Indian maritime history

493: 100: 740: 1059: 1924: 2163: 695: 663: 1737: 591: 7193: 999: 2085: 8592: 8257: 2597: 805: 1421: 304:. India's long coastline, which occurred due to the protrusion of India's Deccan Plateau, helped it to make new trade relations with the Europeans, especially the Greeks, and the length of its coastline on the Indian Ocean is partly a reason why it's known as that since 1515, and was known as the Eastern Ocean earlier. The ocean was called so, due to the advent of international trade by the Europeans which still continues to this day. 1495: 27: 2583: 1472:" of the wider world from this period. The Cholas excelled in foreign trade and maritime activity, extending their influence overseas to China and Southeast Asia. Towards the end of the 9th century, southern India had developed extensive maritime and commercial activity. The Cholas, being in possession of parts of both the west and the east coasts of peninsular India, were at the forefront of these ventures. The 8604: 1715: 2018:

Court of Directors when it reached Britain that several new ships were commissioned from Bombay, some of which later passed into the hands of the Royal Navy. In all, between 1736 and 1821, 159 ships of over 100 tons were built at Bombay, including 15 of over 1,000 tons. Ships constructed at Bombay in its heyday were said to be 'vastly superior to anything built anywhere else in the world'.

76: 1556: 1661:(1127-1279) prohibited the use of gold, silver and bronze in foreign trade in 1219 and silk fabrics and porcelain was ordered to be bartered against foreign goods. Pepper, coconut, fish, betel nuts, etc. were exported from Malabar in exchange for gold, silver, colored satin, blue and white porcelain, musk, quicksilver and camphor from 1673: 2009:

Shipbuilding was a well-established craft at numerous points along the Indian coastline long before the arrival of the Europeans and was a significant factor in the high level of Indian maritime activity in the Indian Ocean region....As with cotton textiles, European trade was initially a stimulus to

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become operational in AD.825, and has a high commercial reputation since the days of the Phoenicians and Romans, The ruler of Kollam (who were vassals of Pandya dynasty who in turn later became vassals of Chola dynasty) also used to exchange the embassies with Chinese rulers and there was flourishing

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period with intermixing of Greek and Indian elements, and the influence of this Greco-Buddhist art can be found in later Buddhist art in China and throughout countries on the Silk Road. Ashoka and after him his successors of Kalinga, Pallava and Chola empires along with their vassals Pandya and Chera

2061:'s navy consisted of 33 ships, and 538 officers to secure a coastline of more than 4,660 miles (7,500 km) and 1,280 islands. The Indian navy conducted annual Joint Exercises with other Commonwealth navies throughout the 1950s. The navy saw action during various of the country's wars, including 553:

and maritime engineering. This was the earliest known dock found in the world, equipped to berth and service ships. It is speculated that Lothal engineers studied tidal movements, and their effects on brick-built structures, since the walls are of kiln-burnt bricks. This knowledge also enabled them

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The term 'southernization' is used to refer to a multifaceted process that began in Southern Asia and spread from there . The process included many interrelated strands of development the metallurgical, the medical, the literary the development of mathematics; the production and marketing of

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Wadia oversaw the construction of thirty-five ships, twenty-one of them for the Company. Following his death in 1774, his sons took charge of the shipyard and between them built a further thirty ships over the next sixteen years. The Britannia, a ship of 749 tons launched in 1778, so impressed the

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Between the seventeenth and early nineteenth centuries Indian shipyards produced a series of vessels incorporating these hybrid features. A large proportion of them were built in Bombay, where the Company had established a small shipyard. In 1736 Parsi carpenters were brought in from Surat to work

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had a large shipbuilding industry. Economic historian Indrajit Ray estimates shipbuilding output of Bengal during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries at 223,250 tons annually, compared with 23,061 tons produced in nineteen colonies in North America from 1769 to 1771. He also assesses

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Corn 1999, pp 68-. "If the Portuguese had wrested the spice trade from the Arabs in those distant lands, then why shouldn't a people enslaved by a false doctrine be likewise freed? This rhetorical question became for Xavier his ultimate concern. It was Portugal's supremacy on the seas and in the

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every year on goods such as pepper, fine cloth and gems from the southern coasts of India. He also mentions 10,000 horses shipped to this region each year. Tamil inscriptions have been found in Luxor in Egypt. In turn Tamil literature from the Classical period mentions foreign ships arriving for

1552:(275 CE to 897 CE). Pallavamalla Nadivarman defeated the Pandya Varaguna with the help of a Chera king. Cultural contacts between the Pallava court and the Chera country were common. Eventually, Cheras dynasty were subsumed by Pandya dynasty, which in turn was subsumed by the Pallava dynasty. 582:

culture starting around 900 BC. Tools found at this site indicate boat building, perhaps for coastal trade. Fish bones, fishing hooks, barbed spears and harpoons show that fishing was an important part of the economy. Some artefacts of the Chalcolithic period are similar to artefacts found in

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The region around the Indus river began to show visible increase in both the length and the frequency of maritime voyages by 3000 BCE. Optimum conditions for viable long-distance voyages existed in this region by 2900 BCE. Mesopotamian inscriptions indicate that Indian traders from the Indus

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subtropical or tropical spices; the pioneering of new trade routes; the cultivation, processing, and marketing of southern crops such as sugar and cotton; and the development of various related technologies. Southernization was well under way in Southern Asia by the fifth century C.E.

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in Oman. Stamp seals produced in Bahrain have been found at sites in Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley, strengthening the likelihood that the island may have acted as a redistribution point for goods coming from Mesopotamia and the Indus area....There are hints from the digs at

922:. Traces of Indian influences are visible in Roman works of silver and ivory, or in Egyptian cotton and silk fabrics used for sale in Europe. The Indian presence in Alexandria may have influenced the culture but little is known about the manner of this influence. 558:

has the highest tidal amplitude and ships can be sluiced through flow tides in the river estuary. The engineers built a trapezoidal structure, with north–south arms of average 21.8 metres (71.5 ft), and east–west arms of 37 metres (121 ft).

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hinterlands brought about plentiful availability of surplus. The excess agricultural crops and grains were bartered for other necessities in angadis or trading centres, turning the ports to cities. Traders used coins especially in foreign trade to export

545:(2400 BCE) was located away from the main current to avoid deposition of silt. Modern oceanographers have observed that the Harappans must have possessed great knowledge relating to tides in order to build such a dock on the ever-shifting course of the 6800: 6090: 1116:

dynasties, as well as Vijayanagara empire all played a vital role in expanding Indianisation, extending Indian maritime trade and growth of Hinduism and Buddhism. Port of Kollam is an example of important trade port in Maritime Silk Route.

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and precious stones to countries of the west and received the wine, olive oil, amphora and terracotta pots from there. Egyptian dinars and Venetian ducats (1284-1797) were in great demand in medieval Kerala's international trade.

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sank or damaged over 100,000 tons of shipping in four months and disrupted ports and inland waterways, the lifeline of the country. In December, after the war formally started, an imaginative, daring raid by Osa missile boats on

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The molded terra-cotta tablet shows a flat-bottomed Indus boat with a central cabin. Branches tied to the roof may have been used for protection from bad luck, and travelers took a pet bird along to help them guide them to

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during the 7th–8th century. A study published in 2013 found that some 11 percent of Australian Aboriginal DNA is of Indian origin and suggests these immigrants arrived about 4,000 years ago, possibly at the same time

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have confirmed, there was a small community of Indian Buddhists at Alexandria, the greatest of all Roman ports. A large number of significant finds have been made providing evidence of the cargo from the

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harbor sank two warships, damaged others, and ignited oil storage facilities. The Indian armed forces conducted amphibious landings for the first time toward the end of the war—Rajesh Kadian (2006).

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has led to the recovery of artefacts traceable to the Indus Valley civilisation, confirming the information on the inscriptions. Among the most important of these objects are stamp seals carved in

5690: 1820:(served 1698–1729). The initial advances of the Portuguese were checked by this navy, which also effectively relieved the traffic and commerce in India's west coast of Portuguese threat. The 7227: 934:

find mentions in other texts of the period. The Indians were present in Alexandria and Christian and Jewish settlers from Rome continued to live in India long after the fall of the

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The Indian rulers weakened with the advent of the European powers. Shipbuilders, however, continued to build ships capable of carrying 800 to 1,000 tons. The shipbuilders at the

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to South Asia booked passage with the Austronesian ships that traded in Chinese ports. Books written by Chinese monks like Wan Chen and Hui-Lin contain detailed accounts of the

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in 130 BCE kept increasing. Indian ships sailed to Egypt as the thriving maritime routes of Southern Asia were not under the control of a single power. In India, the ports of

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by controlling the trade in luxury aromatics and Buddhist artifacts from West Asia to a thriving Tang market. Chinese records also indicate that the early Chinese Buddhist

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Indian shipbuilding: vessels built in ports like Masulipatam and Surat from Indian hardwoods by local craftsmen were cheaper and tougher than their European counterparts.

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Indian spice exports find mention in the works of Ibn Khurdadhbeh (850), al-Ghafiqi (1150 CE), Ishak bin Imaran (907) and Al Kalkashandi (14th century). Chinese traveler

1091:, in particular, travelled alongside the maritime trade, promoting coinage, art and literacy. This route caused the intermixing of many artistic and cultural influences, 2193:

Since the start of the new millennium international trade by and through India has grown manifold . The following table gives the detailed data about the major ports of

1919:, Britain, exhausted in manpower and resources, opted for expansion of the RIM. Consequently, on 2 October 1934, the RIM was reincarnated as the Royal Indian Navy (RIN). 469:(c. 2300 BCE). Gosch & Stearns write on the Indus Valley's pre-modern maritime travel: Evidence exists that Harappans were bulk-shipping timber and special woods to 1541: 280: 8185: 3110: 2081:, India also embarked upon a massive indigenous naval designing and production programme aimed at manufacturing destroyers, frigates, corvettes, and submarines. 681:

for purposes of navigation. Detailed maps of considerable length describing the locations of settlements, sea shores, rivers, and mountains were also made. The

1791:(April 1595) for South East Asia. Another Dutch convoy sailed in 1598 and returned one year later with 600,000 pounds of spices and other Indian products. The 1638:

were important trade partners of medieval Kerala. Arab trade and navigation attained a new enthusiasm since the birth and spread of Islam. Four gold coins of

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as patrons entrusted large funds which would later be used to benefit local economy by estate management, craftsmanship and promotion of trading activities.

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The kadaram campaign is first mentioned in Rajendra's inscriptions dating from his 14th year. The name of the Srivijaya king was Sangrama Vijayatungavarman—

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As a result of the growing strategic ties with the western world the Indian navy has conducted joint exercises with its western counterparts, including the

537:, a major Sumerian city-state on the Euphrates, that some Indus Valley merchants and artisans (bead makers) may have established communities in Mesopotamia. 8639: 323:(3rd century BCE), there was a definite "naval department" to supervise the ships and trade. At the end of 1st century BCE, Indian products reached the 2666: 1915:

took control of the Indian Ocean. About thirty years later, the few small Indian naval units were called the Royal Indian Marine (RIM). In the wake of

528:(known as Dilmun to the Sumerians). Numerous small Indus-style artefacts have been recovered at locations on Bahrain and further down the coast of the 8146: 6947: 6785: 6241: 2624: 8607: 8387: 4696: 4686: 1861:

Bengali shipbuilding was advanced compared to European shipbuilding at the time. An important innovation in shipbuilding was the introduction of a

205: 195: 801:. The period under the Mauryan empire also witnessed various other regions of the world engage increasingly in the Indian Ocean maritime voyages. 220: 3948: 1903:

shipped substantial quantities of spices during the early 17th century. Rajesh Kadian (2006) examines the history of the British navy in as the

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The navy was used in national integration by ferrying troops and securing the coast during the Junagadh state operations—Rajesh Kadian (2006).

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passed through the ports of India and Sri Lanka. After reaching either the Indian or the Sri Lankan ports, products were sometimes shipped to

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there and, when their European supervisor died, one of the carpenters, Lowji Nuserwanji Wadia, was appointed Master Builder in his place.

1327: 7302: 5944: 5569: 3269:"Ancient History Sourcebook: The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: Travel and Trade in the Indian Ocean by a Merchant of the First Century" 1654:

was raised to new esteems and saw many outposts of Muslim merchants. This, later on, became a strong element of Kerala Maritime History.

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and other towns on the west coast, in his capacity as a Chinese mandarin. Fed by the Chinese trade, port of Kollam was also mentioned by

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mentions a time when sea trade between India and Egypt did not involve direct sailings. The cargo under these situations was shipped to

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increased, spices became the main import from India to the Western world, bypassing silk and other commodities. Indians were present in

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testifies the visit of Arab traders to Kerala in that period. With the formation of Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258 CE) the Golden Age of

1338:, the introduction of Indian culture created a demand for aromatics, and trading posts here later served Chinese and Arab markets. The 107: 1911:

In 1830 ships of the British East India Company were designated as the Indian navy. However, in 1863, it was disbanded when Britain's

8367: 6319: 6136: 6020: 5800: 5492: 4165:) seceded, leading to civil war between Pakistan's two wings, the Indian navy trained four task forces of riverine guerrillas. Those 492: 122: 1594:(9th Century) found Kollam to be the only port in India, touched by the huge Chinese junks, on his way from Carton of Persian Gulf. 8595: 8155: 7387: 6790: 6757: 266: 1456:

basin in the north. The kingdoms along the east coast of India up to the river Ganges acknowledged Chola suzerainty. Chola navies

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Mahdi, Waruno (1999). "The Dispersal of Austronesian boat forms in the Indian Ocean". In Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew (eds.).

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India's Coast Guard Act was passed in August 1978. The Indian Coast Guard participated in counter terrorism operations such as

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Rajendra Chola I completed the conquest of the island of Sri Lanka and captured the Sinhala king Mahinda V. Nilakanta Sastri,

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that were stronger and less prone to leak than the structurally weak hulls of traditional European ships built with a stepped

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later duplicated the flushed deck and hull designs of Bengal rice ships in the 1760s, leading to significant improvements in

427: 2715: 1150:. Despite its association with China in recent centuries, the Maritime Silk Route was primarily established and operated by 8475: 8463: 8039: 7126: 7121: 6982: 6795: 6719: 5792: 5456: 1650:

began and trade flourished as the religion was favorably disposed towards trade. Ninth century on wards the Arab trade to

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nor did those from Egypt dare to go further but only came as far as this place, it received the cargoes from both, just as

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for a long time even before the conquest of Egypt by the Romans. At the end of 1st century BCE Indian products reached the

132: 2141:, and has obtained latest naval equipment from its western allies. Better relations with the United States of America and 1707:

according to the Chinese standards. They were of fine quality and could be exchanged in China for 15 silver coins of four-

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in the 14th century as one of the five Indian ports he had seen in the course of his travels during twenty-four years.

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of these regions but its had influenced the kingdoms and its culture. The route was influential in the early spread of

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from the 8th century, they were depictions of large Javanese outrigger trading vessels. Shown with the characteristic

8497: 8422: 8151: 8069: 7773: 7292: 6915: 6035: 5825: 5752: 5438: 5376: 5012: 4559: 4544: 4529: 4514: 4482: 4471: 4432: 4417: 4402: 4387: 4362: 4347: 4332: 4317: 4302: 4287: 4272: 4243: 4228: 3877: 3832: 3727: 3510: 3328: 3098: 2860: 571: 520:....Most of the trade between Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley was indirect. Shippers from both regions converged in 465:

valley—carrying copper, hardwoods, ivory, pearls, carnelian, and gold—were active in Mesopotamia during the reign of

62: 7159: 677:, and other constellations of use in navigational charts. These charts may have been in use by the beginning of the 8482: 8231: 8126: 8116: 8111: 7763: 7758: 7247: 7237: 7217: 6640: 6635: 6628: 6251: 6221: 5326: 5291: 5068: 419:

5 April is celebrated as National Maritime Day in India. On this day in 1919, navigation history was created when

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as entry ports to India and China. Merchants arriving from India in the port city of Aden paid tribute in form of

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Sen, Tansen (3 February 2014). "Maritime Southeast Asia Between South Asia and China to the Sixteenth Century".

628: 477:. The trade in lapis lazuli was carried out from northern Afghanistan over eastern Iran to Sumer but during the 8287: 8106: 6925: 6505: 4992: 4460: 4191:

Indian Shipping - A history of the sea-borne trade and maritime activity of the Indians from the earliest times

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in ancient times, started before 350 BC according to early sources. The people of this region of eastern

747:, testimony to the naval, seafaring and trading capabilities of the Satavahanas during the 1st–2nd century CE. 8121: 6910: 6773: 6535: 6329: 6246: 6085: 5835: 5511: 5471: 5215: 3066:"Early Maritime Activities of Orissa on the East Coast of India: Linkages in Trade and Cultural Developments" 1039: 3722:. Critical perspectives on the past. American Historical Association. Temple University Press. p. 308. 8438: 6920: 6815: 6495: 6387: 6287: 6206: 5757: 5205: 4961: 3123: 1276: 1256: 739: 1058: 1015: 8492: 8221: 8019: 7704: 7367: 7212: 6977: 6667: 6525: 6382: 6013: 6008: 5820: 5366: 5210: 5190: 4919: 4671: 4452:

K.M. Panikkar, 1945: India and the Indian Ocean: an essay on the influence of sea power on Indian history

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and beyond. Prior to the 10th century, the route was primarily used by Southeast Asian traders, although

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Religions of the Silk Road: Overland Trade and Cultural Exchange from Antiquity to the Fifteenth Century

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created a more direct route between Britain and India, furthering the importance of coastal cities like

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Eudaimon Arabia was called fortunate, being once a city, when, because ships neither came from India to

99: 8535: 8448: 8201: 7138: 7074: 6611: 6579: 6500: 5979: 5840: 5762: 5631: 5616: 5579: 5466: 5361: 5321: 5078: 5047: 4956: 4634: 4589: 2688: 2671: 2634: 2629: 2074: 1900: 1825: 1304: 1272: 1080: 1076: 971: 744: 653: 459: 4200: 351:, while Christian and Jewish settlers from Rome continued to live in India long after the fall of the 8654: 8520: 8515: 8487: 8405: 8377: 8280: 8241: 8049: 7422: 7174: 6932: 6672: 6510: 6483: 6412: 6347: 6261: 6233: 6030: 5929: 5626: 5451: 5301: 5113: 5017: 4934: 4729: 4691: 4661: 3945: 3398: 3239: 3065: 2710: 1792: 1242: 604: 496: 443: 254: 3237:, only a very few ventured to undertake the voyage and to carry on traffic in Indian merchandise." — 3036: 8453: 8344: 7372: 7116: 6601: 6457: 6432: 6201: 5830: 5782: 5772: 5732: 5722: 5356: 5311: 5271: 5245: 5225: 5002: 4951: 4909: 4790: 4774: 4060:"Technological Dynamism in a Stagnant Sector: Safety at Sea during the Early Industrial Revolution" 2698: 1998: 1728: 1035: 683: 230: 163: 1111:

represents one such vivid examples of this interaction. Buddha was first depicted as human in the

797:, which became its new source for gold and was soon exposed to the world via a series of maritime 190: 8415: 8064: 8054: 7111: 6704: 6692: 6662: 6324: 6271: 6045: 5815: 5767: 5658: 5621: 5611: 5606: 5351: 5276: 5200: 3499:

Bellina, Bérénice (2014). "Southeast Asia and the Early Maritime Silk Road". In Guy, John (ed.).

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ports, previously used to secure trade with India by the Greco—Roman world since the time of the

757:. Historically, however, the first attested attempt to organise a navy in India, as described by 44: 91:

allowed direct access to sea routes. Lothal's topography and geology reflects its maritime past.

8470: 8443: 8090: 7536: 7351: 7059: 6699: 6655: 6530: 6462: 6452: 6417: 6055: 6050: 5899: 5712: 5707: 5653: 5574: 5344: 5339: 5316: 5152: 4639: 2043: 1444:(reigned 1012–1044) extended the Chola kingdom beyond the traditional limits. At its peak, the 824: 620: 336: 247: 4033: 1436:(300BC—1279) reached the peak of its influence and power during the medieval period. Emperors 434:, a crucial step for India's shipping history when sea routes were controlled by the British. 8314: 8059: 8044: 7627: 7447: 7412: 7407: 7346: 7341: 7020: 6893: 6878: 6747: 6724: 6442: 6292: 6216: 6168: 6158: 5747: 5695: 5680: 5121: 5042: 4971: 4966: 4759: 4724: 4666: 4582: 4490: 4370: 3316: 2974: 2461: 1980: 1932: 1882: 1548:(absorbed into the Pandya political system by 10th/11th century AD) were a close ally of the 1521:

records, rose to dominate the trade in the region around the straits and the South China Sea

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Between East and West: The Moluccas and the Traffic in Spices Up to the Arrival of Europeans

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Manichaeism worshipped Jesus, Buddha. This Silk Road religion’s strength became its weakness

1598:, the great Venetian traveller, who was in Chinese service under Kublakhan in 1275, visited 8349: 8324: 8260: 8085: 7382: 7377: 7167: 6805: 6540: 6478: 6447: 6437: 6397: 6392: 6131: 6070: 5924: 5717: 5700: 5177: 1951: 1777: 1757: 1745: 1522: 1235: 1151: 1062: 812: 420: 384: 180: 1964:, inducted into the Royal Navy. The historical ships made by Indian shipbuilders included 8: 8226: 7096: 7089: 7084: 6883: 6820: 6810: 6606: 6574: 6545: 5939: 5894: 5858: 5777: 5584: 5561: 5334: 5157: 4929: 4838: 3572: 3240:"The Geography of Strabo published in Vol. I of the Loeb Classical Library edition, 1917" 1555: 1131: 1119: 919: 762: 482: 225: 2176:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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was involved in the Indian Ocean trade network and was influenced by Roman culture and

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The Trade with Malabar resulted in the drainage of Chinese gold in abundance that the

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describes Greco—Roman merchants selling in Barbaricum "thin clothing, figured linens,

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names several Indian ports from where large ships sailed in an easterly direction to

1222:; although Chinese records misidentified these kingdoms as being "Indian" due to the 1135: 1043: 1011: 943: 529: 408: 392: 364: 360: 344: 2880: 1326:

between the 1st and 2nd centuries CE, and these regions became overseas markets for

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Lost Kingdoms of Early Southeast Asia: Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture 5th to 8th century

3317:"Austronesian Shipping in the Indian Ocean: From Outrigger Boats to Trading Ships" 3229:), and I learned that as many as one hundred and twenty vessels were sailing from 694: 451: 7675: 7573: 7106: 7030: 6972: 6937: 6618: 6596: 6520: 6297: 5421: 5416: 5406: 5399: 5167: 5022: 5007: 4833: 4716: 3952: 3717: 3234: 2005:). David Arnold examines the role of Indian shipbuilders during the British Raj: 1965: 1947: 1939: 1813: 1749: 1406: 1215: 1195: 1051: 993: 977: 931: 794: 728: 724: 596: 466: 3071:. Marine Archaeology Centre, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 1736: 1672: 773:(reign 273—232 BCE), who used it to send massive diplomatic missions to Greece, 8329: 7609: 7568: 7563: 7475: 7133: 7101: 7047: 6997: 6987: 6888: 6709: 6591: 6367: 5502: 5230: 5220: 5032: 4941: 4894: 4889: 4861: 4818: 4813: 4749: 4166: 2511: 2436: 2126:(1999), the aggressive posture adopted by the navy played a role in convincing 1692: 1635: 1579: 1530: 1499: 1453: 1351: 1250: 1207: 1191: 1175: 1127: 989: 927: 879:, vessels of glass, silver and gold plate, and a little wine" in exchange for " 852: 727:

and Roman historians mention a total of four embassies from the Tamil country.

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Rome's Eastern Trade: International Commerce and Imperial Policy, 31 BC-AD 305

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Rome's Eastern Trade: International Commerce and Imperial Policy, 31 BC-AD 305

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on the eastern coast of Africa, from there to sail across the Indian Ocean to

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https://www.tyndisheritage.com/the-amazing-stories-of-kerala-maritime-history

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period an Indus colony was established at Shortugai in Central Asia near the

388: 320: 3301: 1122:, which flourished between the 2nd century BC and 15th century AD connected 1022:, mottos of organisations and educational institutes as well as adoption of 793:—one of the sources for India's bullion—India diverted its attention to the 590: 8334: 6151: 6121: 5668: 5131: 4848: 4734: 3713: 2588: 2311: 2134:

that a larger conflict loomed unless Pakistan withdrew from the heights.".

2090: 2078: 1854: 1828:, until the navy itself underwent a decline due to the policies of general 1804: 1781: 1658: 1473: 1445: 1219: 1187: 1069: 1050:, a process which has also been aided by the ongoing historic expansion of 935: 900: 876: 637: 608: 575: 563: 521: 474: 352: 324: 297: 4466:

Rao, S. R. The Lost City of Dvaraka, National Institute of Oceanography,

3869:

Page No.710, International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania

907:". In Barygaza, they would buy wheat, rice, sesame oil, cotton and cloth. 8236: 7738: 7722: 7670: 7651: 7643: 7598: 7590: 7465: 7198: 7052: 6256: 5871: 5866: 5594: 5411: 5394: 5286: 4914: 4881: 4823: 4805: 4769: 3230: 2465: 2361: 2336: 2039: 1916: 1904: 1894: 1870: 1723: 1603: 1559: 1362:, where they were used for a variety of purposes including burial rites. 1359: 1260: 1238: 1183: 1179: 1159: 1104: 1096: 1092: 1065: 798: 758: 753: 657: 550: 301: 4161:

The navy's fortunes were greatly restored in 1971. After East Pakistan (

3477: 2110:. During contemporary times the Indian navy was commissioned in several 2084: 1590:

between the 7th and 8th centuries CE, and merchant Sulaiman of Siraf in

7717: 7712: 7694: 7665: 7617: 7558: 7513: 7508: 7455: 6095: 5987: 5389: 5073: 4871: 4162: 2619: 2123: 2023: 1912: 1862: 1595: 1518: 1503: 1402: 1312: 1300: 1292: 1100: 1003: 998: 959: 904: 832: 712: 678: 348: 4477:

Rao, S. R. Marine Archaeology in India, Delhi: Publications Division,

4059: 2596: 1744:'s course to India (black), the first to go around Africa. Voyages of 1083:

religious establishments of Southeast Asia came to be associated with

859:

on the southern tip of India were the main centres of this trade. The

7518: 7491: 7483: 7437: 5589: 2693: 2127: 1829: 1788: 1773: 1719: 1484: 1477: 1461: 1449: 1398: 1355: 1246: 1171: 896: 892: 856: 732: 674: 587:, indicating possible contact with Indochina at a very early period. 567: 546: 517: 513: 400: 5162: 4507:

Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History

3924: 3822: 3719:

Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History

3530:. One World Archaeology. Vol. 34. Routledge. pp. 144–179. 2911: 2894: 1795:

forged alliances with the principal producers of cloves and nutmeg.

1578:

Chinese settlement at Kollam. The Indian commercial connection with

8001: 7996: 7991: 7975: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7928: 7923: 7907: 7902: 7897: 7892: 7887: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7819: 7803: 7798: 7727: 7638: 5992: 5027: 4035:

Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution (1757-1857)

3866:

Ring, Trudy; Watson, Noelle; Schellinger, Paul (12 November 2012).

3226: 2411: 2119: 2070: 1549: 1420: 1378: 1366: 1259:(in 3rd century BCE was annexed by the Mauryan emperor Ashoka) and 1231: 1227: 1199: 1088: 1027: 1023: 911: 888: 884: 612: 579: 328: 312: 210: 4148:

the Indian navy, among other actions, sank the Portuguese frigate

3286:. Rothermund, Dietmar, 1933– (4th ed.). New York: Routledge. 2197:

for the financial year 2005–06 and percentage growth over 2004–05

1322:

Textiles from India were in demand in Egypt, East Africa, and the

751:

The first clear mention of a navy occurs in the mythological epic

4171: 2261: 1821: 1808: 1769: 1684: 1563: 1526: 1494: 1488: 1481: 1394: 1264: 1203: 1139: 939: 844: 840: 836: 808: 790: 584: 525: 505: 396: 377: 356: 1842:

of the 17th century is known for trade in sea route to Gulf and

1816:(reign 1664–1680) maintained a navy under the charge of general 1533:

from Southeast Asia dating back to at least the 3rd century CE.

1480:

empire in Maritime Southeast Asia under the Sailendras, and the

1468:. Goods and ideas from India began to play a major role in the " 1194:

traders also sailed them. For most of its history, Austronesian

1158:

merchants in India and Southeast Asia, Greco-Roman merchants in

75: 4574: 2142: 2115: 2027: 1714: 1688: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1610: 1599: 1574: 1537: 1410: 1335: 1234:

to the east. The Maritime Silk Road developed from the earlier

1167: 1155: 1147: 880: 872: 848: 820: 786: 770: 720: 641: 616: 542: 486: 455: 404: 372: 332: 316: 80: 3321:

Early Exchange between Africa and the Wider Indian Ocean World

1198:

controlled the flow of the Maritime Silk Road, especially the

4249:

Chakravarti, P. C. (1930), "Naval Warfare in ancient India",

3466:

TRaNS: Trans-Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia

3218: 2194: 2095: 1662: 1647: 1631: 1414: 1386: 1280: 1163: 1143: 1123: 915: 868: 864: 774: 708: 624: 470: 340: 308: 296:

begins during the 3rd millennium BCE when inhabitants of the

84: 3824:

Boats of the World: From the Stone Age to the Medieval Times

3561: 3528:

Archaeology and Language III: Artefacts languages, and texts

3034: 1010:

for transmission of elements of Indian elements such as the

36:

may be in need of reorganization to comply with Knowledge's

6752: 4202:

Indian Shipping: A case study of the working of Imperialism

3214: 1839: 1591: 1587: 1390: 1382: 1370: 1331: 1268: 688: 509: 3213:

was prefect of Egypt, I accompanied him and ascended the

2077:. Following difficulty in obtaining spare parts from the 1752:(blue) are also shown with common routes marked in green. 489:

in Gujarat and shipped to Oman, Bahrain and Mesopotamia.

359:

ports, previously used to secure trade with India by the

3037:"ARCHAEOLOGY AND THE MARITIME HISTORY OF ANCIENT ORISSA" 2973:

Kenoyer, Jonathan M.; Heuston, Kimberley Burton (2005).

1311:. The old traditions are still celebrated in the annual 411:

was the first European empire to grow from spice trade.

2098:, United States, Japan, Australia and Singapore in the 1776:. Christian missionaries traveling with trade, such as 769:(322–185 BCE) navy continued till the times of emperor 554:

to select Lothal's location in the first place, as the

534: 4522:

Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Medieval India

4395:

Asia in the Making of Europe: The Century of Discovery

2861:"Aboriginal Australian genomes reveal Indian ancestry" 311:

records, Indian traders and merchants traded with the

5801:

Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D)

3865: 4498:

Sardesai, D.R. (2006), "Shivaji Bhonsle and Heirs",

4221:: Science, Technology and Medicine in Colonial India 3712:

Shaffer, Lynda Noreen (2001). "Southernization". In

2578: 1373:

where "merchants depart for distant countries." The

1354:

that were shipped across the ports of Arabia to the

949: 485:

mines and the lapis stones were brought overland to

8302: 4187: 2611:Spread of Indian influence through maritime routes 1699:, were issued in Cochin and weighed a total of one 715:

receives goods brought from outside and from Egypt.

5649:Governors, Lieutenant Governors and Administrators 4323:Gosch, Stephen S. & Stearns, Peter N. (2007), 2114:. The navy also repatriated Indian nationals from 2033: 1263:(1336-1646) also established footholds in Malaya, 4509:edited by Michael Adas, Temple University Press, 4410:History of Merchant Shipping and Ancient Commerce 4236:Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire 2625:Non-resident Indian and Overseas Citizen of India 1573:(also called Quilon or Desinganadu's) in coastal 1319:festival held for five days in October/November. 731:famously mentions the expenditure of one million 504:Archaeological research at sites in Mesopotamia, 499:, Boat with direction-finding birds to find land. 8621: 4488:Sardesai, D.R. (2006), "Peshwai and Pentarchy", 4280:The Scents of Eden: A History of the Spice Trade 4000: 3998: 644:being at this last outpost of the Roman Empire. 3962: 3960: 2237:(Kolkata Dock System & Haldia Dock Complex) 2122:. Rajesh Kadian (2006) holds that: "During the 407:was now open for the Europeans to explore. The 395:, continuing to the eastern coast of Africa to 4565:Medieval Kerala's Maritime trade history with 3365:(New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), 21. 3182: 3180: 3178: 2972: 1888: 1760:, four vessels under the command of navigator 600:, discovered in Berenice Troglodytica in 2022. 387:, four vessels under the command of navigator 47:to make improvements to the overall structure. 8577:Council of Scientific and Industrial Research 8288: 7327: 7175: 4590: 4505:Shaffer, Lynda N. (2001), "Southernization", 3995: 3827:. Oxford University Press. pp. 289–293. 3658:Nilakanta Sastri, A History of South India, 5 3578: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3196: 3194: 3192: 2640:History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia 1881:and navigation for European ships during the 964:History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia 274: 8562:National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research 4099: 4092: 3957: 3429:"The Maritime Silk Road: History of an Idea" 3262: 3260: 3258: 3030: 3028: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2922: 903:, Seric skins, cotton cloth, silk yarn, and 371:proved vital to the merchants of Arabia and 4495:edited by Stanley Wolpet, pp. 293–296. 4090: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4074: 4072: 3683: 3308: 3175: 2748: 2746: 1858:ship repairing as very advanced in Bengal. 1540:(3rd century BCE to 14th century CE) ruler 1068:and historic maritime trade network in the 605:Indians had already been trading with Egypt 8640:History of science and technology in India 8295: 8281: 7182: 7168: 4597: 4583: 4355:Ethnoarchaeology of Shuwa-Arab Settlements 4265:Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean 3988: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3670: 3645: 3643: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3544: 3379:. New York: St Martin's Press. p. 45. 3189: 3147: 3145: 3018: 3016: 3014: 2831: 2829: 2667:India–Middle East–Europe Economic Corridor 1865:design in Bengal rice ships, resulting in 281: 267: 5811:Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI) 5691:Fundamental rights, principles and duties 4502:edited by Stanley Wolpet, pp. 53–56. 4375:edited by Stanley Wolpet, pp. 47–55. 4027: 4025: 3976:spice trade that allowed it to flourish." 3915: 3913: 3911: 3519: 3505:. Yale University Press. pp. 22–25. 3255: 3168: 3166: 3035:Sushanta Ku. Patra & Benudhar Patra. 3025: 2919: 2910: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2807: 2805: 2803: 1609:Growth and development of agriculture in 63:Learn how and when to remove this message 7388:Armed Forces Special Operations Division 5753:Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) 4069: 3904:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 3848: 3846: 3844: 3765: 3661: 3355: 3346: 3337: 3275: 3063: 2934:The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition 2743: 2083: 1922: 1735: 1713: 1671: 1554: 1493: 1419: 1057: 997: 803: 738: 698:Roman trade with India according to the 693: 661: 589: 491: 414: 367:. The Indian commercial connection with 300:initiated maritime trading contact with 74: 6852: 4755:Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley 4368:Kadian, Rajesh (2006), "Armed Forces", 3979: 3820: 3814: 3711: 3652: 3640: 3631: 3617: 3498: 3492: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3314: 3203: 3154: 3142: 3057: 3011: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2979:. Oxford University Press. p. 66. 2826: 2819: 2817: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2785: 938:, which resulted in Rome's loss of the 736:trade and paying in gold for products. 355:, which resulted in Rome's loss of the 8622: 6041:Securities and Exchange Board of India 5148:National Geological Monuments of India 4022: 3908: 3899: 3323:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 51–76. 3246: 3233:to India, whereas formerly, under the 3163: 2838: 2800: 8276: 7163: 6851: 5965: 5841:Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW) 5806:Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) 5547: 5099: 4614: 4578: 4295:Cross-Cultural Trade in World History 4293:Curtin, Philip DeArmond etc. (1984), 4198: 3841: 3801: 3525: 3374: 3281: 1787:The first Dutch expedition left from 1780:, were instrumental in the spread of 428:Scindia Steam Navigation Company Ltd. 8603: 4539:, Motilal Banarsidass Publications, 4427:, Motilal Banarsidass Publications, 3700:Nilakanta Sastri, The CōĻas, 211–220 3426: 3413: 2997: 2858: 2814: 2782: 2156: 2145:have led to joint patrolling of the 2112:United Nations peacekeeping missions 1740:This figure illustrates the path of 789:. Following nomadic interference in 20: 5836:National Investigation Agency (NIA) 5758:Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) 5447:Autonomous administrative divisions 4031: 3463: 3266: 2895:"Migration from India to Australia" 2225:Container Traffic (05-06) '000 TEUs 1798: 1667: 761:(c. 350—290 BCE), is attributed to 666:Three-mast sailship, c. 5th century 524:ports, especially on the island of 399:to sail across the Indian Ocean to 13: 8557:Ministry of Science and Technology 5826:Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) 4524:, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 4338:Hermann & Rothermund (2001), 4219:The New Cambridge History of India 4194:. Longmans, Green and Co., Bombay. 4052: 2728:National Maritime Heritage Complex 2650:Tamil loanwords in Biblical Hebrew 2094:naval exercise from the navies of 623:following the Roman annexation of 473:on ships and luxury items such as 339:following the Roman annexation of 14: 8666: 8186:Indian Maritime Security Strategy 8070:Rashtriya Indian Military College 6021:Ministry of Commerce and Industry 5763:Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) 5048:Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) 4325:Premodern Travel in World History 3900:Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta (1958) . 2716:Historic GDP of India (1-1947 CE) 2213:Cargo Handled (06-07) '000 tonnes 1582:proved vital to the merchants of 950:Early Common Era—High Middle Ages 647: 578:(copper age) culture and then an 572:dating to as early as ca. 2300 BC 343:. As trade between India and the 8602: 8591: 8590: 8256: 8255: 8232:List of Indian Naval deployments 8127:Military Institute of Technology 7191: 4604: 4378:Kulke & Rothermund (2001), 3753:Kulke & Rothermund, 116–117. 2595: 2581: 2161: 1491:were the main trading partners. 98: 25: 8304:Science and technology in India 5064:History of India (1947–present) 4445:Nilakanta Sastri, K.A (2002), 4438:Nilakanta Sastri, K.A (1984), 4397:, University of Chicago Press, 4393:Lach, Donald Frederick (1994), 4251:The Indian Historical Quarterly 4181: 4155: 4142: 4133: 4108: 4010: 3969: 3939: 3893: 3859: 3792: 3783: 3774: 3756: 3747: 3705: 3692: 3608: 3457: 3383: 3368: 3124:"South Indians in Roman Egypt?" 3116: 3104: 3083: 2966: 2957: 2948: 2939: 2887: 2852: 2645:Indianization of Southeast Asia 2034:Contemporary Era (1947–present) 1458:invaded and conquered Srivijaya 1377:(750–1258 CE) used Alexandria, 1253:(established 1000 to 600 BCE). 516:, stone weights, and colourful 8645:Economic history of Tamil Nadu 8107:Defence Services Staff College 5831:Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) 5783:Special Protection Group (SPG) 5773:Railway Protection Force (RPF) 4535:Tripathi, Rama Sankar (1967), 4500:Encyclopedia of India (vol. 4) 4461:Archaeological Survey of India 4297:, Cambridge University Press, 4267:, Cambridge University Press, 4223:, Cambridge University Press, 3363:The Silk Road in World History 2773: 2764: 2755: 2063:Indian integration of Junagadh 1938:, made by shipbuilders at the 1676:Indian vessel as shown in the 1085:economic activity and commerce 1: 8122:College of Defence Management 7223:Vice Chief of the Naval Staff 6926:Engineering colleges in India 6555:Electronics and semiconductor 5768:National Security Guard (NSG) 5512:World Heritage Sites in India 5100: 4412:, Adamant Media Corporation, 4353:Holl, Augustin F. C. (2003), 4210: 3315:Manguin, Pierre-Yves (2016). 2976:The Ancient South Asian World 1448:stretched from the island of 627:. Recent excavations at 437: 8635:Maritime history of Pakistan 8040:Armed Forces Medical College 7813:Airborne Early Warning (AEW) 7228:FOCs-in-C (Naval Commanders) 5816:Enforcement Directorate (ED) 5637:State legislative assemblies 5548: 5477:States and union territories 5186:Biogeographic classification 4312:, Diane Publishing Company, 4188:Radhakumud Mookerji (1912). 2936:. Columbia University Press. 1931:was signed in 1842 on board 1726:and Frans Hogenberg's atlas 1309:people with whom they traded 743:Indian ship on lead coin of 380:first arrived in Australia. 87:peninsula. Proximity to the 7: 7705:Andaman and Nicobar Command 7368:Andaman and Nicobar Command 6983:Water supply and sanitation 5966: 5748:Border Security Force (BSF) 5493:National monuments of India 4615: 3780:Kulke & Rothermund, 124 3771:Kulke & Rothermund, 118 3667:Kulke & Rothermund, 115 3569:National Informatics Center 3319:. In Campbell, Gwyn (ed.). 2684:Indus–Mesopotamia relations 2574: 2565: 2560: 2555: 2550: 2545: 2540: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2443: 2440: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2418: 2415: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2365: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2330: 2327: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2315: 2305: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2280: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2246: 2243: 2240: 2088:Ships participating in the 2052: 2022:The 1869 completion of the 1889:British Raj – Modern Period 1154:sailors in Southeast Asia, 1044:traditional Indian clothing 1006:cultural influence zone of 968:Chola invasion of Srivijaya 819:According to the historian 723:embassies were received by 448:Indus–Mesopotamia relations 10: 8671: 8368:Inventions and discoveries 8202:History of the Indian Navy 6036:Central Statistical Office 5642:State legislative councils 5617:Union Council of Ministers 4550:Young, Gary Keith (2001), 4449:, Oxford University Press. 4038:. Routledge. p. 174. 3762:Kulke & Rothermund, 12 3438:(23): 1–30. Archived from 3375:Foltz, Richard C. (1999). 3089:Young, Gary Keith (2001), 2963:Gosch & Stearns, 12–13 2689:Maritime history of Odisha 2672:Indo-Roman trade relations 2635:Hinduism in Southeast Asia 2630:Buddhism in Southeast Asia 2209: 2037: 1907:was established in India: 1901:British East India Company 1892: 1826:English East India Company 1802: 1464:was the largest empire in 1273:Maritime history of Odisha 975: 972:Maritime history of Odisha 953: 930:in his writings and other 745:Vasisthiputra Sri Pulamavi 654:Indo-Roman trade relations 651: 615:, and the Roman historian 541:The world's first dock at 460:Indo-Roman trade relations 441: 331:, and the Roman historian 8630:Maritime history of India 8585: 8549: 8508: 8431: 8396: 8358: 8310: 8250: 8242:Future of the Indian Navy 8194: 8173: 8139: 8099: 8078: 8050:Bangalore Military School 8027: 8018: 7984: 7968: 7937: 7916: 7880: 7854: 7828: 7812: 7791: 7782: 7751: 7703: 7626: 7535: 7446: 7430: 7421: 7400: 7360: 7334: 7316: 7205: 7006: 6916:Medical colleges in India 6871: 6867: 6847: 6766: 6735: 6471: 6340: 6280: 6232: 6184: 6114: 6066:Foreign exchange reserves 6061:Foreign direct investment 6031:Economic Advisory Council 6001: 5978: 5974: 5961: 5885: 5857: 5791: 5778:Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB) 5740: 5731: 5676: 5667: 5560: 5556: 5543: 5485: 5437: 5375: 5264: 5176: 5158:Sacred mountains of India 5140: 5112: 5108: 5095: 5056: 4985: 4880: 4847: 4804: 4783: 4730:Indus Valley Civilisation 4715: 4627: 4623: 4610: 4308:Donkin, Robin A. (2003), 4006:Shivaji Bhonsle and Heirs 3921:"Short History of Kollam" 3113:, The Print, 14 dec 2023. 2873:10.1038/nature.2013.12219 2711:Economic history of India 2201:Indian Ports Association) 2170:This section needs to be 1990:was signed in 1842), and 1793:United East India Company 1424:Chola territories during 1243:Islander Southeast Asians 765:(reign 322—298 BCE). The 444:Indus Valley Civilisation 8222:President's fleet review 8181:Indian Maritime Doctrine 8117:National Defence College 8112:National Defence Academy 8100:Tri-Service Institutions 8028:Education & Training 7373:Strategic Forces Command 7218:Chief of the Naval Staff 6202:Multi Commodity Exchange 5821:Intelligence Bureau (IB) 4537:History of Ancient India 4447:A History of South India 4327:, Taylor & Francis, 3854:A History of South India 3427:Guan, Kwa Chong (2016). 2736: 2699:Ancient maritime history 2228:% Increase (over 04–05) 2152: 1999:The Star-Spangled Banner 1729:Civitates orbis terrarum 1476:(618–907) of China, the 1341:Periplus Maris Erythraei 861:Periplus Maris Erythraei 700:Periplus Maris Erythraei 684:Periplus Maris Erythraei 619:mentions an increase in 452:Meluhha trade with Sumer 426:, the first ship of the 335:mentions an increase in 16:Aspect of Indian history 8550:Institutes and programs 8207:Indian maritime history 8065:Dholpur Military School 8055:Belgaum Military School 6046:Enforcement Directorate 5507:Indian-origin religions 5498:National parks of India 5307:Highest point by states 5069:Economic liberalisation 4442:, University of Madras. 4423:Majumdar, R.C. (1987), 4278:Corn, Charles (1999) , 3282:Kulke, Hermann (2004). 3044:OHRJ, Vol. XLVII, No. 2 2752:Gosch & Stearns, 12 2222:% Increase (over 04–05) 2216:% Increase (over 05–06) 1836:Baba Makhan Shah Labana 1768:in 1497, continuing to 1542:Parantaka Nedumjadaiyan 1466:Maritime Southeast Asia 1440:(reigned 985–1014) and 1297:Maritime Southeast Asia 1287:sailed up and down the 1283:along the coast of the 566:in Odisha have shown a 549:, as well as exemplary 294:Indian maritime history 8147:Awards and decorations 8079:Schools & Colleges 7537:Southern Naval Command 7352:Southern Naval Command 7016:Arts and entertainment 6651:Science and technology 6587:Information technology 6267:Government initiatives 5163:Sacred rivers of India 5153:Sacred groves of India 4707:Science and technology 4408:Lindsay, W.S. (2006), 4234:Ball, Warwick (2000), 4216:Arnold, David (2004), 4152:—Rajesh Kadian (2006). 4032:Ray, Indrajit (2011). 3951:9 October 2014 at the 3902:History of South India 3821:McGrail, Seán (2001). 2954:Gosch & Stearns, 9 2945:Gosch & Stearns, 7 2219:Vessel Traffic (05-06) 2103: 2044:List of ports in India 2020: 1979:in 1827), the frigate 1943: 1921: 1824:navy also checked the 1753: 1733: 1681: 1642:(665-750 CE) found in 1567: 1511: 1429: 1072: 1055: 1040:Indian music and dance 825:Roman trade with India 816: 748: 717: 703: 667: 629:Berenike in Egypt 621:Roman trade with India 601: 539: 500: 337:Roman trade with India 109:History of science and 92: 8060:Chail Military School 8045:Ajmer Military School 7628:Eastern Naval Command 7448:Western Naval Command 7347:Eastern Naval Command 7342:Western Naval Command 6973:Socio-economic issues 6921:Law colleges in India 6911:Universities in India 6159:Reserve Bank of India 4962:Independence movement 4760:Indo-Parthian Kingdom 4520:Sircar, D.C. (1990), 4491:Encyclopedia of India 4371:Encyclopedia of India 4205:. N.T.Shroff, Bombay. 4199:Mehta, Asoka (1940). 4150:Afonso de Albuquerque 4018:Peshwai and Pentarchy 3271:. Fordham University. 3221:and the frontiers of 2087: 2038:Further information: 2007: 1926: 1909: 1893:Further information: 1883:Industrial Revolution 1832:(reign 1740 – 1761). 1803:Further information: 1739: 1717: 1675: 1558: 1531:large trading vessels 1497: 1423: 1369:mentions the town of 1061: 1001: 924:Clement of Alexandria 807: 742: 705: 697: 665: 652:Further information: 640:from South India and 593: 502: 495: 442:Further information: 415:National Maritime Day 133:Science in Bangladesh 78: 8195:History & Future 8086:Indian Naval Academy 7938:Multirole helicopter 7829:Anti-submarine (ASW) 7383:Defence Space Agency 7378:Defence Cyber Agency 6247:Economic development 6091:Voluntary guidelines 6086:Industrial licensing 5216:Environmental issues 4998:Non-Aligned Movement 4775:Seleucid–Mauryan war 3946:Kollam - Mathrubhumi 3391:"Maritime Silk Road" 1873:design. The British 1778:Saint Francis Xavier 1758:Manuel I of Portugal 1562:(est. 825 CE) & 1452:in the south to the 1350:. Products from the 1301:introducing elements 1075:During this period, 813:Tabula Peutingeriana 636:and the presence of 403:. The wealth of the 385:Manuel I of Portugal 211:Traditional medicine 174:Units of measurement 83:(2400 BCE) lies the 79:To the northwest of 8411:Research institutes 8383:Measurement systems 8227:Indian Naval Ensign 7969:Search & Rescue 7213:Minister of Defence 6009:Ministry of Finance 5013:Indo-Pakistani wars 4957:Partition of Bengal 4455:Rao, S. R. (1985), 4357:, Lexington Books, 4120:archive.nytimes.com 4016:Sardesai, 293–296, 3573:Government of India 3478:10.1017/trn.2013.15 3209:"At any rate, when 2905:(7432): 274. 2013. 1986:(onboard which the 1506:of Southeast Asian 1291:, and travelled to 1261:Vijayanagara Empire 1132:Indian subcontinent 1120:Maritime Silk Route 1032:Indian architecture 920:Indian architecture 827:trade initiated by 763:Chandragupta Maurya 611:during the rule of 430:, journeyed to the 327:during the rule of 169:Measurement systems 138:Science in Pakistan 113:Indian subcontinent 45:editing the article 8541:Technology writers 8493:Telecommunications 8152:Ranks and insignia 8020:Military Academies 7917:Electronic Warfare 7784:Aircraft Squadrons 7684:INS Netaji Subhash 6978:Standard of living 6668:Telecommunications 6185:Financial services 6106:Atmanirbhar Bharat 6026:Finance Commission 5191:Biosphere reserves 4947:Bengal Renaissance 4935:Commander-in-Chief 4900:East India Company 4380:A History of India 4340:A History of India 3807:Nilakanta Sastri, 3284:A history of India 3186:Chakravarti (1930) 2932:"Gama, Vasco da". 2679:Indian Ocean trade 2662:Indo-Mediterranean 2387:New Mangalore Port 2147:Straits of Malacca 2139:United States Navy 2104: 2048:Sagar Mala project 2001:" was composed by 1977:Battle of Navarino 1944: 1875:East India Company 1853:, the province of 1754: 1734: 1687:(1413–51) reached 1682: 1568: 1544:(765–790) and the 1512: 1430: 1109:Greco-Buddhist art 1073: 1056: 829:Eudoxus of Cyzicus 817: 811:, as shown in the 749: 704: 671:Indian cartography 668: 602: 501: 111:technology in the 93: 8617: 8616: 8345:National calendar 8270: 8269: 8212:Royal Indian Navy 8135: 8134: 8091:Naval War College 8014: 8013: 8010: 8009: 7747: 7746: 7396: 7395: 7157: 7156: 7153: 7152: 7149: 7148: 6843: 6842: 6839: 6838: 6388:Jammu and Kashmir 6014:Finance ministers 5957: 5956: 5953: 5952: 5945:Women in politics 5920:Political parties 5853: 5852: 5849: 5848: 5659:Chief Secretaries 5632:State governments 5627:Cabinet Secretary 5580:Foreign relations 5539: 5538: 5535: 5534: 5091: 5090: 5087: 5086: 5079:COVID-19 pandemic 4952:Political reforms 4567:Arabs and Chinese 4045:978-1-136-82552-1 4004:Sardesai, 53–56, 3436:NSC Working Paper 3401:on 5 January 2014 2986:978-0-19-522243-2 2859:Yong, Ed (2013). 2572: 2571: 2191: 2190: 2067:liberation of Goa 2059:Republic of India 2003:Francis Scott Key 1988:Treaty of Nanking 1973:Edward Codrington 1950:built ships like 1929:Treaty of Nanking 1766:Cape of Good Hope 1756:On the orders of 1640:Umayyad Caliphate 1375:Abbasid caliphate 1136:Arabian Peninsula 944:Ptolemaic dynasty 702:(1st century CE). 530:Arabian Peninsula 497:Indus valley seal 409:Portuguese Empire 393:Cape of Good Hope 365:Ptolemaic dynasty 361:Greco-Roman world 345:Greco-Roman world 291: 290: 73: 72: 65: 38:layout guidelines 8662: 8655:Maritime history 8606: 8605: 8594: 8593: 8488:Renewable energy 8406:Higher education 8373:Maritime history 8297: 8290: 8283: 8274: 8273: 8259: 8258: 8025: 8024: 7789: 7788: 7735:INS Campbell Bay 7732:INHS Dhanvantari 7545:INS Dweeprakshak 7461:INS Sardar Patel 7428: 7427: 7332: 7331: 7325: 7324: 7303:Serving admirals 7197: 7195: 7194: 7184: 7177: 7170: 7161: 7160: 7112:Physical culture 6933:Ethnic relations 6869: 6868: 6849: 6848: 6831:Mumbai Consensus 6383:Himachal Pradesh 6272:Numbering system 6262:Green revolution 6137:Historical Forex 5976: 5975: 5963: 5962: 5935:Scheduled groups 5738: 5737: 5674: 5673: 5558: 5557: 5545: 5544: 5527:Tourism in India 5522:History of India 5517:Culture of India 5127:Geology of India 5110: 5109: 5097: 5096: 5028:Naxal Insurgency 5023:White Revolution 5018:Green Revolution 4625: 4624: 4612: 4611: 4599: 4592: 4585: 4576: 4575: 4261:Chaudhuri, K. N. 4206: 4195: 4175: 4159: 4153: 4146: 4140: 4137: 4131: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4112: 4106: 4103: 4097: 4094: 4067: 4066: 4064: 4056: 4050: 4049: 4029: 4020: 4014: 4008: 4002: 3993: 3990: 3977: 3973: 3967: 3964: 3955: 3943: 3937: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3923:. Archived from 3917: 3906: 3905: 3897: 3891: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3863: 3857: 3850: 3839: 3838: 3818: 3812: 3805: 3799: 3796: 3790: 3787: 3781: 3778: 3772: 3769: 3763: 3760: 3754: 3751: 3745: 3744: 3738: 3736: 3709: 3703: 3696: 3690: 3687: 3681: 3674: 3668: 3665: 3659: 3656: 3650: 3647: 3638: 3635: 3629: 3626: 3615: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3592:. Archived from 3582: 3576: 3559: 3542: 3541: 3523: 3517: 3516: 3496: 3490: 3489: 3461: 3455: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3444: 3433: 3424: 3411: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3397:. Archived from 3387: 3381: 3380: 3372: 3366: 3359: 3353: 3350: 3344: 3341: 3335: 3334: 3312: 3306: 3305: 3279: 3273: 3272: 3264: 3253: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3223:Kingdom of Aksum 3207: 3201: 3198: 3187: 3184: 3173: 3170: 3161: 3158: 3152: 3149: 3140: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3128:www.frontline.in 3120: 3114: 3108: 3102: 3087: 3081: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3070: 3061: 3055: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3041: 3032: 3023: 3020: 3009: 3006: 2995: 2994: 2970: 2964: 2961: 2955: 2952: 2946: 2943: 2937: 2930: 2917: 2916: 2914: 2891: 2885: 2884: 2856: 2850: 2847: 2836: 2833: 2824: 2821: 2812: 2809: 2798: 2795: 2780: 2777: 2771: 2768: 2762: 2759: 2753: 2750: 2605: 2600: 2599: 2591: 2586: 2585: 2584: 2537:All Indian Ports 2207: 2206: 2186: 2183: 2177: 2165: 2164: 2157: 2108:Operation Cactus 1799:Early Modern Era 1668:Late Middle Ages 1515:Srivijaya empire 1442:Rajendra Chola I 1438:Rajaraja Chola I 1426:Rajendra Chola I 1020:naming of places 1016:naming of people 1012:honorific titles 932:Indian religions 574:, followed by a 556:Gulf of Khambhat 283: 276: 269: 243:Maritime history 128:Science in India 114: 102: 95: 94: 89:Gulf of Khambhat 68: 61: 57: 54: 48: 29: 28: 21: 8670: 8669: 8665: 8664: 8663: 8661: 8660: 8659: 8620: 8619: 8618: 8613: 8581: 8545: 8531:Science writers 8526:Nobel laureates 8504: 8483:Pharmaceuticals 8454:High-speed rail 8427: 8423:Science museums 8392: 8354: 8306: 8301: 8271: 8266: 8246: 8190: 8169: 8131: 8095: 8074: 8006: 7980: 7964: 7933: 7912: 7881:Maritime patrol 7876: 7850: 7824: 7808: 7778: 7743: 7699: 7691:INS Bhubaneswar 7676:INS Kattabomman 7622: 7614:INS Vishwakarma 7574:INS Dronacharya 7531: 7442: 7417: 7392: 7356: 7320: 7318: 7312: 7201: 7192: 7190: 7188: 7158: 7145: 7117:Public holidays 7002: 6948:Life expectancy 6863: 6862: 6835: 6762: 6731: 6636:Pharmaceuticals 6467: 6336: 6276: 6242:COVID-19 impact 6228: 6180: 6110: 5997: 5970: 5949: 5881: 5845: 5787: 5727: 5723:District Courts 5663: 5654:Chief Ministers 5552: 5531: 5481: 5433: 5371: 5345:Western coastal 5340:Eastern coastal 5327:Mountain passes 5260: 5246:Protected areas 5172: 5168:Stones of India 5136: 5104: 5083: 5052: 5038:Space programme 5008:Sino-Indian War 5003:Five-Year Plans 4981: 4876: 4843: 4834:Delhi Sultanate 4800: 4791:Middle kingdoms 4784:Middle Kingdoms 4779: 4711: 4619: 4606: 4603: 4213: 4184: 4179: 4178: 4160: 4156: 4147: 4143: 4138: 4134: 4124: 4122: 4114: 4113: 4109: 4105:Arnold, 101–102 4104: 4100: 4095: 4070: 4062: 4058: 4057: 4053: 4046: 4030: 4023: 4015: 4011: 4003: 3996: 3991: 3980: 3974: 3970: 3965: 3958: 3953:Wayback Machine 3944: 3940: 3930: 3928: 3919: 3918: 3909: 3898: 3894: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3864: 3860: 3851: 3842: 3835: 3819: 3815: 3806: 3802: 3797: 3793: 3788: 3784: 3779: 3775: 3770: 3766: 3761: 3757: 3752: 3748: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3710: 3706: 3697: 3693: 3688: 3684: 3675: 3671: 3666: 3662: 3657: 3653: 3648: 3641: 3636: 3632: 3627: 3618: 3613: 3609: 3599: 3597: 3596:on 21 July 2011 3584: 3583: 3579: 3560: 3545: 3538: 3524: 3520: 3513: 3497: 3493: 3462: 3458: 3448: 3446: 3445:on 8 March 2021 3442: 3431: 3425: 3414: 3404: 3402: 3389: 3388: 3384: 3373: 3369: 3360: 3356: 3351: 3347: 3342: 3338: 3331: 3313: 3309: 3294: 3280: 3276: 3267:Halsall, Paul. 3265: 3256: 3251: 3247: 3238: 3208: 3204: 3199: 3190: 3185: 3176: 3171: 3164: 3159: 3155: 3150: 3143: 3133: 3131: 3130:. 23 April 2010 3122: 3121: 3117: 3109: 3105: 3088: 3084: 3074: 3072: 3068: 3062: 3058: 3048: 3046: 3039: 3033: 3026: 3021: 3012: 3007: 2998: 2987: 2971: 2967: 2962: 2958: 2953: 2949: 2944: 2940: 2931: 2920: 2912:10.1038/493274c 2893: 2892: 2888: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2839: 2834: 2827: 2822: 2815: 2810: 2801: 2796: 2783: 2778: 2774: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2756: 2751: 2744: 2739: 2734: 2658:Trading routes 2601: 2594: 2587: 2582: 2580: 2577: 2187: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2166: 2162: 2155: 2055: 2050: 2036: 1948:Bombay Dockyard 1940:Bombay Dockyard 1897: 1891: 1814:Shivaji Bhonsle 1811: 1801: 1750:Afonso de Paiva 1746:Pêro da Covilhã 1691:and noted that 1670: 1500:Borobudur ships 1295:and throughout 1216:Malay Peninsula 1196:thalassocracies 1182:traders in the 1052:Indian diaspora 996: 994:Pallava dynasty 978:Sanskritisation 974: 954:Main articles: 952: 823:(II.5.12.) the 795:Malay Peninsula 725:Augustus Caesar 660: 650: 597:Berenike Buddha 562:Excavations at 518:carnelian beads 479:Mature Harappan 467:Sargon of Akkad 462: 440: 417: 287: 112: 110: 108: 69: 58: 52: 49: 43:Please help by 42: 30: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8668: 8658: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8642: 8637: 8632: 8615: 8614: 8612: 8611: 8599: 8586: 8583: 8582: 8580: 8579: 8574: 8569: 8564: 8559: 8553: 8551: 8547: 8546: 8544: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8518: 8512: 8510: 8506: 8505: 8503: 8502: 8501: 8500: 8490: 8485: 8480: 8479: 8478: 8468: 8467: 8466: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8435: 8433: 8429: 8428: 8426: 8425: 8420: 8419: 8418: 8416:Supercomputing 8408: 8402: 8400: 8394: 8393: 8391: 8390: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8364: 8362: 8356: 8355: 8353: 8352: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8317: 8311: 8308: 8307: 8300: 8299: 8292: 8285: 8277: 8268: 8267: 8265: 8264: 8251: 8248: 8247: 8245: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8198: 8196: 8192: 8191: 8189: 8188: 8183: 8177: 8175: 8171: 8170: 8168: 8167: 8149: 8143: 8141: 8137: 8136: 8133: 8132: 8130: 8129: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8103: 8101: 8097: 8096: 8094: 8093: 8088: 8082: 8080: 8076: 8075: 8073: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8031: 8029: 8022: 8016: 8015: 8012: 8011: 8008: 8007: 8005: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7988: 7986: 7982: 7981: 7979: 7978: 7972: 7970: 7966: 7965: 7963: 7962: 7957: 7952: 7947: 7941: 7939: 7935: 7934: 7932: 7931: 7926: 7920: 7918: 7914: 7913: 7911: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7884: 7882: 7878: 7877: 7875: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7858: 7856: 7855:Reconnaissance 7852: 7851: 7849: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7832: 7830: 7826: 7825: 7823: 7822: 7816: 7814: 7810: 7809: 7807: 7806: 7801: 7795: 7793: 7786: 7780: 7779: 7777: 7776: 7774:Weapon systems 7771: 7766: 7761: 7755: 7753: 7749: 7748: 7745: 7744: 7742: 7741: 7736: 7733: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7709: 7707: 7701: 7700: 7698: 7697: 7692: 7689: 7686: 7681: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7660: 7657: 7654: 7649: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7632: 7630: 7624: 7623: 7621: 7620: 7615: 7612: 7610:INS Satavahana 7607: 7604: 7601: 7596: 7593: 7588: 7585: 7582: 7579: 7576: 7571: 7569:INS Venduruthy 7566: 7564:INHS Sanjivani 7561: 7556: 7553: 7550: 7547: 7541: 7539: 7533: 7532: 7530: 7529: 7524: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7503: 7500: 7497: 7494: 7489: 7486: 7481: 7478: 7476:INHS Patanjali 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7452: 7450: 7444: 7443: 7441: 7440: 7434: 7432: 7425: 7419: 7418: 7416: 7415: 7410: 7404: 7402: 7398: 7397: 7394: 7393: 7391: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7375: 7370: 7364: 7362: 7358: 7357: 7355: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7338: 7336: 7329: 7328:Naval Commands 7322: 7314: 7313: 7311: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7209: 7207: 7203: 7202: 7187: 7186: 7179: 7172: 7164: 7155: 7154: 7151: 7150: 7147: 7146: 7144: 7143: 7142: 7141: 7131: 7130: 7129: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7093: 7092: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7056: 7055: 7045: 7044: 7043: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7012: 7010: 7004: 7003: 7001: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6929: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6903: 6902: 6901: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6875: 6873: 6865: 6864: 6861: 6860: 6853: 6845: 6844: 6841: 6840: 6837: 6836: 6834: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6806:Income Tax Act 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6782: 6781: 6770: 6768: 6764: 6763: 6761: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6739: 6737: 6733: 6732: 6730: 6729: 6728: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6696: 6695: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6659: 6658: 6648: 6643: 6641:Pulp and paper 6638: 6633: 6632: 6631: 6629:Iron and Steel 6626: 6616: 6615: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6589: 6584: 6583: 6582: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6551: 6550: 6549: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6492: 6491: 6486: 6475: 6473: 6469: 6468: 6466: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6413:Madhya Pradesh 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6348:Andhra Pradesh 6344: 6342: 6338: 6337: 6335: 6334: 6333: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6312: 6307: 6306: 6305: 6295: 6290: 6284: 6282: 6278: 6277: 6275: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6252:Liberalisation 6249: 6244: 6238: 6236: 6230: 6229: 6227: 6226: 6225: 6224: 6219: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6188: 6186: 6182: 6181: 6179: 6178: 6173: 6172: 6171: 6166: 6156: 6155: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6118: 6116: 6112: 6111: 6109: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6017: 6016: 6005: 6003: 5999: 5998: 5996: 5995: 5990: 5984: 5982: 5972: 5971: 5959: 5958: 5955: 5954: 5951: 5950: 5948: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5891: 5889: 5883: 5882: 5880: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5863: 5861: 5855: 5854: 5851: 5850: 5847: 5846: 5844: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5797: 5795: 5789: 5788: 5786: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5744: 5742: 5735: 5729: 5728: 5726: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5704: 5703: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5677: 5671: 5665: 5664: 5662: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5645: 5644: 5639: 5629: 5624: 5622:Civil Services 5619: 5614: 5612:Prime Minister 5609: 5607:Vice President 5604: 5599: 5598: 5597: 5592: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5566: 5564: 5554: 5553: 5541: 5540: 5537: 5536: 5533: 5532: 5530: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5503:Nature worship 5500: 5495: 5489: 5487: 5483: 5482: 5480: 5479: 5474: 5472:Municipalities 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5443: 5441: 5435: 5434: 5432: 5431: 5426: 5425: 5424: 5419: 5409: 5404: 5403: 5402: 5392: 5387: 5381: 5379: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5348: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5297:Extreme points 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5268: 5266: 5262: 5261: 5259: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5241:National parks 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5201:Climate change 5198: 5193: 5188: 5182: 5180: 5174: 5173: 5171: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5144: 5142: 5138: 5137: 5135: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5118: 5116: 5106: 5105: 5093: 5092: 5089: 5088: 5085: 5084: 5082: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5060: 5058: 5054: 5053: 5051: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5033:Smiling Buddha 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4989: 4987: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4938: 4937: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4910:1857 rebellion 4907: 4902: 4897: 4895:Princely state 4892: 4886: 4884: 4878: 4877: 4875: 4874: 4869: 4867:European trade 4864: 4859: 4853: 4851: 4845: 4844: 4842: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4814:Medieval India 4810: 4808: 4802: 4801: 4799: 4798: 4793: 4787: 4785: 4781: 4780: 4778: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4750:Yavana Kingdom 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4721: 4719: 4713: 4712: 4710: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4697:Paper currency 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4643: 4642: 4637: 4631: 4629: 4621: 4620: 4608: 4607: 4602: 4601: 4594: 4587: 4579: 4573: 4572: 4563: 4548: 4533: 4518: 4503: 4496: 4486: 4475: 4464: 4453: 4450: 4443: 4436: 4421: 4406: 4391: 4376: 4366: 4351: 4336: 4321: 4306: 4291: 4276: 4258: 4247: 4232: 4212: 4209: 4208: 4207: 4196: 4183: 4180: 4177: 4176: 4154: 4141: 4132: 4116:"Passage East" 4107: 4098: 4068: 4051: 4044: 4021: 4009: 3994: 3978: 3968: 3966:Chaudhuri, 223 3956: 3938: 3927:on 18 May 2011 3907: 3892: 3878: 3858: 3856:– pp 146 – 147 3840: 3833: 3813: 3800: 3791: 3782: 3773: 3764: 3755: 3746: 3728: 3704: 3691: 3682: 3669: 3660: 3651: 3639: 3630: 3616: 3607: 3590:Orissa Tourism 3577: 3543: 3537:978-0415100540 3536: 3518: 3511: 3491: 3456: 3412: 3382: 3367: 3354: 3345: 3336: 3329: 3307: 3292: 3274: 3254: 3245: 3202: 3188: 3174: 3162: 3153: 3141: 3115: 3103: 3082: 3064:Sila Tripati. 3056: 3024: 3010: 2996: 2985: 2965: 2956: 2947: 2938: 2918: 2886: 2851: 2837: 2825: 2813: 2799: 2781: 2772: 2763: 2754: 2741: 2740: 2738: 2735: 2733: 2732: 2731: 2730: 2721: 2720: 2719: 2718: 2713: 2704: 2703: 2702: 2701: 2696: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2676: 2675: 2674: 2669: 2655: 2654: 2653: 2652: 2647: 2642: 2637: 2632: 2627: 2622: 2617: 2608: 2607: 2606: 2592: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2554: 2549: 2544: 2539: 2533: 2532: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2508: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2487: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2471: 2468: 2458: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2445: 2442: 2439: 2433: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2423: 2420: 2417: 2414: 2408: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2383: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2373: 2370: 2367: 2364: 2358: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2348: 2345: 2342: 2339: 2333: 2332: 2329: 2326: 2323: 2320: 2317: 2314: 2308: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2289: 2283: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2258: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2248: 2245: 2242: 2239: 2230: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2189: 2188: 2182:September 2016 2169: 2167: 2160: 2154: 2151: 2120:first Gulf War 2054: 2051: 2035: 2032: 1971:(commanded by 1890: 1887: 1800: 1797: 1669: 1666: 1580:Southeast Asia 1560:Port of Kollam 1352:Maluku Islands 1328:Indian exports 1251:Southern India 1128:Southeast Asia 1066:proto-historic 1048:Indian cuisine 990:Pandya dynasty 951: 948: 853:Kaveripattinam 649: 648:Early kingdoms 646: 439: 436: 432:United Kingdom 416: 413: 369:Southeast Asia 289: 288: 286: 285: 278: 271: 263: 260: 259: 258: 257: 252: 251: 250: 245: 235: 234: 233: 223: 218: 213: 208: 206:Indian Alchemy 203: 198: 193: 188: 183: 178: 177: 176: 166: 161: 156: 148: 147: 143: 142: 141: 140: 135: 130: 125: 117: 116: 104: 103: 71: 70: 33: 31: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8667: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8627: 8625: 8610: 8609: 8600: 8598: 8597: 8588: 8587: 8584: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8555: 8554: 8552: 8548: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8513: 8511: 8507: 8499: 8496: 8495: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8477: 8474: 8473: 8472: 8471:Nuclear power 8469: 8465: 8462: 8461: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8444:Biotechnology 8442: 8440: 8437: 8436: 8434: 8430: 8424: 8421: 8417: 8414: 8413: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8403: 8401: 8399: 8395: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8365: 8363: 8361: 8357: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8312: 8309: 8305: 8298: 8293: 8291: 8286: 8284: 8279: 8278: 8275: 8263: 8262: 8253: 8252: 8249: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8199: 8197: 8193: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8178: 8176: 8172: 8165: 8161: 8157: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8144: 8142: 8138: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8104: 8102: 8098: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8083: 8081: 8077: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8035:Sainik School 8033: 8032: 8030: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8017: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7989: 7987: 7983: 7977: 7974: 7973: 7971: 7967: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7942: 7940: 7936: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7921: 7919: 7915: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7885: 7883: 7879: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7859: 7857: 7853: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7833: 7831: 7827: 7821: 7818: 7817: 7815: 7811: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7796: 7794: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7781: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7764:List of Ships 7762: 7760: 7757: 7756: 7754: 7750: 7740: 7737: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7710: 7708: 7706: 7702: 7696: 7693: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680:INS Tuticorin 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7661: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7634: 7633: 7631: 7629: 7625: 7619: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7586: 7583: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7554: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7542: 7540: 7538: 7534: 7528: 7527:INS Vajrabahu 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7504: 7501: 7498: 7496:INS Abhimanyu 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488:INHS Jeevanti 7487: 7485: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7471:INS Vajrakosh 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7453: 7451: 7449: 7445: 7439: 7436: 7435: 7433: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7420: 7414: 7413:Eastern Fleet 7411: 7409: 7408:Western Fleet 7406: 7405: 7403: 7399: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7365: 7363: 7359: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7339: 7337: 7333: 7330: 7326: 7323: 7315: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7210: 7208: 7204: 7200: 7185: 7180: 7178: 7173: 7171: 7166: 7165: 7162: 7140: 7137: 7136: 7135: 7132: 7128: 7125: 7124: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7091: 7088: 7087: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7054: 7051: 7050: 7049: 7046: 7042: 7039: 7038: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7013: 7011: 7009: 7005: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6908: 6907: 6904: 6900: 6897: 6896: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6876: 6874: 6870: 6866: 6859: 6855: 6854: 6850: 6846: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6821:Insurance Act 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6811:Companies Act 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6780: 6777: 6776: 6775: 6772: 6771: 6769: 6765: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6740: 6738: 6734: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6694: 6691: 6690: 6689: 6686: 6685: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6657: 6656:Biotechnology 6654: 6653: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6621: 6620: 6617: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6594: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6581: 6578: 6577: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6560:Entertainment 6558: 6556: 6553: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6528: 6527: 6524: 6523: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6481: 6480: 6477: 6476: 6474: 6470: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6458:Uttar Pradesh 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6345: 6343: 6339: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6317: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6304: 6301: 6300: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6285: 6283: 6279: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6239: 6237: 6235: 6231: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6214: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6189: 6187: 6183: 6177: 6174: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6161: 6160: 6157: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6142:Digital rupee 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6124: 6123: 6120: 6119: 6117: 6113: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6101:Make in India 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6056:Foreign trade 6054: 6052: 6051:External debt 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6015: 6012: 6011: 6010: 6007: 6006: 6004: 6000: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5985: 5983: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5964: 5960: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5892: 5890: 5888: 5884: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5864: 5862: 5860: 5856: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5798: 5796: 5794: 5790: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5745: 5743: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5730: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5713:Chief Justice 5711: 5709: 5708:Supreme Court 5706: 5702: 5699: 5698: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5678: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5666: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5634: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5587: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5575:Energy policy 5573: 5571: 5568: 5567: 5565: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5546: 5542: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5490: 5488: 5484: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5444: 5442: 5440: 5436: 5430: 5427: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5414: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5401: 5398: 5397: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5382: 5380: 5378: 5374: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5335:Indo-Gangetic 5333: 5332: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5269: 5267: 5263: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5183: 5181: 5179: 5175: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5145: 5143: 5139: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5119: 5117: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5098: 5094: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5061: 5059: 5055: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5043:The Emergency 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4990: 4988: 4984: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4936: 4933: 4932: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4879: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4854: 4852: 4850: 4846: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4803: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4788: 4786: 4782: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4765:Kushan Empire 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4740:Mahajanapadas 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4714: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4644: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4632: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4613: 4609: 4600: 4595: 4593: 4588: 4586: 4581: 4580: 4577: 4571: 4568: 4564: 4561: 4560:0-415-24219-3 4557: 4554:, Routledge, 4553: 4549: 4546: 4545:81-208-0018-4 4542: 4538: 4534: 4531: 4530:81-208-0690-5 4527: 4523: 4519: 4516: 4515:1-56639-832-0 4512: 4508: 4504: 4501: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4487: 4484: 4483:81-230-0785-X 4480: 4476: 4473: 4472:81-86471-48-0 4469: 4465: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4451: 4448: 4444: 4441: 4437: 4434: 4433:81-208-0436-8 4430: 4426: 4425:Ancient India 4422: 4419: 4418:0-543-94253-8 4415: 4411: 4407: 4404: 4403:0-226-46731-7 4400: 4396: 4392: 4389: 4388:0-415-32920-5 4385: 4382:, Routledge, 4381: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4367: 4364: 4363:0-7391-0407-1 4360: 4356: 4352: 4349: 4348:0-415-32920-5 4345: 4342:, Routledge, 4341: 4337: 4334: 4333:0-203-92695-1 4330: 4326: 4322: 4319: 4318:0-87169-248-1 4315: 4311: 4307: 4304: 4303:0-521-26931-8 4300: 4296: 4292: 4289: 4288:1-56836-249-8 4285: 4281: 4277: 4274: 4273:0-521-28542-9 4270: 4266: 4262: 4259: 4257:(4): 645–664. 4256: 4252: 4248: 4245: 4244:0-415-11376-8 4241: 4238:, Routledge, 4237: 4233: 4230: 4229:0-521-56319-4 4226: 4222: 4220: 4215: 4214: 4204: 4203: 4197: 4193: 4192: 4186: 4185: 4173: 4168: 4164: 4158: 4151: 4145: 4136: 4121: 4117: 4111: 4102: 4096:Kadian (2006) 4093: 4091: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4061: 4055: 4047: 4041: 4037: 4036: 4028: 4026: 4019: 4013: 4007: 4001: 3999: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3972: 3963: 3961: 3954: 3950: 3947: 3942: 3926: 3922: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3903: 3896: 3881: 3879:9781136639791 3875: 3871: 3870: 3862: 3855: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3836: 3834:9780199271863 3830: 3826: 3825: 3817: 3810: 3804: 3798:Tripathi, 477 3795: 3789:Tripathi, 465 3786: 3777: 3768: 3759: 3750: 3743: 3731: 3729:9781566398329 3725: 3721: 3720: 3715: 3714:Adas, Michael 3708: 3701: 3695: 3689:Majumdar, 407 3686: 3679: 3673: 3664: 3655: 3649:Donkin, 91–92 3646: 3644: 3634: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3611: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3581: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3565:(Indian Navy) 3564: 3563:Early History 3558: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3539: 3533: 3529: 3522: 3514: 3512:9781588395245 3508: 3504: 3503: 3495: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3460: 3441: 3437: 3430: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3386: 3378: 3371: 3364: 3358: 3349: 3340: 3332: 3330:9783319338224 3326: 3322: 3318: 3311: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3289: 3285: 3278: 3270: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3249: 3241: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3206: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3169: 3167: 3157: 3148: 3146: 3129: 3125: 3119: 3112: 3107: 3100: 3099:0-415-24219-3 3096: 3093:, Routledge, 3092: 3086: 3067: 3060: 3045: 3038: 3031: 3029: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2993: 2988: 2982: 2978: 2977: 2969: 2960: 2951: 2942: 2935: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2913: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2890: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2855: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2832: 2830: 2820: 2818: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2776: 2767: 2758: 2749: 2747: 2742: 2729: 2726: 2725: 2723: 2722: 2717: 2714: 2712: 2709: 2708: 2706: 2705: 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1963: 1962: 1956: 1955: 1949: 1941: 1937: 1936: 1930: 1925: 1920: 1918: 1914: 1908: 1906: 1902: 1896: 1886: 1884: 1880: 1879:seaworthiness 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1859: 1856: 1852: 1851:Mughal Empire 1847: 1845: 1844:Mediterranean 1841: 1837: 1833: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1818:Kanhoji Angre 1815: 1810: 1806: 1796: 1794: 1790: 1785: 1784:in the East. 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1762:Vasco da Gama 1759: 1751: 1748:(orange) and 1747: 1743: 1742:Vasco da Gama 1738: 1731: 1730: 1725: 1722:, India from 1721: 1716: 1712: 1711:weight each. 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1679: 1678:Fra Mauro map 1674: 1665: 1664: 1660: 1655: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1644:Kothamangalam 1641: 1637: 1633: 1628: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1576: 1572: 1566:, map C.1500. 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1551: 1547: 1546:Chera dynasty 1543: 1539: 1538:Pandya empire 1534: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1509: 1508:Austronesians 1505: 1501: 1496: 1492: 1490: 1486: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1470:Indianization 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1434:Chola dynasty 1428:, c. 1030 CE. 1427: 1422: 1418: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1363: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1348: 1343: 1342: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1324:Mediterranean 1320: 1318: 1317:Boita Bandana 1314: 1310: 1306: 1305:their culture 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1285:Bay of Bengal 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1224:Indianization 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1071: 1067: 1064: 1060: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1008:Greater India 1005: 1000: 995: 991: 987: 986:Chera dynasty 983: 982:Chola dynasty 979: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 956:Greater India 947: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 926:mentions the 925: 921: 917: 913: 908: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 814: 810: 806: 802: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 767:Maurya Empire 764: 760: 756: 755: 746: 741: 737: 734: 730: 726: 722: 716: 714: 710: 701: 696: 692: 690: 686: 685: 680: 676: 672: 664: 659: 655: 645: 643: 639: 635: 634:Malabar Coast 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 599: 598: 592: 588: 586: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 560: 557: 552: 548: 544: 538: 536: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 498: 494: 490: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 435: 433: 429: 425: 424: 412: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 389:Vasco da Gama 386: 383:On orders of 381: 379: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 321:Maurya Empire 319:. During the 318: 314: 310: 305: 303: 299: 295: 284: 279: 277: 272: 270: 265: 264: 262: 261: 256: 253: 249: 246: 244: 241: 240: 239: 236: 232: 229: 228: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 175: 172: 171: 170: 167: 165: 162: 160: 157: 155: 152: 151: 150: 149: 145: 144: 139: 136: 134: 131: 129: 126: 124: 121: 120: 119: 118: 115: 106: 105: 101: 97: 96: 90: 86: 82: 77: 67: 64: 56: 46: 40: 39: 34:This article 32: 23: 22: 19: 8601: 8589: 8372: 8315:Architecture 8254: 8206: 7759:Active Ships 7648:INHS Kalyani 7595:INHS Kasturi 7581:INHS Nivrani 7499:INS Agnibahu 7480:INS Gomantak 7097:Martial arts 7021:Architecture 6894:Demographics 6879:Caste system 6856:Society and 6506:Construction 6288:By net worth 6122:Indian rupee 5925:Reservations 5793:Intelligence 5696:Human rights 5681:Constitution 5439:Subdivisions 5132:Indian Plate 5122:Fossil Parks 5057:Contemporary 4972:World War II 4849:Early Modern 4839:Vijayanagara 4735:Vedic period 4676: 4605:India topics 4566: 4551: 4536: 4521: 4506: 4499: 4489: 4456: 4446: 4439: 4424: 4409: 4394: 4379: 4369: 4354: 4339: 4324: 4309: 4294: 4282:, Kodansha, 4279: 4264: 4254: 4250: 4235: 4217: 4201: 4190: 4182:Bibliography 4157: 4149: 4144: 4135: 4125:12 September 4123:. 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Retrieved 3043: 2990: 2975: 2968: 2959: 2950: 2941: 2933: 2902: 2898: 2889: 2864: 2854: 2835:Lindsay, 101 2775: 2766: 2757: 2589:India portal 2566: 2561: 2556: 2551: 2546: 2541: 2536: 2236: 2198: 2192: 2179: 2171: 2136: 2105: 2091:Malabar 2007 2089: 2079:Soviet Union 2056: 2021: 2016: 2012: 2008: 1993: 1982: 1967: 1960: 1953: 1945: 1934: 1910: 1898: 1863:flushed deck 1860: 1855:Bengal Subah 1848: 1834: 1812: 1805:Maratha Navy 1786: 1782:Christianity 1764:rounded the 1755: 1727: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1693:Indian coins 1683: 1659:Song dynasty 1656: 1629: 1608: 1569: 1535: 1513: 1474:Tang dynasty 1446:Chola Empire 1431: 1364: 1345: 1339: 1321: 1289:Indian coast 1267:and Western 1255: 1241:networks of 1236:Austronesian 1220:Mekong delta 1152:Austronesian 1118: 1074: 1070:Indian Ocean 1063:Austronesian 1036:martial arts 936:Roman Empire 909: 901:lapis lazuli 877:frankincense 860: 818: 799:trade routes 752: 750: 718: 706: 699: 682: 673:locates the 669: 638:Tamil people 603: 595: 576:Chalcolithic 564:Golbai Sasan 561: 540: 522:Persian Gulf 503: 475:lapis lazuli 463: 422: 418: 391:rounded the 382: 353:Roman Empire 306: 298:Indus Valley 293: 292: 242: 226:Architecture 59: 50: 35: 18: 8350:Engineering 8340:Mathematics 8325:Cartography 8237:Sagar Pawan 7739:INS Kohassa 7723:INS Utkrosh 7688:INS Paradip 7671:INS Parundu 7652:INS Kalinga 7644:INS Virbahu 7635:INS Circars 7606:INS Zamorin 7599:INS Valsura 7591:INS Shivaji 7584:INS Mandovi 7552:INS Androth 7549:INS Minicoy 7505:INS Kunjali 7502:INHS Asvini 7466:INS Kadamba 7335:Operational 7317:Components 7199:Indian Navy 7139:Traditional 6816:Banking Act 6801:SARFESI Act 6715:Electricity 6536:Oil and gas 6526:Electricity 6479:Agriculture 6463:West Bengal 6453:Uttarakhand 6418:Maharashtra 6257:Licence Raj 6212:Black money 6071:Remittances 5915:Nationalism 5900:Citizenship 5733:Enforcement 5718:High Courts 5595:Rajya Sabha 5256:sanctuaries 5206:Earthquakes 5178:Environment 4993:Integration 4967:1943 famine 4915:British Raj 4882:Late modern 4806:Middle Ages 4770:Alchon Huns 4682:Mathematics 4672:Linguistics 3992:Donkin, 169 3885:23 November 3735:24 December 3680:pp 194–210. 3600:16 November 3361:Xinru, Liu, 3231:Myos Hormos 3160:Sircar, 327 3151:Sircar, 330 3134:26 February 3075:17 November 3049:16 November 2811:Curtin, 100 2466:Navi Mumbai 2118:during the 2040:Indian Navy 1997:(on which " 1975:during the 1917:World War I 1905:British Raj 1895:British Raj 1849:During the 1724:Georg Braun 1695:, known as 1604:Ibn Battuta 1536:One of the 1498:One of the 1360:East Africa 1275:, known as 1239:spice trade 1202:around the 1184:Arabian Sea 1160:East Africa 1093:Hellenistic 914:kingdom of 759:Megasthenes 754:Mahabharata 658:Spice trade 551:hydrography 302:Mesopotamia 216:Agriculture 181:Cartography 154:Mathematics 53:August 2021 8624:Categories 8536:Scientists 8476:Technology 8388:Metallurgy 7769:Submarines 7718:INS Jarawa 7713:INS Kardip 7695:INS Varsha 7666:INS Rajali 7656:INS Eksila 7618:INS Jatayu 7603:INS Agrani 7578:INS Chilka 7559:INS Garuda 7514:INS Tanaji 7509:INS Shikra 7456:INS Dwarka 7248:DG Seabird 7206:Leadership 7090:television 7080:Literature 6884:Corruption 6607:Television 6575:Healthcare 6496:Automotive 6443:Tamil Nadu 6310:Labour law 6293:Demography 6096:NITI Aayog 6002:Governance 5988:BSE SENSEX 5940:Secularism 5895:Censorship 5686:Penal Code 5585:Parliament 5562:Government 5367:Waterfalls 5211:Ecoregions 5074:Pokhran-II 4872:Bengal War 4687:Metallurgy 4211:References 4163:Bangladesh 3931:20 October 3637:Donkin, 65 3628:Donkin, 92 3614:Donkin, 64 3352:Donkin, 69 3343:Donkin, 67 3293:0203391268 3217:as far as 3022:Rao, 28–29 3008:Rao, 27–28 2849:Donkin, 59 2620:Indosphere 2132:Washington 2124:Kargil War 2073:, and the 2024:Suez Canal 1983:Cornwallis 1935:Cornwallis 1913:Royal Navy 1838:, a noted 1618:, muslin, 1596:Marco Polo 1504:tanja sail 1403:sandalwood 1313:Bali Jatra 1293:Indo China 1218:, and the 1004:Indosphere 976:See also: 960:Indosphere 833:Barbaricum 713:Alexandria 679:Common Era 438:Prehistory 363:since the 349:Alexandria 248:Navigation 196:Metallurgy 146:By subject 123:Inventions 8650:Tamilakam 8521:Inventors 8516:Engineers 8398:Education 8320:Astronomy 8174:Documents 7752:Equipment 7662:INS Adyar 7659:INS Karna 7587:INS Hamla 7555:INS Bitra 7523:INS Tunir 7519:INS Trata 7492:INS Angre 7484:INS Hansa 7438:INS India 7431:New Delhi 7308:Navy MCPO 7122:Sculpture 7075:Festivals 7041:Webcomics 6993:Sexuality 6943:Languages 6906:Education 6736:Regulator 6683:Transport 6580:Hospitals 6516:Education 6484:Livestock 6448:Telangana 6438:Rajasthan 6398:Karnataka 6393:Jharkhand 6197:Insurance 6176:Inflation 6081:Subsidies 5980:Companies 5910:Democracy 5905:Elections 5877:Air Force 5602:President 5590:Lok Sabha 5467:Districts 5422:Southeast 5417:Southwest 5407:Northeast 5400:Northwest 5362:Volcanoes 5322:Mountains 5265:Landforms 5102:Geography 4977:Partition 4942:Zamindari 4725:Stone Age 4662:Economics 4647:Astronomy 4628:Overviews 4440:The 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6565:Forestry 6501:Chemical 6315:Pensions 6222:National 6164:Governor 6115:Currency 6076:Taxation 5993:NIFTY 50 5930:Scandals 5887:Politics 5859:Military 5570:Agencies 5550:Politics 5486:See also 5302:Glaciers 5251:Wildlife 5141:Heritage 4986:Republic 4920:Railways 4890:Colonial 4862:Marathas 4829:Kakatiya 4717:Ancient 4692:Military 4677:Maritime 4652:Clothing 4635:Timeline 4493:(vol. 3) 4373:(vol. 1) 4263:(1985), 3949:Archived 3302:57054139 3252:Lach, 13 3227:Ethiopia 2881:87793562 2797:Lach, 18 2707:Economy 2575:See also 2531:-18.23% 2485:-04.39% 2456:-27.40% 2431:-10.00% 2412:Mormugao 2075:1971 war 2071:1965 war 2053:Military 1846:region. 1703:and one 1634:and the 1550:Pallavas 1527:pilgrims 1523:emporium 1454:Godavari 1379:Damietta 1367:Xuanzang 1232:Buddhism 1228:Hinduism 1200:polities 1089:Buddhism 1081:Buddhist 1028:Buddhism 1024:Hinduism 885:bdellium 841:Barygaza 835:(modern 613:Augustus 580:Iron Age 570:culture 329:Augustus 313:far east 255:Military 191:Printing 164:Calendar 8608:Commons 8432:Sectors 8360:History 8330:Coinage 8164:Sailors 7792:Fighter 7127:tallest 7048:Cuisine 7008:Culture 6963:Prisons 6958:Poverty 6899:Indians 6872:Society 6858:culture 6678:Tourism 6531:Nuclear 6511:Defence 6489:Fishing 6472:Sectors 6423:Mizoram 6378:Haryana 6373:Gujarat 6303:Poverty 6234:History 6207:Bullion 6192:Banking 6147:Coinage 6132:History 5968:Economy 5741:Federal 5452:Borders 5385:Central 5377:Regions 5357:Valleys 5331:Plains 5312:Islands 5272:Beaches 5236:Geology 5226:Forests 5196:Climate 5114:Geology 4925:Economy 4905:Plassey 4857:Mughals 4819:Hoysala 4745:Mauryas 4657:Coinage 4617:History 4172:Karachi 4167:frogmen 3716:(ed.). 3449:5 April 3405:5 April 3395:SEAArch 2823:Holl, 9 2724:Museum 2542:463,843 2462:J.N.P.T 2425:-03.31% 2406:11.11% 2394:-06.99% 2381:09.73% 2356:04.56% 2331:19.12% 2312:Chennai 2306:04.44% 2281:50.00% 2262:Paradip 2256:09.06% 2234:Kolkata 2172:updated 1822:Maratha 1809:Shivaji 1774:Calicut 1770:Malindi 1732:, 1572. 1720:Calicut 1685:Ma Huan 1680:(1460). 1652:Malabar 1636:Chinese 1564:Calicut 1489:Baghdad 1482:Abbasid 1395:camphor 1307:to the 1277:Kalinga 1265:Sumatra 1257:Kalinga 1208:Malacca 1204:straits 1192:Persian 1176:Persian 1140:Somalia 1105:Chinese 1097:Iranian 940:Red Sea 845:Muziris 837:Karachi 809:Muziris 791:Siberia 585:Vietnam 526:Bahrain 506:Bahrain 423:Loyalty 401:Calicut 397:Malindi 378:dingoes 357:Red Sea 307:As per 231:Bridges 201:Coinage 8509:People 7401:Fleets 7196: 7036:Comics 7031:Cinema 6938:Health 6646:Retail 6619:Mining 6597:Cinema 6521:Energy 6433:Punjab 6428:Odisha 6408:Ladakh 6403:Kerala 6341:States 6298:Income 6281:People 6217:Bombay 5462:Cities 5352:Rivers 5287:Desert 5282:Coasts 5277:Canals 4702:Postal 4558: 4543: 4528: 4513: 4485:(2001) 4481: 4474:(1999) 4470: 4457:Lothal 4431: 4416: 4401: 4386: 4361: 4346: 4331: 4316: 4301: 4286: 4271: 4242: 4227: 4042: 3876: 3831: 3726: 3534: 3509: 3484: 3327: 3300: 3290: 3211:Gallus 3097: 2983: 2899:Nature 2879: 2865:Nature 2567:12.07% 2557:08.64% 2552:19,796 2525:09.48% 2519:15.41% 2516:52,982 2512:Kandla 2502:01.17% 2496:16.86% 2493:10,714 2490:Ennore 2479:03.06% 2473:18.45% 2470:44,818 2450:14.34% 2444:18.50% 2441:52,364 2437:Mumbai 2419:08.06% 2416:34,241 2400:01.87% 2391:32,042 2375:09.38% 2369:10.28% 2366:15,314 2362:Cochin 2350:06.56% 2344:05.03% 2341:18,001 2325:11.26% 2319:13.05% 2316:53,798 2300:14.43% 2291:56,386 2275:10.01% 2269:16.33% 2266:38,517 2250:07.50% 2241:55,050 2143:Israel 2116:Kuwait 2069:, the 2065:, the 2046:, and 2028:Mumbai 1994:Minden 1961:Ceylon 1689:Cochin 1624:pearls 1620:cotton 1616:spices 1611:Kerala 1600:Kollam 1592:Persia 1588:Persia 1584:Arabia 1575:Kerala 1571:Kollam 1411:sultan 1409:, the 1347:Chryse 1336:Borneo 1214:, the 1212:Bangka 1168:Ceylon 1148:Europe 1130:, the 1113:Kushan 1101:Indian 1046:, and 992:, and 970:, and 928:Buddha 905:indigo 889:lycium 881:costus 873:storax 849:Korkai 821:Strabo 787:Epirus 779:Cyrene 771:Ashoka 721:Pandya 719:Tamil 642:Jaffna 617:Strabo 609:Romans 543:Lothal 508:, and 487:Lothal 458:, and 456:Lothal 405:Indies 373:Persia 333:Strabo 325:Romans 317:Arabia 81:Lothal 8335:Logic 7423:Bases 7361:Joint 7283:FODAG 7278:FOTNA 7268:FOGNA 7258:FOCEF 7253:FOCWF 7134:Sport 7102:Music 7085:Media 7065:Dress 7060:Dance 6998:Youth 6988:Women 6889:Crime 6779:NCLAT 6767:Other 6743:IRDAI 6725:Power 6720:Water 6710:Roads 6700:Ports 6693:Civil 6663:Space 6592:Media 6541:Solar 6363:Delhi 6358:Bihar 6353:Assam 6152:Paisa 5457:Towns 5412:South 5395:North 5317:Lakes 5231:Flora 5221:Fauna 4796:Chola 4640:Years 4063:(PDF) 3811:, 604 3482:S2CID 3443:(PDF) 3432:(PDF) 3219:Syene 3069:(PDF) 3040:(PDF) 2992:land. 2877:S2CID 2737:Notes 2562:4,744 2547:9.51% 2522:2,124 2482:2,267 2476:2,395 2447:2,153 2397:1,087 2372:1,225 2347:1,576 2322:1,857 2297:2,109 2294:1.05% 2272:1,330 2247:2,853 2244:3.59% 2195:India 2153:Civil 2096:India 1867:hulls 1697:fanam 1663:China 1648:Islam 1632:Arabs 1415:Yemen 1387:Siraf 1330:. 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