthu Kone | Madurai News" 4871: 4859: 4843: 4673:

anti-British movements started and fought by the Indian National Congress,

4608: 4452: 4402: 4384: 4364: 4360: 4224: 4163: 4045:

to promote nationalist views among Indian students in Britain. A number of

4016: 3904: 3737: 3716: 3694: 3546: 3521: 3488: 3425: 3393:, was an Indian nationalist who participated in the agitations against the 3376: 3296: 3256: 3229: 3117: 3027: 3023: 2949: 2748: 2634: 2630: 2618: 2485: 2224:

ideology in jail and in 1935 a Communist Consolidation party was formed by

2108: 1792: 1769: 1581: 1445: 1276: 1006: 994: 940:

against the British until his natural death on the Fifth of December 1771.

871:

The toughest resistance the Company experienced was offered by Mysore. The

833: 779: 771: 726: 606: 558: 341: 321: 98: 88: 9437:

Towards Freedom, 1945: Documents on the Movement for Independence in India

9058:

Religion, Power and Violence: Expression of Politics in Contemporary Times

9015: 8896:

A Revolutionary History of Interwar India: Violence, Image, Voice and Text

8775:

Hoover, Karl (May 1985). "The Hindu Conspiracy in California, 1913–1918".

8658:

Fraser, Thomas G. (April 1977). "Germany and Indian Revolution, 1914-18".

7702: 6648: 4250:. The intelligence operations against India House saw the founding of the 2886:

Britain saw the expedition as a serious threat. Britain and its ally, the

1905:(not cooking any food). During this time, Bengali Hindu nationalists like 11965: 11827: 11463: 11367: 10433: 10313: 10005: 9784: 9532: 8853:

Indians in Britain: Anglo-Indian Encounters, Race and Identity, 1880–1930

8832:

The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan

8753: 8731: 8641:

A History of Alcohol and Drugs in Modern South Asia: Intoxicating Affairs

8485: 6290: 4947: 4888: 4855: 4518: 4396: 4372: 4368: 4311: 4295: 4275: 4204: 4046: 4038: 4008: 3943: 3936: 3840: 3836: 3799: 3779: 3690: 3394: 3284: 3096: 3076: 2880: 2833: 2829: 2689: 2675: 2642: 2614: 2610: 2579: 2493: 2477: 2368: 2335: 2130: 2116: 2104: 2053: 2030: 1984: 1952:, Kanailal Dutt who were either killed or hanged became household names. 1830:

for both organisations and individuals; this came to be reflected in the

1748: 1600: 1564: 1498: 1466: 1081: 1010: 896: 864: 829: 801: 677: 669: 637: 629: 625: 585: 511: 455: 376: 287: 204: 78: 8501: 8298:"Forgotten armies of the East – Le Monde diplomatique – English edition" 6090: 5763: 5739: 5632: 5608: 3608:

and held an upper hand in two, while the Muslim League performed poorly.

3532:

The flag adopted, during the Purna Swaraj movement, in 1931 and used by

2908:

The mission failed in its main task of rallying Afghanistan, under Emir

2645:

during World War I. The mutiny was planned to start in the key state of

2570: 1704: 1417:, a retired Scottish civil servant, seventy-two Indian delegates met in 1376: 1318:

Attack of the Mutineers on the Redan Battery at Lucknow, July 30th, 1857

1204:

and the projected removal of the Mughals from their ancestral palace at

297:

The first nationalistic movement for Indian independence emerged in the

11743: 11693: 11468: 11292: 10683: 10458: 10408: 10323: 9975: 9859: 9694: 8796: 8723: 8614: 8530: 8026: 7956:

India in Britain : South Asian networks and connections, 1858–1950

7654: 7260: 6830:

Alcohol and Temperance in Modern History: An International Encyclopedia

4754: 4490: 3856: 3322: 3032: 2364: 2229: 2100: 1567:, changed the political discourse of the Indian independence movement. 1439: 1308: 1260: 1182: 1053:

Temple. In retaliation, a group of armed Paiks attacked the British at

1022: 1002: 990: 775: 690: 653: 426: 406: 325: 283: 10908: 8679: 5937:"About Birsa Munda [ 1875-1900 ] Biography & Life History" 4975:

at Bombay Harbour after the war, was occupied by mutineers during the

4379:. Raju and his followers stole guns and ammunition and killed several 4049:

commemorate the stay of its various Indian revolutionaries including:

3534:

Provisional Government during the subsequent years of Second World War

3095:

The positive impact of reform was seriously undermined in 1919 by the

3057:. His programmes were all inspired by Tilak's "Chatusutri" programme. 2500:, the German consulate in San Francisco, as well as some support from 1591: 794:

communities) united to rebel against the "outsiders" from 1830 -1833.

725:

in 1800 under the leadership of Bhukan Singh, and two uprising of the

11970: 11588: 11504: 11414: 11347: 10663: 10558: 10518: 10493: 10428: 10090: 10080: 9980: 8370:

Naval Mutinies of the Twentieth Century: An International Perspective

7046:

Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib

6919: 6136: 5850:"Remembering Santal Hul, a 19th Century Struggle Against Imperialism" 5652:

Adivasis and the Raj: Socio-economic Transition of the Hos, 1820–1932

5154: 4965: 4567: 4510: 4376: 4196: 4095: 3900: 3812: 3528: 3473: 3213: 3037: 2876: 2529: 2517: 2454: 2221: 2111:

were noted for launching an attack on the Secretariat Building – the

2072: 2045: 1050: 1035: 967: 958: 892: 791: 746: 730: 698: 543: 8788: 8715: 8522: 7670:

Muslims against the Muslim League: Critiques of the Idea of Pakistan

7646: 7354:

Derek Sayer, "British Reaction to the Amritsar Massacre 1919–1920,"

7252: 6107:

Sarfarosh: A Naadi Exposition of the Lives of Indian Revolutionaries

5915:. Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting. 5487:

Madras, Chennai: A 400-year Record of the First City of Modern India

5315:

Production of Postcolonial India and Pakistan: Meanings of Partition

4034: 3145:. 120 bodies were recovered from this well as per inscription on it. 2971: 11852: 11817: 11085: 10025: 9669: 8402:

Raj; Making and unmaking of British India. Abacus. 1997. p571, p598

7443: 5119: 5008: 4191: 3866: 3861: 3686: 3620: 3346:(executive committee of Indian National Congress), whose president 3165: 3154: 3112: 3072: 2902: 2760: 2693: 2400: 2331: 2280: 2152: 2049: 2022: 2017: 1980: 1889: 1450: 1422: 1205: 1014: 734: 694: 641: 6452: 5795:"Remembering Santal Hul : A quest for Indigenous sovereignty" 4652:

The other Hindu nationalist organisation, and Mahasabha affiliate

4551:

movement in India which commenced on 8 August 1942 in response to

3157:, Punjab. In response to agitation in Amritsar, Brigadier-General 2528:

was ultimately thwarted when British intelligence infiltrated the

1680:, who went as far as contesting, successfully, an election to the 518:. The Company subsequently seized control of regions ruled by the 11493: 11453: 10185: 9454: 7944:

Khaksar Tehrik Ki Jiddo Juhad Volume 1. Author Khaksar Sher Zaman

7402:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

5278:, including the territories and trading post in Asia, came under 5131: 5105:

during the period of transition. He was replaced in June 1948 by

5004: 4592: 4438: 4425: 4413: 4179: 3272: 2731:

The second Christmas Day plot was to initiate an insurrection in

2649:, followed by mutinies in Bengal and rest of India. Indian units 2559:

in 1916. Parts of the conspiracy included efforts to subvert the

2314:

was convicted of having thrown the bomb and executed, along with

2217: 2160: 2120: 2090: 2041: 2033:, started to collect arms and explosives and manufactured bombs. 1759: 1630: 1458: 1296: 1240: 1042: 1031: 1009:

from Tamil Nadu who fought against the East India Company. After

982: 714: 681: 673: 465: 8537: 7369:

Empire: The British Imperial Experience from 1765 to the Present

7287:

Empire: The British Imperial Experience From 1765 To The Present

6427: 6415: 6403: 6354: 6342: 6330: 6318: 5705:

The Bhumij Revolt (1832–33): (ganga Narain's Hangama Or Turmoil)

5557:

Narratives from the Margins: Aspects of Adivasi History in India

5534:

International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention

5081:

Pakistan was declared a separate nation. Then at 12:02 A.M., on

3569: 3428:

in London and demanded total independence from the British rule.

3099:, named after the recommendations made the previous year to the 305:

with prominent moderate leaders seeking the right to appear for

11026: 10995: 9709: 8509:

Brown, Giles (August 1948). "The Hindu Conspiracy, 1914–1917".

8276:. New York and Oxford: Columbia University Press. p. 517. 7776:

Crisis in the Indian Subcontinent, Partition: Can it be Undone?

6992:

The Materiality of Politics: Volume 1: The Technologies of Rule

6702:. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 34. 5582:"Summary of the Tribal Rebellions during British rule in India" 5186: 4996: 4992: 4645:

openly opposed the call and boycotted the Quit India Movement.

4620: 4255: 4162:, among others; including arms training and how to make bombs. 3885: 3783: 3775: 3515: 3503: 3484:

supported the 'Purna Swaraj' motion demanded by Hasrat Mohani.

3318: 3276: 3123: 3022:

Gandhi had been a leader of the Indian nationalist movement in

2891: 2752: 2732: 2700: 2685: 2602: 2304: 2284: 2052:. However, the attempted murder of district Judge Kingsford of 1807: 1692: 1418: 1359: 1256: 1054: 1046: 972: 932: 909: 820:, Chand and Bhairav and their sisters Phulo and Jhano from the 761:

was an Islamic preacher who led a peasant uprising against the

733:

first came in contact with the British, from 1820 to 1821 near

504: 496: 7921:

Filming Reality: The Independent Documentary Movement in India

3599:, the voluminous and final constitutional effort at governing 3030:. During these protests, Gandhi had perfected the concept of 2081: 1841:

became aligned with Indian nationalism under the direction of

1649:, who was the inspiration, political mentor and role model of 1536: 1429: 1275:

by the rebels. The rebels also murdered much of the European,

19:

For independence movements of indigenous American people, see

11662: 9113:. Cambridge South Asian Studies. Cambridge University Press. 6255:"Khurda Paik Rebellion – The First Independence War of India" 4903: 4899: 4460: 3920: 3882: 3852: 3314: 3280: 3184: 2721: 2360: 2300: 1263:

on fire, and marched into the Red Fort, where they asked the

1186: 1069:, the first uprising against the British East India Company. 821: 718: 657: 500: 469: 9131:(2009). "Gandhi and Civil Resistance in India, 1917–47". In 8428:"Ministers to build a new 'special relationship' with India" 5161:

was officially proclaimed. The Constituent Assembly elected

4894:

The INA was to see action against the Allies, including the

4501:(9 August 1925) led by Indian youth under the leadership of 3443:

in 1929 demanded "complete independence from Great Britain."

1879:, the Viceroy and Governor-General (1899–1905), ordered the 1656: 11005: 8541:; Mukherjee, Mridula; Mukherjee, Aditya; Mahajan, Sucheta; 7444:"Zachariah, 'Gandhi, Non-Violence and Indian Independence'" 6893:

John R. McLane, "The Decision to Partition Bengal in 1905"

6828:

Blocker, Jack S.; Fahey, David M.; Tyrrell, Ian R. (2003).

6752:. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. pp. 107–108n. 6622:

Congress and Indian Nationalism: The Pre-independence Phase

6132:"Chinnamalai, a lesser-known freedom fighter of Kongu soil" 4962:

played a significant role in getting INA members released.

4628: 4528:

Mahatma Gandhi discusses the Quit India Movement with Nehru

3288: 2744: 2392: 2159:

were arrested in connection with bomb-making activities in

1283: 1193: 705:. The Rangpur Dhing took place from 1782 to 1783 in nearby 383:. The Act sparked protests across India, especially in the 8877:

The Amritsar Massacre: The Untold Story of One Fateful Day

8234:

Religious Dimensions of Indian Nationalism: A Study of RSS

6807:. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. pp. 109–110. 6727:. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. pp. 106–107. 3067:, best remembered for his controversial presidency of the 2574:

The public executions of convicted sepoy mutineers of the

328:. Some of the leading followers of Gandhi's ideology were 7878: 6618:"The Indian National Congress in Nationalist Perspective" 6540:, Legacy Series, Princeton University Press, p. 58, 5177:

and its remaining Indian colonies by 1954. Indian troops

5027: 4875: 4838:

India's entry into the world war was strongly opposed by

4405:, in a letter found in his pocket, stated the following: 3703:

Communist involvement in the Indian independence movement

2716:

Regiment was in charge of the security. Indoctrinated by

1013:

and Tipu Sultan's deaths, Chinnamalai sought the help of

9418:

An Autobiography: The Story of My Experiments With Truth

9081:

M.P.T. Acharya: Reminiscences of an Indian Revolutionary

7541:. Indian Society of International Law. 2005. p. 4. 7510: 4122:

The HSRA had strong influences from leftist ideologies.

753:

who had previously also been involved in co-leading the

48:, distributed by the British Information Services (1942) 9386:

Gandhi's Passion: The Life and Legacy of Mahatma Gandhi

7299: 7096:"The Statesman: Jinnah's differences with the Congress" 6574:

The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire

5998:"East India Company – Definition, History, & Facts" 4416:

of England having captured our country, tread over the

4310:

recommended extending the Defence of India Act (as the

2751:, along with a German raid on the South Indian city of 8635: 6852: 6600:

Social and Economic History of the Panjab: (1849–1901)

5740:"The Kol Rising of Chotanagpur (1831–33) – Its Causes" 3584: 2948:

self-rule. In 1916, Congress succeeded in forging the

1987:

officials in an attempt to secure Indian independence.

561:

in Plassey made the battle one of the main factors of

8082:

India Condensed: 5,000 Years of History & Culture

7754:"Partition of India and Patriotism of Indian Muslims" 7126: 5256:

Communist involvement in Indian Independence movement

5038: 4925:

While a number of Japanese officers, even those like

4203:

branch formally dissolved in 1938. On 13 March 1940,

4102:. A spate of violence led up to the enactment of the 2283:

to New Delhi. Involving revolutionary underground in

1584:. Swadeshi factories came into existence everywhere. 437: 8180:

From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India

6503: 4866:

help for raising an army to fight the British. The

4231:, partaking in revolutionary activities in Britain. 3954:

avid followers. By 1907, through Indian nationalist

3869:) respectively. Led by nationalists of the likes of 8170: 6827: 5199:Following self-rule in 1947, India remained in the 5065:, announced the partitioning of British India into 2267:, hatched in 1912, planned to assassinate the then 2040:obtained his training in Paris. After returning to 1723:In 1907, Congress was split into two factions: The 824:clan in its most fervent years that lead up to the 613:was declared the "Emperor of Hindustan" during the 9383: 9294: 8943:Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 6314: 6312: 5352:. Springer International Publishing. p. 100. 3173: 9111:Gandhi's Rise to Power: Indian Politics 1915–1922 7208: 6537:Gokhale: The Indian Moderates and the British Raj 3975:District Magistrate of Nasik, A.M.T. Jackson, by 2275:, on the occasion of transferring the capital of 2002:was an Indian revolutionary who was privy to the 1603:) with her diverse progeny and the rallying cry " 1215:Map of India during the Indian Rebellion of 1857. 11990: 9495: 7555: 6821: 5034:became the first Prime Minister of India in 1947 4318:in Bengal and the Ghadarite movement in Punjab. 3502:rejections, an all-party conference was held at 3333: 2797: 1818:formed a working committee with M. Rahnasamy of 356:spread patriotic awareness. Female leaders like 9301:. London, England: Cambridge University Press. 8738:. Delhi: Oxford University Press. p. 199. 8202: 8200: 7985: 7983: 7516: 6677:. University of California Press. p. 227. 6620:. In Sisson, Richard; Wolpert, Stanley (eds.). 6566: 6564: 6562: 6560: 6558: 6556: 6348: 6309: 5212:described Indian – British relations as a "New 4693:organisation itself. In Golwalkar's own words, 2240: 2140: 1653:and inspired several other freedom activists. 1159:Suppression of the Indian Revolt by the English 923:to the British authority. The independent king 904:was the prince regent of the princely state of 601: 8597:The Butcher of Amritsar: General Reginald Dyer 8448: 8176: 8085:. Marshall Cavendish Corporation. p. 71. 7994:. Government of India Press Information Bureau 7854: 7837: 7661: 7565:Churchill and India: Manipulation or Betrayal? 6624:. University of California Press. p. 24. 6524: 6103: 5968:"The 'Ulgulaan' of 'Dharti Aba – Birsa Munda'" 5678:"Ho Rebellion & Kol Rebellion | Jharkhand" 5554:Gupta, Sanjukta Das; Basu, Raj Sekhar (2012). 5246:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence 4987:was a failed insurrection which encompassed a 3677:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence 2935: 2890:, unsuccessfully attempted to intercept it in 2832:on the side of the Central Powers, and attack 2613:in India. The plot originated at the onset of 1391: 1162:, which depicts the execution of mutineers by 1049:was deprived of his traditional rights to the 495:of 1764, it gained administrative rights over 387:, where they were violently suppressed in the 11308: 10924: 9481: 8212: 7798: 7796: 7717: 7715: 7480: 7274:Raj: The Making and Unmaking of British India 7156: 7154: 7146:Raj: The Making and Unmaking of British India 6929: 4887:composed of Indian POWs and volunteer Indian 4235: 3881:was influenced by philosophies as diverse as 3844: 3820: 3087:, the actions indirectly led to the infamous 1933: 1611: 259: 8197: 8145: 8143: 7980: 7668:Qasmi, Ali Usman; Robb, Megan Eaton (2017). 7582: 7462:"Do or Die: The Quit India Movement of 1942" 7186: 7184: 7171: 7169: 7093: 6771: 6769: 6553: 5708:. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. 4290:. The threat posed by the activities of the 2701:1st Christmas Day and 2nd Christmas Day plot 2555:in India, as well as, by some accounts, the 2208:. The Cellular jail was also referred to as 1864: 1690:was the first Indian nationalist to embrace 1595:Cover of a 1909 issue of the Tamil magazine 1572:products had to be sold in foreign markets. 774:led by Singhray and Binray Manki, where the 8984:Khudiram Bose: Revolutionary Extraordinaire 8366: 7747: 7745: 7743: 6577:, Cambridge University Press, p. 179, 5192:to join the Indian Union in 1975 after the 3931:in December 1909, followed by the death of 2480:during World War I, formulated between the 2357:All India Muhammadan Educational Conference 2179:. Several others were also deported to the 1735:, led by leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji and 1663:, was one of the most senior leader of the 1493:, as well as women such as the Scots–Irish 680:. Later he was entrusted to administer the 11315: 11301: 10931: 10917: 9996:Hindustan Socialist Republican Association 9488: 9474: 9337: 9030: 8923:. Vol. II. Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay. 8643:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 255–257. 8325:. Columbia University Press. p. 228. 8224: 8069:. J Contemn History. 41(2), 325–355.pp:332 8043:. Indian National Congress. Archived from 7911: 7866: 7860: 7825: 7815: 7813: 7811: 7793: 7712: 7695:Muslim politics in modern India, 1857-1947 7517:Ministry of Culture, Government of India. 7220: 7151: 7132: 7094:Official website, Government of Pakistan. 6952:. Delhi: Government of India. p. 339. 6895:Indian Economic and Social History Review, 6184:"Villages fight over martyr's death place" 6034:"Velu Nachiyar, Jhansi Rani of Tamil Nadu" 5941:The Ambedkarite Today – Voice Of Voiceless 5744:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 5318:. ISSN. Taylor & Francis. p. 43. 4461:Final process of Indian self-rule movement 4126:(HSRA) was formed under the leadership of 4124:Hindustan Socialist Republican Association 2987: 2847:, the expedition was a joint operation of 2461: 2346: 2189: 1676:the Empire. This trend was personified by 1563:, the triumvirate were popularly known as 1413:in 1876. Inspired by a suggestion made by 266: 252: 9203:Khadi: Gandhi's Mega Symbol of Subversion 9200: 9183: 8961: 8736:India's Freedom Struggle: A Short History 8140: 7917: 7672:. Cambridge University Press. p. 2. 7667: 7632: 7441: 7232: 7202: 7196: 7181: 7166: 6900: 6766: 6154: 5553: 5251:Women of the Indian independence movement 4950:. A number of Congress members including 3670: 3291:in Punjab. However, people like Mahakavi 3153:(also known as the Amritsar Massacre) in 3079:Government to evaluate the links between 1804:All India Conference of Indian Christians 1383:, was one of the founding members of the 836:and lead thousands of people from Munda, 483:, the East India Company's Army defeated 301:. It later took root in the newly formed 11322: 9244:History of the Freedom movement in India 9238: 9051: 8921:History of the Freedom Movement in India 8918: 8901: 8318: 8218: 8059: 7843: 7740: 7686: 7214: 7042: 6988: 6570: 6252: 5908: 5311: 5140: 5026: 4964: 4561: 4523: 4314:) to thwart any possible revival of the 4033: 3610: 3568: 3527: 3313: 3164: 3129: 3059: 3001: 2970: 2855:and was led by the German Army officers 2773: 2684: 2569: 2440: 2250: 2186:for doing Indian independence movement. 2025:was a paramilitary organisation. Led by 1983:. He carried out assassinations against 1847: 1758: 1703: 1655: 1590: 1535: 1428: 1375: 1313: 1239: 1210: 1152: 942: 855: 796: 605: 10938: 9378: 9356: 9001: 8809:On Secret Service East of Constantinope 8803: 8591: 8455: 8119:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 1567. 8078: 8041:"The Congress and The Freedom Movement" 7989: 7924:. SAGE Publications India. p. 36. 7890:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 7831: 7808: 7330: 7226: 7160: 7114: 6863: 6861: 6672: 6649:"Swaraj | Indian politics | Britannica" 6612: 6597: 6510:. U of Toronto Press. pp. 443–44. 6253:Paikaray, Braja (February–March 2008). 6215: 5702:Jha, Jagdish Chandra (1 January 1967). 5483: 5109:. In May 1947, Nehru declared that any 5101:had invited Mountbatten to continue as 4543:The Quit India Movement (also known as 4258:section, and at one point involved the 2449:memorial tablet at the entrance of the 1030:and defeated the British in battles at 660:troops, and later a commandant for the 644:family in a village called Panaiyur in 578:The Last Effort and Fall of Tipu Sultan 409:and partitioned British India into the 11991: 11263: 11058:Brihan Maharashtra College of Commerce 10966:Indian National Congress - Freedom Era 9411: 9321:Jinnah: India, Partition, Independence 9260: 8849: 8774: 8657: 8425: 8373:. Cass series. Frank Cass. p. 6. 8268: 8112: 7872: 7802: 7772: 7588: 7175: 6802: 6747: 6722: 6246: 5825:"The Forgotten Santhal Revolt of 1855" 5345: 4532: 4383:officers, including Scott Coward near 4339:) agricultural system, which involved 2875:, while the Turks were represented by 1682:House of Commons of the United Kingdom 1334:, who was to be formally advised by a 11296: 10912: 9469: 9315: 9219: 9157: 9127: 9105: 9078: 8980: 8937: 8906:. General Printers & Publishers. 8870: 8825: 8752: 8730: 8701: 8613: 8567: 8508: 8413: 8360: 8312: 8230: 8206: 8106: 8072: 7953: 7819: 7721: 7428:Sanjay Paswan and Pramanshi Jaideva, 7342: 7190: 7120: 7081: 6962: 6935: 6906: 6775: 6697: 6530: 6491: 6479: 6439: 6391: 6161:. Leadstart Publishing. p. 212. 6062: 5962: 5960: 5958: 5904: 5902: 5900: 5876: 5872: 5870: 5792: 5675: 5648: 5644: 5642: 5549: 5547: 5520: 5518: 5516: 5514: 5421: 5409: 5397: 5284:union of England and Scotland in 1707 4428:, and one who eats the flesh of cows. 3362:The British swiftly responded to the 2665:. The conspiracy was followed by the 2565:Middle Eastern theatre of World War I 2029:, with 21 revolutionaries, including 1901:on each other's wrists and observing 804:, leader of Munda rebellion (Ulgulan) 16:Movement to end British rule in India 11251: 9340:Gandhi and India: A Century in Focus 9292: 9061:. SAGE Publications. pp. 134–. 8484: 8257: 8149: 7992:"Freedom Movement in Andhra Pradesh" 7697:. Meenakshi Prakashan. p. 114. 7568:. Taylor & Francis. p. 65. 7561: 7442:Zachariah, Benjamin (1 March 2011). 7380: 7072:, Vol. II, "Nixon's Report", p. 591. 7049:. Penguin Books India. p. 329. 7015: 6947: 6872:. Orient Longman. pp. 130–131. 6867: 6858: 6181: 6068: 5613:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 5606: 5540:(4): 1–6 – via Google Scholar. 5524: 5490:. Palaniappa Brothers. p. 211. 5477: 4922:and handed over by them to the INA. 4497:The self-rule movement included the 4252:Indian Political Intelligence Office 2601:was a plan to initiate a pan-Indian 1684:, becoming its first Indian member. 1282:Revolts broke out in other parts of 1170: 757:in these regions from 1771 to 1809. 344:, and others. Intellectuals such as 9160:"Spinning for India's Independence" 8698:(Cambridge University Press, 2017.) 8490:Indian Journal of Political Science 8012: 7751: 7692: 6989:Samaddar, Ranabir (1 August 2007). 6963:Nandi, Soumitra (20 October 2017). 6445: 6218:"The Oriya Paika Rebellion of 1817" 5737: 5701: 5339: 5305: 4472:When the Second World War started, 4158:(HSRA), including Bhagat Singh and 4156:Hindustan Socialist Republican Army 3699:Hindustan Socialist Republican Army 3585:Elections and the Lahore resolution 3075:committee appointed in 1918 by the 2975:Gandhi in 1918, at the time of the 2661:, the Foreigners act 1914, and the 2391:, the legitimisation of the Muslim 2325: 2322:for their roles in the conspiracy. 1881:partition of the province of Bengal 1365:In 1876 the British Prime Minister 749:in Bengal, under the leadership of 648:, what is now in Nainarkoil Taluk, 550:. Mir Jafar's betrayal towards the 282:was a series of historic events in 13: 9405: 9098: 9031:Popplewell, Richard James (1995). 8367:Bell, C.M.; Elleman, B.A. (2003). 7300:"The Indian Independence Movement" 6853:Fischer-Tiné & Tschurenev 2014 6602:. S. Nagin. pp. 129–130, 346. 6283: 5955: 5897: 5867: 5639: 5544: 5511: 5205:relations between the UK and India 5039:Sovereignty and partition of India 4587:, in what came to be known as the 4142:and the HSRA were involved in the 2955: 2659:Ingress into India Ordinance, 1914 2410: 2169:Communist Party of India (Marxist) 2167:was one of the founding member of 1925:, and were charged with sedition. 1449:, to other religions, such as the 1303:was killed. Sporadic fighting and 925:Jagannatha Gajapati Narayan Deo II 676:(a.k.a. Palayakkarar) uprising in 438:Early British Colonialism in India 320:'s adoption of Gandhi's policy of 21:Native American self-determination 14: 12030: 9447: 9224:. Vol. One. Johnathan Cape. 8639:; Tschurenev, Jana, eds. (2014). 8547:India's Struggle for Independence 8183:. Orient Blackswan. p. 422. 7892:. Oxford University Press. 2004. 6803:Thomas, Abraham Vazhayil (1974). 6748:Thomas, Abraham Vazhayil (1974). 6723:Thomas, Abraham Vazhayil (1974). 6507:Disraeli: The Romance of Politics 5073:. With the speedy passage of the 4940:Trials against members of the INA 4660:in 1925. In 1942, the RSS, under 4513:movement, whose main protagonist 3891:propounded by Bengali literature 2905:, to maintain Afghan neutrality. 2836:. The expedition was part of the 2535:Other related events include the 425:declared its own independence as 290:. It lasted until 1947, when the 11413: 11274: 11262: 11250: 11239: 11238: 9690:Muslim nationalism in South Asia 9453: 9158:Brown, Theodore (January 2008). 8898:(Oxford University Press, 2015.) 8419: 8407: 8394: 8346: 8290: 8262: 8251: 8177:Bandyopadhyaya, Sekhara (2004). 8033: 8006: 7958:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 7947: 7938: 7766: 7626: 7617: 7529: 7494:. 6 October 2012. Archived from 7488:"Profile: Maulana Hasrat Mohani" 7454: 7435: 7430:Encyclopaedia of Dalits in India 7422: 7397: 7016:Hoda, Noorul (1 February 2008). 6995:. Anthem Press. pp. 76–77. 6778:The Journal of Religious History 6700:India in the Making of Singapore 5045:History of the Republic of India 4815: 4792: 4764: 4611:Maidan in Bombay, since renamed 4154:mentored revolutionaries in the 4113:Hindustan Republican Association 3831:of local youth groups and gyms ( 3755: 3730: 3656:All India Azad Muslim Conference 3591:1937 Indian provincial elections 3460:Congress leader and famous poet 3448: 3433: 3414: 3383: 2627:Indian revolutionary underground 2586: 2482:Indian revolutionary underground 2089: 2080: 2071: 1992: 1969: 1135: 1116: 1102: 1088: 1074: 570: 535: 286:with the ultimate aim of ending 195:British rule in Portuguese India 38: 11383:Provisional Government of India 11338:Revolutionary conspiracy of WWI 9930:Provisional Government of India 9037:. London, England: Frank Cass. 8962:Mukherjee, Prithwindra (2010). 8660:Journal of Contemporary History 7409: 7374: 7361: 7358:May 1991, Issue 131, pp 130–164 7348: 7336: 7324: 7313: 7292: 7279: 7266: 7138: 7087: 7075: 7063: 7036: 7009: 6982: 6956: 6941: 6912: 6887: 6846: 6796: 6741: 6716: 6691: 6666: 6641: 6606: 6591: 6497: 6485: 6473: 6433: 6421: 6409: 6397: 6385: 6360: 6336: 6324: 6209: 6175: 6148: 6140:. 2 August 2008. Archived from 6124: 6097: 6044: 6026: 6008: 5990: 5929: 5842: 5817: 5786: 5770: 5731: 5722: 5695: 5669: 5600: 5574: 3619:at a pro-independence rally in 3498:Following the rejection of the 3370: 3220:, he established the newspaper 3174:First non-co-operation movement 2783:Provisional Government of India 2757:penal colony in Andaman Islands 1812:opposing the partition of India 584:, c. 1800. After the defeat of 10991:Nationalist Movements in India 8902:Majumdar, Bimanbehari (1966). 8835:. Cambridge University Press. 8237:. Media House. pp. 187–. 7722:Ahmed, Ishtiaq (27 May 2016). 5676:Kumar, Akshay (18 June 2021). 5452: 5427: 5415: 5403: 5391: 5366: 5268: 4446:. Vande Mataram. Vande Mataram 4219:and other parties, especially 3654:to the Lahore Resolution, the 2492:, in the decade preceding the 2255:1912 assassination attempt on 1934: 1696:as the destiny of the nation. 1369:proclaimed Queen Victoria the 1299:on 17 June 1858, during which 1255:On 10 May 1857, the sepoys at 1245:Lakshmibai, the Rani of Jhansi 1034:in 1801, Odanilai in 1802 and 832:. Birsa Munda belonged to the 812:was a movement of over 60,000 1: 11194:Shrimadh Bhagvad Gita Rahasya 9222:Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography 8760:. Columbia University Press. 8511:The Pacific Historical Review 8470:10.1080/14736489.2019.1616262 8300:. Mondediplo.com. 10 May 2005 7954:Nasta, Susheila, ed. (2013). 7538:V.K. Krishna Menon Remembered 7492:The Milli Gazette (newspaper) 6297:. National Informatics Centre 6216:Mohanty, N.R. (August 2008). 5974:. 9 June 2016. Archived from 5793:Soren, Nayan (30 June 2020). 5782:. Bangalore: Equations. 2007. 5738:Jha, Jagdish Chandra (1958). 5374:"Vasco da Gama reaches India" 5293: 4920:were captured by the Japanese 4298:, along with the threat of a 4104:Bengal Criminal Law Amendment 3798:including what is now called 3334:Result of movements by Gandhi 3014:during Mahatma Gandhi's 1917 2966:Government of India Act, 1919 2942:widespread influenza pandemic 2810:Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition 2804:Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition 2798:Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition 2769:Indian independence committee 2667:First Lahore Conspiracy Trial 2490:Indian independence committee 2389:Child Marriages Restraint Act 2135:Howrah-Sibpur Conspiracy case 1895:National Council of Education 1824:Constituent Assembly of India 1797:Hindu, Sikh, and Muslim unity 1349:made to the people of India, 1200:'s policy of annexation, the 672:employed him to suppress the 432: 142:Portuguese East India Company 11999:Indian independence movement 11921:Japanese occupation of Burma 11180:The Arctic Home in the Vedas 11143:Tilak Maharashtra University 10956:Indian Independence Movement 10539:Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari 9815:Chauri Chaura incident, 1922 9497:Indian independence movement 9460:Indian independence movement 8577:. Har-Anand. pp. 140–. 8426:Nelson, Dean (7 July 2010). 8156:. Routledge. pp. 103–. 7918:Chatterji, Shoma A. (2015). 7603:10.1080/09592296.2011.576536 7069: 7043:Sengupta, Nitish K. (2011). 6950:Penal Settlement in Andamans 6110:. Notion Press. p. 65. 6071:The Journal of Asian Studies 5877:Singh, Kumar Suresh (2002). 5649:Gupta, Sanjukta Das (2011). 5435:"Sikh Wars | Indian history" 5298: 5075:Indian Independence Act 1947 4898:, in the forests of Arakan, 4607:, issued on 8 August at the 4300:Ghadarite uprising in Punjab 4172:Central Legislative Assembly 3597:Government of India Act 1935 3559:Government of India Act 1935 3216:. On the banks of the river 3191:Government of India Act 1919 3101:Imperial Legislative Council 2609:in February 1915 to end the 2385:Imperial Legislative Council 2241:Delhi-Lahore conspiracy case 2141:Alipore bomb conspiracy case 1859: 1839:temperance movement in India 1715:and founding members of the 1332:Secretary of State for India 1324:Government of India Act 1858 957:(1730–1796), was a queen of 602:Early Independence Movements 400:Indian Independence Act 1947 354:Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay 292:Indian Independence Act 1947 280:Indian Independence Movement 7: 12004:History of social movements 11901:Battaglione Azad Hindoustan 11704:Andaman and Nicobar Islands 11063:Kirti M. Doongursee College 10729:Virendranath Chattopadhyaya 10116:Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty 9390:. Oxford University Press. 9364:. Oxford University Press. 9338:Sofri, Gianni (1995–1999). 9143:. Oxford University Press. 8919:Majumdar, Ramesh C (1975). 8574:Communalism in Modern India 8449:Sources and further reading 8015:Journal of Military History 7752:Ali, Afsar (17 July 2017). 6868:Guha, Arun Chandra (1971). 6805:Christians in Secular India 6750:Christians in Secular India 6725:Christians in Secular India 6182:Rout, Hemant Kumar (2012). 5241:Independence Day (Pakistan) 5219: 5017:British Indian Armed forces 4934:Subhas Chandra Bose's death 4743:Battaglione Azad Hindoustan 4654:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh 4280:Sir Charles Stevenson-Moore 4236: 3845: 3821: 3407:Civil disobedience movement 3269:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh 2936:Nationalist response to war 2781:(centre), President of the 2011: 1713:Indian National Association 1411:Indian National Association 1392:Rise of organised movements 1208:also led to popular anger. 931:estate situated in today's 10: 12035: 11916:Selarang Barracks incident 10986:Kesari (Marathi newspaper) 10971:All India Home Rule League 10464:Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi 10016:Indian Independence League 9733:Partition of Bengal (1947) 9728:Partition of Bengal (1905) 9220:Gopal, Sarvepalli (1975). 8758:The Lives of Sri Aurobindo 8672:10.1177/002200947701200203 7591:Diplomacy & Statecraft 6897:July 1965, 2#3, pp 221–237 5231:Partition of Bengal (1947) 5113:which refused to join the 5097:and deputy prime minister 5042: 4908:siege to Imphal and Kohima 4781:First Indian National Army 4751:Indian Independence League 4736: 4714: 4536: 4515:Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose 4229:Indian Workers Association 3997:William Hutt Curzon Wyllie 3956:Madame Bhikaji Rustom Cama 3680: 3674: 3588: 3374: 3344:Congress Working Committee 2991: 2801: 2704: 2621:in the United States, the 2590: 2465: 2414: 2244: 2193: 2144: 2015: 1871:Partition of Bengal (1905) 1868: 1612:Rise of Indian nationalism 1174: 981:was an eighteenth-century 759:Syed Mir Nisar Ali Titumir 662:British East India Company 594:indirect political control 530:(1848–49) Anglo-Sikh Wars. 441: 417:. On 26 January 1950, the 18: 11951:Malaysian Indian Congress 11888: 11808: 11615: 11531: 11422: 11411: 11330: 11234: 11203: 11171: 11163:Tilak Smarak Ranga Mandir 11153:Tilak Nagar metro station 11135: 11094: 11071: 11035: 11014: 10946: 10855: 10754: 10639:Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi 10439:Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi 10259: 10136:Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar 10056: 10011:Indian Home Rule movement 9953: 9850:Fourteen Points of Jinnah 9790:Jallianwala Bagh massacre 9718: 9655: 9503: 9201:Gonsalves, Peter (2012). 8955:10.1080/14662049708447745 7846:, p. 147 Savarkar's 7320:Jallianwala Bagh Massacre 6924:Sedition Committee Report 6870:First Spark of Revolution 6832:. ABC-CLIO. p. 310. 6504:Robert P. O'Kell (2014). 6083:10.1017/s0021911807001234 5194:Indian victory over China 5103:Governor General of India 5063:Governor-General of India 5057:On 3 June 1947, Viscount 4710: 4304:Defence of India Act 1915 3525:(complete self-rule) Day. 3151:Jallianwala Bagh massacre 3139:Jallianwala Bagh massacre 3089:Jallianwala Bagh massacre 2998:Jallianwala Bagh massacre 2680:Jallianwala Bagh massacre 2663:Defence of India Act 1915 2506:Irish republican movement 2436:Defence of India Act 1915 2417:Defence of India Act 1915 1865:Partition of Bengal, 1905 1669:Servants of India Society 1635:Aligarh Muslim University 1633:, Uttar Pradesh (renamed 1483:Bankim Chandra Chatterjee 1340:Governor-General of India 1021:to attack the British at 763:Hindu Zamindars of Bengal 640:. He was born in a Tamil 503:and the Midnapur part of 389:Jallianwala Bagh massacre 11906:Special Bureau for India 11541:Indian National Congress 11211:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar 11127:Vishnushastri Chiplunkar 11112:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar 11043:Deccan Education Society 10961:Indian National Congress 10878:Indian annexation of Goa 10724:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar 10236:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar 10001:Indian National Congress 9800:Non-cooperation movement 9421:. Boston: Beacon Press. 9176:10.2105/AJPH.2007.120139 8981:Patel, Hitendra (2008). 8322:Transitions to Democracy 7276:(2000) pp 459–60, 519–20 6571:Marshall, P. J. (2001), 5261: 5236:Independence Day (India) 5196:in Nathu La and Cho La. 4985:Royal Indian Navy Mutiny 4977:Royal Indian Navy Mutiny 4830:in France in March 1944. 4733:Royal Indian Navy Mutiny 4721:Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind 4647:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar 4503:Pandit Ram Prasad Bismil 4392:Kallara-Pangode Struggle 4170:threw a bomb inside the 4094:under the leadership of 4059:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar 3466:Communist Party of India 3399:Non-cooperation movement 3321:leading the famous 1930 3265:Communist Party of India 2879:, a close confidante of 2692:after the final battle, 2671:Benares Conspiracy Trial 1979:was associated with the 1816:All India Catholic Union 1786:Indian Councils Act 1909 1717:Indian National Congress 1665:Indian National Congress 1599:showing "Mother India" ( 1515:V. O. Chidambaram Pillai 1475:V. O. Chidambaram Pillai 1385:Indian National Congress 1231:Indian rebellion of 1857 1177:Indian Rebellion of 1857 1110:Maveeran Azhagu Muthukon 1096:Veerapandiya Kattabomman 979:Veerapandiya Kattabomman 622:Maveeran Alagumuthu Kone 615:Indian Rebellion of 1857 303:Indian National Congress 11699:Rani of Jhansi Regiment 11444:Indian National Council 11158:Lokmanya Tilak Terminus 10883:Indian Independence Act 10469:Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan 10444:Jatindra Mohan Sengupta 10414:Dukkipati Nageswara Rao 10151:Kandukuri Veeresalingam 10131:Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai 9966:All-India Muslim League 9920:Royal Air Force strikes 9885:Round table conferences 9875:Chittagong armoury raid 9765:Hindu–German Conspiracy 9748:Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy 9518:Porto Grande de Bengala 9267:Modern India: 1885–1947 8850:Lahiri, Shompa (2000). 8621:. Viking. p. 122. 8619:The Indian Mutiny: 1857 8599:. Hambledon Continuum. 8319:Anderson, Lisa (1999). 8231:Islam, Shamsul (2006). 7693:Haq, Mushir U. (1970). 7466:The Nonviolence Project 7289:(pp. 226—411, 998) 6790:10.1111/1467-9809.00138 6264:: 45–50. Archived from 6155:Govardhan, Ram (2001). 6104:K. Guru Rajesh (2015). 6002:Encyclopædia Britannica 5439:Encyclopædia Britannica 5276:English colonial empire 5201:Commonwealth of Nations 5136:Instrument of Accession 5032:Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru 4327:Rampa Rebellion of 1922 4144:Chittagong armoury raid 3995:. The assassination of 3946:under the patronage of 3637:All-India Muslim League 3635:, the president of the 3357:Indians to World War II 3325:, a notable example of 2988:Gandhi arrives in India 2838:Hindu–German Conspiracy 2747:under direction of the 2633:, whose members of the 2549:German mission to Kabul 2474:Hindu–German Conspiracy 2468:Hindu–German Conspiracy 2462:Hindu–German Conspiracy 2397:Indian Military Academy 2353:All-India Muslim League 2347:All India Muslim League 2340:Jatindra Nath Mukherjee 2265:Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy 2247:Delhi-Lahore conspiracy 2196:Communist Consolidation 2190:Communist Consolidation 2173:Communist Consolidation 2151:Several leaders of the 1955:The British newspaper, 1802:In colonial India, the 1667:and the founder of the 1461:. The work of men like 1362:where he died in 1862. 1288:North-Western Provinces 1196:furthered dissent. The 908:in North Malabar, near 717:from 1798 to 1799; the 650:Ramanathapuram District 11652:First Arakan offensive 11117:Vasudev Balwant Phadke 10981:Sarvajanik Ganeshotsav 10669:Syama Prasad Mukherjee 10574:Purushottam Das Tandon 9940:Praja Mandala movement 9754:The Indian Sociologist 9458:Quotations related to 8079:Chandra, A.M. (2008). 7898:10.1093/ref:odnb/71628 7519:"Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi" 7383:India: A Country Study 6673:Ramnath, Maia (2011). 6598:Chhabra, G.S. (1963). 6368:"The Uprising of 1857" 6188:The New Indian Express 5282:control following the 5146: 5035: 4980: 4914:. During the war, the 4864:Hitler and Mussolini's 4852:All India Forward Bloc 4704: 4679: 4670: 4575: 4529: 4484:Especially during the 4458: 4078: 4023:of World War I led by 3964:The Indian Sociologist 3847:Dhaka Anushilan Samiti 3724: 3671:Revolutionary movement 3624: 3581: 3537: 3330: 3196:Chauri Chaura incident 3170: 3146: 3092: 3019: 2984: 2861:Werner Otto von Hentig 2794: 2791:Werner Otto von Hentig 2718:Jatindranath Mukherjee 2697: 2583: 2541:Annie Larsen arms plot 2488:, and in Germany, the 2458: 2451:Victoria Memorial Hall 2260: 2214:Calcutta arms act case 2004:Indo-German Conspiracy 1965: 1930:revolutionary movement 1856: 1773: 1720: 1672: 1608: 1568: 1434: 1403:East India Association 1388: 1319: 1273:Shahenshah-e-Hindustan 1252: 1216: 1167: 993:, India who waged the 951: 868: 805: 618: 12009:History of South Asia 11936:India in World War II 11911:Azad Hind Decorations 11843:INA Defence Committee 11657:Hindustan Field Force 11439:Swami Satyananda Puri 10893:Political integration 10634:Shyamji Krishna Varma 10419:Gopal Krishna Gokhale 10364:Bhupendra Kumar Datta 10196:Rettamalai Srinivasan 10156:Mahadev Govind Ranade 9961:All India Kisan Sabha 9925:Coup d'état of Yanaon 9825:Qissa Khwani massacre 9810:Coolie-Begar movement 9625:Second Anglo-Sikh War 9205:. Sage Publications. 9016:10.1353/nhr.2003.0069 8777:German Studies Review 8150:Bapu, Prabhu (2013). 8113:Tucker, S.C. (2020). 7019:The Alipore Bomb Case 6969:www.millenniumpost.in 6458:World Digital Library 6227:: 1–3. Archived from 6158:Rough with the Smooth 6144:on 14 September 2008. 5525:Horo, Albert (2013). 5312:Svensson, T. (2013). 5181:and Portugal's other 5144: 5030: 4968: 4822:Sikh soldiers of the 4695: 4675: 4666: 4565: 4545:Bharat Chhodo Andolan 4527: 4407: 4363:, Krishna Devi Peta, 4302:, saw the passage of 4264:John Arnold Wallinger 4186:were hanged in 1931. 4152:Sachindra Nath Sanyal 4043:Shyamji Krishna Varma 4037: 4019:, culminating in the 3948:Shyamji Krishna Verma 3933:Robert D'Escourt Ashe 3706: 3627:In 1939, the Viceroy 3614: 3572: 3531: 3317: 3252:, diverging from it. 3168: 3133: 3063: 3046:Gopal Krishna Gokhale 3012:Anugrah Narayan Sinha 3005: 2974: 2777: 2688: 2576:1915 Singapore Mutiny 2573: 2537:1915 Singapore Mutiny 2498:German Foreign Office 2447:1915 Singapore Mutiny 2444: 2254: 1961: 1851: 1832:Constitution of India 1799:against the British. 1762: 1737:Gopal Krishna Gokhale 1709:Surendranath Banerjee 1707: 1661:Gopal Krishna Gokhale 1659: 1647:Gopal Krishna Gokhale 1594: 1539: 1523:Surendranath Banerjee 1432: 1407:Surendranath Banerjee 1379: 1317: 1243: 1235:1857 Indian Rebellion 1214: 1198:Marquess of Dalhousie 1156: 1143:Sidhu and Kanhu Murmu 946: 859: 800: 737:on the Roro River in 609: 565:in the sub-continent. 452:Company rule in India 419:Constitution of India 362:Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit 288:British colonial rule 215:British rule in Burma 185:Company rule in India 11709:Mohammed Zaman Kiani 11479:Bidadary Resolutions 11324:Indian National Army 11221:Subhash Chandra Bose 11148:Tilak Maidan Stadium 11122:Gopal Ganesh Agarkar 10719:Veeran Sundaralingam 10674:Tara Rani Srivastava 10609:Sahajanand Saraswati 10499:Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi 10384:Chandra Shekhar Azad 10289:Alluri Sitarama Raju 10246:Vitthal Ramji Shinde 10201:Sahajanand Saraswati 10121:Gopal Ganesh Agarkar 10021:Indian National Army 9865:Dharasana Satyagraha 9770:Champaran Satyagraha 9620:First Anglo-Sikh War 9293:Seal, Anil (2007) . 9246:. South Asia Books. 9083:. New Delhi: Anmol. 9079:Yadav, B.D. (1992). 8856:. Psychology Press. 8637:Fischer-Tiné, Harald 8357:By Robert Bohm.pp213 7886:"Dhingra, Madan Lal" 7773:K̲h̲ān, Lāl (2007). 7523:amritmahotsav.nic.in 6698:Latif, Asad (2008). 6058:on 4 September 2012. 6052:"Legends from South" 5655:. Orient Blackswan. 5607:Lees, James (2015). 5527:"Jharkhand Movement" 5484:Muthiah, S. (2008). 5214:Special Relationship 5151:Constituent Assembly 5115:Constituent Assembly 5088:British Commonwealth 4885:Indian National Army 4881:Azad Hind Government 4808:Indian National Army 4739:Legion Freies Indien 4717:Indian National Army 4688:) during that time, 4613:August Kranti Maidan 4505:and masterminded by 4467:provincial elections 4341:shifting cultivation 4323:Alluri Sitarama Raju 4242:saw founding of the 4136:Subhash Chandra Bose 4132:Kakori train robbery 4109:Sachindranath Sanyal 4075:Chempakaraman Pillai 4071:Anant Laxman Kanhere 4021:Sedetious conspiracy 3952:Paris Indian Society 3829:from conglomerations 3482:Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi 3342:On 14 July 1942 the 3301:Rajkumari Amrit Kaur 3250:Indian National Army 3109:Defence of India act 3016:Champaran Satyagraha 2981:Champaran Satyagraha 2916:. It influenced the 2873:Chempakaraman Pillai 2845:Raja Mahendra Pratap 2551:, the mutiny of the 2545:Jugantar–German plot 2330:Most of the eminent 1221:Pattern 1853 Enfield 1041:In 1804 the King of 510:After the defeat of 415:Dominion of Pakistan 381:indefinite detention 307:Indian Civil Service 205:British Raj in India 11783:Battle of Irrawaddy 11533:Subhas Chandra Bose 11424:Indian Independence 10940:Bal Gangadhar Tilak 10704:V. K. Krishna Menon 10649:Subhas Chandra Bose 10534:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 10529:Mohammad Ali Jauhar 10424:Govind Ballabh Pant 10404:Dayananda Saraswati 10329:Bal Gangadhar Tilak 10126:Gopal Hari Deshmukh 10106:Dhondo Keshav Karve 10101:Dayananda Saraswati 10096:Bal Gangadhar Tilak 10071:A. Vaidyanatha Iyer 9584:Anglo-Maratha Wars 9380:Wolpert, Stanley A. 9358:Wolpert, Stanley A. 9137:Ash, Timothy Garton 9004:New Hibernia Review 8433:The Daily Telegraph 7562:Rana, K.S. (2022). 7356:Past & Present, 6428:Chandra et al. 1989 6416:Chandra et al. 1989 6404:Chandra et al. 1989 6372:Library of Congress 6355:Chandra et al. 1989 6343:Chandra et al. 1989 6331:Chandra et al. 1989 6319:Chandra et al. 1989 6234:on 11 November 2013 5978:on 21 November 2021 5805:on 21 November 2021 5346:Hashmi, T. (2022). 5061:, the last British 4916:Andaman and Nicobar 4896:British Indian Army 4840:Subhas Chandra Bose 4800:Subhas Chandra Bose 4572:Quit India Movement 4539:Quit India Movement 4533:Quit India Movement 4479:British Indian Army 4381:British Indian Army 4288:W. Somerset Maugham 4117:Chandrashekhar Azad 4100:Hem Chandra Kanungo 3993:British Indian Army 3901:Italian Nationalism 3804:Partition of Bengal 3665:Allah Bakhsh Soomro 3633:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 3493:V. K. Krishna Menon 3491:was established by 3422:V. K. Krishna Menon 3364:Quit India Movement 3353:Quit India Movement 3293:Subramanya Bharathi 3246:Subhas Chandra Bose 3113:political activists 3081:political terrorism 2869:Maulavi Barkatullah 2651:as far as Singapore 2639:Hindu–German Mutiny 2607:British Indian Army 2561:British Indian Army 2557:Black Tom explosion 2522:Indian subcontinent 2510:British Indian Army 2428:failed conspiracies 2380:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 2373:Indian subcontinent 2355:was founded by the 2312:Basant Kumar Biswas 2000:Bhupendranath Datta 1911:Bhupendranath Datta 1698:Bal Gangadhar Tilak 1549:Bal Gangadhar Tilak 1527:Rabindranath Tagore 1503:Bal Gangadhar Tilak 1487:Rabindranath Tagore 1479:Subramanya Bharathy 1355:religious tolerance 999:Dheeran Chinnamalai 985:and chieftain from 885:Maratha Confederacy 516:subsidiary alliance 346:Rabindranath Tagore 11848:Kailash Nath Katju 11793:Surrender of Japan 11788:Battle of Meiktila 11499:Bangkok Conference 11053:Willingdon College 10888:Partition of India 10734:Yashwantrao Holkar 10699:V. O. Chidamabaram 10654:Subramania Bharati 10584:Rahul Sankrityayan 10569:Pritilata Waddedar 10479:Shri Krishna Singh 10379:C. Rajagopalachari 10369:Bidhan Chandra Roy 10354:Bhavabhushan Mitra 10339:Begum Hazrat Mahal 10294:Annapurna Maharana 10166:Muthulakshmi Reddy 10111:G. Subramania Iyer 9805:Christmas Day Plot 9680:Indian nationalism 9630:Sannyasi rebellion 9528:East India Company 9435:Prasad, Bimal ed. 9362:Jinnah of Pakistan 9164:Am J Public Health 8966:. Editions Codex. 8270:Gordon, Leonard A. 8027:10.1353/jmh.0.0233 7990:Balakrishna, V.G. 7102:on 27 January 2006 6855:, pp. 255–257 6653:www.britannica.com 6038:The Times of India 5972:Adivasi Resurgence 5943:. 15 November 2019 5829:Live History India 5799:Adivasi Resurgence 5464:The Times of India 5226:Partition of India 5167:President of India 5147: 5049:Partition of India 5036: 4981: 4912:Japanese 15th Army 4601:passive resistance 4576: 4549:civil disobedience 4530: 4474:Viceroy Linlithgow 4325:led the ill-fated 4284:Sir Charles Tegart 4128:Chandrasekhar Azad 4079: 3865:group (centred at 3762:Front page of the 3625: 3617:Abdul Ghaffar Khan 3582: 3564:self-determination 3538: 3500:Simon Commission's 3391:C. Rajagopalachari 3331: 3311:, and many others. 3234:C. Rajagopalachari 3171: 3147: 3093: 3050:civil disobedience 3020: 2994:Rowlatt Satyagraha 2985: 2814:diplomatic mission 2795: 2713:Christmas Day plot 2707:Christmas Day plot 2698: 2584: 2459: 2334:leaders including 2316:Amir Chand Bombwal 2261: 2226:Hare Krishna Konar 2165:Hare Krishna Konar 2038:Hemchandra Kanungo 1857: 1826:, which asked for 1774: 1721: 1673: 1609: 1569: 1435: 1389: 1347:royal proclamation 1320: 1253: 1217: 1168: 1164:blowing from a gun 955:Rani Velu Nachiyar 952: 917:Nizam of Hyderabad 895:and his successor 889:Nizam of Hyderabad 869: 847:Jallianwallah Bagh 806: 751:Ganga Narain Singh 703:East India Company 619: 611:Bahadur Shah Zafar 542:Robert Clive with 448:East India Company 379:, which permitted 366:Pritilata Waddedar 350:Subramania Bharati 338:Abdul Ghaffar Khan 326:civil disobedience 299:Province of Bengal 235:Partition of India 11986: 11985: 11858:Tej Bahadur Sapru 11734:Rasammah Bhupalan 11637:Fall of Singapore 11600:Death controversy 11563:Bengal Volunteers 11398:Greater East Asia 11290: 11289: 11226:Chapekar brothers 11107:Bipin Chandra Pal 11048:Fergusson College 10976:Swadeshi movement 10906: 10905: 10873:Republic of India 10709:Vallabhbhai Patel 10694:Ubaidullah Sindhi 10594:Ram Prasad Bismil 10489:M. Bhaktavatsalam 10449:Jatindra Nath Das 10374:Bipin Chandra Pal 10309:Babu Kunwar Singh 10279:Achyut Patwardhan 10036:Khudai Khidmatgar 9880:Gandhi–Irwin Pact 9820:Kakori conspiracy 9780:Rowlatt Committee 9743:Direct Action Day 9705:Swadeshi movement 9685:Khilafat Movement 9675:Hindu nationalism 9635:Rebellion of 1857 9558:Anglo-Mysore Wars 9548:Battle of Plassey 9428:978-0-8070-5909-8 9397:978-0-19-513060-7 9371:978-0-19-503412-7 9349:978-1-900624-12-1 9323:. Rupa & Co. 9308:978-0-521-06274-9 9285:978-0-333-90425-1 9253:978-0-8364-2376-1 9231:978-0-224-01029-0 9150:978-0-19-955201-6 9120:978-0-521-08353-9 9068:978-0-7619-3338-0 9044:978-0-7146-4580-3 8994:978-81-230-2278-9 8973:978-2-918783-02-2 8939:Mitra, Subrata K. 8930:978-81-7102-099-7 8887:978-1-84885-723-0 8863:978-0-7146-4986-3 8842:978-0-521-45850-4 8818:978-0-7195-5017-1 8767:978-0-231-14098-0 8745:978-0-19-562798-5 8650:978-1-317-91681-9 8628:978-0-670-91137-0 8606:978-1-85285-457-7 8584:978-81-241-1416-2 8560:978-0-14-010781-4 8380:978-0-7146-5460-7 8332:978-0-231-11591-9 8244:978-81-7495-236-3 8190:978-81-250-2596-2 8163:978-0-415-67165-1 8126:979-8-216-06249-3 8092:978-981-261-975-4 8047:on 11 August 2007 7965:978-0-230-39271-7 7931:978-9-35150-543-3 7759:The Milli Gazette 7575:978-1-000-72827-9 7548:978-81-7827-133-0 7371:(1996) pp 258- 72 7148:(2000) pp 439–518 7056:978-0-14-341678-4 7029:978-81-89738-31-0 7002:978-1-84331-765-4 6814:978-0-8386-1021-3 6759:978-0-8386-1021-3 6734:978-0-8386-1021-3 6684:978-0-520-26955-2 6631:978-0-520-06041-8 6584:978-0-521-00254-7 6547:978-1-4008-7049-3 6453:"Official, India" 6117:978-93-5206-173-0 6022:. 3 January 2017. 5922:978-81-230-2544-5 5909:A.K.Dhan (2017). 5890:978-81-7046-205-7 5883:. Seagull Books. 5715:978-81-215-0353-2 5662:978-81-250-4198-6 5567:978-93-80607-10-8 5497:978-81-8379-468-8 5359:978-3-030-97158-8 5325:978-1-135-02214-3 5159:Republic of India 5099:Vallabhbhai Patel 5059:Louis Mountbatten 5053:Pakistan movement 4952:Tej Bahadur Sapru 4868:Free India Legion 4806:and revamped the 4747:Capt. Mohan Singh 4725:Direct Action Day 4521:to fight Britain. 4499:Kakori conspiracy 4486:Battle of Britain 4345:Madras Presidency 4308:Rowlatt committee 4294:in Bengal during 4272:Sir Harold Stuart 4268:Sir Robert Nathan 4213:Amritsar Massacre 4176:Inquilab Zindabad 4160:Jatindra Nath Das 4148:Kakori conspiracy 4051:Madan Lal Dhingra 3986:Sir Andrew Fraser 3966:, pamphlets like 3927:was shot dead by 3808:Punjab after 1907 3796:Madras Presidency 3719:, 29 January 1928 3645:Two Nation Theory 3641:Lahore Resolution 3542:Gandhi–Irwin Pact 3403:Vaikom Satyagraha 3242:Vallabhbhai Patel 3135:The Martyrs' Well 3105:Rowlatt Committee 3069:Rowlatt Committee 3006:(Sitting L to R) 2930:sedition in India 2926:Rowlatt Committee 2857:Oskar Niedermayer 2785:, at the head of 2553:Connaught Rangers 2147:Alipore bomb case 2113:Writers' Building 1942:Alipore bomb case 1915:Bipin Chandra Pal 1828:religious freedom 1820:Andhra University 1741:Bipin Chandra Pal 1557:Bipin Chandra Pal 1531:Swadeshi movement 1507:Bipin Chandra Pal 1463:Swami Vivekananda 1367:Benjamin Disraeli 1336:statutory council 1305:guerrilla warfare 1249:Doctrine of Lapse 1202:doctrine of lapse 1171:Rebellion of 1857 1147:Santhal rebellion 1125:Bakshi Jagabandhu 1063:Bakshi Jagabandhu 1028:guerrilla warfare 881:Madras Presidency 877:Kingdom of Mysore 873:Anglo-Mysore Wars 684:country when the 563:British supremacy 548:Battle of Plassey 481:Battle of Plassey 411:Dominion of India 334:Vallabhbhai Patel 276: 275: 243: 242: 150: 149: 107: 106: 12026: 11868:Jawaharlal Nehru 11778:Battle of Kohima 11773:Battle of Imphal 11627:Battle of Malaya 11484:Tokyo Conference 11474:Rash Behari Bose 11417: 11363:Berlin Committee 11317: 11310: 11303: 11294: 11293: 11281:Wikisource texts 11278: 11266: 11265: 11254: 11253: 11242: 11241: 11187:The Orion (book) 10933: 10926: 10919: 10910: 10909: 10898:Simla Conference 10689:Tiruppur Kumaran 10659:Subramaniya Siva 10614:Sangolli Rayanna 10604:Rash Behari Bose 10544:Nagnath Naikwadi 10454:Jawaharlal Nehru 10399:Dadabhai Naoroji 10394:Chittaranjan Das 10284:A. K. Fazlul Huq 10206:Savitribai Phule 10031:Khaksar movement 9986:Berlin Committee 9971:Anushilan Samiti 9935:Independence Day 9895:Aundh Experiment 9870:Vedaranyam March 9775:Kheda Satyagraha 9760:Singapore Mutiny 9543:Portuguese India 9490: 9483: 9476: 9467: 9466: 9457: 9432: 9413:Gandhi, Mohandas 9401: 9389: 9375: 9353: 9334: 9312: 9300: 9289: 9257: 9235: 9216: 9197: 9187: 9154: 9129:Brown, Judith M. 9124: 9107:Brown, Judith M. 9094: 9072: 9048: 9027: 8998: 8977: 8958: 8934: 8915: 8891: 8867: 8846: 8822: 8800: 8771: 8749: 8727: 8704:Social Scientist 8691: 8654: 8632: 8610: 8588: 8564: 8534: 8505: 8481: 8442: 8441: 8440:on 21 July 2010. 8436:. Archived from 8423: 8417: 8416:, pp. 55–74 8411: 8405: 8398: 8392: 8391: 8389: 8387: 8364: 8358: 8350: 8344: 8343: 8341: 8339: 8316: 8310: 8309: 8307: 8305: 8294: 8288: 8287: 8266: 8260: 8255: 8249: 8248: 8228: 8222: 8216: 8210: 8204: 8195: 8194: 8174: 8168: 8167: 8147: 8138: 8137: 8135: 8133: 8110: 8104: 8103: 8101: 8099: 8076: 8070: 8063: 8057: 8056: 8054: 8052: 8037: 8031: 8030: 8010: 8004: 8003: 8001: 7999: 7987: 7978: 7977: 7951: 7945: 7942: 7936: 7935: 7915: 7909: 7908: 7906: 7904: 7882: 7876: 7870: 7864: 7858: 7852: 7841: 7835: 7829: 7823: 7817: 7806: 7800: 7791: 7790: 7770: 7764: 7763: 7749: 7738: 7737: 7729:The Friday Times 7724:"The dissenters" 7719: 7710: 7709: 7690: 7684: 7683: 7665: 7659: 7658: 7635:Social Scientist 7630: 7624: 7621: 7615: 7614: 7586: 7580: 7579: 7559: 7553: 7552: 7533: 7527: 7526: 7514: 7508: 7507: 7505: 7503: 7498:on 29 March 2020 7484: 7478: 7477: 7475: 7473: 7468:. 19 August 2021 7458: 7452: 7451: 7439: 7433: 7426: 7420: 7413: 7407: 7401: 7400: 7396: 7378: 7372: 7365: 7359: 7352: 7346: 7340: 7334: 7328: 7322: 7317: 7311: 7310: 7308: 7306: 7296: 7290: 7283: 7277: 7270: 7264: 7263: 7236: 7230: 7224: 7218: 7212: 7206: 7200: 7194: 7188: 7179: 7173: 7164: 7158: 7149: 7144:Lawrence James, 7142: 7136: 7130: 7124: 7118: 7112: 7111: 7109: 7107: 7098:. Archived from 7091: 7085: 7079: 7073: 7067: 7061: 7060: 7040: 7034: 7033: 7022:. Niyogi Books. 7013: 7007: 7006: 6986: 6980: 6979: 6977: 6975: 6960: 6954: 6953: 6948:Majumdar, R. C. 6945: 6939: 6933: 6927: 6916: 6910: 6904: 6898: 6891: 6885: 6884: 6865: 6856: 6850: 6844: 6843: 6825: 6819: 6818: 6800: 6794: 6793: 6773: 6764: 6763: 6745: 6739: 6738: 6720: 6714: 6713: 6695: 6689: 6688: 6670: 6664: 6663: 6661: 6659: 6645: 6639: 6638: 6614:Wolpert, Stanley 6610: 6604: 6603: 6595: 6589: 6587: 6568: 6551: 6550: 6528: 6522: 6521: 6501: 6495: 6489: 6483: 6482:, pp. 47–48 6477: 6471: 6470: 6468: 6466: 6449: 6443: 6437: 6431: 6425: 6419: 6418:, pp. 38–39 6413: 6407: 6401: 6395: 6389: 6383: 6382: 6380: 6378: 6364: 6358: 6352: 6346: 6345:, pp. 33–34 6340: 6334: 6328: 6322: 6316: 6307: 6306: 6304: 6302: 6291:"Paik Rebellion" 6287: 6281: 6280: 6278: 6276: 6271:on 22 April 2014 6270: 6259: 6250: 6244: 6243: 6241: 6239: 6233: 6222: 6213: 6207: 6206: 6201: 6199: 6190:. Archived from 6179: 6173: 6172: 6152: 6146: 6145: 6128: 6122: 6121: 6101: 6095: 6094: 6066: 6060: 6059: 6054:. Archived from 6048: 6042: 6041: 6040:. 17 March 2016. 6030: 6024: 6023: 6012: 6006: 6005: 5994: 5988: 5987: 5985: 5983: 5964: 5953: 5952: 5950: 5948: 5933: 5927: 5926: 5906: 5895: 5894: 5874: 5865: 5864: 5862: 5860: 5846: 5840: 5839: 5837: 5835: 5821: 5815: 5814: 5812: 5810: 5801:. Archived from 5790: 5784: 5783: 5774: 5768: 5767: 5735: 5729: 5726: 5720: 5719: 5699: 5693: 5692: 5690: 5688: 5673: 5667: 5666: 5646: 5637: 5636: 5604: 5598: 5597: 5595: 5593: 5578: 5572: 5571: 5560:. Primus Books. 5551: 5542: 5541: 5531: 5522: 5509: 5508: 5506: 5504: 5481: 5475: 5474: 5472: 5470: 5456: 5450: 5449: 5447: 5445: 5431: 5425: 5424:, pp. 11–12 5419: 5413: 5407: 5401: 5395: 5389: 5388: 5386: 5384: 5370: 5364: 5363: 5343: 5337: 5336: 5334: 5332: 5309: 5287: 5272: 5095:Jawaharlal Nehru 4960:Jawaharlal Nehru 4819: 4796: 4779:, leader of the 4773:Iwaichi Fujiwara 4768: 4241: 4238:Anushilan Samiti 4225:the India League 4168:Batukeshwar Dutt 4119:in north India. 4067:M. P. T. Acharya 4025:Rash Behari Bose 4013:Anushilan Samiti 4001:Madanlal Dhingra 3999:in the hands of 3935:at the hands of 3873:and his brother 3850: 3826: 3823:Anushilan Samiti 3806:in 1905, and in 3759: 3734: 3683:Anushilan Samiti 3555:Shivaram Rajguru 3470:Swami Kumaranand 3452: 3441:Jawaharlal Nehru 3437: 3424:in 1928 founded 3418: 3387: 3305:Muthulaxmi Reddy 3238:Jawaharlal Nehru 3210:Sabarmati Ashram 3143:Jallianwala Bagh 2977:Kheda Satyagraha 2922:Bolshevik Russia 2914:Third Afghan War 2865:Berlin Committee 2755:and the British 2625:in Germany, the 2623:Berlin Committee 2424:unrest in Punjab 2326:Howrah gang case 2289:Rash Behari Bose 2269:Viceroy of India 2234:Batukeshwar Dutt 2155:party including 2117:Dalhousie square 2093: 2084: 2075: 1996: 1985:British colonial 1973: 1939: 1938: 1936:Anushilan Samiti 1688:Dadabhai Naoroji 1678:Dadabhai Naoroji 1491:Dadabhai Naoroji 1399:Dadabhai Naoroji 1381:Dadabhai Naoroji 1371:Empress of India 1328:Cabinet minister 1139: 1127:, the leader of 1120: 1106: 1092: 1078: 1019:Maruthu Pandiyar 987:Panchalankurichi 921:Northern Circars 919:transferred the 772:Kol Insurrection 755:Chuar Rebellions 574: 539: 330:Jawaharlal Nehru 268: 261: 254: 171: 170: 164: 163: 128: 127: 121: 120: 114:Portuguese India 55: 54: 44:Map of colonial 42: 28: 27: 12034: 12033: 12029: 12028: 12027: 12025: 12024: 12023: 11989: 11988: 11987: 11982: 11931:Masakasu Kawabe 11926:Burma Area Army 11896:Azad Hind Radio 11884: 11863:Bhulabhai Desai 11810:Red Fort trials 11804: 11719:A.D. Loganathan 11618: 11617:Indian National 11611: 11595:Habib-ur-Rahman 11527: 11425: 11418: 11409: 11326: 11321: 11291: 11286: 11230: 11199: 11167: 11131: 11102:Lala Lajpat Rai 11090: 11067: 11031: 11010: 10948: 10942: 10937: 10907: 10902: 10863:Cabinet Mission 10851: 10755:British leaders 10750: 10739:Yogendra Shukla 10644:Siraj ud-Daulah 10599:Rani Lakshmibai 10589:Rajendra Prasad 10579:R. Venkataraman 10524:Mithuben Petit‎ 10504:Mahadaji Shinde 10484:Lala Lajpat Rai 10319:Bahadur Shah II 10304:Ashfaqulla Khan 10274:Accamma Cherian 10269:Abul Kalam Azad 10261: 10255: 10226:Syed Ahmad Khan 10216:Sister Nivedita 10181:Pandita Ramabai 10176:Niralamba Swami 10141:J. B. Kripalani 10066:Ashfaqulla Khan 10058: 10052: 9991:Ghadar Movement 9949: 9830:Flag Satyagraha 9738:Revolutionaries 9720: 9714: 9657: 9651: 9553:Battle of Buxar 9499: 9494: 9450: 9445: 9429: 9408: 9406:Primary sources 9398: 9372: 9350: 9331: 9309: 9286: 9254: 9240:Majumdar, R. C. 9232: 9213: 9151: 9121: 9101: 9099:Further reading 9091: 9075: 9069: 9045: 8995: 8974: 8931: 8894:Maclean, Kama. 8888: 8880:. I.B. Tauris. 8864: 8843: 8819: 8811:. John Murray. 8789:10.2307/1428642 8768: 8746: 8716:10.2307/3517678 8651: 8629: 8607: 8585: 8561: 8553:. p. 600. 8543:Panikkar, K. N. 8523:10.2307/3634258 8451: 8446: 8445: 8424: 8420: 8412: 8408: 8399: 8395: 8385: 8383: 8381: 8365: 8361: 8351: 8347: 8337: 8335: 8333: 8317: 8313: 8303: 8301: 8296: 8295: 8291: 8284: 8267: 8263: 8256: 8252: 8245: 8229: 8225: 8221:, pp. 134– 8217: 8213: 8205: 8198: 8191: 8175: 8171: 8164: 8148: 8141: 8131: 8129: 8127: 8111: 8107: 8097: 8095: 8093: 8077: 8073: 8064: 8060: 8050: 8048: 8039: 8038: 8034: 8011: 8007: 7997: 7995: 7988: 7981: 7966: 7952: 7948: 7943: 7939: 7932: 7916: 7912: 7902: 7900: 7884: 7883: 7879: 7871: 7867: 7861:Popplewell 1995 7859: 7855: 7842: 7838: 7830: 7826: 7818: 7809: 7801: 7794: 7787: 7779:. Aakar Books. 7771: 7767: 7750: 7741: 7720: 7713: 7691: 7687: 7680: 7666: 7662: 7647:10.2307/3518012 7631: 7627: 7622: 7618: 7587: 7583: 7576: 7560: 7556: 7549: 7535: 7534: 7530: 7515: 7511: 7501: 7499: 7486: 7485: 7481: 7471: 7469: 7460: 7459: 7455: 7440: 7436: 7427: 7423: 7414: 7410: 7398: 7393: 7379: 7375: 7366: 7362: 7353: 7349: 7341: 7337: 7329: 7325: 7318: 7314: 7304: 7302: 7298: 7297: 7293: 7284: 7280: 7271: 7267: 7253:10.2307/3021176 7237: 7233: 7225: 7221: 7213: 7209: 7201: 7197: 7189: 7182: 7174: 7167: 7159: 7152: 7143: 7139: 7133:Popplewell 1995 7131: 7127: 7119: 7115: 7105: 7103: 7092: 7088: 7080: 7076: 7068: 7064: 7057: 7041: 7037: 7030: 7014: 7010: 7003: 6987: 6983: 6973: 6971: 6961: 6957: 6946: 6942: 6934: 6930: 6922:Regiment) (cf: 6917: 6913: 6905: 6901: 6892: 6888: 6866: 6859: 6851: 6847: 6840: 6826: 6822: 6815: 6801: 6797: 6784:(3): 357, 361. 6774: 6767: 6760: 6746: 6742: 6735: 6721: 6717: 6710: 6696: 6692: 6685: 6671: 6667: 6657: 6655: 6647: 6646: 6642: 6632: 6611: 6607: 6596: 6592: 6585: 6569: 6554: 6548: 6529: 6525: 6518: 6502: 6498: 6490: 6486: 6478: 6474: 6464: 6462: 6451: 6450: 6446: 6438: 6434: 6426: 6422: 6414: 6410: 6402: 6398: 6390: 6386: 6376: 6374: 6366: 6365: 6361: 6353: 6349: 6341: 6337: 6329: 6325: 6317: 6310: 6300: 6298: 6289: 6288: 6284: 6274: 6272: 6268: 6257: 6251: 6247: 6237: 6235: 6231: 6220: 6214: 6210: 6197: 6195: 6180: 6176: 6169: 6153: 6149: 6130: 6129: 6125: 6118: 6102: 6098: 6067: 6063: 6050: 6049: 6045: 6032: 6031: 6027: 6020:The News Minute 6014: 6013: 6009: 5996: 5995: 5991: 5981: 5979: 5966: 5965: 5956: 5946: 5944: 5935: 5934: 5930: 5923: 5907: 5898: 5891: 5875: 5868: 5858: 5856: 5848: 5847: 5843: 5833: 5831: 5823: 5822: 5818: 5808: 5806: 5791: 5787: 5776: 5775: 5771: 5736: 5732: 5727: 5723: 5716: 5700: 5696: 5686: 5684: 5674: 5670: 5663: 5647: 5640: 5605: 5601: 5591: 5589: 5588:. 20 March 2018 5580: 5579: 5575: 5568: 5552: 5545: 5529: 5523: 5512: 5502: 5500: 5498: 5482: 5478: 5468: 5466: 5458: 5457: 5453: 5443: 5441: 5433: 5432: 5428: 5420: 5416: 5412:, pp. 9–10 5408: 5404: 5396: 5392: 5382: 5380: 5372: 5371: 5367: 5360: 5344: 5340: 5330: 5328: 5326: 5310: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5290: 5273: 5269: 5264: 5222: 5183:Indian enclaves 5163:Rajendra Prasad 5124:Hyderabad State 5107:Rajagopalachari 5055: 5043:Main articles: 5041: 4991:and subsequent 4944:Shah Nawaz Khan 4836: 4835: 4834: 4831: 4820: 4811: 4797: 4788: 4769: 4757: 4735: 4715:Main articles: 4713: 4643:Hindu Mahasabha 4625:Aga Khan Palace 4589:Cripps' Mission 4585:Stafford Cripps 4581:South East Asia 4541: 4535: 4507:Rajendra Lahiri 4463: 4457: 4447: 4442: 4436: 4430:Three thousand 4429: 4418:Sanatana Dharma 4410: 4357:Rampachodavaram 4248:Calcutta Police 4209:Michael O'Dwyer 4192:Khaksar Tehreek 4188:Allama Mashriqi 4111:, founding the 3871:Aurobindo Ghosh 3819:In Bengal, the 3771: 3770: 3769: 3768: 3767: 3760: 3751: 3750: 3749: 3735: 3705: 3679: 3673: 3605:princely states 3593: 3587: 3456: 3453: 3444: 3438: 3429: 3419: 3410: 3388: 3379: 3373: 3348:Abul Kalam Azad 3336: 3261:Hindu Mahasabha 3176: 3169:Mahatma Gandhi. 3008:Rajendra Prasad 3000: 2990: 2958: 2956:British reforms 2938: 2928:to investigate 2910:Habibullah Khan 2806: 2800: 2779:Mahendra Pratap 2709: 2703: 2678:and thence the 2595: 2589: 2526:February mutiny 2470: 2464: 2419: 2413: 2411:First World War 2405:First World War 2349: 2328: 2249: 2243: 2198: 2192: 2157:Aurobindo Ghosh 2149: 2143: 2128: 2127: 2126: 2125: 2124: 2096: 2095: 2094: 2086: 2085: 2077: 2076: 2020: 2014: 2007: 1997: 1988: 1974: 1885:divide and rule 1873: 1867: 1862: 1745:Lala Lajpat Rai 1627:Syed Ahmed Khan 1614: 1541:Lala Lajpat Rai 1511:Lala Lajpat Rai 1495:Sister Nivedita 1394: 1301:Rani Lakshmibai 1292:civil rebellion 1290:as well, where 1269:Bahadur Shah II 1179: 1173: 1166:by the British. 1149: 1140: 1131: 1129:Paika Rebellion 1121: 1112: 1107: 1098: 1093: 1084: 1079: 834:Munda community 707:Rangpur, Bengal 604: 597: 582:Henry Singleton 575: 566: 555:Siraj-ud-Daulah 540: 493:Battle of Buxar 489:Nawab of Bengal 485:Siraj ud-Daulah 458: 442:Main articles: 440: 435: 385:Punjab province 370:Kasturba Gandhi 272: 225:Princely states 165: 161: 160: 159: 122: 118: 117: 116: 49: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 12032: 12022: 12021: 12016: 12014:Decolonization 12011: 12006: 12001: 11984: 11983: 11981: 11980: 11973: 11968: 11963: 11958: 11953: 11948: 11943: 11938: 11933: 11928: 11923: 11918: 11913: 11908: 11903: 11898: 11892: 11890: 11889:Related topics 11886: 11885: 11883: 11882: 11875: 11870: 11865: 11860: 11855: 11850: 11845: 11840: 11835: 11830: 11825: 11820: 11814: 11812: 11806: 11805: 11803: 11802: 11795: 11790: 11785: 11780: 11775: 11770: 11763: 11756: 11751: 11746: 11741: 11736: 11731: 11726: 11721: 11716: 11714:Lakshmi Sahgal 11711: 11706: 11701: 11696: 11691: 11686: 11684:Subhas Brigade 11681: 11676: 11674:Gandhi Brigade 11671: 11666: 11659: 11654: 11649: 11644: 11639: 11634: 11629: 11623: 11621: 11613: 11612: 11610: 11609: 11602: 11597: 11592: 11585: 11580: 11575: 11570: 11568:Emilie Schenkl 11565: 11560: 11553: 11548: 11543: 11537: 11535: 11529: 11528: 11526: 11525: 11518: 11513: 11508: 11501: 11496: 11491: 11486: 11481: 11476: 11471: 11466: 11461: 11456: 11451: 11446: 11441: 11436: 11430: 11428: 11420: 11419: 11412: 11410: 11408: 11407: 11400: 11395: 11390: 11388:Imperial Japan 11385: 11380: 11375: 11370: 11365: 11360: 11355: 11350: 11345: 11340: 11334: 11332: 11328: 11327: 11320: 11319: 11312: 11305: 11297: 11288: 11287: 11285: 11284: 11272: 11260: 11248: 11235: 11232: 11231: 11229: 11228: 11223: 11218: 11216:Mahatma Gandhi 11213: 11207: 11205: 11201: 11200: 11198: 11197: 11190: 11183: 11175: 11173: 11169: 11168: 11166: 11165: 11160: 11155: 11150: 11145: 11139: 11137: 11133: 11132: 11130: 11129: 11124: 11119: 11114: 11109: 11104: 11098: 11096: 11092: 11091: 11089: 11088: 11083: 11075: 11073: 11069: 11068: 11066: 11065: 11060: 11055: 11050: 11045: 11039: 11037: 11033: 11032: 11030: 11029: 11024: 11018: 11016: 11012: 11011: 11009: 11008: 11003: 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Ambedkar 10083: 10078: 10076:Ayya Vaikundar 10073: 10068: 10062: 10060: 10054: 10053: 10051: 10050: 10043: 10038: 10033: 10028: 10023: 10018: 10013: 10008: 10003: 9998: 9993: 9988: 9983: 9978: 9973: 9968: 9963: 9957: 9955: 9951: 9950: 9948: 9947: 9942: 9937: 9932: 9927: 9922: 9917: 9912: 9907: 9905:Cripps Mission 9902: 9897: 9892: 9887: 9882: 9877: 9872: 9867: 9862: 9857: 9852: 9847: 9842: 9837: 9832: 9827: 9822: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9795:Noakhali riots 9792: 9787: 9782: 9777: 9772: 9767: 9762: 9757: 9750: 9745: 9740: 9735: 9730: 9724: 9722: 9716: 9715: 9713: 9712: 9707: 9702: 9697: 9692: 9687: 9682: 9677: 9672: 9667: 9661: 9659: 9658:and ideologies 9653: 9652: 9650: 9649: 9642: 9640:Radcliffe Line 9637: 9632: 9627: 9622: 9617: 9615:Vellore Mutiny 9612: 9607: 9606: 9605: 9600: 9595: 9590: 9582: 9581: 9580: 9575: 9570: 9565: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9520: 9515: 9509: 9507: 9501: 9500: 9493: 9492: 9485: 9478: 9470: 9464: 9463: 9449: 9448:External links 9446: 9444: 9443: 9433: 9427: 9407: 9404: 9403: 9402: 9396: 9376: 9370: 9354: 9348: 9335: 9329: 9317:Singh, Jaswant 9313: 9307: 9290: 9284: 9258: 9252: 9236: 9230: 9217: 9211: 9198: 9155: 9149: 9125: 9119: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9096: 9095: 9089: 9074: 9073: 9067: 9049: 9043: 9028: 8999: 8993: 8978: 8972: 8959: 8935: 8929: 8916: 8899: 8892: 8886: 8868: 8862: 8847: 8841: 8823: 8817: 8805:Hopkirk, Peter 8801: 8783:(2): 245–261. 8772: 8766: 8750: 8744: 8728: 8710:(9/10): 3–27. 8699: 8694:Ghosh, Durba. 8692: 8666:(2): 255–272. 8655: 8649: 8633: 8627: 8611: 8605: 8593:Collett, Nigel 8589: 8583: 8569:Chandra, Bipan 8565: 8559: 8539:Chandra, Bipan 8535: 8517:(3): 299–310. 8506: 8496:(4): 438–450. 8482: 8464:(3): 324–342. 8452: 8450: 8447: 8444: 8443: 8418: 8406: 8393: 8379: 8359: 8354:Notes on India 8345: 8331: 8311: 8289: 8282: 8261: 8250: 8243: 8223: 8211: 8196: 8189: 8169: 8162: 8139: 8125: 8105: 8091: 8071: 8058: 8032: 8021:(2): 144–172. 8005: 7979: 7964: 7946: 7937: 7930: 7910: 7877: 7865: 7853: 7836: 7824: 7807: 7792: 7785: 7765: 7739: 7711: 7685: 7678: 7660: 7641:(7/8): 11–47. 7625: 7616: 7597:(2): 239–260. 7581: 7574: 7554: 7547: 7528: 7509: 7479: 7453: 7448:History Review 7434: 7421: 7415:Sankar Ghose, 7408: 7391: 7373: 7360: 7347: 7335: 7323: 7312: 7291: 7278: 7265: 7247:(5): 767–791, 7231: 7219: 7207: 7203:Mukherjee 2010 7195: 7180: 7165: 7150: 7137: 7125: 7113: 7086: 7074: 7062: 7055: 7035: 7028: 7008: 7001: 6981: 6955: 6940: 6928: 6911: 6899: 6886: 6857: 6845: 6838: 6820: 6813: 6795: 6765: 6758: 6740: 6733: 6715: 6708: 6690: 6683: 6665: 6640: 6630: 6605: 6590: 6583: 6552: 6546: 6523: 6516: 6496: 6484: 6472: 6444: 6432: 6420: 6408: 6396: 6384: 6359: 6347: 6335: 6323: 6308: 6282: 6245: 6208: 6174: 6167: 6147: 6123: 6116: 6096: 6077:(4): 881–896. 6061: 6043: 6025: 6007: 5989: 5954: 5928: 5921: 5896: 5889: 5866: 5841: 5816: 5785: 5769: 5730: 5721: 5714: 5694: 5668: 5661: 5638: 5619:(2): 301–315. 5599: 5586:Jagranjosh.com 5573: 5566: 5543: 5510: 5496: 5476: 5451: 5426: 5414: 5402: 5390: 5365: 5358: 5338: 5324: 5303: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5289: 5288: 5266: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5259: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5221: 5218: 5165:was the first 5128:Operation Polo 5111:princely state 5083:15 August 1947 5079:14 August 1947 5077:, at 11:57 on 5040: 5037: 4956:Aruna Asaf Ali 4833: 4832: 4821: 4814: 4812: 4798: 4791: 4789: 4770: 4763: 4760: 4759: 4758: 4729:Noakhali riots 4712: 4709: 4690:M.S. Golwalkar 4686:sarsanghchalak 4684:The RSS head ( 4662:M.S. Golwalkar 4619:Gowalia Tank, 4566:Procession in 4537:Main article: 4534: 4531: 4462: 4459: 4456: 4455: 4408: 4349:Andhra Pradesh 4337:Slash-and-burn 4321:In the 1920s, 4244:Special Branch 4221:communist ones 4063:Senapati Bapat 4055:V. V. S. Aiyar 3981:Rowlatt report 3925:A.M.T. Jackson 3917:early attempts 3909:Kakuzo Okakura 3875:Barindra Ghosh 3843:identified as 3761: 3754: 3753: 3752: 3744:(center), and 3736: 3729: 3728: 3727: 3726: 3725: 3723: 3722: 3721: 3720: 3675:Main article: 3672: 3669: 3589:Main article: 3586: 3583: 3578:Mahatma Gandhi 3551:Sukhdev Thapar 3458: 3457: 3454: 3447: 3445: 3439: 3432: 3430: 3420: 3413: 3411: 3397:, joining the 3389: 3382: 3375:Main article: 3372: 3369: 3335: 3332: 3309:Aruna Asaf Ali 3175: 3172: 3077:British Indian 3065:Sidney Rowlatt 3055:Lokmanya Tilak 2989: 2986: 2957: 2954: 2937: 2934: 2918:Kalmyk Project 2888:Russian Empire 2826:British Empire 2822:Central Powers 2802:Main article: 2799: 2796: 2741:Jugantar group 2726:R. C. Majumdar 2705:Main article: 2702: 2699: 2617:, between the 2591:Main article: 2588: 2585: 2502:Ottoman Turkey 2466:Main article: 2463: 2460: 2412: 2409: 2348: 2345: 2327: 2324: 2287:and headed by 2245:Main article: 2242: 2239: 2194:Main article: 2191: 2188: 2145:Main article: 2142: 2139: 2099: 2098: 2097: 2088: 2087: 2079: 2078: 2070: 2069: 2068: 2067: 2066: 2062:Prafulla Chaki 2027:Barindra Ghosh 2016:Main article: 2013: 2010: 2009: 2008: 1998: 1991: 1989: 1977:Prafulla Chaki 1975: 1968: 1950:Prafulla Chaki 1875:In July 1905, 1869:Main article: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1843:Mahatma Gandhi 1765:Ghadar di Gunj 1711:, founded the 1651:Mahatma Gandhi 1643:Lokmanya Tilak 1613: 1610: 1513:), along with 1393: 1390: 1351:Queen Victoria 1265:Mughal emperor 1175:Main article: 1172: 1169: 1151: 1150: 1141: 1134: 1132: 1122: 1115: 1113: 1108: 1101: 1099: 1094: 1087: 1085: 1080: 1073: 1067:Paik Rebellion 1005:chieftain and 964:Nawab of Arcot 929:Paralakhemundi 891:on the other. 826:Revolt of 1857 745:occurred near 739:West Singhbhum 642:Vellalar caste 634:Nawab of Arcot 603: 600: 599: 598: 576: 569: 567: 541: 534: 526:(1845–46) and 520:Maratha Empire 464:, who reached 444:Colonial India 439: 436: 434: 431: 402:, which ended 358:Sarojini Naidu 314:Mahatma Gandhi 274: 273: 271: 270: 263: 256: 248: 245: 244: 241: 240: 237: 231: 230: 227: 221: 220: 217: 211: 210: 207: 201: 200: 197: 191: 190: 187: 181: 180: 177: 167: 166: 155: 152: 151: 148: 147: 144: 138: 137: 134: 124: 123: 112: 109: 108: 105: 104: 101: 95: 94: 91: 85: 84: 81: 75: 74: 71: 65: 64: 61: 59:Austrian India 51: 50: 43: 35: 34: 32:Colonial India 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12031: 12020: 12019:British India 12017: 12015: 12012: 12010: 12007: 12005: 12002: 12000: 11997: 11996: 11994: 11979: 11978: 11974: 11972: 11969: 11967: 11964: 11962: 11959: 11957: 11954: 11952: 11949: 11947: 11944: 11942: 11939: 11937: 11934: 11932: 11929: 11927: 11924: 11922: 11919: 11917: 11914: 11912: 11909: 11907: 11904: 11902: 11899: 11897: 11894: 11893: 11891: 11887: 11881: 11880: 11876: 11874: 11873:Bombay mutiny 11871: 11869: 11866: 11864: 11861: 11859: 11856: 11854: 11851: 11849: 11846: 11844: 11841: 11839: 11838:Burhan-ud-Din 11836: 11834: 11831: 11829: 11826: 11824: 11821: 11819: 11816: 11815: 11813: 11811: 11807: 11801: 11800: 11796: 11794: 11791: 11789: 11786: 11784: 11781: 11779: 11776: 11774: 11771: 11769: 11768: 11764: 11762: 11761: 11757: 11755: 11754:Burma theatre 11752: 11750: 11747: 11745: 11742: 11740: 11739:Shaukat Malik 11737: 11735: 11732: 11730: 11727: 11725: 11722: 11720: 11717: 11715: 11712: 11710: 11707: 11705: 11702: 11700: 11697: 11695: 11692: 11690: 11689:Bahadur Group 11687: 11685: 11682: 11680: 11679:Nehru Brigade 11677: 11675: 11672: 11670: 11667: 11665: 11664: 11660: 11658: 11655: 11653: 11650: 11648: 11645: 11643: 11640: 11638: 11635: 11633: 11630: 11628: 11625: 11624: 11622: 11620: 11614: 11608: 11607: 11603: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11591: 11590: 11586: 11584: 11581: 11579: 11578:Indian Legion 11576: 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9268: 9263: 9262:Sarkar, Sumit 9259: 9255: 9249: 9245: 9241: 9237: 9233: 9227: 9223: 9218: 9214: 9212:9788132107354 9208: 9204: 9199: 9195: 9191: 9186: 9181: 9177: 9173: 9169: 9165: 9161: 9156: 9152: 9146: 9142: 9138: 9134: 9133:Roberts, Adam 9130: 9126: 9122: 9116: 9112: 9108: 9104: 9103: 9092: 9090:81-7041-470-9 9086: 9082: 9077: 9076: 9070: 9064: 9060: 9059: 9054: 9053:Puniyani, Ram 9050: 9046: 9040: 9036: 9035: 9029: 9025: 9021: 9017: 9013: 9010:(3): 81–105. 9009: 9005: 9000: 8996: 8990: 8986: 8985: 8979: 8975: 8969: 8965: 8960: 8956: 8952: 8948: 8944: 8940: 8936: 8932: 8926: 8922: 8917: 8913: 8909: 8905: 8900: 8897: 8893: 8889: 8883: 8879: 8878: 8873: 8869: 8865: 8859: 8855: 8854: 8848: 8844: 8838: 8834: 8833: 8828: 8827:Jalal, Ayesha 8824: 8820: 8814: 8810: 8806: 8802: 8798: 8794: 8790: 8786: 8782: 8778: 8773: 8769: 8763: 8759: 8755: 8751: 8747: 8741: 8737: 8733: 8729: 8725: 8721: 8717: 8713: 8709: 8705: 8700: 8697: 8693: 8689: 8685: 8681: 8677: 8673: 8669: 8665: 8661: 8656: 8652: 8646: 8642: 8638: 8634: 8630: 8624: 8620: 8616: 8612: 8608: 8602: 8598: 8594: 8590: 8586: 8580: 8576: 8575: 8570: 8566: 8562: 8556: 8552: 8551:Penguin Books 8549:. New Delhi: 8548: 8544: 8540: 8536: 8532: 8528: 8524: 8520: 8516: 8512: 8507: 8503: 8499: 8495: 8491: 8487: 8483: 8479: 8475: 8471: 8467: 8463: 8459: 8454: 8453: 8439: 8435: 8434: 8429: 8422: 8415: 8410: 8403: 8397: 8382: 8376: 8372: 8371: 8363: 8356: 8355: 8349: 8334: 8328: 8324: 8323: 8315: 8299: 8293: 8285: 8283:0-231-07443-3 8279: 8275: 8271: 8265: 8259: 8254: 8246: 8240: 8236: 8235: 8227: 8220: 8219:Puniyani 2005 8215: 8209:, p. 140 8208: 8203: 8201: 8192: 8186: 8182: 8181: 8173: 8165: 8159: 8155: 8154: 8146: 8144: 8128: 8122: 8118: 8117: 8109: 8094: 8088: 8084: 8083: 8075: 8068: 8067:Tarak Barkawi 8062: 8046: 8042: 8036: 8028: 8024: 8020: 8016: 8009: 7993: 7986: 7984: 7975: 7971: 7967: 7961: 7957: 7950: 7941: 7933: 7927: 7923: 7922: 7914: 7899: 7895: 7891: 7887: 7881: 7875:, p. 129 7874: 7869: 7863:, p. 135 7862: 7857: 7849: 7848:Bande Mataram 7845: 7844:Majumdar 1966 7840: 7833: 7828: 7821: 7816: 7814: 7812: 7805:, p. 257 7804: 7799: 7797: 7788: 7786:9788189833107 7782: 7778: 7777: 7769: 7761: 7760: 7755: 7748: 7746: 7744: 7736: 7731: 7730: 7725: 7718: 7716: 7708: 7704: 7700: 7696: 7689: 7681: 7679:9781108621236 7675: 7671: 7664: 7656: 7652: 7648: 7644: 7640: 7636: 7629: 7620: 7612: 7608: 7604: 7600: 7596: 7592: 7585: 7577: 7571: 7567: 7566: 7558: 7550: 7544: 7540: 7539: 7532: 7524: 7520: 7513: 7497: 7493: 7489: 7483: 7467: 7463: 7457: 7449: 7445: 7438: 7431: 7425: 7419:(1991) p. 107 7418: 7412: 7405: 7404:public domain 7394: 7392:0-8444-0833-6 7388: 7384: 7377: 7370: 7364: 7357: 7351: 7345:, p. 181 7344: 7339: 7332: 7327: 7321: 7316: 7301: 7295: 7288: 7282: 7275: 7269: 7262: 7258: 7254: 7250: 7246: 7242: 7235: 7229:, p. 179 7228: 7223: 7217:, p. 281 7216: 7215:Majumdar 1975 7211: 7205:, p. 160 7204: 7199: 7193:, p. 300 7192: 7187: 7185: 7178:, p. 252 7177: 7172: 7170: 7162: 7157: 7155: 7147: 7141: 7135:, p. 201 7134: 7129: 7122: 7117: 7101: 7097: 7090: 7083: 7078: 7071: 7066: 7058: 7052: 7048: 7047: 7039: 7031: 7025: 7021: 7020: 7012: 7004: 6998: 6994: 6993: 6985: 6970: 6966: 6959: 6951: 6944: 6938:, p. 133 6937: 6932: 6925: 6921: 6915: 6908: 6903: 6896: 6890: 6883: 6879: 6875: 6871: 6864: 6862: 6854: 6849: 6841: 6839:9781576078334 6835: 6831: 6824: 6816: 6810: 6806: 6799: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6779: 6772: 6770: 6761: 6755: 6751: 6744: 6736: 6730: 6726: 6719: 6711: 6709:9789810815394 6705: 6701: 6694: 6686: 6680: 6676: 6669: 6654: 6650: 6644: 6637: 6633: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6615: 6609: 6601: 6594: 6586: 6580: 6576: 6575: 6567: 6565: 6563: 6561: 6559: 6557: 6549: 6543: 6539: 6538: 6533: 6527: 6519: 6517:9781442661042 6513: 6509: 6508: 6500: 6493: 6488: 6481: 6476: 6460: 6459: 6454: 6448: 6441: 6436: 6429: 6424: 6417: 6412: 6405: 6400: 6394:, p. 122 6393: 6388: 6373: 6369: 6363: 6356: 6351: 6344: 6339: 6332: 6327: 6320: 6315: 6313: 6296: 6292: 6286: 6267: 6263: 6262:Orissa Review 6256: 6249: 6230: 6226: 6225:Orissa Review 6219: 6212: 6205: 6194:on 6 May 2014 6193: 6189: 6185: 6178: 6170: 6168:9789381115619 6164: 6160: 6159: 6151: 6143: 6139: 6138: 6133: 6127: 6119: 6113: 6109: 6108: 6100: 6092: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6076: 6072: 6065: 6057: 6053: 6047: 6039: 6035: 6029: 6021: 6017: 6011: 6003: 5999: 5993: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5963: 5961: 5959: 5942: 5938: 5932: 5924: 5918: 5914: 5913: 5905: 5903: 5901: 5892: 5886: 5882: 5881: 5873: 5871: 5855: 5851: 5845: 5830: 5826: 5820: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5789: 5781: 5780: 5773: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5734: 5725: 5717: 5711: 5707: 5706: 5698: 5683: 5679: 5672: 5664: 5658: 5654: 5653: 5645: 5643: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5603: 5587: 5583: 5577: 5569: 5563: 5559: 5558: 5550: 5548: 5539: 5535: 5528: 5521: 5519: 5517: 5515: 5499: 5493: 5489: 5488: 5480: 5465: 5461: 5455: 5440: 5436: 5430: 5423: 5418: 5411: 5406: 5399: 5394: 5379: 5375: 5369: 5361: 5355: 5351: 5350: 5342: 5327: 5321: 5317: 5316: 5308: 5304: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5271: 5267: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5223: 5217: 5215: 5211: 5210:David Cameron 5206: 5202: 5197: 5195: 5191: 5188: 5185:in 1961, and 5184: 5180: 5176: 5173:in 1951, and 5172: 5171:Chandernagore 5168: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5143: 5139: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5091: 5089: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5018: 5012: 5010: 5006: 5002: 5001:British India 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4978: 4974: 4973: 4967: 4963: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4935: 4930: 4928: 4923: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4892: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4829: 4828:Atlantic Wall 4826:guarding the 4825: 4824:Indian Legion 4818: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4804:Indian Legion 4801: 4795: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4767: 4762: 4761: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4708: 4703: 4701: 4694: 4691: 4687: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4669: 4665: 4663: 4659: 4658:K.B. Hedgewar 4655: 4650: 4648: 4644: 4639: 4637: 4636:Muslim League 4632: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4616: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4597: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4573: 4569: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4540: 4526: 4522: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4495: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4468: 4454: 4450: 4449: 4448: 4445: 4444:Vande Mataram 4440: 4433: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4406: 4404: 4400: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4347:(present-day 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4333: 4328: 4324: 4319: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4286:, as well as 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4240: 4239: 4232: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4120: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4088: 4084: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4030: 4029:Lala Hardayal 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3989: 3987: 3982: 3978: 3977:Anant Kanhere 3973: 3969: 3968:Bande Mataram 3965: 3961: 3960:V.D. Savarkar 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3940: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3929:Anant Kanhere 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3863: 3858: 3854: 3849: 3848: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3825: 3824: 3817: 3815: 3814: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3788:Uttar Pradesh 3785: 3781: 3777: 3765: 3758: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3733: 3718: 3714: 3713: 3712: 3711: 3710: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3678: 3668: 3666: 3660: 3657: 3653: 3648: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3622: 3618: 3613: 3609: 3606: 3602: 3601:British India 3598: 3592: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3565: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3543: 3535: 3530: 3526: 3524: 3523: 3517: 3512: 3509: 3508:Motilal Nehru 3505: 3501: 3496: 3494: 3490: 3485: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3462:Hasrat Mohani 3451: 3446: 3442: 3436: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3417: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3386: 3381: 3380: 3378: 3368: 3365: 3360: 3358: 3354: 3349: 3345: 3340: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3253: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3206: 3204: 3199: 3197: 3193: 3192: 3186: 3182: 3167: 3163: 3160: 3159:Reginald Dyer 3156: 3152: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3126: 3125: 3119: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3056: 3051: 3047: 3041: 3039: 3035: 3034: 3029: 3025: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3004: 2999: 2995: 2982: 2978: 2973: 2969: 2967: 2963: 2962:Edwin Montagu 2953: 2951: 2945: 2943: 2933: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2906: 2904: 2903:King George V 2900: 2899:Lord Hardinge 2897: 2893: 2889: 2884: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2843: 2842:Indian prince 2839: 2835: 2834:British India 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2805: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2737:British India 2734: 2729: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2714: 2708: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2681: 2677: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2655: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2599:Ghadar Mutiny 2594: 2593:Ghadar Mutiny 2587:Ghadar Mutiny 2581: 2577: 2572: 2568: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2533: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2469: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2443: 2439: 2437: 2431: 2429: 2425: 2418: 2408: 2406: 2403:. During the 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2383:sixty-member 2381: 2376: 2374: 2370: 2369:British India 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2344: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2323: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2308: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2297:Chandni Chowk 2294: 2293:Sachin Sanyal 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2277:British India 2274: 2273:Lord Hardinge 2270: 2266: 2258: 2257:Lord Hardinge 2253: 2248: 2238: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2206:Cellular Jail 2203: 2202:British India 2197: 2187: 2185: 2184:Cellular Jail 2182: 2178: 2177:Cellular Jail 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2148: 2138: 2136: 2132: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2092: 2083: 2074: 2065: 2063: 2059: 2058:Khudiram Bose 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2034: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2019: 2005: 2001: 1995: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1972: 1967: 1966: 1964: 1960: 1958: 1953: 1951: 1947: 1946:Khudiram Bose 1943: 1937: 1931: 1926: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1907:Sri Aurobindo 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1891: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1872: 1854: 1853:Khudiram Bose 1850: 1846: 1844: 1840: 1835: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1800: 1798: 1794: 1789: 1787: 1783: 1782:Muslim League 1779: 1771: 1767: 1766: 1761: 1757: 1754: 1751:, Bengal and 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1699: 1695: 1694: 1689: 1685: 1683: 1679: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1639: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1606: 1605:Vande Mataram 1602: 1598: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1583: 1582:textile mills 1577: 1573: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1519:Sri Aurobindo 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1471:Sri Aurobindo 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1447: 1442: 1441: 1431: 1427: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1363: 1361: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1316: 1312: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1280: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1227:Mangal Pandey 1224: 1222: 1213: 1209: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1190: 1188: 1184: 1178: 1165: 1161: 1160: 1155: 1148: 1145:, leaders of 1144: 1138: 1133: 1130: 1126: 1119: 1114: 1111: 1105: 1100: 1097: 1091: 1086: 1083: 1077: 1072: 1071: 1070: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1059:Jayee Rajguru 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1039: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 974: 969: 965: 960: 956: 949: 948:Velu Nachiyar 945: 941: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 913: 911: 907: 903: 902:Pazhassi Raja 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 866: 862: 861:Pazhassi Raja 858: 854: 852: 848: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 803: 799: 795: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 768: 767:Bansher Kella 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 743:Bhumij Revolt 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 711:Bhumij Revolt 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 691:Eastern India 687: 686:Madurai Nayak 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 646:British India 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 616: 612: 608: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 573: 568: 564: 560: 556: 553: 549: 545: 538: 533: 532: 531: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 508: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 477:Mughal Empire 473: 471: 467: 463: 462:Vasco da Gama 457: 453: 449: 445: 430: 428: 424: 423:East Pakistan 420: 416: 412: 408: 405: 401: 397: 396:anti-colonial 392: 390: 386: 382: 378: 373: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 310: 308: 304: 300: 295: 293: 289: 285: 281: 269: 264: 262: 257: 255: 250: 249: 247: 246: 238: 236: 233: 232: 228: 226: 223: 222: 218: 216: 213: 212: 208: 206: 203: 202: 198: 196: 193: 192: 188: 186: 183: 182: 178: 176: 173: 172: 169: 168: 158: 157:British India 154: 153: 145: 143: 140: 139: 135: 133: 132:Casa da Índia 130: 129: 126: 125: 115: 111: 110: 102: 100: 97: 96: 92: 90: 87: 86: 82: 80: 77: 76: 72: 70: 69:Swedish India 67: 66: 62: 60: 57: 56: 53: 52: 47: 41: 37: 36: 33: 30: 29: 26: 22: 11975: 11956:INA treasure 11946:William Slim 11877: 11797: 11765: 11758: 11729:Janaki Davar 11724:J.R. Bhonsle 11669:Azad Brigade 11661: 11604: 11587: 11573:Forward Bloc 11557:Purna Swaraj 11555: 11520: 11511:Hikari Kikan 11503: 11459:K.P.K. Menon 11434:Pritam Singh 11426:League (IIL) 11402: 11393:Pan Asianism 11280: 11267: 11256: 11243: 11192: 11185: 11178: 11078: 11001:Purna Swaraj 10868:Constitution 10856:Independence 10743: 10714:Vanchinathan 10344:Bhagat Singh 10299:Annie Besant 10260:Independence 10241:Vinoba Bhave 10045: 10041:Swaraj Party 9945:Lucknow Pact 9855:Purna Swaraj 9845:Nehru Report 9752: 9656:Philosophies 9644: 9610:Polygar Wars 9538:French India 9523:Dutch Bengal 9513:Colonisation 9496: 9462:at Wikiquote 9436: 9417: 9385: 9361: 9339: 9320: 9296: 9266: 9243: 9221: 9202: 9167: 9163: 9140: 9110: 9080: 9057: 9033: 9007: 9003: 8983: 8963: 8949:(2): 55–74. 8946: 8942: 8920: 8903: 8895: 8876: 8852: 8831: 8808: 8780: 8776: 8757: 8754:Heehs, Peter 8735: 8732:Heehs, Peter 8707: 8703: 8695: 8663: 8659: 8640: 8618: 8596: 8573: 8546: 8514: 8510: 8493: 8489: 8486:Bose, Nirmal 8461: 8458:India Review 8457: 8438:the original 8431: 8421: 8409: 8401: 8396: 8384:. Retrieved 8369: 8362: 8352: 8348: 8336:. Retrieved 8321: 8314: 8302:. Retrieved 8292: 8273: 8264: 8253: 8233: 8226: 8214: 8207:Chandra 2008 8179: 8172: 8152: 8130:. Retrieved 8115: 8108: 8096:. Retrieved 8081: 8074: 8061: 8051:24 September 8049:. Retrieved 8045:the original 8035: 8018: 8014: 8008: 7996:. Retrieved 7955: 7949: 7940: 7920: 7913: 7901:. Retrieved 7889: 7880: 7868: 7856: 7847: 7839: 7832:Hopkirk 1994 7827: 7775: 7768: 7757: 7733: 7727: 7706: 7694: 7688: 7669: 7663: 7638: 7634: 7628: 7619: 7594: 7590: 7584: 7564: 7557: 7537: 7531: 7522: 7512: 7500:. Retrieved 7496:the original 7491: 7482: 7470:. Retrieved 7465: 7456: 7447: 7437: 7432:(2003) p. 43 7429: 7424: 7416: 7411: 7382: 7376: 7368: 7363: 7355: 7350: 7338: 7333:, p. ix 7331:Collett 2005 7326: 7315: 7303:. Retrieved 7294: 7286: 7285:Denis Judd, 7281: 7273: 7268: 7244: 7241:Asian Survey 7240: 7234: 7227:Hopkirk 1994 7222: 7210: 7198: 7163:, p. 84 7161:Plowman 2003 7145: 7140: 7128: 7123:, p. 12 7116: 7104:. 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Madras: 8414:Mitra 1997 7903:29 October 7820:Yadav 1992 7472:4 February 7343:Lloyd 2011 7191:Brown 1948 7121:Gupta 1997 7082:Jalal 1994 6936:Heehs 2008 6907:Patel 2008 6492:Heehs 1998 6480:Heehs 1998 6440:Heehs 1998 6392:David 2002 6198:7 February 5422:Heehs 1998 5410:Heehs 1998 5398:Heehs 1998 5294:References 5175:Pondichéry 4874:'s Indian 4755:INA trials 4737:See also: 4509:; and the 4491:Quit India 3889:philosophy 3857:Bangladesh 3794:, and the 3681:See also: 3652:opposition 3629:Linlithgow 3405:, and the 3327:satyagraha 3323:Salt March 3033:satyagraha 2992:See also: 2711:The first 2415:See also: 2365:Bangladesh 2299:suburb of 2230:Shiv Verma 2101:Benoy Basu 2048:suburb of 1957:The Empire 1457:) sect of 1440:Arya Samaj 1309:Tatya Tope 1261:toll house 1123:Statue of 1023:Coimbatore 1003:Kongu Nadu 991:Tamil Nadu 654:Tamil Nadu 546:after the 433:Background 427:Bangladesh 407:suzerainty 284:South Asia 11971:Hugh Toye 11961:Peter Fay 11941:14th Army 11760:Admin Box 11647:First INA 11589:Azad Hind 11505:Azad Hind 11489:H Iwakuro 11469:S.A. 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