Indian religions - Knowledge

3831: 3750: 5223: 426: 3389: 4748: 12413: 6033:: "The second half of the first millennium BCE was the period that created many of the ideological and institutional elements that characterize later Indian religions. The renouncer tradition played a central role during this formative period of Indian religious history.... Some of the fundamental values and beliefs that we generally associate with Indian religions in general and Hinduism in particular were in part the creation of the renouncer tradition. These include the two pillars of Indian theologies: samsara – the belief that life in this world is one of suffering and subject to repeated deaths and births (rebirth); moksa/nirvana – the goal of human existence...." 3114: 2960:, "that which is properly joined; order, rule; truth", is the principle of natural order which regulates and coordinates the operation of the universe and everything within it. "Satya (truth as being) and rita (truth as law) are the primary principles of Reality and its manifestation is the background of the canons of dharma, or a life of righteousness." "Satya is the principle of integration rooted in the Absolute, rita is its application and function as the rule and order operating in the universe." Conformity with Ṛta would enable progress whereas its violation would lead to punishment. Panikkar remarks: 3648: 4914: 2565: 9416: 7455: 7703: 7679: 3232: 4073: 17927: 12228: 5708: 4812: 17937: 12238: 50: 5162: 4539: 3494: 5736: 4930: 2647: 5112: 4064:("heterodox") system; it is not included among the six schools of Hinduism generally regarded as orthodox. It is noteworthy as evidence of a materialistic movement within Hinduism. Our understanding of Cārvāka philosophy is fragmentary, based largely on criticism of the ideas by other schools, and it is no longer a living tradition. Other Indian philosophies generally regarded as atheistic include Samkhya and Mimāṃsā. 5694: 3847: 176: 5722: 3519: 6072:

fundamental values and beliefs that we generally associate with Indian religions in general and Hinduism in particular were in part the creation of the renouncer tradition. These include the two pillars of Indian theologies: samsara – the belief that life in this world is one of suffering and subject to repeated deaths and births (rebirth); moksa/nirvana – the goal of human existence...."

4705:, and others propagated Bhakti in the South. They taught that people could cast aside the heavy burdens of ritual and caste, and the subtle complexities of philosophy, and simply express their overwhelming love for God. This period was also characterized by a spate of devotional literature in vernacular prose and poetry in the ethnic languages of the various Indian states or provinces. 3138: 206: 4297:

at the same time, Buddhism was incorporated into Hinduism, when Gaudapada used Buddhist philosophy to reinterpret the Upanishads. This also marked a shift from Atman and Brahman as a "living substance" to "maya-vada", where Atman and Brahman are seen as "pure knowledge-consciousness". According to Scheepers, it is this "maya-vada" view which has come to dominate Indian thought.

191: 3212:). The older Upanishads launched attacks of increasing intensity on the ritual. Anyone who worships a divinity other than the Self is called a domestic animal of the gods in the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad. The Mundaka launches the most scathing attack on the ritual by comparing those who value sacrifice with an unsafe boat that is endlessly overtaken by old age and death. 3746:(c. 1500 BCE), which also includes over a dozen words borrowed from Dravidian. This represents an early religious and cultural fusion or synthesis between ancient Dravidians and Indo-Aryans, which became more evident over time with sacred iconography, traditions, philosophy, flora, and fauna that went on to influence Hinduism, Buddhism, Charvaka, Sramana, and Jainism. 5573:

Indian context, neo-Vedanta philosophy subsumes Buddhist philosophies in terms of its own Vedantic ideology. The Buddha becomes a member of the Vedanta tradition, merely attempting to reform it from within. Finally, at a global level, neo-Vedanta colonizes the religious traditions of the world by arguing for the centrality of a non-dualistic position as the

161: 4779:. Lorenzen locates the origins of a distinct Hindu identity in the interaction between Muslims and Hindus, and a process of "mutual self-definition with a contrasting Muslim other", which started well before 1800. Both the Indian and the European thinkers who developed the term "Hinduism" in the 19th century were influenced by these philosophers. 3801:. The temples of the Sangam days, mainly of Madurai, seem to have had priestesses to the deity, which also appear predominantly a goddess. In the Sangam literature, there is an elaborate description of the rites performed by the Kurava priestess in the shrine Palamutircholai. Among the early Dravidians the practice of erecting memorial stones 2476:(1817), distinguished three phases in the history of India, namely the Hindu, Muslim, and British periods. This periodisation has been criticised, for the misconceptions it has given rise to. Another periodisation is the division into "ancient, classical, medieval, and modern periods", although this periodization has also received criticism. 6227:, and all but Mahesvara submit. Vajrapani and Mahesvara engage in a magical combat, which is won by Vajrapani. Mahesvara's retinue become part of Vairocana's mandala, except for Mahesvara, who is killed, and his life transferred to another realm where he becomes a buddha named Bhasmesvara-nirghosa, the "Soundless Lord of Ashes". 2879:... to call this period Vedic Hinduism is a contradiction in terms since Vedic religion is very different from what we generally call Hindu religion – at least as much as Old Hebrew religion is from medieval and modern Christian religion. However, Vedic religion is treatable as a predecessor of Hinduism." 5662:

However, some individual states have over the past few decades differed on whether Jains, Buddhists, and Sikhs are religious minorities or not, by either pronouncing judgments or passing legislation. One example is the judgment passed by the Supreme Court in 2006, in a case pertaining to the state of

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changed, incorporating Buddhist thought and its emphasis on consciousness and the working of the mind. Buddhism, which was supported by the ancient Indian urban civilisation lost influence to the traditional religions, which were rooted in the countryside. In Bengal, Buddhism was even prosecuted. But

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Flood and Muesse take the period between 200 BCE and 500 BCE as a separate period, in which the epics and the first puranas were being written. Michaels takes a greater timespan, namely the period between 200 BCE and 1100 CE, which saw the rise of so-called "Classical Hinduism", with its "golden age"

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The religion and belief system of the Indus Valley people has received considerable attention, especially from the view of identifying precursors to deities and religious practices of Indian religions that later developed in the area. However, due to the sparsity of evidence, which is open to varying

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Padmanabh S. Jaini: "Yajnavalkya's reluctance and manner in expounding the doctrine of karma in the assembly of Janaka (a reluctance not shown on any other occasion) can perhaps be explained by the assumption that it was, like that of the transmigration of soul, of non-brahmanical origin. In view of

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conquered most of central India but were ultimately unsuccessful in conquering and uniting the subcontinent. The Sultanate ushered in a period of Indian cultural renaissance. The resulting "Indo-Muslim" fusion of cultures left lasting syncretic monuments in architecture, music, literature, religion,

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The Supreme Court observed in a judgment pertaining to case of Bal Patil vs. Union of India: "Thus, 'Hinduism' can be called a general religion and common faith of India whereas 'Jainism' is a special religion formed on the basis of quintessence of Hindu religion. Jainism places greater emphasis on

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Oldmeadow: "Over time, apparent misunderstandings have arisen over the origins of Jainism and relationship with its sister religions of Hinduism and Buddhism. There has been an ongoing debate between Jainism and Vedic Hinduism as to which revelation preceded the other. What is historically known is

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was presented as an equivalent of, but also a response to, the western notion of "religion", reflects a fundamental change in the Hindu sense of identity and in the attitude toward other religious and cultural traditions. The foreign tools of "religion" and "nation" became tools of self-definition,

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texts of the period between 200 BCE–100 CE proclaim the authority of the Vedas, and "nonrejection of the Vedas comes to be one of the most important touchstones for defining Hinduism over and against the heterodoxies, which rejected the Vedas." Of the six Hindu darsanas, the Mimamsa and the Vedanta

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civilisations, the Indus Valley lacks any monumental palaces, even though excavated cities indicate that the society possessed the requisite engineering knowledge. This may suggest that religious ceremonies, if any, may have been largely confined to individual homes, small temples, or the open air.

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concluded that while it would be appropriate to recognise the figure as a deity, its association with the water buffalo, and its posture as one of ritual discipline, regarding it as a proto-Shiva would be going too far. Despite the criticisms of Marshall's association of the seal with a proto-Shiva

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period between 800 and 200 BCE marks a "turning point between the Vedic Hinduism and Puranic Hinduism". The Shramana movement, an ancient Indian religious movement parallel to but separate from Vedic tradition, often defied many of the Vedic and Upanishadic concepts of soul (Atman) and the ultimate

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faiths within the larger Hindu fold, and that Jainism is a denomination within the Hindu fold. Although the Indian Government counted Jains in India as a major religious community right from the first Census conducted in 1873, after independence in 1947 Sikhs and Jains were not treated as national

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The inclusivist appropriation of other traditions, so characteristic of neo-Vedanta ideology, appears on three basic levels. First, it is apparent in the suggestion that the (Advaita) Vedanta philosophy of Sankara (c. eighth century CE) constitutes the central philosophy of Hinduism. Second, in an

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The emerging self-definitions of Hinduism were forged in the context of continuous interaction with heterodox religions (Buddhists, Jains, Ajivikas) throughout this whole period, and with foreign people (Yavanas, or Greeks; Sakas, or Scythians; Pahlavas, or Parthians; and Kusanas, or Kushans) from

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Buddhism emphasises enlightenment (nibbana, nirvana) and liberation from the rounds of rebirth. This objective is pursued through two schools, Theravada, the Way of the Elders (practiced in Sri Lanka, Burma, Thailand, SE Asia, etc.) and Mahayana, the Greater Way (practiced in Tibet, China, Japan,

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Some modern Hindu scholars use the "Vedic religion" synonymously with "Hinduism." According to Sundararajan, Hinduism is also known as the Vedic religion. Other authors state that the Vedas contain "the fundamental truths about Hindu Dharma" which is called "the modern version of the ancient Vedic

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In an extra-judicial observation not forming part of the judgment the court observed :"Thus, 'Hinduism' can be called a general religion and common faith of India whereas 'Jainism' is a special religion formed on the basis of quintessence of Hindu religion. Jainism places greater emphasis on

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After the end of the Gupta Empire and the collapse of the Harsha Empire, power became decentralised in India. Several larger kingdoms emerged, with "countless vasal states". The kingdoms were ruled via a feudal system. Smaller kingdoms were dependent on the protection of the larger kingdoms. "The

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at Mohenjo-daro is widely thought to have been so used, as a place for ritual purification. The funerary practices of the Harappan civilisation is marked by its diversity with evidence of supine burial; fractional burial in which the body is reduced to skeletal remains by exposure to the elements

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According to Tilak, the religions of India can be interpreted "differentially" or "integrally", that is by either highlighting the differences or the similarities. According to Sherma and Sarma, western Indologists have tended to emphasise the differences, while Indian Indologists have tended to

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Empire (606 to 647 CE). During this period, power was centralised, along with a growth of far distance trade, standardizarion of legal procedures, and general spread of literacy. Mahayana Buddhism flourished, but the orthodox Brahmana culture began to be rejuvenated by the patronage of the Gupta

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Flood: "The origin and doctrine of Karma and Samsara are obscure. These concepts were certainly circulating among sramanas, and Jainism and Buddhism developed specific and sophisticated ideas about the process of transmigration. It is very possible that the karmas and reincarnation entered the

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Muesse discerns a longer period of change, namely between 800 BCE and 200 BCE, which he calls the "Classical Period". According to Muesse, some of the fundamental concepts of Hinduism, namely karma, reincarnation and "personal enlightenment and transformation", which did not exist in the Vedic

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share certain key concepts, which are interpreted differently by different groups and individuals. Until the 19th century, adherents of those various religions did not tend to label themselves as in opposition to each other, but "perceived themselves as belonging to the same extended cultural

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Flood: "The second half of the first millennium BCE was the period that created many of the ideological and institutional elements that characterise later Indian religions. The renouncer tradition played a central role during this formative period of Indian religious history.... Some of the

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Buddhists and Jains have disagreed that they are nastika and have redefined the phrases āstika and nāstika in their own view. Jains assign the term nastika to one who is ignorant of the meaning of the religious texts, or those who deny the existence of the soul was well known to the Jainas.

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Smart calls the period between 1000 BCE and 100 CE "pre-classical". It is the formative period for the Upanishads and Brahmanism Jainism and Buddhism. For Smart, the "classical period" lasts from 100 to 1000 CE, and coincides with the flowering of "classical Hinduism" and the flowering and

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remains undeciphered, the conclusions are partly speculative and largely based on a retrospective view from a much later Hindu perspective. An early and influential work in the area that set the trend for Hindu interpretations of archaeological evidence from the Harrapan sites was that of

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notes that the division of Hindu-Muslim-British periods of Indian history gives too much weight to "ruling dynasties and foreign invasions", neglecting the social-economic history which often showed a strong continuity. The division in Ancient-Medieval-Modern overlooks the fact that the

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Muslim-conquests took place between the eight and the fourteenth century, while the south was never completely conquered. According to Thapar, a periodisation could also be based on "significant social and economic changes", which are not strictly related to a change of ruling powers.

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Padmanabh S. Jaini: "Jainas themselves have no memory of a time when they fell within the Vedic fold. Any theory that attempts to link the two traditions, moreover fails to appreciate rather distinctive and very non-vedic character of Jaina cosmology, soul theory, karmic doctrine and

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returned the Gujarat Freedom of Religion (Amendment) Bill, 2006 citing the widespread protests by the Jains as well as Supreme Court's extrajudicial observation that Jainism is a "special religion formed on the basis of quintessence of Hindu religion by the Supreme Court".

2921:, the sacrificial mantras. The sublime meaning of the word yajna is derived from the Sanskrit verb yaj, which has a three-fold meaning of worship of deities (devapujana), unity (saògatikaraña), and charity (dána). An essential element was the sacrificial fire – the divine 5268:). Other noteworthy rituals are the cremation of the dead, the wearing of vermilion on the head by married women, and various marital rituals. In literature, many classical narratives and purana have Hindu, Buddhist or Jain versions. All four traditions have notions of 3306:

highlighted the points where Buddhism was opposed to Upanishads. Buddhism may have been influenced by some Upanishadic ideas, it however discarded their orthodox tendencies. In Buddhist texts Buddha is presented as rejecting avenues of salvation as "pernicious views".

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In various codified customary laws like Hindu Marriage Act, Hindu Succession Act, Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act and other laws of pre and post-Constitution period, the definition of 'Hindu' included all sects and sub-sects of Hindu religions including Sikhs and

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Lingayatism is a distinct Shaivite tradition in India, established in the 12th century by the philosopher and social reformer Basavanna. The adherents of this tradition are known as Lingayats. The term is derived from Lingavantha in Kannada, meaning "one who wears

5674:, that is an amendment to a legislation that sought to define Jains and Buddhists as denominations within Hinduism. Ultimately on 31 July 2007, finding it not in conformity with the concept of freedom of religion as embodied in Article 25 (1) of the Constitution, 4261:

The disintegration of central power also lead to regionalisation of religiosity, and religious rivalry. Local cults and languages were enhanced, and the influence of "Brahmanic ritualistic Hinduism" was diminished. Rural and devotional movements arose, along with

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reality (Brahman). In 6th century BCE, the Shramnic movement matured into Jainism and Buddhism and was responsible for the schism of Indian religions into two main philosophical branches of astika, which venerates Veda (e.g., six orthodox schools of Hinduism) and

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which was composed around 200 BCE. The cryptic aphorisms of the Brahma Sutras are open to a variety of interpretations. This resulted in the formation of numerous Vedanta schools, each interpreting the texts in its own way and producing its own sub-commentaries.

9860:(para 25, Committee of Management Kanya Junior High School Bal Vidya Mandir, Etah, U.P. v. Sachiv, U.P. Basic Shiksha Parishad, Allahabad, U.P. and Ors., Per Dalveer Bhandari J., Civil Appeal No. 9595 of 2003, decided On: 21 August 2006, Supreme Court of India) 5663:

Uttar Pradesh, which declared Jainism to be indisputably distinct from Hinduism, but mentioned that, "The question as to whether the Jains are part of the Hindu religion is open to debate. However, the Supreme Court also noted various court cases that have held

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Masih: "There is no evidence to show that Jainism and Buddhism ever subscribed to vedic sacrifices, vedic deities or caste. They are parallel or native religions of India and have contributed to much to the growth of even classical Hinduism of the present

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in the 2nd century BCE due to his significant patronage of the religion. His reign is considered a period of growth and influence for the religion, although Jainism had flourished for centuries before and continued to develop in prominence after his time.

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Deussen: "these treatises are not the work of a single genius, but the total philosophical product of an entire epoch which extends approximately 1000 or 800 BC, to c.500 BCE, but which is prolonged in its offshoots far beyond this last limit of

3769:. Titual worship was also given to kings. Modern words for god like "kō" ("king"), "iṟai" ("emperor"), and "āṇḍavar" ("conqueror") now primarily refer to gods. These elements were incorporated later into Hinduism like the legendary marriage of 4447:

Vaishanava bhakti literature was an all-India phenomenon, which started in the 6th–7th century A.D. in the Tamil-speaking region of South India, with twelve Alvar (one immersed in God) saint-poets, who wrote devotional songs. The religion of

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For Michaels, the period between 500 BCE and 200 BCE is a time of "Ascetic reformism", whereas the period between 200 BCE and 1100 CE is the time of "classical Hinduism", since there is "a turning point between the Vedic religion and Hindu

8553: 2766:. Some seals show a man wearing a hat with two horns and a plant sitting on a throne with animals surrounding him. Some scholars theorize that this was a predecessor to Shiva wearing a hat worn by some Sumerian divine beings and kings. 5027:, has also influenced many worldwide. Through the international influence of all of these new Hindu denominations, many Hindu practices such as yoga, meditation, mantra, divination, and vegetarianism have been adopted by new converts. 3765:, a king was considered to be divine by nature and possessed religious significance. The king was 'the representative of God on earth' and lived in a "koyil", which means the "residence of a god". The Modern Tamil word for temple is 2862:

is most significant for the composition of the four Vedas, Brahmanas and the older Upanishads (both presented as discussions on the rituals, mantras and concepts found in the four Vedas), which today are some of the most important

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occurred, a complex process that historians have labeled the Indo-Aryan synthesis." Lockard: "Hinduism can be seen historically as a synthesis of Aryan beliefs with Harappan and other Dravidian traditions that developed over many

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is an oval-shaped emblem symbolising Parasiva, the absolute reality. Contemporary Lingayatism follows a progressive reform–based theology propounded, which has great influence in South India, especially in the state of Karnataka.

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Fisher: "The extreme antiquity of Jainism as a non-vedic, indigenous Indian religion is well documented. Ancient Hindu and Buddhist scriptures refer to Jainism as an existing tradition which began long before Mahavira." Page

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began with the emphasis on the worship of God, regardless of one's status – whether priestly or laypeople, men or women, higher social status or lower social status. The movements were mainly centered on the forms of Vishnu

4274:, and Tantra, though "sectarian groupings were only at the beginning of their development". Religious movements had to compete for recognition by the local lords. Buddhism lost its position, and began to disappear in India. 3969:, the most speculative and philosophical of the Vedic texts. However, in the medieval period of Hinduism, the word Vedānta came to mean the school of philosophy that interpreted the Upanishads. Traditional Vedānta considers 4421:

Several important icons were women. For example, within the Mahanubhava sect, the women outnumbered the men, and administration was many times composed mainly of women. Mirabai is the most popular female saint in India.

11137: 6115:. Essentially, the sramana tradition included it its fold, the Jain and Buddhist traditions, which disagreed with the eternality of the Vedas, the needs for ritual sacrifices and the supremacy of the Brahmins." Page 141 4153:

allowed for a divine and mythical interpretation of the world, not unlike the ancient Hellenic or Roman religions. Legends and epics with a multitude of gods and goddesses with human-like characteristics were composed.

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Occasionally the term is also being used by other authors. David Westerlund: "... may provide some possibilities for co-operation with Sikhs, Jains and Buddhists, who like Hindus are regarded as adherents of 'dharmic'

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The end of the Vedantic period around the 2nd century CE spawned a number of branches that furthered Vedantic philosophy, and which ended up being seminaries in their own right. Prominent among these developers were

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had appeared, and it continued for quite a long time after the Sangam age, down to about 16th century. It was customary for people who sought victory in war to worship these hero stones to bless them with victory.

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The cult of the mother goddess is treated as an indication of a society which venerated femininity. This mother goddess was conceived as a virgin, one who has given birth to all and one, typically associated with

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The emphasis on the similarities and integral unity of the dharmic faiths has been criticised for neglecting the vast differences between and even within the various Indian religions and traditions. According to

2635:, who in 1931 identified the following as prominent features of the Indus religion: a Great Male God and a Mother Goddess; deification or veneration of animals and plants; symbolic representation of the phallus ( 12193: 3162:

During the time of the shramanic reform movements "many elements of the Vedic religion were lost". According to Michaels, "it is justified to see a turning point between the Vedic religion and Hindu religions".

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Frawley and Malhotra use the term "Dharmic traditions" to highlight the similarities between the various Indian religions. According to Frawley, "all religions in India have been called the Dharma", and can be

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non-violence ('Ahimsa') and compassion ('Karuna'). Their only difference from Hindus is that Jains do not believe in any creator like God but worship only the perfect human-being whom they called Tirathankar."

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6223:. Vajrapani refuses, because Mahesvara (Shiva) "is deluding beings with his deceitfull religious doctrines and engaging in all kinds of violent criminal conduct". Mahesvara and his entourage are dragged to 4452:

poets, which included a woman poet, Andal, was devotion to God through love (bhakti), and in the ecstasy of such devotions they sang hundreds of songs which embodied both depth of feeling and felicity of

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is the ultimate foundation of everything; it is "the supreme", although this is not to be understood in a static sense. It is the expression of the primordial dynamism that is inherent in everything...."

3054:, a religious path considering itself the 'essence' of the Vedas, interpreting the Vedic pantheon as a unitary view of the universe with 'God' (Brahman) seen as immanent and transcendent in the forms of 2739:. However the function of the female figurines in the life of Indus Valley people remains unclear, and Possehl does not regard the evidence for Marshall's hypothesis to be "terribly robust". Some of the 2486:

Smart and Michaels seem to follow Mill's periodisation, while Flood and Muesse follow the "ancient, classical, mediaeval and modern periods" periodisation. An elaborate periodisation may be as follows:

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Adams: "Indian religions, including early Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism, and Sikhism, and sometimes also Theravāda Buddhism and the Hindu- and Buddhist-inspired religions of South and Southeast Asia".

12203: 10700: 294:, variously interpreted to mean either the "last chapters, parts of the Veda" or "the object, the highest purpose of the Veda". The early Upanishads all predate the Common Era, five of the eleven 7440: 4767:... certain thinkers began to treat as a single whole the diverse philosophival teachings of the Upanishads, epics, Puranas, and the schools known retrospectively as the "six systems" ( 2743:

interpreted by Marshall to be sacred phallic representations are now thought to have been used as pestles or game counters instead, while the ring stones that were thought to symbolise

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Lockard: "The encounters that resulted from Aryan migration brought together several very different peoples and cultures, reconfiguring Indian society. Over many centuries a fusion of

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Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus Civilization: Being an Official Account of Archaeological Excavations at Mohenjo-Daro Carried Out by the Government of India Between the Years 1922 and 1927

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Marshall hypothesized the existence of a cult of Mother Goddess worship based upon excavation of several female figurines, and thought that this was a precursor of the Hindu sect of

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who were all assimilated into Hinduism over time. Dravidian linguistic influence on early Vedic religion is evident, many of these features are already present in the oldest known

2998:) for a concept of cardinal importance to Zoroastrian theology and doctrine. The term "dharma" was already used in Brahmanical thought, where it was conceived as an aspect of Rta. 11734: 3096:

Since Vedic times, "people from many strata of society throughout the subcontinent tended to adapt their religious and social life to Brahmanic norms", a process sometimes called

5378:. According to Kalupahana, the story "echoes" the story of the conversion of Ambattha. It is to be understood in the context of the competition between Buddhist institutions and 11146: 6437: 9889: 5354:

Critics point out that there exist vast differences between and even within the various Indian religions. All major religions are composed of innumerable sects and subsects.

12908: 12890: 4905:, the modern period in India begins with the first contacts with western nations around 1500. The period of Mughal rule in India saw the rise of new forms of religiosity. 2408: 9461: 4176:, which continued to provide an alternative to Brahmanical orthodoxy. Buddhism continued to have a significant presence in some regions of India until the 12th century. 11741:

In his letter dated 27 July 2007 he had said Jainism has been regarded as "special religion formed on the basis of quintessence of Hindu religion by the Supreme Court".

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Omvedt, Gail. Buddhism in India : Challenging Brahmanism and Caste. 3rd ed. London/New Delhi/Thousand Oaks: Sage, 2003. pages: 2, 3–7, 8, 14–15, 19, 240, 266, 271

3565:, who patronised Buddhist teachings and unified the Indian subcontinent in the 3rd century BCE. He sent missionaries abroad, allowing Buddhism to spread across Asia. 3874:(c. 320–467 CE), which he calls the "Hindus synthesis", "Brahmanic synthesis", or "orthodox synthesis". It develops in interaction with other religions and peoples: 3376:, accorded status as the 23rd Tirthankara, was a historical figure. The Vedas are believed to have documented a few Tirthankaras and an ascetic order similar to the 3260:

kingdom., reflecting "the cosmology and anthropology of a much older, pre-Aryan upper class of northeastern India", and were responsible for the related concepts of

7764: 9180: 6406: 3870:, a period of consolidation in the development of Hinduism took place between the time of the late Vedic Upanishad (c. 500 BCE) and the period of the rise of the 6002:"Upanishads came to be composed already in the ninth and eighth century B.C.E. and continued to be composed well into the first centuries of the Common Era. The 5602: 11588: 3275:

The shramana movements challenged the orthodoxy of the rituals. The shramanas were wandering ascetics distinct from Vedism. Mahavira, proponent of Jainism, and

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as the "Three Glorified by Heaven". In the Dravidian-speaking South, the concept of divine kingship led to the assumption of major roles by state and temple.

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One Indus valley seal shows a seated figure with a horned headdress, surrounded by animals. Marshall identified the figure as an early form of the Hindu god

2684:(lord of all animals), an epithet of Shiva. While Marshall's work has earned some support, many critics and even supporters have raised several objections. 2643:); and, use of baths and water in religious practice. Marshall's interpretations have been much debated, and sometimes disputed over the following decades. 4114:

were compositions of this period. Devotion to particular deities was reflected from the composition of texts composed to their worship. For example, the

8091: 4988:. These thinkers have tended to take an inclusive view of India's religious history, emphasising the similarities between the various Indian religions. 14347: 7985: 11123:

Sweetman, Will (December 2004), "The prehistory of Orientalism: Colonialism and the Textual Basis for Bartholomaus Ziegenbalg's Account of Hinduism",

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within Hinduism is part of the Indian legal system. The 1955 Hindu Marriage Act " as Hindus all Buddhists, Jains, Sikhs and anyone who is not a

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The Gupta period marked a watershed of Indian culture: the Guptas performed Vedic sacrifices to legitimize their rule, but they also patronized

3830: 3640:, worship means of deities, philosophical doctrines, meditative practices, attainment of sixfold desires and four kinds of yoga. The worship of 2747:

were determined to be architectural features used to stand pillars, although the possibility of their religious symbolism cannot be eliminated.

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Yelle, Robert A. (December 2012), "Comparative Religion as Cultural Combat: Occidentalism and Relativism in Rajiv Malhotra's Being Different",

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January 2008, VOL. 213, NO. 1 "The flow between faiths was such that for hundreds of years, almost all Buddhist temples, including the ones at

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according to whether they accept the authority of the main Hindu texts, the Vedas, as supreme revealed scriptures, or not. By this definition,

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In the latter Vedantic period, several texts were also composed as summaries/attachments to the Upanishads. These texts collectively called as

8179: 2913:, sacrifices which involved sacrifice and sublimation of the havana sámagri (herbal preparations) in the fire, accompanied by the singing of 2358: 6336: 6042:

Cromwell Crwaford: "Alongside Brahmanism was the non-Aryan Shramanic (self reliant) culture with its roots going back to prehistoric times."

5978:

notes: "Consequently, it remains an anachronism to project the notion of "Hinduism" as it is commonly understood into pre-colonial history."

2595:

Valley buried their dead in a manner suggestive of spiritual practices that incorporated notions of an afterlife and belief in magic. Other

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the fact that this doctrine is emblazoned on almost every page of sramana scriptures, it is highly probable that it was derived from them."

5888:

The Upanishadic, Buddhist and Jain renunciation traditions form parallel traditions, which share some common concepts and interests. While

4058:

school that originated around the 6th century BCE is the most explicitly atheistic school of Indian philosophy. Cārvāka is classified as a

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This article is about the religions that originated in the Indian subcontinent. For religious demographics of the Republic of India, see

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The so-called minority communities like Sikhs and Jains were not treated as national minorities at the time of framing the Constitution.

5639:

says that "reference to Hindus shall be construed as including a reference to persons professing the Sikh, Jaina or Buddhist religion".

16774: 16701: 13872: 12973: 12880: 10501:

Larson, Gerald James (December 2012), "The Issue of Not Being Different Enough: Some Reflections on Rajiv Malhotra's Being Different",

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is a heroic figure in all of these religions. In Hinduism he is the God-incarnate in the form of a princely king; in Buddhism, he is a

2696:

also rejected Marshall's conclusions, with the former claiming that the figure was female, while the latter associated the figure with

11830: 8263: 6215:

The story begins with the transformation of the Bodhisattva Samantabhadra into Vajrapani by Vairocana, the cosmic Buddha, receiving a

5238:. It has various meanings depending on the context. For example it could mean duty, righteousness, spiritual teachings, conduct, etc. 333:

The Puranic Period (200 BCE – 500 CE) and Early Medieval period (500–1100 CE) gave rise to new configurations of Hinduism, especially

251:, which lasted from 3300 to 1300 BCE (mature period 2600–1900 BCE), had an early urbanized culture which predates the Vedic religion. 16574: 12951: 12918: 12903: 11665: 9862: 6429: 6194: 360:

The early Islamic period (1100–1500 CE) also gave rise to new movements. Sikhism was founded in the 15th century on the teachings of

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The Myth of Religious Violence: Secular Ideology and the Roots of Modern Conflict: Secular Ideology and the Roots of Modern Conflict

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Several sites have been proposed by Marshall and later scholars as possibly devoted to religious purpose, but at present only the

12774: 12719: 12577: 12142: 4242: 2674:, and linga; regarded as a lord of animals; and often depicted as having three eyes. The seal has hence come to be known as the 11443: 9445: 6380: 4603: 14664: 16885: 11379: 11361: 11292: 11229: 11209: 11178: 11056: 10818: 10777: 10747: 10718: 10633: 10582: 10540: 10491: 10407: 10375: 10318: 10300: 10248: 10199: 10111: 10012: 9382: 8642: 8212: 8142: 8056: 8031: 7910: 7796: 7758: 7528: 7501: 7224: 6888: 6724: 4575: 3388: 11062: 10753: 10456: 10413: 10381: 10254: 10117: 10082: 9540: 3286:, and the concept of liberation. The influence of Upanishads on Buddhism has been a subject of debate among scholars. While 17350: 14342: 12784: 12649: 12117: 11867: 3078:), is a major component of modern Hinduism. The ritualistic traditions of Vedic religion are preserved in the conservative 12464: 11540: 10237:"The Indus Valley "Proto-Śiva", Re-examined through Reflections on the Goddess, the Buffalo, and the Symbolism of vāhanas" 17468: 16749: 16345: 12439: 12434: 11791: 3372:(non-attachment). Jain orthodoxy believes the teachings of the Tirthankaras predates all known time and scholars believe 2754:. One seal from Mohen-jodaro shows a half-human, half-buffalo monster attacking a tiger, which may be a reference to the 2435: 2168: 4582: 17678: 17408: 17290: 16744: 15324: 13236: 12672: 12587: 12162: 9187: 6402: 3549: 12779: 11619: 4410:

to Vishnu-Krishna in their songs of longing, ecstasy and service. The most popular Vaishnava teacher of the south was

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Dynasty. The position of the Brahmans was reinforced, and the first Hindu temples emerged during the late Gupta age.

645: 12492: 5191: 634: 17781: 15334: 12841: 12637: 12454: 10923: 9350: 5671: 5428:

are variously defined terms sometimes used to categorise Indian religions. The traditional definition, followed by

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and a new and precarious sense of the "unity of Hinduism" and of national as well as religious identity took root.

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period. This period heralded the beginning of much of what became classical Hinduism, with the composition of the

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established the Brahma Kumaris, one of the largest new Hindu religious movements which teaches the discipline of

4217:

Tantrism originated in the early centuries CE and developed into a fully articulated tradition by the end of the

3460:

clan living at Kapilavastu and Lumbini in what is now southern Nepal. The Buddha was born at Lumbini, as emperor

17: 5655:

granting Jains the status of a religious minority throughout India. The Court however left it to the respective

4406:

poet-saints of south India, who lived between the 6th and 9th centuries CE and espoused "emotional devotion" or

17598: 17423: 16696: 15710: 15651: 15538: 15417: 15349: 13735: 13373: 13292: 12562: 12291: 5370:, a manifestation of Shiva depicted as an evil being. The story occurs in several scriptures, most notably the 5362:

Indian mythology also reflects the competition between the various Indian religions. A popular story tells how

5234:

The spectrum of these religions are called Dharmic religions because of their overlap over the core concept of

5187: 4560: 2750:

Many Indus Valley seals show animals, with some depicting them being carried in processions, while others show

2428: 677: 435: 397: 15830: 15705: 6219:

and the name "Vajrapani". Vairocana then requests Vajrapani to generate his adamantine family, to establish a

4968:

In the 19th century, under influence of the colonial forces, a synthetic vision of Hinduism was formulated by

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During the Middle Vedic period, the mantras of the Yajurveda and the older Brahmana texts were composed. The

2802: 2632: 2611:

of eastern Karnataka, contain rock art portraying religious rites and evidence of possible ritualised music.

2253: 11760: 9149: 7977: 7852:

Mary Pat Fisher (1997) In: Living Religions: An Encyclopedia of the World's Faiths I.B.Tauris : London

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Jeffrey Brodd and Gregory Sobolewski: "Jainism shares many of the basic doctrines of Hinduism and Buddhism."

5870:

The pre-Buddhist Upanishads are: Brihadaranyaka, Chandogya, Kaushitaki, Aitareya, and Taittiriya Upanishads.

4862:. Sikhism's traditions and teachings are distinctly associated with the history, society and culture of the 17806: 17608: 14816: 13524: 12824: 12600: 12557: 12198: 10572: 4312: 4306: 4167: 3644:, sacred flora and fauna in Hinduism is also recognized as a survival of the pre-Vedic Dravidian religion. 3427: 3413: 2472: 762: 385: 15840: 7606: 5917: 5264:

is of importance in three of these distinct traditions, excluding Sikhism (in Buddhism it is found within

5065:. Jains authored several classical books in different Indian languages for a considerable period of time. 4639:

movement swept through central and northern India, initiated by a loosely associated group of teachers or

4315:

continued. Buddhism subsequently became effectively extinct in India but survived in Nepal and Sri Lanka.

139:, they constitute a wide range of religious communities, and are not confined to the Indian subcontinent. 17816: 17528: 17523: 17295: 15813: 15774: 15329: 15243: 14811: 14475: 13141: 12913: 12260: 12157: 12062: 9253:

M. R. Sakhare, History and Philosophy of the Lingayat Religion, Prasaranga, Karnataka University, Dharwad

7947: 5817: 3573: 2972: 2806: 2363: 2233: 15845: 15835: 8674: 3688:

and Sivan and their association with native flora and fauna goes back to Indus Valley Civilization. The

3480:

etc.). There may be some differences in the practice between the two schools in reaching the objective.

284:, which lasted from roughly 1750 to 500 BCE. The philosophical portions of the Vedas were summarized in 16589: 16534: 16230: 14970: 14465: 13136: 13078: 12875: 12622: 11562: 4196: 3439: 2413: 320:(e.g., Buddhism, Jainism, Charvaka, etc.). However, both branches shared the related concepts of Yoga, 14558: 11636: 11428: 8120:. Issue 160 of Gaekwad's Oriental Series. Oriental Institute, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda. 6290:

Smart distinguishes "Brahmanism" from the Vedic religion, connecting "Brahmanism" with the Upanishads.

17961: 17841: 17630: 17488: 16940: 15823: 15602: 15233: 14863: 14386: 13518: 13270: 13107: 13062: 12477: 12421: 12167: 11347: 6190: 5832: 5547: 4246: 3604: 3468:(which traditionally is said to have lasted from c. 546–324 BCE) rose to power. The Shakyas claimed 3022: 2812: 2796: 2569: 2492: 2461: 2383: 2343: 2333: 1808: 1402: 751: 623: 255: 248: 41: 15941: 5483:

Another set of definitions—notably distinct from the usage of Hindu philosophy—loosely characterise

5250:, liberation from the cycle of rebirth. They differ however on the exact nature of this liberation. 17345: 17305: 17260: 17050: 17040: 16845: 16594: 16419: 16355: 16325: 16215: 15980: 15889: 15857: 15818: 15730: 14627: 13852: 13788: 13258: 13243: 12937: 12769: 12694: 12341: 12112: 12077: 12032: 11884: 11860: 10849: 9834: 8889: 8171: 7656:

Y. Masih (2000) In : A Comparative Study of Religions, Motilal Banarsidass Publ : Delhi,

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The modern era has given rise to dozens of Hindu saints with international influence. For example,

4981: 4963: 4509: 4467: 4463: 3299: 2925:– into which oblations were poured, as everything offered into the fire was believed to reach God. 2867:

of Hinduism, and are the codification of much of what developed into the core beliefs of Hinduism.

2268: 1182: 1022: 14295: 9372: 8264:"A Note on the Muruku Sign of the Indus Script in light of the Mayiladuthurai Stone Axe Discovery" 6314: 4046:. Hinduism, otherwise a highly polytheistic, pantheistic or monotheistic religion, also tolerated 17796: 17733: 17683: 17643: 17588: 17223: 17218: 17108: 17055: 16945: 16875: 16671: 16477: 16392: 15597: 15575: 15374: 15196: 14721: 14337: 14264: 13948: 13319: 13119: 13028: 12547: 12380: 12002: 11997: 11892: 10428: 7023: 6971: 6347: 5842: 5642:

In a judicial reminder, the Indian Supreme Court observed Sikhism and Jainism to be sub-sects or

5398: 5176: 4549: 3619:

in origin and have been dated either as post-vedic texts. or as pre-vedic oral compositions. The

3594: 3100:. It is reflected in the tendency to identify local deities with the gods of the Sanskrit texts. 2875:

is recognize the Vedic religion as true Hinduism. Nevertheless, according to Jamison and Witzel,

2600: 2542:

The earliest religion followed by the peoples of the Indian subcontinent, including those of the

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Ashim Kumar Bhattacharyya declares that Vedas contain the fundamental truths about Hindu Dharma.

5367: 3426:

prince-turned-ascetic, and was spread beyond India through missionaries. It later experienced a

280:

origin. The period of the composition, redaction, and commentary of these texts is known as the

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managed to conquer large areas of northern India, approximately equal in extent to the ancient

4022:

After 200 CE several schools of thought were formally codified in Indian philosophy, including

3947:. It views Shiva and Vishnu as "complementary in their functions but ontologically identical". 3405: 2288: 2263: 2213: 2153: 1738: 1674: 1472: 688: 563: 11669: 10808: 7786: 7676:

Padmanabh S. Jaini, (1979), The Jaina Path to Purification, Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi, p. 169

7491: 6474: 5546:... assumed a fundamentally new meaning and function in modern Indian thought, beginning with 4596: 3660: 3256:

belong to the śramaṇa traditions. These religions rose into prominence in 700–500 BCE in the

17904: 17849: 17766: 17718: 17693: 17493: 17315: 17310: 17178: 17168: 16990: 16666: 16604: 16424: 16370: 15791: 15769: 15688: 15629: 15295: 14734: 14585: 13715: 13314: 13226: 12804: 12664: 12627: 12610: 12509: 12402: 12208: 12087: 12082: 11962: 11168: 11042: 11018: 10530: 9791: 8132: 7748: 7616: 7520:

Religions of the World, Second Edition: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices

7477: 5782: 5777: 5406: 3113: 3002: 2596: 2323: 2293: 2158: 2113: 1943: 1582: 1572: 1542: 1274: 1254: 1115: 484: 446: 377: 298:

were composed in all likelihood before 6th century BCE, and contain the earliest mentions of

35: 14605: 14553: 9866: 17894: 17884: 17869: 17776: 17703: 17673: 17648: 17613: 17573: 17568: 17543: 17413: 17335: 17285: 17265: 17255: 17143: 17090: 17065: 16915: 16910: 16890: 16855: 16840: 16784: 16554: 16487: 16455: 16335: 16270: 16136: 16014: 15867: 15747: 15646: 15558: 15526: 15521: 15369: 15101: 14470: 14354: 13938: 13698: 13309: 13253: 13204: 13189: 13042: 12499: 12152: 12102: 12057: 12037: 12027: 11927: 11822: 11078:

Sullivan, Herbert P. (1964). "A Re-Examination of the Religion of the Indus Civilization".

8271: 8010: 7117: 5931:

Temporal Divides: A Critical Review of the Major Schemes of Periodization in Indian History

5759:, a similar terms used to refer to East Asian religions such as Taoism, Shintoism and Muism 5678: 5575: 5041:

Jainism continues to be an influential religion and Jain communities live in Indian states

5036: 4802: 4658: 4163: 3647: 3204:

Upanishads form the speculative-philosophical basis of classical Hinduism and are known as

2976: 2620: 2576: 2258: 2243: 2188: 1829: 295: 236: 14669: 13551: 3933:." According to Hiltebeitel, "the consolidation of Hinduism takes place under the sign of 3185:

The late Vedic period (9th to 6th centuries BCE) marks the beginning of the Upanisadic or

2851:. The period of the composition, redaction, and commentary of these texts is known as the 8: 17899: 17874: 17854: 17831: 17758: 17708: 17688: 17603: 17593: 17548: 17508: 17463: 17458: 17448: 17438: 17433: 17428: 17418: 17403: 17398: 17393: 17388: 17383: 17360: 17270: 17245: 17123: 17113: 17075: 17045: 17030: 17015: 17005: 16995: 16960: 16955: 16905: 16850: 16825: 16769: 16626: 16609: 16497: 16492: 16482: 16350: 16151: 16064: 16009: 15985: 15872: 15757: 15715: 15510: 15359: 14987: 14779: 14654: 14433: 14220: 14105: 14033: 13923: 13844: 13671: 13324: 13148: 12994: 12849: 12819: 12796: 12764: 12595: 12532: 12395: 12385: 12182: 12127: 12042: 12022: 11907: 11897: 11853: 11513: 6161: 5879:

The shared concepts include rebirth, samsara, karma, meditation, renunciation and moksha.

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Kanchan Sinha, Kartikeya in Indian art and literature, Delhi: Sundeep Prakashan (1979).

7916: 6135: 5807: 4969: 4794: 3696:, based on the mood, the season and the land. Tolkappiyam, mentions that each of these 3664: 3419: 3295: 3166: 2705: 2608: 2388: 2248: 2228: 1873: 1482: 1392: 1162: 1152: 1085: 1034: 740: 656: 259: 14982: 14531: 14127: 13857: 3941:

that seals this achievement. The result is a universal achievement that may be called

17936: 17930: 17864: 17821: 17811: 17801: 17791: 17698: 17618: 17578: 17503: 17473: 17365: 17320: 17300: 17275: 17250: 17213: 17198: 17173: 17148: 17060: 17010: 16965: 16950: 16930: 16920: 16895: 16835: 16779: 16539: 16315: 15911: 15882: 15806: 15801: 15762: 15700: 15656: 15641: 15624: 15619: 15614: 15553: 15288: 15174: 14940: 14910: 14890: 14711: 14506: 14487: 14482: 14396: 14359: 14080: 13995: 13918: 13816: 13806: 13774: 13762: 13730: 13707: 13689: 13585: 13440: 13348: 13334: 13297: 13285: 13114: 13033: 12985: 12814: 12737: 12459: 12444: 12237: 12213: 12132: 12092: 12067: 12047: 11982: 11957: 11947: 11932: 11459: 11375: 11357: 11323: 11288: 11265: 11246: 11225: 11205: 11174: 11107: 11052: 10947: 10919: 10861: 10854: 10814: 10791: 10773: 10743: 10714: 10629: 10578: 10536: 10522: 10487: 10436: 10403: 10371: 10314: 10296: 10275: 10244: 10195: 10166: 10148: 10107: 10072: 10008: 9987: 9451: 9428: 9378: 8897: 8695: 8638: 8218: 8208: 8138: 8052: 8027: 7906: 7853: 7834: 7792: 7754: 7657: 7524: 7497: 7252: 7220: 7037: 7027: 6985: 6975: 6923: 6884: 6730: 6720: 6712: 6704: 6372: 6157: 6139: 5896:, at the central Ganges Plain, formed the center of the early Upanishadic tradition, 5797: 5787: 5772: 5596: 5331: 5327: 4973: 4742: 4475: 4471: 4017: 3590: 3473: 3350: 3291: 2774: 2398: 2368: 2278: 2273: 2218: 2163: 1993: 1883: 1862: 1818: 1788: 1492: 1422: 1412: 1382: 864: 826: 706: 458: 277: 132: 31: 15394: 14992: 14642: 14364: 11666:"Supreme Court of India, in the judgement of Bal Patil vs. Union of India, Dec 2005" 10612: 10043: 9443: 6880:

Facets of Jainology: Selected Research Papers on Jain Society, Religion, and Culture

5342:

of a Bodhisattva who incarnates to punish the demon king Ravana (B.Datta 1993). The

2688:

has argued that the figure does not have three faces, or yogic posture, and that in

17889: 17771: 17668: 17280: 17240: 17188: 17183: 17100: 17070: 16980: 16870: 16734: 16686: 16681: 16240: 16205: 16178: 15936: 15921: 15796: 15720: 15570: 15548: 15456: 15317: 15096: 15059: 14915: 14900: 14848: 14632: 14612: 14580: 14575: 14546: 14541: 14453: 14443: 14252: 14216: 14208: 14179: 14092: 14012: 14007: 13970: 13960: 13824: 13666: 13503: 13353: 13011: 12363: 12052: 12017: 11972: 11967: 11876: 11311: 11087: 10899: 10510: 10288: 10241:

When the Goddess was a Woman: Mahabharata Ethnographies – Essays by Alf Hiltebeitel

10031: 8384: 6915: 6165: 6030: 5827: 5802: 5652: 5402: 4913: 4806: 4752: 4662: 4039: 3999:

The systematisation of Vedantic ideas into one coherent treatise was undertaken by

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Early Advaita Vedānta and Buddhism: The Mahāyāna Context of the Gauḍapādīya-kārikā

7251:

Nigal, S.G. Axiological Approach to the Vedas. Northern Book Centre, 1986. P. 81.

6920:

The Shape of Ancient Thought: Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies

4775:

The tendency of "a blurring of philosophical distinctions" has also been noted by

3282:

Shramana gave rise to the concept of the cycle of birth and death, the concept of

3279:(c. 563-483), founder of Buddhism were the most prominent icons of this movement. 17940: 16564: 16544: 16034: 15926: 15916: 15585: 15253: 15044: 15024: 14955: 14920: 14853: 14637: 14563: 14536: 14511: 14448: 14411: 14199: 14142: 13913: 13430: 13231: 13157: 13097: 13052: 13021: 12572: 12336: 12324: 11738: 11623: 11520: 11423: 11343: 11339: 11282: 11240: 11219: 11048:

Many Heads, Arms and Eyes: Origin, Meaning and Form in Multiplicity in Indian Art

11046: 10804: 10737: 10623: 10481: 10450: 10397: 10365: 10236: 10232: 10220: 10208: 10189: 10142: 10101: 10054: 10002: 9534: 9370: 9242: 8202: 8022:

Keown, Damien; Hodge, Stephen; Jones, Charles; Tinti, Paola (2003). "Theravāda".

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Keown, Damien; Hodge, Stephen; Jones, Charles; Tinti, Paola (2003). "Mahāyāna".

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are somewhat older, reaching back to the eleventh and even twelfth century BCE."

5587:, while not originating in the Indian subcontinent, also as a Dharmic religion. 5011:

movement, another organisation with a global reach. In late 18th-century India,

16691: 16579: 16519: 16235: 16210: 15995: 15899: 15781: 15725: 15678: 15091: 15039: 14935: 14905: 14885: 14880: 14875: 14858: 14754: 14674: 14647: 14600: 14590: 13602: 13265: 13248: 13067: 13047: 13016: 12709: 12699: 12469: 12375: 11536: 11278: 9759:

Questioning the Secular State: The Worldwide Resurgence of Religion in Politics

8626: 7121: 5741: 5584: 5528: 5088: 5050: 4985: 4896: 4521: 4487: 4398: 4386: 3641: 3624: 3449: 3397: 3333:

Jainism was established by a lineage of 24 enlightened beings culminating with

3328: 3194: 3120: 2992: 2941: 2838: 2675: 2604: 2061: 2013: 1707: 1685: 1653: 1631: 1592: 1522: 1512: 1372: 1105: 915: 417: 369: 13867: 11799: 11315: 10911: 10671: 10514: 8437:, (Pondicherry: Pondicherry Institute of Linguistics and Culture 1990), p. 81. 8301: 8299: 6112: 6082:

mainstream brahaminical thought from the sramana or the renouncer traditions."

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Tamil oratory and the Dravidian aesthetic: democratic practice in south India

6734: 6173: 5837: 5457: 4977: 4892: 4852: 4493: 4429: 4371: 4254:

great king was remote, was exalted and deified", as reflected in the Tantric

4004: 3835: 3562: 3545: 3287: 3231: 3128: 2770: 2755: 2547: 2479: 1983: 1923: 1748: 1142: 1095: 1075: 949: 932: 894: 874: 809: 593: 583: 573: 516: 373: 15283: 11613: 10191:

Indian Religions: A Historical Reader of Spiritual Expression and Experience

9890:"Constitutional and Legal Challenges Faced by Religious Minorities in India" 8204:

A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English

7041: 6989: 5230:, reading a stack of holy books ("Chalisa" of various god) at the Kumbh Mela 4072: 3859: 3855: 16754: 16656: 16512: 16200: 16195: 16173: 16163: 16044: 15476: 15411: 15354: 15339: 15305: 14930: 14838: 13834: 13725: 13720: 13571: 13541: 13415: 13383: 13131: 13102: 13089: 12689: 12654: 10885:"Archaeology at the Heart of a Political Confrontation The Case of Ayodhya" 10357:

Orientalism and Religion: Post-Colonial Theory, India and "The Mystic East"

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In post-Vedic times understood as "hearers" of an eternally existing Veda,

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Common traits can also be observed in ritual. The head-anointing ritual of

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Both Jainism and Buddhism spread throughout India during the period of the

3334: 3039: 2952:

means "that which really exists the really existent truth; the Good", and

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Holdrege, Barbara A. (2004), "Dharma", in Mittal, S.; Thursby, G. (eds.),

10181:

Philology and Confrontation: Paul Hacker on Traditional and Modern Vedānta

7920: 7628:

Kalghatgi, T. G. 1988 In: Study of Jainism, Prakrit Bharti Academy, Jaipur

5310:-incarnate; in Jainism, he is the perfect human being. Among the Buddhist 3675:

the red god seated on the blue peacock, who is ever young and resplendent,

3392:

Buddhist Monks performing traditional Sand mandala made from coloured sand

16676: 16651: 16470: 16438: 16429: 16375: 16305: 16290: 16183: 16074: 15735: 15683: 15471: 15189: 15169: 15009: 14950: 14688: 14684: 14497: 13985: 13933: 13903: 13740: 13594: 13486: 13410: 13275: 13211: 13162: 12331: 12319: 12299: 12241: 10996:

Singh, S.P. (1989). "Rgvedic Base of the Pasupati Seal of Mohenjo-Daro".

10971:

The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century

10701:

Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History

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revival movement in India. It received its most substantial impetus from

5054: 5020: 4992: 4955: 4917:

Mahamagam Festival is a holy festival celebrated once in twelve years in

4902: 4714: 4686: 4497: 4375: 4188: 4180: 4107: 4089: 4077: 4051: 4035: 3821: 3786: 3656: 3586: 3531: 3345: 3226: 3148: 3075: 2980: 2816: 2710: 2704:(vehicles) of deities for the four cardinal directions. Writing in 2002, 2655: 2592: 2123: 2083: 2043: 1442: 1304: 1294: 381: 346: 15990: 15931: 15034: 14428: 14247: 13796: 11034: 10884: 8314: 5564:

it is typical of the "inclusivist appropriation of other traditions" of

3634:

chiefly constituting the methods of temple construction and creation of

16642: 16637: 16507: 16502: 16465: 16443: 16300: 16280: 16275: 16116: 16106: 16069: 15673: 15451: 15399: 15139: 14784: 14764: 14300: 14225: 14164: 13928: 13908: 13829: 13481: 13449: 13420: 13199: 13194: 13179: 12522: 12412: 12304: 12283: 11099: 6197:, during which power became decentralised end new Chán-schools emerged. 5822: 5103:-based society that considered them to be the lowest in the hierarchy. 5062: 5004: 4934: 4922: 4918: 4847: 4693:, and other mystics spearheaded the Bhakti movement in the North while 4666: 4367: 4267: 4200: 3985: 3807: 3631: 3453: 3368: 3190: 3176: 3063: 2872: 2779: 2580: 2467: 2033: 1933: 1643: 365: 361: 285: 240: 15481: 14320: 10163:

From the River of Heaven: Hindu and Vedic Knowledge for the Modern Age

8732:Śaṅgam polity: the administration and social life of the Śaṅgam Tamils 7137:

History Of Ancient India (portraits Of A Nation), 1/e By Kamlesh Kapur

5542:

According to Paul Hacker, as described by Halbfass, the term "dharma"

4811: 4362:

from southern India. The most popular Shaiva teacher of the south was

4060: 3989: 290: 16584: 16380: 16295: 16285: 16156: 16111: 16096: 16029: 15877: 15344: 15266: 15226: 15216: 15179: 15154: 15134: 15029: 14895: 14749: 14739: 14501: 14421: 14416: 14327: 14137: 14122: 14087: 14070: 14052: 13965: 13745: 13661: 13640: 13635: 13612: 13607: 13566: 13561: 13498: 13435: 13358: 13329: 13280: 13221: 13174: 12370: 12252: 11353: 10068: 5905: 5620: 5608: 5363: 5265: 5058: 5046: 4996: 4938: 4702: 4646: 4428:(1479–1531) is a very important figure from this era. He founded the 4415: 4287: 4192: 3993: 3977: 3966: 3762: 3569: 3506: 3435: 3423: 3172: 2763: 2680: 2588: 2584: 2003: 171: 14017: 13546: 5989: 5161: 4538: 3167:

Late Vedic period – Brahmanas and Upanishads – Vedanta (850–500 BCE)

3079: 49: 16387: 16131: 16121: 15976: 15466: 15446: 15273: 15149: 15004: 14568: 14290: 14230: 14149: 14057: 14044: 14022: 14002: 13980: 13975: 13955: 13895: 13862: 13801: 13645: 13630: 13508: 13469: 13425: 13216: 13153: 13057: 12960: 12632: 12358: 12348: 11845: 11484: 11091: 10903: 10711:

The Clash Within: Democracy, Religious Violence, and India's Future

10035: 7596: 7594: 7592: 7590: 6206:

The term "maya-vada" is primarily being used by non-Advaitins. See

6007: 6003: 5893: 5792: 5707: 5469: 5416: 5379: 5323: 5311: 5260: 5136: 5132: 5096: 5084: 5080: 5074: 4959: 4858: 4839: 4763:

According to Nicholson, already between the 12th and 16th century,

4678: 4425: 4411: 4359: 4332: 4263: 4173: 4111: 4093: 3962: 3815: 3628: 3608: 3499: 3401: 3377: 3338: 3316: 3253: 3240: 3186: 3144: 3071: 3028: 3006: 2914: 2893: 2848: 2825: 2713: 2353: 1264: 729: 506: 496: 342: 338: 120: 116: 108: 10022:

Duchesne-Guillemin, Jacques (Summer 1963), "Heraclitus and Iran",

8692:

The Encyclopaedia Of Indian Literature, Volume 5 (Sasay To Zorgot)

8305: 7970: 7862: 4929: 4759:, looking north. The temple was rebuilt by the Vijayanagar Empire. 3493: 2646: 16661: 16260: 16225: 16146: 16059: 16000: 15904: 15607: 15461: 15211: 15164: 15049: 14925: 14744: 14169: 14132: 13943: 13493: 13459: 13302: 13003: 12757: 12752: 11768: 9444:

Thomas Pantham; Vrajendra Raj Mehta; Vrajendra Raj Mehta (2006),

7563: 6220: 5901: 5496: 5461: 5449: 5319: 5280: 5144: 5140: 5111: 5042: 4788: 4756: 4690: 4650: 4347: 4293: 4258:, which could also depict the king as the centre of the mandala. 4255: 4229: 4150: 4143: 4139: 4119: 4097: 4081: 4023: 3956: 3893: 3774: 3742: 3733: 3729: 3685: 3669: 3555: 3535: 3469: 3465: 3373: 3320: 3283: 3257: 3249: 3244: 3205: 3198: 3180: 3152: 3124: 3067: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3010: 2995: 2903: 2554: 1562: 467: 354: 317: 244: 128: 124: 10399:

The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture

10367:

The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture

9975:

Indian Esoteric Buddhism: Social History of the Tantric Movement

9108: 9106: 8222: 7829:(2007) Light from the East: Eastern Wisdom for the Modern West, 7587: 7072: 5590: 4350:) and Shiva. There were however popular devotees of this era of 3846: 2884:

Early Vedic period – early Vedic compositions (c. 1750–1200 BCE)

2692:

Rudra was not a protector of wild animals. Herbert Sullivan and

40:. For the religions of indigenous peoples of North America, see 16569: 16448: 16433: 16252: 16141: 16126: 16084: 15862: 15740: 15014: 14769: 14759: 14371: 14332: 14174: 13782: 13752: 13476: 12309: 10060: 9944:

Classical Samkhya and Yoga: An Indian Metaphysics of Experience

9597: 7084: 5897: 5767: 5753:, a similar term used to refer Judaism, Christianity, and Islam 5624: 5507:

philosophy, though it is traditionally classed among the Vedic

5488: 5480:

religions since they do not accept the authority of the Vedas.

5339: 5247: 5235: 4863: 4831: 4682: 4505: 4407: 4363: 4355: 4328: 4271: 4222: 4212: 4127: 3970: 3943: 3897: 3889: 3871: 3705: 3483: 3461: 3457: 3362: 3298:

were convinced of Upanishadic influence on the Buddhist canon,

3276: 3268: 3216: 2843: 2834: 2820: 2740: 2717: 2701: 1362: 350: 334: 305: 263: 175: 156: 14960: 11117:

India: History, Religion, Vision And Contribution To The World

9484: 9482: 9480: 9478: 9371:

Madan Prasad Bezbaruah; Krishna Gopal; Phal S. Girota (2003),

6858: 6562: 6560: 6111:

that there was a tradition along with Vedic Hinduism known as

5511:

schools. From this point of view, Buddhism and Jainism remain

5246:

Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism share the concept of

4822:) is culturally the most significant place of worship for the 16265: 16039: 16019: 16004: 15580: 15406: 15201: 15064: 15019: 14999: 14159: 13556: 13402: 13184: 12353: 12314: 10452:

A Short History of Religious and Philosophic Thought in India

9626: 9624: 9572: 9570: 9130: 9103: 8978: 8976: 8848: 8846: 8717:

Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh: Volume 100

8323: 6937: 6935: 6897: 6834: 6812: 6810: 6337:"Christianity 2015: Religious Diversity and Personal Contact" 6216: 5616: 5612: 5441: 5270: 5227: 5100: 5092: 4933:

The largest religious gathering ever held on Earth, the 2001

4867: 4843: 4835: 4823: 4674: 4670: 4513: 4449: 4351: 4135: 4131: 4123: 4031: 4000: 3782: 3770: 3721: 3713: 3681: 3636: 3616: 3510: 3431: 3356: 3209: 2929: 2918: 2910: 2899: 2889: 2830: 2728:

are of the opinion that there exists some link between first

2667: 2663: 2636: 268: 201: 186: 10663:

Identity and Religion: Foundations of Anti-Islamism in India

10593:

Being Different: An Indian Challenge to Western Universalism

9648: 9609: 9587: 9585: 6785: 6783: 6485: 6483: 5522: 3753:

Typical layout of Dravidian architecture which evolved from

3568:

Jainism began its golden period during the reign of Emperor

3001:

Major philosophers of this era were Rishis Narayana, Kanva,

16190: 16079: 13990: 12929: 10989:

Hermeneutics and Hindu Thought: Toward a Fusion of Horizons

9811: 9809: 9475: 9029: 9027: 9025: 9023: 7551: 7325: 7096: 6947: 6572: 6557: 5904:

at the central Ganges Plain formed the center of the other

5453: 5303: 5291: 4343: 4027: 3885: 3766: 3524: 3518: 2984: 2922: 2811:

The documented history of Indian religions begins with the

2729: 2671: 2640: 2528:

Modern period (British Raj and independence) (from c. 1850)

2023: 300: 254:

The documented history of Indian religions begins with the

9621: 9567: 9331: 9307: 9283: 9261: 9259: 9066: 9064: 9062: 9060: 9058: 9056: 9054: 9021: 9019: 9017: 9015: 9013: 9011: 9009: 9007: 9005: 9003: 8973: 8970:, were built under the rule and patronage of Hindu kings." 8843: 8831: 8819: 8807: 8795: 8785: 8783: 8781: 8779: 8777: 8775: 8773: 8506: 8482: 8440: 7313: 7301: 6932: 6807: 6795: 6649: 6403:"Countries With The Largest Jain Populations – WorldAtlas" 5943:

Different periods are designated as "classical Hinduism":

3667:

also sheds light on early religion of ancient Dravidians.

3137: 2532: 205: 16089: 16054: 14729: 14066: 9729: 9727: 9725: 9704:

Forms of Indian Philosophical Literature and Other Papers

9582: 9511: 9509: 9118: 9093: 9091: 8472: 8470: 8457: 8455: 7543:

Mahadevan, T.M.P (1956), Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (ed.),

7410: 7216:

Ancient India: A Glimpse of Indias' Glorious Ancient Past

6780: 6753: 6532: 6530: 6528: 6526: 6524: 6522: 6507: 6480: 6477:, Part 1, Oxford University Press, page LXXXVI footnote 1 5762: 5632: 5476:

school. Buddhism and Jainism are also thus classified as

4941:

attracted around 70 million Hindus from around the world.

4728:

is the representation of the God). In Lingayat theology,

4234: 2933: 190: 9806: 9684: 9672: 9660: 9636: 9154:

Religion and Ethics—Hinduism: Other religious influences

8988: 8416: 8414: 8357: 8283: 8281: 7267: 7265: 6457: 6455: 3611:

in that they were either historically or are at present

3476:

lineage, via descent from the royal lineage of Ayodhya.

3016: 10878:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited 10693:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited 10332:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited 10295:(2nd ed.), India: Bhagwan Rishabhdeo Granth Mala, 9984:

The Conception of Punishment in Early Indian Literature

9764: 9319: 9295: 9256: 9051: 9039: 9000: 8858: 8770: 7289: 6770: 6768: 6615: 6613: 6611: 6596: 5603:

Legal status of Jainism as a distinct religion in India

4457: 3684:

was also seen as the supreme God. Early iconography of

12972: 9887: 9722: 9506: 9447:

Political Ideas in Modern India: thematic explorations

9088: 8760: 8758: 8756: 8679:. Academy of Tamil Scholars of Tamil Nadu. p. 75. 8467: 8452: 8248: 8246: 8115: 7386: 7374: 6996: 6822: 6673: 6547: 6545: 6519: 4354:. The best-known proponents of this movement were the 3561:

Buddhism flourished during the reign of Ashoka of the

3464:'s Lumbini pillar records, just before the kingdom of 3227:

Rise of Shramanic tradition (7th to 5th centuries BCE)

372:. The vast majority of its adherents originate in the 143:

Indian religions by number of followers (2020 survey)

135:. Although Indian religions are connected through the 11765:

Government of India (Office of the Registrar General)

11640:, s.v. "Jainism > Jainism, Hinduism, and Buddhism" 9739: 9494: 9271: 8743: 8741: 8518: 8411: 8278: 7814:

Reprint by Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1990, page 139.

7575: 7277: 7262: 7162:

Hindu Dharma: Introduction to Scriptures And Theology

7159: 7048: 7017: 6965: 6719:. London: Penguin Random House UK. pp. 235–236. 6452: 4925:. This festival is also called as Kumbamela of South. 4146:(including the forms/incarnations of these deities). 3062:. This post-Vedic systems of thought, along with the 160: 60:

Indian religions as a percentage of world population

11823:"International Religious Freedom Report 2006: India" 11589:"Mayavada and Buddhism – Are They One and the Same?" 10944:

Contemporary Hinduism: Ritual, Culture, and Practice

10574:

Who Invented Hinduism: Essays on Religion in History

9854: 9406: 9404: 9402: 9400: 8494: 8375: 8046: 8021: 7750:

The Pilgrimage of Buddhism and a Buddhist Pilgrimage

7715: 7691: 7398: 7349: 7060: 6846: 6765: 6685: 6637: 6625: 6608: 6373:"Viewpoint: Why Sikhs celebrate kindness – BBC News" 6195:

Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period (907–960/979)

5689: 5385: 5346:

is another book retelling the divine story in Asom.

5119:(pink) and Indian religions (yellow) in each country 4500:

invaded parts of northern India and established the

3950: 3728:-the coasts and the seas. Other gods mentioned were 3348:

of Jainism, Mahavira, stressed five vows, including

3103: 2732:

Tirthankara Rishabha and Indus Valley civilisation.

27:

Religions that originated on the Indian subcontinent

11139:

Ancient Indian Social History: Some Interpretations

10656:, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press 9533:Others, Muzaffar H. Syed & (20 February 2022). 8753: 8243: 7870:"Life of Gautama Buddha and the origin of Buddhism" 7194: 7148:

Hindu Spirituality: Vedas Through Vedanta, Volume 1

7128:. University of South Carolina Press, 2003, page 65 6741: 6661: 6542: 5659:to decide on the minority status of Jain religion. 4563:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3045: 2700:, the Buffalo God and the surrounding animals with 11011:Godsdiensten van de wereld (The World's religions) 10853: 10848: 10810:The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective 10021: 9076: 8927: 8915: 8738: 8630: 8332: 7343: 6584: 6495: 5550:in the nineteenth century. This process, in which 5338:among the Khamti tribe of Asom wherein Rama is an 3980:) as the most authentic means of knowledge, while 3925:orthodox current of thoughts that are based, like 3038:is traced back to 9th-century BC with the rise of 2579:in the Indian subcontinent derives from scattered 239:in the Indian subcontinent derives from scattered 11796:Government of India (Ministry of Law and Justice) 11660: 11658: 11656: 11654: 11652: 11650: 11648: 11646: 11370:Zimmer, Heinrich (1969). Campbell, Joseph (ed.). 11284:The Ancient Indus: Urbanism, Economy, and Society 9397: 9236:Battuta's Travels: Delhi, capital of Muslim India 8870: 7902:Buddhist Missionaries in the Era of Globalization 4311:Between 400 and 1000 CE Hinduism expanded as the 3223:lived during this period in the 9th century BCE. 17953: 11614:The Centre for Cultural Resources and Training, 11446:. Archived from the original on 29 December 2011 10959: 9603: 8613:Tamil culture: religion, culture, and literature 8134:Psycho-Religious Studies Of Man, Mind And Nature 8051:(1. publ ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. 8026:(1. publ ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. 7812:A History of Early Vedānta Philosophy: Part One. 5079:The Dalit Buddhist movement also referred to as 3996:) are considered to be subordinate (but valid). 3816:Epic and Early Puranic Period (200 BCE – 500 CE) 3603:The early Dravidian religion constituted of non- 10691:A History of Early Vedanta Philosophy. Part Two 10470: 9959: 8939: 8909: 8610: 8352:Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization 8065: 7939: 7898: 7435:Other sources: the process of "Sanskritization" 7427: 7425: 5106: 4881: 4878:) and number over 27 million across the world. 11643: 11393:(reprint ed.), Princeton University Press 10239:. In Adluri, Vishwa; Bagchee, Joydeep (eds.). 8933: 4850:. The principal belief in Sikhism is faith in 4441:The Centre for Cultural Resources and Training 4230:Medieval and Late Puranic Period (500–1500 CE) 2786: 12945: 12268: 11861: 11238: 10960:Rodriques, Hillary; Harding, John S. (2008), 10564:Hindus: their religious beliefs and practices 10131: 9986:. Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. 8888: 8657: 8085:"Kharavela – The Great Philanthropic Emperor" 7892: 7822: 7820: 7640:S. Cromwell Crawford, review of L. M. Joshi, 7600: 7557: 7516: 7369:Indian sociology through Ghurye, a dictionary 7150:edited by K. R. Sundararajan, Bithika Mukerji 6876: 5591:Status of non-Hindus in the Republic of India 5583:The "Council of Dharmic Faiths" (UK) regards 3050:The Vedic religion evolved into Hinduism and 2979:prior to the earliest Vedic (Indo-Aryan) and 2855:, which lasted from roughly 1750 to 500 BCE. 2436: 11509: 11507: 10682:The Hindu Traditions: A Concise Introduction 10471:Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2004), 10448: 10427: 10165:, Berkeley, California: Book Passage Press, 9827: 9142: 8446: 8393:, p. 29, Figure 1: Drawing of the seal. 8287: 7636: 7634: 7496:. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 183. 7422: 7319: 7307: 5947:deterioration of Mahayana-buddhism in India. 4908: 3484:Spread of Jainism and Buddhism (500–200 BCE) 2944:, the present participle of the verbal root 2906:, were considered inspired poets and seers. 2783:before final interment; and even cremation. 2614: 11563:"The Self-Defeating Philosophy of Mayavada" 11417:"Classification of religions: Geographical" 10986: 10231: 10219: 10207: 9488: 8852: 8837: 8825: 8813: 8801: 8729: 8488: 8306:Grigorii Maksimovich Bongard-Levin (1985). 7517:Melton, J. Gordon; Baumann, Martin (2010), 7493:World Religions in America: An Introduction 6922:. Allworth Communications, Inc. 816 pages; 6864: 5190:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 4635:During the 14th to 17th centuries, a great 2909:The mode of worship was the performance of 2514:"Golden Age" (Gupta Empire) (c. 320–650 CE) 353:, and smaller groups like the conservative 12952: 12938: 12275: 12261: 11868: 11854: 11514:Indiana University "India Studies Program" 11041: 11017: 10839: 10625:The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives 10535:. Vol. I: to 1500. Cengage Learning. 10327: 9630: 9178: 8864: 8169: 7848: 7846: 7817: 7753:, Asian Educational Services, p. 90, 7622: 7547:, George Allen & Unwin Ltd, p. 57 7337: 6840: 6828: 5099:in 1956 and the opportunity to escape the 2833:), four canonical collections of hymns or 2443: 2429: 382:reinterpretation and synthesis of Hinduism 11504: 11441: 11114: 10987:Sherma, Rita D.; Sarma, Aravinda (2008), 10977: 10697: 10599: 10274:, New York: Routledge, pp. 213–248, 9950: 9815: 9265: 9136: 9124: 9112: 9097: 8921: 8354:. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1998. 8328:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 45. 8261: 7791:, Motilal Banarsidass, pp. 103–104, 7784: 7672: 7670: 7652: 7650: 7631: 7569: 7545:History of Philosophy Eastern and Western 7542: 7113: 7111: 6566: 6160:(7th–10th century), in the southwest the 6156:(770–1125 CE), in the west and north the 5210:Learn how and when to remove this message 4782: 4623:Learn how and when to remove this message 4118:was written for devotion to Ganapati (or 15509: 11761:"Census of India 2001: Data on religion" 11242:Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation 11170:Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 11122: 11077: 10941: 10882: 10785: 10767: 10735: 10726: 10708: 10688: 10651: 10621: 10607: 10590: 10570: 10395: 10363: 10269: 10224: 10212: 10178: 10132:Flood, Gavin; Olivelle, Patrick (2003), 9972: 9770: 9745: 9690: 9678: 9666: 9654: 9642: 9615: 9422: 9337: 9325: 9313: 9301: 9289: 9070: 9033: 8994: 8982: 8789: 8673:Manickam, Valliappa Subramaniam (1968). 8672: 8324:Steven Rosen; Graham M. Schweig (2006). 8290:The Making of India: A Historical Survey 8007:The Life of Buddha as Legend and History 7392: 7380: 7331: 7295: 7102: 7078: 7013: 7011: 7002: 6953: 6852: 6789: 6774: 6679: 6643: 6578: 6536: 6513: 6489: 6461: 6168:(7th–8th century), and in the south the 6128: 5221: 5110: 4928: 4912: 4810: 4746: 4203:. Buddhism survived followed by Hindus. 4179:There were several Buddhistic kings who 4071: 3845: 3829: 3748: 3651:Saga Agastya, father of Tamil literature 3646: 3387: 3230: 2645: 2563: 2511:Pre-Classical period (c. 200 BCE-320 CE) 48: 16806: 10803: 10528: 10194:, New York: New York University Press, 10160: 10000: 9863:"CASE NO.: Appeal (civil) 9595 of 2003" 9733: 9536:History of Indian Nation: Ancient India 8953:History of the Andhras up to 1565 A. D. 8633:Encyclopedia of Asian history: Volume 1 8615:. Bharatiya Kala Prakashan. p. 17. 8476: 8461: 8130: 7843: 7489: 7473: 7461: 7090: 7054: 6941: 6816: 6801: 6427: 4921:. Mahamagam Festival, which is held at 4157: 3921:schools in the sense that they develop 3700:had an associated deity such Seyyon in 2815:, the religious practices of the early 2716:by Jains and Vilas Sangave or an early 2626:interpretations, and the fact that the 2533:Prevedic religions (before c. 1750 BCE) 258:, the religious practices of the early 14: 17954: 12282: 11691:Gujarat Freedom of religions Act, 2003 11388: 11369: 11338: 11329: 11304:International Journal of Hindu Studies 11277: 11217: 11199: 11163: 11135: 10968: 10679: 10669: 10561: 10503:International Journal of Hindu Studies 10500: 10479: 10336: 10140: 10049: 9938: 9929: 9902:from the original on 20 September 2023 9576: 9543:from the original on 23 September 2023 9532: 9528: 9526: 9524: 9515: 9500: 9464:from the original on 18 September 2023 9377:, Gyan Publishing House, p. 326, 9277: 8764: 8714: 8625: 8580: 8539:The sacred marriage of a Hindu goddess 8536: 8524: 8512: 8500: 8435:Dravidian Linguistics: an Introduction 8363: 8200: 7948:"Buddhism: Origin, Spread And Decline" 7667: 7647: 7581: 7416: 7404: 7283: 7271: 7213:Parmar, Manish Singh (10 April 2018). 7212: 7108: 7066: 6903: 6759: 6703: 6691: 6631: 6619: 6602: 6590: 5432:, classifies religions and persons as 4999:to millions. Representing traditional 4886: 4856:— represented by the sacred symbol of 4235:Late-Classical Period (c. 650–1100 CE) 2670:), who is associated with asceticism, 2517:Late-Classical period (c. 650–1200 CE) 2508:Classical period (c. 200 BCE-1200 CE) 2505:"Second Urbanisation" (c. 600–200 BCE) 16805: 15958: 15508: 12971: 12933: 12256: 11849: 11713:from the original on 26 February 2021 11492:from the original on 27 December 2017 11301: 11259: 11008: 10995: 10962:Introduction to the Study of Religion 10876:The Philosophical Traditions of India 10660: 10642: 10308: 10187: 10120:from the original on 23 December 2023 10096: 9591: 9082: 9045: 8747: 8551: 8422:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture 8402: 8390: 8338: 8071: 7767:from the original on 23 December 2023 7746: 7737:By Jeffrey Brodd, Gregory Sobolewski. 7721: 7709: 7697: 7685: 7612: 7008: 6747: 6709:Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind 6667: 6655: 4397: 4370:. Female saints include figures like 3692:was classified into five categories, 3418:Buddhism was historically founded by 3017:Middle Vedic period (c. 1200–850 BCE) 2758:of such a monster created by goddess 2709:icon, it has been interpreted as the 11875: 11833:from the original on 12 October 2019 11411: 11409: 11187:from the original on 20 January 2023 11125:New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies 11065:from the original on 20 January 2023 10873: 10827:from the original on 20 January 2023 10756:from the original on 16 January 2024 10532:Societies, Networks, and Transitions 10384:from the original on 11 January 2023 10354: 10345: 10287: 10257:from the original on 20 January 2023 9962:An Introduction to Indian Philosophy 9410: 8876: 8595: 8182:from the original on 19 October 2019 8116:Mudumby Narasimhachary, ed. (1976). 7988:from the original on 1 February 2024 7958:from the original on 1 February 2024 7945: 7927:from the original on 1 February 2024 7880:from the original on 1 February 2024 7233:from the original on 29 October 2023 7200: 7022:(2nd ed.). Don Mills, Ontario: 6970:(2nd ed.). Don Mills, Ontario: 6959: 6551: 6501: 5579:underlying all cultural differences. 5188:adding citations to reliable sources 5155: 4866:. Adherents of Sikhism are known as 4736: 4561:adding citations to reliable sources 4532: 4458:Early Islamic rule (c. 1100–1500 CE) 4122:). Popular deities of this era were 4011: 3580: 3452:, who was called an "awakened one" ( 2902:, the composers of the hymns of the 288:, which are commonly referred to as 11480:"Ancient Indians made 'rock music'" 11435: 10788:The Vedic Experience: Mantramañjari 10311:Collected Paper on Buddhist Studies 10134:The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism 9981: 9521: 8689: 8262:Mahadevan, Iravatham (6 May 2006). 8151:from the original on 7 October 2023 7788:Early Buddhism and the Bhagavadgītā 7355: 7020:World Religions: Eastern Traditions 7018:Willard Gurdon Oxtoby, ed. (2002). 6968:World Religions: Eastern Traditions 6966:Willard Gurdon Oxtoby, ed. (2002). 6697: 4830:Sikhism originated in 15th-century 4067: 3917:tradition and are sometimes called 3913:"are rooted primarily in the Vedic 3266:(the cycle of birth and death) and 2971:The term rta is inherited from the 326:(the cycle of birth and death) and 90: Non-Indian religions (76.49%) 24: 16775:Religions and spiritual traditions 12974:Religious groups and denominations 11616:Indian Literature Through the Ages 11173:. University of California Press. 11145:, Orient Blackswan, archived from 10790:, Bangalore: Motilal Banarsidass, 10339:Cultural History Of Medieval India 9960:Chatterjee, S.; Datta, D. (1984), 9922: 9539:. K.K. Publications. p. 358. 9160:from the original on 5 August 2011 9150:"The rise of Buddhism and Jainism" 8660:Ideology, caste, class, and gender 8137:. Global Vision Publishing House. 8097:from the original on 10 March 2024 7443:from the original on 26 April 2015 6440:from the original on 24 March 2019 6185:This resembles the development of 5918:Buddhism and Hinduism Similarities 4528: 4402:, those immersed in god) were the 3550:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 3085: 2928:Central concepts in the Vedas are 25: 17978: 11827:United States Department of State 11748: 11703:"Religious freedom Bill returned" 11406: 11260:White, David Gordon, ed. (2000), 10980:De Wortels van het Indiase Denken 10929:from the original on 19 June 2021 10856:A Sourcebook in Indian Philosophy 10842:Fundamentals of Indian Philosophy 10309:Jaini, Padmanabh S., ed. (2001). 9934:. London: Sidgwick & Jackson. 9842:from the original on 8 March 2021 9830:"Minority rights are indivisible" 8694:. Sahitya Akademi. p. 4396. 8562:from the original on 21 July 2022 8541:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 6. 7946:Jain, Pankaj (1 September 2011). 7644:, Philosophy East and West (1972) 7642:Brahmanism, Buddhism and Hinduism 6383:from the original on 28 June 2023 6313:. Nepszamlalas.hu. Archived from 5955:religion, developed in this time. 5665:Jainism to be a distinct religion 4771:) of mainstream Hindu philosophy. 4054:and anti-religious philosophical 3965:'Vedānta' simply referred to the 3951:Vedanta – Brahma sutras (200 BCE) 3834:Krishna fighting the horse demon 3438:, and remains more widespread in 3104:Shramanic period (c. 800–200 BCE) 3031:became powerful intermediairies. 2819:, which were collected and later 2522:Medieval period (c. 1200–1500 CE) 262:, which were collected and later 115:. These religions, which include 53:Symbols of Major Indian Religions 17935: 17926: 17925: 17739:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 16881:Democratic Republic of the Congo 12411: 12236: 12227: 12226: 11732:The Times of India, 11 Mar, 2008 11725: 11695: 11684: 11628: 11607: 11581: 11569:from the original on 9 July 2021 11555: 11543:from the original on 9 July 2021 11529: 11115:Svarghese, Alexander P. (2008), 10883:Ratnagar, Shereen (April 2004). 10840:Puligandla, Ramakrishna (1997), 10595:, HarperCollins Publishers India 10549:from the original on 3 July 2023 10459:from the original on 9 July 2021 10416:from the original on 3 July 2023 10330:A history of Buddhist philosophy 10085:from the original on 2 July 2023 10007:. New York: Dover Publications. 9881: 9821: 9776: 9751: 9717:Mahāvīra: His Life and Teachings 9709: 9696: 9555: 9437: 9364: 9343: 9247: 9229: 9217: 9205: 9172: 8957: 8945: 8882: 8723: 8708: 8683: 8666: 8651: 8619: 8604: 8589: 8574: 8545: 8530: 8427: 8396: 8369: 8344: 8255: 8229: 8194: 8170:Nagalingam, Pathmarajah (2009). 8163: 8124: 8109: 8077: 8040: 8015: 8000: 7804: 7778: 7740: 7727: 6409:from the original on 4 July 2023 6269: 6260: 6250: 6240: 6230: 6209: 6200: 6179: 6146: 6118: 6104: 6095: 6085: 6075: 6065: 6055: 6045: 6036: 5734: 5720: 5706: 5692: 5672:Gujarat Freedom of Religion Bill 5160: 4537: 4492:In the 12th and 13th centuries, 3655:Ancient Tamil grammatical works 3517: 3492: 3136: 3112: 3046:Late Vedic period (from 850 BCE) 3042:and his non-violent philosophy. 2654:, showing a seated and possibly 2591:agriculturalists inhabiting the 2587:, depicting dances and rituals. 2455: 424: 204: 189: 174: 159: 16341:Evolutionary origin of religion 12899:Indian Institutes of Technology 12881:Afghanistan–Pakistan skirmishes 12810:South Asian Football Federation 11472: 11239:von Glasenapp, Helmuth (1999). 10673:Great World Religions: Hinduism 10144:Hinduism: Beliefs and Practices 9888:IQTIDAR KARAMAT CHEEMA (2017). 8378:Plants of life, plants of death 8310:. Arnold-Heinemann. p. 45. 7905:. University of Hawaiʻi Press. 7899:Learman L.(Ed.), Linda (2005). 7536: 7510: 7483: 7361: 7245: 7206: 7189:Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide 7181: 7168: 7153: 7140: 7131: 6909: 6870: 6311:"Központi Statisztikai Hivatal" 6284: 6023: 6013: 5996: 5981: 5969: 5960: 5937: 5922: 5911: 5882: 5873: 5864: 5523:Use of term "Dharmic religions" 5127: 4834:, Delhi Sultanate (present-day 4548:needs additional citations for 4102:Two of Hinduism's most revered 16697:Separation of church and state 15350:Polytheistic reconstructionism 12194:British Indian Ocean Territory 11432:, 2007. Retrieved 15 July 2010 11399: 11374:. Princeton University Press. 11287:. Cambridge University Press. 11264:, Princeton University Press, 11245:. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. 10860:, Princeton University Press, 10435:, Cambridge University Press, 10106:, Cambridge University Press, 9951:Cavanaugh, William T. (2009), 9784:"Council of Dharmic Faiths UK" 8928:Radhakrishnan & Moore 1967 8916:Radhakrishnan & Moore 1967 8420:J.P. Mallory and D. Q. Adams, 7785:Upadhyaya, Kashi Nath (1998), 6467: 6421: 6395: 6365: 6346:. January 2015. Archived from 6329: 6303: 6164:(752–973), in the Dekkhan the 5855: 5357: 5349: 5241: 5115:Map showing the prevalence of 5091:'s call for the conversion of 4708: 3781:, a god who later merged into 3679:the favored god of the Tamils. 3272:(liberation from that cycle). 3197:, still later followed by the 2948:, "to be, to exist, to live". 2841:. These texts are the central 2720:by Buddhists. Historians like 2658:figure, surrounded by animals. 678:Ochre Coloured Pottery culture 398:Outline of South Asian history 330:(liberation from that cycle). 13: 1: 14306:Traditional Sabahan religions 10698:Nicholson, Andrew J. (2010), 10670:Muesse, Mark William (2003), 10328:Kalupahana, David J. (1994), 9563:Literary Cultures in History: 8658:Thiruchandran, Selvy (1997). 8376:Frederick J. Simoons (1998). 7747:Pratt, James Bissett (1996), 6883:. Mumbai: Popular Prakashan. 6430:"Rude Travel: Down The Sages" 6297: 5813:Proto-Indo-European mythology 5376:Vajrapany-abhiseka-mahatantra 5334:, etc. There also exists the 5068: 4755:from the top of the southern 4300: 2803:Proto-Indo-European mythology 2537: 2491:Indian pre-history including 1608: 1347: 1320: 1219: 1198: 1121: 1060: 989: 972: 955: 938: 921: 900: 815: 798: 552: 12959: 11334:, Princeton University Press 10973:, Cambridge University Press 10844:, New Delhi: D.K. Printworld 10713:, Harvard University Press, 10709:Nussbaum, Martha C. (2009), 10647:, The University Press Group 10617:. London: Arthur Probsthain. 10602:The Khecarīvidyā of Ādinātha 10004:Philosophy of the Upanishads 9973:Davidson, Ronald M. (2004), 9788:councilofdharmicfaithsuk.com 9604:Rodriques & Harding 2008 9374:Fairs and Festivals of India 8894:Indian Philosophy, Volume II 8600:. Columbia University Press. 8237:The Modern review: Volume 28 8118:Āgamaprāmāṇya of Yāmunācārya 5372:Sarvatathagatatattvasamgraha 5298: 5124:emphasise the similarities. 5107:Similarities and differences 5083:is a 19th- and 20th-century 5030: 4882:Modern period (1500–present) 4414:, while of the north it was 4366:, while of the north it was 4313:decline of Buddhism in India 4307:Decline of Buddhism in India 4168:Decline of Buddhism in India 3838:, 5th century, Gupta period. 3773:to Queen Mīnātchi who ruled 3414:History of Buddhism in India 2769:In contrast to contemporary 2473:The History of British India 2403: 763:Northern Black Polished Ware 386:Indian independence movement 7: 16550:National religiosity levels 15775:Nauruan Indigenous religion 15330:Hellenism (modern religion) 11524:Passage to India, Module 10 11218:Tiwari, Shiv Kumar (2002). 10786:Panikkar, Raimundo (2001), 10772:, Oxford University Press, 10742:, Oxford University Press, 10704:, Columbia University Press 10571:Lorenzen, David N. (2006), 10483:India's Agony Over Religion 10103:An Introduction to Hinduism 9977:, Motilal Banarsidass Publ. 8940:Chatterjee & Datta 1984 8896:, Oxford University Press, 8537:Harman, William P. (1992). 8308:Ancient Indian Civilization 7160:Ashim Kumar Bhattacharyya. 5818:Proto-Indo-Iranian religion 5685: 4945: 4436:school of Vedanta thought. 3383: 3235:Buddha statue at Darjeeling 2973:Proto-Indo-Iranian religion 2807:Proto-Indo-Iranian religion 2787:Vedic period (1750–800 BCE) 2525:Early Modern (c. 1500–1850) 2359:Influence on Southeast Asia 10: 17983: 15959: 12904:Inventions and discoveries 12876:Sino-Indian border dispute 12623:Human rights in South Asia 12409: 10978:Scheepers, Alfred (2000), 10768:Olivelle, Patrick (2014), 10736:Olivelle, Patrick (1998), 10654:Hinduism. Past and present 10529:Lockard, Craig A. (2007). 10337:Khanna, Meenakshi (2007), 10179:Halbfass, Wilhelm (1995), 9917: 8581:Chopra, Pran Nath (1979). 8407:. Grove Press. p. 14. 8292:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 15. 8178:. Siddhanta Publications. 8176:The Religion of the Agamas 7523:, ABC-CLIO, p. 1324, 7433:"Encyclopædia Britannica, 7124:in Arvind Sharma, editor, 6172:(7th–9th century) and the 5600: 5594: 5526: 5410: 5396: 5072: 5034: 4949: 4890: 4792: 4786: 4740: 4712: 4461: 4322: 4304: 4281: 4277: 4210: 4161: 4087: 4015: 3954: 3819: 3584: 3543: 3430:in India, but survived in 3395: 3314: 3310: 3238: 3170: 3089: 3020: 2887: 2800: 2790: 2618: 2583:rock paintings such as at 2459: 741:Black and Red ware culture 395: 391: 29: 17921: 17840: 17757: 17629: 17374: 17099: 16816: 16812: 16801: 16710: 16635: 16406: 16314: 16251: 15969: 15965: 15954: 15517: 15504: 15429: 15252: 15234:Transcendental Meditation 15127: 15114: 15079: 14827: 14804: 14793: 14720: 14683: 14385: 14281: 14263: 14207: 14198: 14115: 14043: 13894: 13885: 13843: 13815: 13773: 13706: 13697: 13688: 13654: 13621: 13593: 13584: 13534: 13401: 13088: 13002: 12993: 12984: 12980: 12967: 12889: 12863: 12840: 12795: 12728: 12663: 12609: 12586: 12508: 12420: 12290: 12222: 12181: 12141: 11883: 11464:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 11389:Zimmer, Heinrich (1989), 11330:Zimmer, Heinrich (1951), 11316:10.1007/s11407-012-9133-z 10969:Samuel, Geoffrey (2010), 10689:Nakamura, Hajime (2004), 10600:Mallinson, James (2007), 10515:10.1007/s11407-012-9129-8 10396:Kitagawa, Joseph (2007), 10364:Kitagawa, Joseph (2002), 10147:, Sussex Academic Press, 9955:, Oxford University Press 9932:The Wonder that was India 7601:Flood & Olivelle 2003 5833:Tribal religions in India 5647:minorities. In 2005, the 5548:Bankim Chandra Chatterjee 5499:". By these definitions, 5253: 5151: 4909:Modern India (after 1800) 4508:holdings. The subsequent 4390: 4318: 4206: 3903: 3843:during the Gupta Empire. 3066:and later texts like the 3023:Painted Grey Ware culture 2813:historical Vedic religion 2797:Historical Vedic religion 2615:Indus Valley civilisation 2570:Indus Valley civilisation 2493:Indus Valley civilisation 2462:Periodisation of Hinduism 752:Painted Grey Ware culture 624:Indus Valley Civilisation 256:historical Vedic religion 249:Indus Valley civilisation 131:, are also classified as 42:Native American religions 16866:Central African Republic 13853:Vietnamese folk religion 13244:Charismatic Christianity 12871:Indo-Pakistani conflicts 11943:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 11444:"Religions by adherents" 11221:Tribal Roots Of Hinduism 11013:, Kampen: Uitgeverij Kok 10680:Muesse, Mark W. (2011), 10661:Misra, Amalendu (2004), 10591:Malhotra, Rajiv (2011), 10429:Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju 9982:Day, Terence P. (1982). 8730:Subramanium, N. (1980). 8611:A. Kiruṭṭin̲an̲ (2000). 8555:Splendours of Tamil Nadu 8552:Anand, Mulk Raj (1980). 8350:Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark. 8201:Grimes, John A. (1996). 8049:A dictionary of Buddhism 8024:A dictionary of Buddhism 7572:, pp. 17–18, 32–33. 7176:I Am Proud To Be A Hindu 7093:, pp. 152, 157–176. 7081:, pp. 275–277, 292. 5849: 4982:Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan 4964:Communalism (South Asia) 4842:) with the teachings of 4468:Islamic Empires in India 4464:Muslim conquest of India 3663:, the eight anthologies 3131:, India, 4th century CE. 1403:Gurjara-Pratihara Empire 1383:Eastern Chalukya Kingdom 984:Maha-Megha-Vahana Empire 376:. During the period of 364:and the nine successive 99:, sometimes also termed 16760:New religious movements 16393:Theories about religion 16346:Evolutionary psychology 15375:Modern Finnish paganism 13320:Independent Catholicism 12678:Archaeological cultures 12204:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 11792:"Constitution of India" 11637:Encyclopædia Britannica 11429:Encyclopædia Britannica 11204:, Motilal Banarsidass, 11136:Thapar, Romila (1978), 10729:Die Religion des Rgveda 10652:Michaels, Axel (2004), 10622:McIntosh, Jane (2008). 10480:Larson, Gerald (1995). 10455:, Divine Life Society, 10433:The Dravidian Languages 10313:. Motilal Banarsidass. 10161:Frawley, David (1990), 10001:Deussen, Paul (1966) . 9489:Sherma & Sarma 2008 8676:A glimpse of Tamilology 7982:Encyclopedia Britannica 7874:Encyclopedia Britannica 7490:Neusner, Jacob (2009). 7344:Duchesne-Guillemin 1963 7024:Oxford University Press 6972:Oxford University Press 6906:, pp. 60, 208–209. 5928:See also Tanvir Anjum, 5843:Zoroastrianism in India 5670:Another example is the 3595:Dravidian folk religion 2991:term (corresponding to 2983:(Iranian) scriptures. " 2601:Bhimbetka rock shelters 1503:Western Chalukya Empire 646:Mature Harappan culture 384:arose, which aided the 111:that originated in the 17967:Religion in South Asia 17409:Bosnia and Herzegovina 15390:Erzyan native religion 15239:Unitarian Universalism 14618:Native American Church 13364:Oneness Pentecostalism 12891:Science and technology 11356:& Kegan Paul Ltd, 11043:Srinivasan, Doris Meth 11009:Smart, Ninian (2003), 10852:; Moore, C.A. (1967), 10562:Lipner, Julis (1998), 10355:King, Richard (1999), 10346:King, Richard (1995). 9966:University of Calcutta 9946:, Taylor & Francis 8951:Durga Prasad, P. 116, 8715:Shashi, S. S. (1996). 8627:Embree, Ainslie Thomas 8596:Bate, Bernard (2009). 8583:History of South India 8239:. Prabasi Press. 1920. 8131:Tripath, S.M. (2001). 6877:Vilas Sangave (2001). 5649:Supreme Court of India 5581: 5557: 5540: 5231: 5120: 5017:Swaminarayan Sampraday 4952:Hindu reform movements 4942: 4926: 4827: 4783:Sikhism (15th century) 4773: 4760: 4751:An aerial view of the 4455: 4085: 3881: 3863: 3839: 3758: 3740:, the language of the 3659:, the ten anthologies 3652: 3406:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 3393: 3337:(9th century BCE) and 3236: 3215:Scholars believe that 2975:, the religion of the 2969: 2881: 2829:(usually known as the 2659: 2575:Evidence attesting to 2572: 2470:, in his seminal work 2409:Science and technology 793:Three Crowned Kingdoms 635:Early Harappan culture 450:(2,500,000–250,000 BC) 235:Evidence attesting to 54: 17729:Saint Kitts and Nevis 17026:São Tomé and Príncipe 16886:Republic of the Congo 15087:Aboriginal Australian 13716:Chinese folk religion 12770:Religious persecution 12628:Religious nationalism 12488:European and Eurasian 12292:Countries and regions 11537:"Mayavada Philosophy" 11519:1 August 2009 at the 11391:Philosophies of India 11372:Philosophies of India 11349:Philosophies Of India 11332:Philosophies of India 11200:Tiwari, K.N. (1983), 11023:Archives of Asian Art 10942:Rinehart, R. (2004), 10727:Oberlies, T. (1998), 10449:Krishnananda (1994), 10188:Heehs, Peter (2002), 10141:Fowler, J.D. (1997), 9930:Basham, A.L. (1967). 9450:, Sage Publications, 9241:23 April 2008 at the 9156:. BBC. 26 July 2004. 8734:. Ennes Publications. 8719:. Anmol Publications. 8558:. Marg Publications. 8288:Ranbir Vohra (2000). 7984:. 28 September 1998. 7126:The Study of Hinduism 5993:means "what is heard" 5783:Demographics of India 5778:Christianity in India 5570: 5544: 5536: 5407:Buddhism and Hinduism 5226:A devotee facing the 5225: 5114: 4932: 4916: 4814: 4765: 4750: 4445: 4076:The Golden Temple of 4075: 3961:In earlier writings, 3876: 3849: 3833: 3752: 3650: 3615:. The Agamas are non- 3456:), was born into the 3391: 3234: 2962: 2877: 2649: 2619:Further information: 2597:South Asian Stone Age 2567: 2312:Specialised histories 1583:Kalachuris of Kalyani 1573:Kalachuris of Tripuri 1255:Western Ganga Kingdom 1183:Indo-Sassanid Kingdom 1133:Western Satrap Empire 1116:Indo-Parthian Kingdom 1106:Indo-Scythian Kingdom 657:Late Harappan culture 418:History of South Asia 378:British rule in India 84: Jainism (0.06%) 78: Sikhism (0.35%) 72: Buddhism (7.1%) 52: 37:The Religion of India 17351:United Arab Emirates 16137:Religious experience 15511:Historical religions 14471:Four Mothers Society 13873:Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương 13205:Schwenkfelder Church 12919:Traditional medicine 12118:United Arab Emirates 11785:Constitution and law 11737:10 July 2021 at the 11224:. Sarup & Sons. 11202:Comparative Religion 11080:History of Religions 10892:Current Anthropology 10770:The Early Upanishads 10643:McRae, John (2003), 10024:History of Religions 9351:"Mahamagam Festival" 8918:, p. xviii–xxi. 8274:on 4 September 2006. 8011:Edward Joseph Thomas 7371:By S. Devadas Pillai 7118:Stephanie W. Jamison 6658:, p. 52, 83–86. 6191:An Lu-shan rebellion 5679:Naval Kishore Sharma 5651:declined to issue a 5576:philosophia perennis 5503:can be considered a 5184:improve this section 5037:Hinduism and Jainism 4846:and nine successive 4803:Sikhism and Hinduism 4659:Chaitanya Mahaprabhu 4557:improve this article 4426:Sri Vallabha Acharya 4247:Hinduism Middle Ages 4164:Buddhism and Jainism 4158:Jainism and Buddhism 3879:the third phase on . 3757:as king's residence. 3623:are a collection of 3366:(non-stealing), and 3147:, the 24th and last 3034:Historical roots of 2977:Indo-Iranian peoples 2847:(revealed) texts of 2837:composed in archaic 2621:Prehistoric religion 2577:prehistoric religion 1830:Ahmadnagar Sultanate 1632:Late medieval period 1543:Eastern Ganga Empire 1275:Vishnukundina Empire 296:principal Upanishads 243:rock paintings. The 237:prehistoric religion 66: Hinduism (16%) 34:. For the book, see 17744:Trinidad and Tobago 17639:Antigua and Barbuda 16807:Religion by country 15863:Cult of Magna Mater 14343:Philippine Dayawism 13924:Nimbarka Sampradaya 13672:Chinese Manichaeism 13344:Jehovah's Witnesses 13149:Proto-Protestantism 12850:South Asian studies 12376:South Asian regions 12145:limited recognition 11802:on 23 February 2015 11622:15 May 2013 at the 11422:7 July 2015 at the 11152:on 14 February 2015 10874:Raju, P.T. (1992), 10813:. Rowman Altamira. 10805:Possehl, Gregory L. 10136:, Malden: Blackwell 10059:(Second ed.), 9719:by Bimala Churn Law 9657:, pp. 148–150. 9618:, pp. 148–153. 9594:, pp. 338–339. 9579:, pp. 313–314. 9139:, pp. 123–124. 8964:National Geographic 8930:, pp. 227–249. 8690:Lal, Mohan (2006). 8662:. Vikas Pub. House. 7334:, pp. 350–351. 7105:, pp. 293–299. 6956:, pp. 286–287. 6944:, pp. 141–145. 6867:, pp. 399–432. 6843:, pp. 180–181. 6819:, pp. 141–144. 6804:, pp. 141–156. 6762:, pp. 281–282. 6581:, pp. xx–xxiv. 6162:Rashtrakuta Dynasty 5751:Abrahamic religions 5637:Indian Constitution 5472:is classified as a 5001:Gaudiya Vaishnavism 4887:Early modern period 4799:Sikhism and Jainism 4699:Bhadrachala Ramadas 4655:Srimanta Sankardeva 4292:In the same period 3978:scriptural evidence 3896:, and the medieval 3850:A basalt statue of 3791:Three Crowned Kings 3738:Indo-Aryan language 3599:Dravidian languages 3410:History of Buddhism 3341:(6th century BCE). 3325:Timeline of Jainism 3208:(conclusion of the 2599:sites, such as the 2498:Iron Age including 2495:(until c. 1750 BCE) 2466:Scottish historian 1912:Early modern period 1759:Vijayanagara Empire 1739:Chitradurga Kingdom 1433:Bhauma-Kara Kingdom 845:Shaishunaga dynasty 410:History of Buddhism 406:History of Hinduism 144: 113:Indian subcontinent 17679:Dominican Republic 16725:Abrahamic prophets 15814:Proto-Indo-Iranian 14316:Aliran Kepercayaan 13519:Non-denominational 13441:Modernist Salafism 13127:Oriental Orthodoxy 12284:South Asian topics 11707:The Indian Express 11262:Tantra in Practice 10645:Seeing Through Zen 10473:A History of India 9968:, ASIN: B0007BFXK4 9828:Syed Shahabuddin. 9757:Westerlund, David 9223:Ramaswamy, P. 210 9211:Ramaswamy, P. 204 9193:on 3 December 2013 9115:, p. 127-129. 8515:, p. 218-219. 8326:Essential Hinduism 7603:, p. 273–274. 7558:von Glasenapp 1999 7419:, p. 182-183. 6974:. pp. 18–19. 6713:Harari, Yuval Noah 6705:Harari, Yuval Noah 5808:Kalasha (religion) 5464:are classified as 5399:Āstika and nāstika 5232: 5121: 4970:Raja Ram Mohan Roy 4943: 4927: 4828: 4795:History of Sikhism 4761: 4572:"Indian religions" 4243:Late-Classical Age 4086: 3864: 3840: 3759: 3712:-the forests, and 3653: 3420:Siddhartha Gautama 3394: 3237: 2917:and 'mumbling' of 2752:chimeric creations 2706:Gregory L. Possehl 2660: 2609:Kupgal petroglyphs 2573: 2557:that did not have 2389:Partition of India 2254:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 2202:Regional histories 2147:National histories 2034:Travancore Kingdom 2004:Thondaiman Kingdom 1874:Golkonda Sultanate 1483:Somavamshi Kingdom 1453:Rashtrakuta Empire 1393:Rashidun Caliphate 1315:Kabul Shahi Empire 1163:Nagas of Padmavati 1086:Indo-Greek Kingdom 1026:(230 BC – AD 1206) 719:Vedic Civilisation 667:Vedic Civilisation 564:Ahar-Banas culture 260:Indo-Aryan peoples 142: 55: 17949: 17948: 17917: 17916: 17913: 17912: 16901:Equatorial Guinea 16797: 16796: 16793: 16792: 16331:Cognitive science 15950: 15949: 15883:Mysteries of Isis 15657:Frankish paganism 15500: 15499: 15496: 15495: 15492: 15491: 15244:White Brotherhood 15110: 15109: 15075: 15074: 14476:Keetoowah Society 14377:Sundanese Wiwitan 14194: 14193: 14190: 14189: 13919:Brahma Sampradaya 13881: 13880: 13684: 13683: 13680: 13679: 13662:Assianism/Uatsdin 13580: 13579: 13349:British Israelism 13335:Nontrinitarianism 13298:Plymouth Brethren 13293:Nondenominational 13227:Congregationalism 13115:Eastern Orthodoxy 13063:Reconstructionist 12927: 12926: 12830:Traditional games 12815:South Asian Games 12403:General geography 12250: 12249: 12187:other territories 11877:Religion in Asia 11488:. 19 March 2004. 11381:978-0-691-01758-7 11363:978-81-208-0739-6 11294:978-0-521-57219-4 11231:978-81-7625-299-7 11211:978-0-89581-634-4 11180:978-0-520-24225-8 11058:978-90-04-10758-8 11019:Srinivasan, Doris 10850:Radhakrishnan, S. 10820:978-0-7591-1642-9 10779:978-0-19-512435-4 10749:978-0-19-283576-5 10720:978-0-674-03059-6 10635:978-1-57607-907-2 10584:978-81-902272-6-1 10542:978-0-618-38612-3 10493:978-0-7914-2411-7 10409:978-1-136-87590-8 10377:978-1-136-87597-7 10320:978-81-208-1776-0 10302:978-81-7772-022-8 10289:Jain, Champat Rai 10250:978-90-04-19380-2 10223:. "Hinduism". In 10211:. "Hinduism". In 10201:978-0-8147-3650-0 10113:978-0-521-43878-0 10014:978-0-486-21616-4 9384:978-81-212-0809-3 9048:, pp. 25–28. 8890:Rādhākrishnan, S. 8644:978-0-684-18898-0 8447:Krishnamurti 2003 8366:, pp. 11–14. 8214:978-0-7914-3068-2 8144:978-81-87746-04-1 8058:978-0-19-860560-7 8033:978-0-19-860560-7 7912:978-0-8248-2810-3 7810:Hajime Nakamura, 7798:978-81-208-0880-5 7760:978-81-206-1196-2 7530:978-1-59884-204-3 7503:978-0-664-23320-4 7358:, pp. 42–45. 7320:Krishnananda 1994 7308:Krishnananda 1994 7226:978-3-7438-6452-8 6890:978-81-7154-839-2 6792:, pp. 48–78. 6726:978-0-09-959008-8 6715:; Purcell, John; 6569:, p. 259-60. 6492:, pp. 12–14. 6344:gordonconwell.edu 6317:on 7 January 2019 6158:Gurjara-Pratihara 5798:Iranian religions 5788:Hinduism in India 5773:Buddhism in India 5607:The inclusion of 5597:Religion in India 5332:Hikayat Seri Rama 5328:Phra Lak Phra Lam 5220: 5219: 5212: 5023:, founder of the 4974:Swami Vivekananda 4820:The Golden Temple 4743:Unifying Hinduism 4737:Unifying Hinduism 4633: 4632: 4625: 4607: 4476:Deccan Sultanates 4472:Bahmani Sultanate 4430:Shuddha Advaita ( 4399:[aːɻʋaːr] 4050:. The thoroughly 4048:atheistic schools 4018:Indian philosophy 4012:Indian philosophy 3720:-the plains, and 3673:was glorified as 3591:Dravidian peoples 3581:Dravidian culture 3474:Gautama Maharishi 2956:means "is-ness". 2568:"Priest King" of 2502:(c. 1750–600 BCE) 2453: 2452: 2138: 2137: 2132: 2131: 2052: 2051: 1954:Thanjavur Kingdom 1902: 1901: 1863:Bijapur Sultanate 1819:Deccan sultanates 1697:Tughlaq Sultanate 1644:Ghaznavid Dynasty 1622: 1621: 1493:Chaulukya Kingdom 1423:Mallabhum kingdom 1413:Umayyad Caliphate 1153:Bharshiva Dynasty 1049:(200 BC – AD 300) 1039:(230 BC – AD 220) 1035:Satavahana Empire 1013: 1012: 1009:(247 BC – AD 224) 865:Macedonian Empire 839:(450 BC – AD 489) 827:Achaemenid Empire 697: 696: 602: 601: 525: 524: 475: 474: 459:Madrasian culture 272:, as well as the 233: 232: 133:Eastern religions 101:Dharmic religions 32:Religion in India 16:(Redirected from 17974: 17962:Indian religions 17939: 17929: 17928: 17807:Papua New Guinea 17782:Marshall Islands 17609:Northern Ireland 16814: 16813: 16803: 16802: 16687:Secular theology 16682:Secular humanism 15967: 15966: 15956: 15955: 15831:Ancestral Pueblo 15506: 15505: 15125: 15124: 14802: 14801: 14205: 14204: 13961:Shaiva Siddhanta 13892: 13891: 13825:Korean shamanism 13704: 13703: 13695: 13694: 13591: 13590: 13504:Mahdawi movement 13374:Swedenborgianism 13354:Christadelphians 13000: 12999: 12991: 12990: 12982: 12981: 12969: 12968: 12954: 12947: 12940: 12931: 12930: 12825:Physical culture 12720:Former countries 12715:Contemporary era 12415: 12277: 12270: 12263: 12254: 12253: 12240: 12230: 12229: 12199:Christmas Island 11885:Sovereign states 11870: 11863: 11856: 11847: 11846: 11842: 11840: 11838: 11811: 11809: 11807: 11798:. Archived from 11780: 11778: 11776: 11767:. Archived from 11742: 11729: 11723: 11722: 11720: 11718: 11709:. 31 July 2007. 11699: 11693: 11688: 11682: 11681: 11679: 11677: 11668:. Archived from 11662: 11641: 11632: 11626: 11611: 11605: 11604: 11602: 11600: 11591:. Archived from 11585: 11579: 11578: 11576: 11574: 11559: 11553: 11552: 11550: 11548: 11533: 11527: 11511: 11502: 11501: 11499: 11497: 11476: 11470: 11469: 11463: 11455: 11453: 11451: 11439: 11433: 11413: 11394: 11385: 11366: 11344:Campbell, Joseph 11340:Zimmer, Heinrich 11335: 11326: 11298: 11274: 11256: 11235: 11214: 11196: 11194: 11192: 11160: 11159: 11157: 11151: 11144: 11132: 11119: 11111: 11074: 11072: 11070: 11038: 11014: 11005: 10992: 10983: 10974: 10965: 10956: 10938: 10936: 10934: 10928: 10889: 10879: 10870: 10859: 10845: 10836: 10834: 10832: 10800: 10782: 10764: 10763: 10761: 10732: 10723: 10705: 10694: 10685: 10684:, Fortress Press 10676: 10666: 10657: 10648: 10639: 10618: 10604: 10596: 10587: 10567: 10558: 10556: 10554: 10525: 10497: 10476: 10467: 10466: 10464: 10445: 10424: 10423: 10421: 10392: 10391: 10389: 10360: 10351: 10342: 10341:, Berghahn Books 10333: 10324: 10305: 10284: 10266: 10264: 10262: 10233:Hiltebeitel, Alf 10228: 10221:Hiltebeitel, Alf 10216: 10209:Hiltebeitel, Alf 10204: 10184: 10175: 10157: 10137: 10128: 10127: 10125: 10093: 10092: 10090: 10046: 10018: 9997: 9978: 9969: 9964:(8th ed.), 9956: 9947: 9935: 9912: 9911: 9909: 9907: 9901: 9894: 9885: 9879: 9878: 9876: 9874: 9869:on 11 March 2007 9865:. Archived from 9858: 9852: 9851: 9849: 9847: 9825: 9819: 9813: 9804: 9803: 9801: 9799: 9790:. Archived from 9780: 9774: 9768: 9762: 9755: 9749: 9743: 9737: 9731: 9720: 9713: 9707: 9700: 9694: 9688: 9682: 9676: 9670: 9664: 9658: 9652: 9646: 9640: 9634: 9628: 9619: 9613: 9607: 9601: 9595: 9589: 9580: 9574: 9565: 9561:Pollock, P. 661 9559: 9553: 9552: 9550: 9548: 9530: 9519: 9513: 9504: 9498: 9492: 9486: 9473: 9472: 9471: 9469: 9441: 9435: 9432: 9426: 9420: 9414: 9408: 9395: 9394: 9393: 9391: 9368: 9362: 9361: 9359: 9357: 9347: 9341: 9340:, p. 43-44. 9335: 9329: 9323: 9317: 9316:, p. 26-27. 9311: 9305: 9299: 9293: 9292:, p. 24-33. 9287: 9281: 9275: 9269: 9263: 9254: 9251: 9245: 9233: 9227: 9221: 9215: 9209: 9203: 9202: 9200: 9198: 9192: 9186:. Archived from 9185: 9179:Andrea Nippard. 9176: 9170: 9169: 9167: 9165: 9146: 9140: 9134: 9128: 9122: 9116: 9110: 9101: 9095: 9086: 9080: 9074: 9068: 9049: 9043: 9037: 9031: 8998: 8992: 8986: 8985:, p. 40-41. 8980: 8971: 8961: 8955: 8949: 8943: 8937: 8931: 8925: 8919: 8913: 8907: 8906: 8886: 8880: 8874: 8868: 8862: 8856: 8853:Hiltebeitel 2002 8850: 8841: 8838:Hiltebeitel 2002 8835: 8829: 8826:Hiltebeitel 2002 8823: 8817: 8814:Hiltebeitel 2002 8811: 8805: 8802:Hiltebeitel 2002 8799: 8793: 8787: 8768: 8762: 8751: 8745: 8736: 8735: 8727: 8721: 8720: 8712: 8706: 8705: 8687: 8681: 8680: 8670: 8664: 8663: 8655: 8649: 8648: 8636: 8623: 8617: 8616: 8608: 8602: 8601: 8593: 8587: 8586: 8578: 8572: 8571: 8569: 8567: 8549: 8543: 8542: 8534: 8528: 8522: 8516: 8510: 8504: 8498: 8492: 8489:Hiltebeitel 2007 8486: 8480: 8474: 8465: 8459: 8450: 8444: 8438: 8431: 8425: 8418: 8409: 8408: 8405:India: A History 8400: 8394: 8388: 8382: 8381: 8373: 8367: 8361: 8355: 8348: 8342: 8336: 8330: 8329: 8321: 8312: 8311: 8303: 8294: 8293: 8285: 8276: 8275: 8270:. Archived from 8259: 8253: 8250: 8241: 8240: 8233: 8227: 8226: 8198: 8192: 8191: 8189: 8187: 8167: 8161: 8160: 8158: 8156: 8128: 8122: 8121: 8113: 8107: 8106: 8104: 8102: 8096: 8089: 8081: 8075: 8069: 8063: 8062: 8044: 8038: 8037: 8019: 8013: 8004: 7998: 7997: 7995: 7993: 7974: 7968: 7967: 7965: 7963: 7943: 7937: 7936: 7934: 7932: 7896: 7890: 7889: 7887: 7885: 7866: 7860: 7850: 7841: 7824: 7815: 7808: 7802: 7801: 7782: 7776: 7775: 7774: 7772: 7744: 7738: 7731: 7725: 7719: 7713: 7707: 7701: 7695: 7689: 7683: 7677: 7674: 7665: 7654: 7645: 7638: 7629: 7626: 7620: 7610: 7604: 7598: 7585: 7579: 7573: 7567: 7561: 7555: 7549: 7548: 7540: 7534: 7533: 7514: 7508: 7507: 7487: 7481: 7471: 7465: 7459: 7453: 7452: 7450: 7448: 7429: 7420: 7414: 7408: 7402: 7396: 7390: 7384: 7378: 7372: 7365: 7359: 7353: 7347: 7341: 7335: 7329: 7323: 7317: 7311: 7305: 7299: 7293: 7287: 7281: 7275: 7269: 7260: 7249: 7243: 7242: 7240: 7238: 7210: 7204: 7198: 7192: 7185: 7179: 7172: 7166: 7165: 7157: 7151: 7144: 7138: 7135: 7129: 7115: 7106: 7100: 7094: 7088: 7082: 7076: 7070: 7064: 7058: 7052: 7046: 7045: 7015: 7006: 7000: 6994: 6993: 6963: 6957: 6951: 6945: 6939: 6930: 6916:Thomas McEvilley 6913: 6907: 6901: 6895: 6894: 6874: 6868: 6865:Hiltebeitel 2011 6862: 6856: 6850: 6844: 6838: 6832: 6826: 6820: 6814: 6805: 6799: 6793: 6787: 6778: 6772: 6763: 6757: 6751: 6745: 6739: 6738: 6711:. Translated by 6701: 6695: 6689: 6683: 6677: 6671: 6665: 6659: 6653: 6647: 6641: 6635: 6629: 6623: 6617: 6606: 6605:, p. 19-20. 6600: 6594: 6588: 6582: 6576: 6570: 6564: 6555: 6549: 6540: 6534: 6517: 6516:, p. xxiii. 6511: 6505: 6499: 6493: 6487: 6478: 6471: 6465: 6459: 6450: 6449: 6447: 6445: 6425: 6419: 6418: 6416: 6414: 6405:. 11 June 2020. 6399: 6393: 6392: 6390: 6388: 6379:. 15 July 2021. 6369: 6363: 6362: 6360: 6358: 6352: 6341: 6333: 6327: 6326: 6324: 6322: 6307: 6291: 6288: 6277: 6273: 6267: 6264: 6258: 6254: 6248: 6244: 6238: 6234: 6228: 6213: 6207: 6204: 6198: 6183: 6177: 6166:Chalukya dynasty 6152:In the east the 6150: 6144: 6132: 6126: 6122: 6116: 6108: 6102: 6099: 6093: 6089: 6083: 6079: 6073: 6069: 6063: 6059: 6053: 6049: 6043: 6040: 6034: 6031:Patrick Olivelle 6029:Gavin Flood and 6027: 6021: 6017: 6011: 6000: 5994: 5985: 5979: 5973: 5967: 5964: 5958: 5941: 5935: 5926: 5920: 5915: 5909: 5886: 5880: 5877: 5871: 5868: 5862: 5859: 5828:Sikhism in India 5803:Jainism in India 5744: 5739: 5738: 5737: 5730: 5725: 5724: 5723: 5716: 5711: 5710: 5702: 5697: 5696: 5695: 5653:writ of Mandamus 5403:Hindu philosophy 5316:Vessantarajataka 5215: 5208: 5204: 5201: 5195: 5164: 5156: 4807:Sikhism in India 4753:Meenakshi Temple 4724:on their body" ( 4663:Vallabha Acharya 4628: 4621: 4617: 4614: 4608: 4606: 4565: 4541: 4533: 4432:Pure Non-dualism 4401: 4392: 4181:worshiped Vishnu 4068:Hindu literature 3690:Sangam landscape 3528:Palitana temples 3521: 3503:Mahabodhi Temple 3496: 3360:(truthfulness), 3354:(non-violence), 3219:, the 23rd Jain 3140: 3116: 3036:Jainism in India 2989:Avestan language 2940:is derived from 2726:Thomas McEvilley 2690:Vedic literature 2686:Doris Srinivasan 2445: 2438: 2431: 2394:Pakistan studies 2234:Himachal Pradesh 2074:Portuguese India 2070: 2069: 2066: 2024:Sikh Confederacy 1920: 1919: 1916: 1769:Bengal Sultanate 1708:Sayyid Sultanate 1686:Khalji Sultanate 1675:Mamluk Sultanate 1640: 1639: 1636: 1617: 1613: 1610: 1553:Kakatiya Kingdom 1463:Paramara Kingdom 1356: 1352: 1349: 1325: 1322: 1265:Kamarupa Kingdom 1228: 1224: 1221: 1214:Kalabhras Empire 1207: 1203: 1200: 1126: 1123: 1110:(50 BC – AD 400) 1090:(180 BC – AD 10) 1069: 1065: 1062: 1031: 1030: 1027: 998: 994: 991: 977: 974: 960: 957: 943: 940: 926: 923: 909: 905: 902: 820: 817: 803: 800: 783:Haryanka dynasty 773:Pradyota dynasty 715: 714: 711: 620: 619: 616: 557: 554: 547:Anarta tradition 543: 542: 539: 507:Mehrgarh culture 497:Bhirrana culture 493: 492: 489: 488:(10,800–3300 BC) 455: 454: 451: 441: 440: 428: 414: 413: 402:History of India 208: 193: 178: 163: 145: 141: 137:history of India 97:Indian religions 89: 83: 77: 71: 65: 21: 17982: 17981: 17977: 17976: 17975: 17973: 17972: 17971: 17952: 17951: 17950: 17945: 17909: 17836: 17817:Solomon Islands 17753: 17625: 17529:North Macedonia 17370: 17095: 16808: 16789: 16750:Mass gatherings 16718: 16713: 16706: 16645: 16640: 16631: 16565:Religiocentrism 16545:National church 16413: 16410: 16402: 16317: 16310: 16247: 16169:Bodies of water 15961: 15946: 15731:Jamaican Maroon 15513: 15488: 15425: 15255: 15248: 15119: 15117: 15106: 15071: 15045:Trinidad Orisha 14830: 14823: 14796: 14789: 14716: 14679: 14665:Washat Dreamers 14388: 14381: 14277: 14259: 14186: 14160:Srilankan Vedda 14111: 14039: 13914:Sri Vaishnavism 13877: 13839: 13811: 13769: 13676: 13650: 13617: 13576: 13530: 13455:Twelver Shi'ism 13397: 13259:Neo-charismatic 13232:Presbyterianism 13084: 12976: 12963: 12958: 12928: 12923: 12885: 12859: 12836: 12791: 12724: 12695:Middle kingdoms 12659: 12650:Stock exchanges 12605: 12582: 12538:Cultural sphere 12504: 12416: 12407: 12286: 12281: 12251: 12246: 12218: 12186: 12177: 12158:Northern Cyprus 12144: 12137: 11879: 11874: 11836: 11834: 11821: 11805: 11803: 11790: 11774: 11772: 11759: 11751: 11746: 11745: 11739:Wayback Machine 11730: 11726: 11716: 11714: 11701: 11700: 11696: 11689: 11685: 11675: 11673: 11664: 11663: 11644: 11633: 11629: 11624:Wayback Machine 11612: 11608: 11598: 11596: 11587: 11586: 11582: 11572: 11570: 11561: 11560: 11556: 11546: 11544: 11535: 11534: 11530: 11521:Wayback Machine 11512: 11505: 11495: 11493: 11478: 11477: 11473: 11457: 11456: 11449: 11447: 11442:Adherents.com. 11440: 11436: 11424:Wayback Machine 11414: 11407: 11402: 11397: 11382: 11364: 11295: 11279:Wright, Rita P. 11272: 11253: 11232: 11212: 11190: 11188: 11181: 11155: 11153: 11149: 11142: 11068: 11066: 11059: 10954: 10932: 10930: 10926: 10887: 10868: 10830: 10828: 10821: 10798: 10780: 10759: 10757: 10750: 10721: 10636: 10585: 10552: 10550: 10543: 10494: 10462: 10460: 10443: 10419: 10417: 10410: 10387: 10385: 10378: 10321: 10303: 10282: 10272:The Hindu World 10260: 10258: 10251: 10225:Kitagawa (2007) 10213:Kitagawa (2002) 10202: 10173: 10155: 10123: 10121: 10114: 10098:Flood, Gavin D. 10088: 10086: 10079: 10015: 9994: 9925: 9923:Printed sources 9920: 9915: 9905: 9903: 9899: 9892: 9886: 9882: 9872: 9870: 9861: 9859: 9855: 9845: 9843: 9826: 9822: 9814: 9807: 9797: 9795: 9794:on 13 July 2017 9782: 9781: 9777: 9769: 9765: 9756: 9752: 9744: 9740: 9732: 9723: 9714: 9710: 9701: 9697: 9689: 9685: 9677: 9673: 9665: 9661: 9653: 9649: 9641: 9637: 9631:Kalupahana 1994 9629: 9622: 9614: 9610: 9602: 9598: 9590: 9583: 9575: 9568: 9560: 9556: 9546: 9544: 9531: 9522: 9514: 9507: 9499: 9495: 9487: 9476: 9467: 9465: 9458: 9442: 9438: 9433: 9429: 9421: 9417: 9409: 9398: 9389: 9387: 9385: 9369: 9365: 9355: 9353: 9349: 9348: 9344: 9336: 9332: 9324: 9320: 9312: 9308: 9300: 9296: 9288: 9284: 9276: 9272: 9264: 9257: 9252: 9248: 9243:Wayback Machine 9234: 9230: 9222: 9218: 9210: 9206: 9196: 9194: 9190: 9183: 9177: 9173: 9163: 9161: 9148: 9147: 9143: 9135: 9131: 9123: 9119: 9111: 9104: 9096: 9089: 9081: 9077: 9069: 9052: 9044: 9040: 9032: 9001: 8993: 8989: 8981: 8974: 8962: 8958: 8950: 8946: 8938: 8934: 8926: 8922: 8914: 8910: 8904: 8887: 8883: 8875: 8871: 8865:Puligandla 1997 8863: 8859: 8851: 8844: 8836: 8832: 8824: 8820: 8812: 8808: 8800: 8796: 8788: 8771: 8763: 8754: 8746: 8739: 8728: 8724: 8713: 8709: 8702: 8688: 8684: 8671: 8667: 8656: 8652: 8645: 8624: 8620: 8609: 8605: 8594: 8590: 8579: 8575: 8565: 8563: 8550: 8546: 8535: 8531: 8523: 8519: 8511: 8507: 8499: 8495: 8487: 8483: 8475: 8468: 8460: 8453: 8445: 8441: 8432: 8428: 8419: 8412: 8401: 8397: 8389: 8385: 8374: 8370: 8362: 8358: 8349: 8345: 8337: 8333: 8322: 8315: 8304: 8297: 8286: 8279: 8260: 8256: 8251: 8244: 8235: 8234: 8230: 8215: 8199: 8195: 8185: 8183: 8168: 8164: 8154: 8152: 8145: 8129: 8125: 8114: 8110: 8100: 8098: 8094: 8087: 8083: 8082: 8078: 8070: 8066: 8059: 8045: 8041: 8034: 8020: 8016: 8005: 8001: 7991: 7989: 7976: 7975: 7971: 7961: 7959: 7944: 7940: 7930: 7928: 7913: 7897: 7893: 7883: 7881: 7876:. 1 July 1997. 7868: 7867: 7863: 7851: 7844: 7827:Harry Oldmeadow 7825: 7818: 7809: 7805: 7799: 7783: 7779: 7770: 7768: 7761: 7745: 7741: 7735:World Religions 7732: 7728: 7720: 7716: 7708: 7704: 7696: 7692: 7684: 7680: 7675: 7668: 7655: 7648: 7639: 7632: 7627: 7623: 7611: 7607: 7599: 7588: 7580: 7576: 7568: 7564: 7556: 7552: 7541: 7537: 7531: 7515: 7511: 7504: 7488: 7484: 7472: 7468: 7460: 7456: 7446: 7444: 7431: 7430: 7423: 7415: 7411: 7403: 7399: 7391: 7387: 7379: 7375: 7366: 7362: 7354: 7350: 7342: 7338: 7330: 7326: 7318: 7314: 7306: 7302: 7294: 7290: 7282: 7278: 7270: 7263: 7250: 7246: 7236: 7234: 7227: 7211: 7207: 7199: 7195: 7191:By Roshen Dalal 7186: 7182: 7173: 7169: 7158: 7154: 7145: 7141: 7136: 7132: 7116: 7109: 7101: 7097: 7089: 7085: 7077: 7073: 7065: 7061: 7053: 7049: 7034: 7016: 7009: 7001: 6997: 6982: 6964: 6960: 6952: 6948: 6940: 6933: 6914: 6910: 6902: 6898: 6891: 6875: 6871: 6863: 6859: 6851: 6847: 6841:Srinivasan 1997 6839: 6835: 6829:Srinivasan 1975 6827: 6823: 6815: 6808: 6800: 6796: 6788: 6781: 6773: 6766: 6758: 6754: 6746: 6742: 6727: 6702: 6698: 6690: 6686: 6678: 6674: 6666: 6662: 6654: 6650: 6642: 6638: 6630: 6626: 6618: 6609: 6601: 6597: 6589: 6585: 6577: 6573: 6565: 6558: 6550: 6543: 6535: 6520: 6512: 6508: 6500: 6496: 6488: 6481: 6472: 6468: 6460: 6453: 6443: 6441: 6434:Hindustan Times 6426: 6422: 6412: 6410: 6401: 6400: 6396: 6386: 6384: 6371: 6370: 6366: 6356: 6354: 6350: 6339: 6335: 6334: 6330: 6320: 6318: 6309: 6308: 6304: 6300: 6295: 6294: 6289: 6285: 6280: 6274: 6270: 6265: 6261: 6255: 6251: 6245: 6241: 6235: 6231: 6214: 6210: 6205: 6201: 6184: 6180: 6170:Pallava dynasty 6151: 6147: 6133: 6129: 6123: 6119: 6109: 6105: 6100: 6096: 6090: 6086: 6080: 6076: 6070: 6066: 6060: 6056: 6050: 6046: 6041: 6037: 6028: 6024: 6018: 6014: 6001: 5997: 5986: 5982: 5976:Richard E. King 5974: 5970: 5965: 5961: 5942: 5938: 5927: 5923: 5916: 5912: 5887: 5883: 5878: 5874: 5869: 5865: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5847: 5757:Taoic religions 5740: 5735: 5733: 5728:Hinduism portal 5726: 5721: 5719: 5714:Religion portal 5712: 5705: 5698: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5605: 5599: 5593: 5562:Richard E. King 5531: 5525: 5468:schools, while 5419: 5409: 5397:Main articles: 5395: 5360: 5352: 5336:Khamti Ramayana 5301: 5256: 5244: 5216: 5205: 5199: 5196: 5181: 5165: 5154: 5130: 5109: 5077: 5071: 5039: 5033: 4966: 4950:Main articles: 4948: 4935:Maha Kumbh Mela 4911: 4899: 4891:Main articles: 4889: 4884: 4816:Harmandir Sahib 4809: 4791: 4785: 4745: 4739: 4717: 4711: 4629: 4618: 4612: 4609: 4566: 4564: 4554: 4542: 4531: 4529:Bhakti movement 4502:Delhi Sultanate 4490: 4484:Sufism in India 4480:Delhi Sultanate 4462:Main articles: 4460: 4339:Bhakti movement 4335: 4325:Bhakti movement 4323:Main articles: 4321: 4309: 4303: 4290: 4284:Advaita Vedanta 4280: 4237: 4232: 4215: 4209: 4170: 4162:Main articles: 4160: 4116:Ganapati Purana 4100: 4088:Main articles: 4070: 4044:Advaita Vedanta 4020: 4014: 3959: 3953: 3906: 3868:Alf Hiltebeitel 3828: 3820:Main articles: 3818: 3601: 3583: 3552: 3544:Main articles: 3542: 3541: 3540: 3539: 3538: 3522: 3514: 3513: 3497: 3486: 3416: 3396:Main articles: 3386: 3331: 3315:Main articles: 3313: 3247: 3229: 3183: 3171:Main articles: 3169: 3160: 3159: 3158: 3157: 3156: 3141: 3133: 3132: 3117: 3106: 3098:Sanskritization 3094: 3092:Sanskritization 3088: 3086:Sanskritization 3048: 3025: 3019: 2896: 2888:Main articles: 2886: 2865:canonical texts 2809: 2799: 2791:Main articles: 2789: 2722:Heinrich Zimmer 2694:Alf Hiltebeitel 2623: 2617: 2540: 2535: 2464: 2458: 2449: 2420: 2419: 2418: 2313: 2305: 2304: 2303: 2203: 2195: 2194: 2193: 2148: 2140: 2139: 2134: 2133: 2067: 2064: 2062:Colonial states 2054: 2053: 1944:Madurai Kingdom 1917: 1914: 1904: 1903: 1852:Bidar Sultanate 1841:Berar sultanate 1809:Ladakh Kingdom 1799:Gajapati Empire 1779:Garhwal Kingdom 1664:Delhi Sultanate 1637: 1634: 1624: 1623: 1615: 1611: 1593:Chutiya Kingdom 1563:Zamorin Kingdom 1354: 1350: 1342:Maukhari Empire 1332:Chalukya Empire 1323: 1285:Maitraka Empire 1226: 1222: 1205: 1201: 1193:Vakataka Empire 1173:Sasanian Empire 1124: 1067: 1063: 1045:Kuninda Kingdom 1028: 1025: 1023:Middle Kingdoms 1015: 1014: 1005:Parthian Empire 996: 992: 975: 958: 941: 924: 907: 903: 818: 801: 712: 709: 699: 698: 617: 614: 604: 603: 555: 540: 537: 527: 526: 517:Edakkal culture 490: 487: 477: 476: 468:Soanian culture 452: 449: 438: 412: 394: 105:Indic religions 94: 93: 92: 91: 87: 85: 81: 79: 75: 73: 69: 67: 63: 45: 28: 23: 22: 18:Indian religion 15: 12: 11: 5: 17980: 17970: 17969: 17964: 17947: 17946: 17944: 17943: 17933: 17922: 17919: 17918: 17915: 17914: 17911: 17910: 17908: 17907: 17902: 17897: 17892: 17887: 17882: 17877: 17872: 17867: 17862: 17857: 17852: 17846: 17844: 17838: 17837: 17835: 17834: 17829: 17824: 17819: 17814: 17809: 17804: 17799: 17794: 17789: 17784: 17779: 17774: 17769: 17763: 17761: 17755: 17754: 17752: 17751: 17746: 17741: 17736: 17731: 17726: 17721: 17716: 17711: 17706: 17701: 17696: 17691: 17686: 17681: 17676: 17671: 17666: 17661: 17656: 17651: 17646: 17641: 17635: 17633: 17627: 17626: 17624: 17623: 17622: 17621: 17616: 17611: 17606: 17599:United Kingdom 17596: 17591: 17586: 17581: 17576: 17571: 17566: 17561: 17556: 17551: 17546: 17541: 17536: 17531: 17526: 17521: 17516: 17511: 17506: 17501: 17496: 17491: 17486: 17481: 17476: 17471: 17466: 17461: 17456: 17451: 17446: 17441: 17436: 17431: 17426: 17421: 17416: 17411: 17406: 17401: 17396: 17391: 17386: 17380: 17378: 17372: 17371: 17369: 17368: 17363: 17358: 17353: 17348: 17343: 17338: 17333: 17328: 17323: 17318: 17313: 17308: 17303: 17298: 17293: 17288: 17283: 17278: 17273: 17268: 17263: 17258: 17253: 17248: 17243: 17238: 17233: 17228: 17227: 17226: 17221: 17211: 17206: 17201: 17196: 17191: 17186: 17181: 17176: 17171: 17166: 17161: 17156: 17151: 17146: 17141: 17136: 17131: 17126: 17121: 17116: 17111: 17105: 17103: 17097: 17096: 17094: 17093: 17088: 17083: 17078: 17073: 17068: 17063: 17058: 17053: 17048: 17043: 17038: 17033: 17028: 17023: 17018: 17013: 17008: 17003: 16998: 16993: 16988: 16983: 16978: 16973: 16968: 16963: 16958: 16953: 16948: 16943: 16938: 16933: 16928: 16923: 16918: 16913: 16908: 16903: 16898: 16893: 16888: 16883: 16878: 16873: 16868: 16863: 16858: 16853: 16848: 16843: 16838: 16833: 16828: 16822: 16820: 16810: 16809: 16799: 16798: 16795: 16794: 16791: 16790: 16788: 16787: 16782: 16777: 16772: 16767: 16762: 16757: 16752: 16747: 16742: 16737: 16732: 16727: 16721: 16719: 16711: 16708: 16707: 16705: 16704: 16699: 16694: 16692:Secularization 16689: 16684: 16679: 16674: 16672:Deconstruction 16669: 16664: 16659: 16654: 16648: 16646: 16636: 16633: 16632: 16630: 16629: 16624: 16623: 16622: 16617: 16612: 16607: 16597: 16592: 16587: 16582: 16577: 16572: 16567: 16562: 16557: 16552: 16547: 16542: 16537: 16532: 16527: 16522: 16520:Fundamentalism 16517: 16516: 16515: 16510: 16505: 16500: 16490: 16485: 16480: 16475: 16474: 16473: 16468: 16463: 16453: 16452: 16451: 16446: 16441: 16427: 16422: 16416: 16414: 16407: 16404: 16403: 16401: 16400: 16395: 16390: 16385: 16384: 16383: 16373: 16368: 16363: 16358: 16353: 16348: 16343: 16338: 16333: 16328: 16322: 16320: 16312: 16311: 16309: 16308: 16303: 16298: 16293: 16288: 16283: 16278: 16273: 16268: 16263: 16257: 16255: 16249: 16248: 16246: 16245: 16244: 16243: 16238: 16233: 16223: 16218: 16213: 16208: 16203: 16198: 16193: 16188: 16187: 16186: 16181: 16176: 16171: 16161: 16160: 16159: 16154: 16149: 16139: 16134: 16129: 16124: 16119: 16114: 16109: 16104: 16099: 16094: 16093: 16092: 16087: 16082: 16072: 16067: 16062: 16057: 16052: 16047: 16042: 16037: 16032: 16027: 16022: 16017: 16012: 16007: 15998: 15996:Call to prayer 15993: 15988: 15983: 15981:Disaffiliation 15973: 15971: 15963: 15962: 15952: 15951: 15948: 15947: 15945: 15944: 15939: 15934: 15929: 15924: 15919: 15914: 15909: 15908: 15907: 15902: 15897: 15887: 15886: 15885: 15880: 15875: 15870: 15865: 15855: 15850: 15849: 15848: 15843: 15838: 15828: 15827: 15826: 15821: 15811: 15810: 15809: 15804: 15799: 15794: 15784: 15779: 15778: 15777: 15767: 15766: 15765: 15760: 15750: 15745: 15744: 15743: 15733: 15728: 15723: 15718: 15713: 15708: 15703: 15698: 15697: 15696: 15691: 15686: 15681: 15679:Greco-Buddhism 15676: 15666: 15665: 15664: 15659: 15654: 15649: 15639: 15634: 15633: 15632: 15622: 15617: 15612: 15611: 15610: 15600: 15595: 15590: 15589: 15588: 15583: 15573: 15568: 15567: 15566: 15561: 15556: 15546: 15541: 15536: 15531: 15530: 15529: 15518: 15515: 15514: 15502: 15501: 15498: 15497: 15494: 15493: 15490: 15489: 15487: 15486: 15485: 15484: 15474: 15469: 15464: 15459: 15454: 15449: 15444: 15439: 15433: 15431: 15427: 15426: 15424: 15423: 15422: 15421: 15409: 15404: 15403: 15402: 15397: 15392: 15387: 15382: 15377: 15372: 15362: 15357: 15352: 15347: 15342: 15337: 15332: 15327: 15322: 15321: 15320: 15310: 15309: 15308: 15303: 15293: 15292: 15291: 15286: 15276: 15271: 15270: 15269: 15260: 15258: 15250: 15249: 15247: 15246: 15241: 15236: 15231: 15230: 15229: 15224: 15214: 15209: 15204: 15199: 15194: 15193: 15192: 15182: 15177: 15172: 15167: 15162: 15157: 15152: 15147: 15142: 15137: 15131: 15129: 15122: 15112: 15111: 15108: 15107: 15105: 15104: 15099: 15094: 15089: 15083: 15081: 15077: 15076: 15073: 15072: 15070: 15069: 15068: 15067: 15062: 15057: 15052: 15047: 15042: 15040:Tambor de Mina 15037: 15032: 15027: 15022: 15017: 15012: 15007: 15002: 14997: 14996: 14995: 14990: 14985: 14966: 14965: 14964: 14963: 14953: 14948: 14943: 14938: 14933: 14928: 14923: 14918: 14913: 14908: 14903: 14898: 14893: 14888: 14883: 14878: 14873: 14868: 14867: 14866: 14861: 14851: 14846: 14841: 14835: 14833: 14825: 14824: 14822: 14821: 14820: 14819: 14817:Guanche church 14808: 14806: 14799: 14791: 14790: 14788: 14787: 14782: 14777: 14772: 14767: 14762: 14757: 14752: 14747: 14742: 14737: 14732: 14726: 14724: 14722:Tibeto-Burmese 14718: 14717: 14715: 14714: 14709: 14704: 14699: 14693: 14691: 14681: 14680: 14678: 14677: 14672: 14667: 14662: 14657: 14652: 14651: 14650: 14645: 14635: 14630: 14628:Nuu-chah-nulth 14625: 14620: 14615: 14610: 14609: 14608: 14603: 14598: 14593: 14583: 14578: 14573: 14572: 14571: 14561: 14556: 14551: 14550: 14549: 14544: 14539: 14537:Muscogee Creek 14534: 14529: 14519: 14514: 14509: 14504: 14495: 14490: 14485: 14480: 14479: 14478: 14473: 14463: 14462: 14461: 14456: 14451: 14446: 14436: 14431: 14426: 14425: 14424: 14419: 14414: 14404: 14399: 14393: 14391: 14383: 14382: 14380: 14379: 14374: 14372:Sumbese Marapu 14369: 14368: 14367: 14362: 14352: 14351: 14350: 14340: 14335: 14330: 14325: 14324: 14323: 14318: 14310: 14309: 14308: 14303: 14293: 14291:Batak Parmalim 14287: 14285: 14279: 14278: 14276: 14275: 14269: 14267: 14261: 14260: 14258: 14257: 14256: 14255: 14250: 14240: 14239: 14238: 14233: 14228: 14213: 14211: 14202: 14196: 14195: 14192: 14191: 14188: 14187: 14185: 14184: 14183: 14182: 14177: 14167: 14162: 14157: 14152: 14147: 14146: 14145: 14140: 14130: 14125: 14119: 14117: 14113: 14112: 14110: 14109: 14102: 14097: 14096: 14095: 14085: 14084: 14083: 14078: 14073: 14055: 14049: 14047: 14041: 14040: 14038: 14037: 14030: 14025: 14020: 14015: 14010: 14005: 14000: 13999: 13998: 13993: 13988: 13983: 13978: 13973: 13968: 13963: 13953: 13952: 13951: 13946: 13941: 13936: 13931: 13926: 13921: 13916: 13911: 13900: 13898: 13889: 13883: 13882: 13879: 13878: 13876: 13875: 13870: 13865: 13860: 13855: 13849: 13847: 13841: 13840: 13838: 13837: 13832: 13827: 13821: 13819: 13813: 13812: 13810: 13809: 13804: 13799: 13794: 13793: 13792: 13779: 13777: 13771: 13770: 13768: 13767: 13766: 13765: 13760: 13750: 13749: 13748: 13743: 13733: 13728: 13723: 13718: 13712: 13710: 13701: 13692: 13686: 13685: 13682: 13681: 13678: 13677: 13675: 13674: 13669: 13664: 13658: 13656: 13652: 13651: 13649: 13648: 13643: 13638: 13633: 13627: 13625: 13619: 13618: 13616: 13615: 13610: 13605: 13603:Ilm-e-Khshnoom 13599: 13597: 13588: 13582: 13581: 13578: 13577: 13575: 13574: 13569: 13564: 13559: 13554: 13549: 13544: 13538: 13536: 13532: 13531: 13529: 13528: 13521: 13516: 13511: 13506: 13501: 13496: 13491: 13490: 13489: 13479: 13474: 13473: 13472: 13467: 13462: 13457: 13447: 13446: 13445: 13444: 13443: 13438: 13428: 13423: 13418: 13407: 13405: 13399: 13398: 13396: 13395: 13388: 13387: 13386: 13381: 13376: 13371: 13366: 13361: 13356: 13351: 13346: 13340:Bible Students 13332: 13327: 13322: 13317: 13312: 13310:Restorationism 13307: 13306: 13305: 13300: 13295: 13290: 13289: 13288: 13278: 13273: 13268: 13266:Evangelicalism 13263: 13262: 13261: 13256: 13251: 13241: 13240: 13239: 13234: 13229: 13219: 13214: 13209: 13208: 13207: 13202: 13197: 13192: 13187: 13177: 13167: 13166: 13165: 13160: 13146: 13145: 13144: 13139: 13129: 13124: 13123: 13122: 13112: 13111: 13110: 13105: 13094: 13092: 13086: 13085: 13083: 13082: 13075: 13070: 13065: 13060: 13055: 13050: 13045: 13040: 13039: 13038: 13037: 13036: 13026: 13025: 13024: 13008: 13006: 12997: 12988: 12978: 12977: 12965: 12964: 12957: 12956: 12949: 12942: 12934: 12925: 12924: 12922: 12921: 12916: 12911: 12906: 12901: 12895: 12893: 12887: 12886: 12884: 12883: 12878: 12873: 12867: 12865: 12861: 12860: 12858: 12857: 12852: 12846: 12844: 12838: 12837: 12835: 12834: 12833: 12832: 12822: 12817: 12812: 12807: 12801: 12799: 12793: 12792: 12790: 12789: 12788: 12787: 12782: 12777: 12767: 12762: 12761: 12760: 12755: 12750: 12745: 12734: 12732: 12726: 12725: 12723: 12722: 12717: 12712: 12707: 12702: 12697: 12692: 12687: 12682: 12681: 12680: 12669: 12667: 12661: 12660: 12658: 12657: 12652: 12647: 12646: 12645: 12640: 12635: 12625: 12619: 12617: 12607: 12606: 12604: 12603: 12601:Climate change 12598: 12592: 12590: 12584: 12583: 12581: 12580: 12575: 12570: 12565: 12560: 12555: 12550: 12545: 12540: 12535: 12530: 12525: 12520: 12514: 12512: 12506: 12505: 12503: 12502: 12497: 12496: 12495: 12490: 12485: 12480: 12472: 12467: 12462: 12457: 12452: 12447: 12442: 12437: 12432: 12426: 12424: 12418: 12417: 12410: 12408: 12406: 12405: 12400: 12399: 12398: 12393: 12388: 12383: 12373: 12368: 12367: 12366: 12356: 12351: 12346: 12345: 12344: 12339: 12334: 12329: 12328: 12327: 12312: 12307: 12302: 12296: 12294: 12288: 12287: 12280: 12279: 12272: 12265: 12257: 12248: 12247: 12245: 12244: 12234: 12223: 12220: 12219: 12217: 12216: 12211: 12206: 12201: 12196: 12190: 12188: 12179: 12178: 12176: 12175: 12170: 12165: 12160: 12155: 12149: 12147: 12139: 12138: 12136: 12135: 12130: 12125: 12120: 12115: 12110: 12105: 12100: 12095: 12090: 12085: 12080: 12075: 12070: 12065: 12060: 12055: 12050: 12045: 12040: 12035: 12030: 12025: 12020: 12015: 12010: 12005: 12000: 11995: 11990: 11985: 11980: 11975: 11970: 11965: 11960: 11955: 11950: 11945: 11940: 11935: 11930: 11925: 11920: 11915: 11910: 11905: 11900: 11895: 11889: 11887: 11881: 11880: 11873: 11872: 11865: 11858: 11850: 11844: 11843: 11818: 11817: 11813: 11812: 11787: 11786: 11782: 11781: 11771:on 14 May 2007 11756: 11755: 11750: 11749:External links 11747: 11744: 11743: 11724: 11694: 11683: 11642: 11627: 11606: 11595:on 6 July 2017 11580: 11554: 11528: 11503: 11471: 11434: 11415:Adams, C. J., 11404: 11403: 11401: 11398: 11396: 11395: 11386: 11380: 11367: 11362: 11336: 11327: 11310:(3): 335–348, 11299: 11293: 11275: 11270: 11257: 11251: 11236: 11230: 11215: 11210: 11197: 11179: 11165:Thapar, Romila 11161: 11133: 11120: 11112: 11092:10.1086/462498 11086:(1): 115–125. 11075: 11057: 11039: 11015: 11006: 10993: 10984: 10975: 10966: 10957: 10952: 10939: 10912:10.1086/381044 10904:10.1086/381044 10898:(2): 239–259. 10880: 10871: 10866: 10846: 10837: 10819: 10801: 10796: 10783: 10778: 10765: 10748: 10733: 10724: 10719: 10706: 10695: 10686: 10677: 10667: 10658: 10649: 10640: 10634: 10619: 10611:, ed. (1931). 10609:Marshall, John 10605: 10597: 10588: 10583: 10577:, Yoda Press, 10568: 10559: 10541: 10526: 10509:(3): 311–322, 10498: 10492: 10486:. SUNY Press. 10477: 10468: 10446: 10441: 10425: 10408: 10393: 10376: 10361: 10352: 10343: 10334: 10325: 10319: 10306: 10301: 10285: 10280: 10267: 10249: 10229: 10217: 10205: 10200: 10185: 10176: 10171: 10158: 10153: 10138: 10129: 10112: 10094: 10077: 10047: 10036:10.1086/462470 10019: 10013: 9998: 9992: 9979: 9970: 9957: 9948: 9936: 9926: 9924: 9921: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9913: 9880: 9853: 9820: 9816:Cavanaugh 2009 9805: 9775: 9763: 9750: 9738: 9721: 9708: 9695: 9693:, p. 152. 9683: 9681:, p. 151. 9671: 9669:, p. 150. 9659: 9647: 9645:, p. 148. 9635: 9633:, p. 220. 9620: 9608: 9596: 9581: 9566: 9554: 9520: 9518:, p. 210. 9505: 9493: 9491:, p. 239. 9474: 9456: 9436: 9427: 9415: 9396: 9383: 9363: 9342: 9330: 9318: 9306: 9294: 9282: 9270: 9266:Nicholson 2010 9255: 9246: 9228: 9216: 9204: 9171: 9141: 9137:Scheepers 2000 9129: 9127:, p. 123. 9125:Scheepers 2000 9117: 9113:Scheepers 2000 9102: 9098:Scheepers 2000 9087: 9075: 9050: 9038: 8999: 8997:, p. 687. 8987: 8972: 8956: 8944: 8932: 8920: 8908: 8902: 8881: 8869: 8857: 8842: 8830: 8818: 8806: 8794: 8769: 8752: 8737: 8722: 8707: 8700: 8682: 8665: 8650: 8643: 8618: 8603: 8588: 8573: 8544: 8529: 8517: 8505: 8493: 8481: 8466: 8451: 8439: 8426: 8424:(1997), p.308. 8410: 8395: 8383: 8380:. p. 363. 8368: 8356: 8343: 8331: 8313: 8295: 8277: 8254: 8242: 8228: 8213: 8207:. SUNY Press. 8193: 8162: 8143: 8123: 8108: 8076: 8074:, p. 106. 8064: 8057: 8039: 8032: 8014: 7999: 7969: 7938: 7911: 7891: 7861: 7842: 7816: 7803: 7797: 7777: 7759: 7739: 7726: 7714: 7702: 7690: 7678: 7666: 7646: 7630: 7621: 7605: 7586: 7584:, p. 217. 7574: 7570:Mallinson 2007 7562: 7550: 7535: 7529: 7509: 7502: 7482: 7466: 7454: 7421: 7409: 7397: 7385: 7373: 7360: 7348: 7336: 7324: 7312: 7300: 7298:, p. 215. 7288: 7286:, p. 167. 7276: 7274:, p. 166. 7261: 7244: 7225: 7205: 7203:, p. 176. 7193: 7180: 7167: 7152: 7139: 7130: 7122:Michael Witzel 7107: 7095: 7083: 7071: 7059: 7047: 7032: 7026:. p. 18. 7007: 6995: 6980: 6958: 6946: 6931: 6908: 6896: 6889: 6869: 6857: 6845: 6833: 6821: 6806: 6794: 6779: 6764: 6752: 6740: 6725: 6696: 6684: 6672: 6660: 6648: 6636: 6624: 6607: 6595: 6583: 6571: 6567:Svarghese 2008 6556: 6554:, p. 210. 6541: 6518: 6506: 6494: 6479: 6475:The Upanishads 6466: 6451: 6420: 6394: 6364: 6353:on 25 May 2017 6328: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6293: 6292: 6282: 6281: 6279: 6278: 6268: 6259: 6249: 6239: 6229: 6208: 6199: 6178: 6176:(9th century). 6145: 6127: 6117: 6113:Sramana Dharma 6103: 6094: 6084: 6074: 6064: 6054: 6044: 6035: 6022: 6012: 5995: 5980: 5968: 5959: 5957: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5936: 5921: 5910: 5881: 5872: 5863: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5754: 5747: 5746: 5745: 5742:Sikhism portal 5731: 5717: 5703: 5687: 5684: 5595:Main article: 5592: 5589: 5585:Zoroastrianism 5529:Saffronization 5524: 5521: 5394: 5393:categorisation 5384: 5359: 5356: 5351: 5348: 5300: 5297: 5255: 5252: 5243: 5240: 5218: 5217: 5168: 5166: 5159: 5153: 5150: 5129: 5126: 5108: 5105: 5089:B. R. Ambedkar 5073:Main article: 5070: 5067: 5051:Madhya Pradesh 5032: 5029: 4986:Mahatma Gandhi 4947: 4944: 4910: 4907: 4897:Maratha Empire 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4787:Main article: 4784: 4781: 4741:Main article: 4738: 4735: 4713:Main article: 4710: 4707: 4631: 4630: 4545: 4543: 4536: 4530: 4527: 4525:and clothing. 4522:Khalji dynasty 4504:in the former 4488:Islam in India 4459: 4456: 4320: 4317: 4305:Main article: 4302: 4299: 4279: 4276: 4251: 4250: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4211:Main article: 4208: 4205: 4183:, such as the 4159: 4156: 4069: 4066: 4016:Main article: 4013: 4010: 3955:Main article: 3952: 3949: 3929:, directly on 3905: 3902: 3817: 3814: 3789:refers to the 3642:tutelary deity 3582: 3579: 3523: 3516: 3515: 3498: 3491: 3490: 3489: 3488: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3450:Gautama Buddha 3398:Gautama Buddha 3385: 3382: 3329:Jain community 3312: 3309: 3228: 3225: 3195:Sanskrit epics 3168: 3165: 3142: 3135: 3134: 3121:Gautama Buddha 3118: 3111: 3110: 3109: 3108: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3090:Main article: 3087: 3084: 3047: 3044: 3018: 3015: 2993:Vedic language 2885: 2882: 2788: 2785: 2676:Pashupati Seal 2652:Pashupati seal 2650:The so-called 2616: 2613: 2605:Madhya Pradesh 2539: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2530: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2519: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2506: 2503: 2496: 2460:Main article: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2450: 2448: 2447: 2440: 2433: 2425: 2422: 2421: 2417: 2416: 2411: 2406: 2401: 2396: 2391: 2386: 2381: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2361: 2356: 2351: 2346: 2341: 2336: 2331: 2326: 2321: 2315: 2314: 2311: 2310: 2307: 2306: 2302: 2301: 2296: 2291: 2286: 2281: 2276: 2271: 2266: 2261: 2256: 2251: 2246: 2241: 2236: 2231: 2226: 2221: 2216: 2211: 2205: 2204: 2201: 2200: 2197: 2196: 2192: 2191: 2186: 2181: 2176: 2171: 2166: 2161: 2156: 2150: 2149: 2146: 2145: 2142: 2141: 2136: 2135: 2130: 2129: 2126: 2120: 2119: 2116: 2110: 2109: 2106: 2100: 2099: 2096: 2090: 2089: 2086: 2080: 2079: 2076: 2068: 2060: 2059: 2056: 2055: 2050: 2049: 2046: 2040: 2039: 2036: 2030: 2029: 2026: 2020: 2019: 2016: 2014:Maratha Empire 2010: 2009: 2006: 2000: 1999: 1996: 1994:Sikkim Kingdom 1990: 1989: 1986: 1984:Marava Kingdom 1980: 1979: 1976: 1970: 1969: 1966: 1960: 1959: 1956: 1950: 1949: 1946: 1940: 1939: 1936: 1930: 1929: 1926: 1918: 1910: 1909: 1906: 1905: 1900: 1899: 1896: 1890: 1889: 1886: 1884:Keladi Kingdom 1880: 1879: 1876: 1869: 1868: 1865: 1858: 1857: 1854: 1847: 1846: 1843: 1836: 1835: 1832: 1825: 1824: 1821: 1815: 1814: 1811: 1805: 1804: 1801: 1795: 1794: 1791: 1789:Mysore Kingdom 1785: 1784: 1781: 1775: 1774: 1771: 1765: 1764: 1761: 1755: 1754: 1751: 1745: 1744: 1741: 1735: 1734: 1731: 1725: 1724: 1721: 1719:Lodi Sultanate 1714: 1713: 1710: 1703: 1702: 1699: 1692: 1691: 1688: 1681: 1680: 1677: 1670: 1669: 1666: 1660: 1659: 1656: 1654:Ghurid Dynasty 1650: 1649: 1646: 1638: 1630: 1629: 1626: 1625: 1620: 1619: 1605: 1599: 1598: 1595: 1589: 1588: 1585: 1579: 1578: 1575: 1569: 1568: 1565: 1559: 1558: 1555: 1549: 1548: 1545: 1539: 1538: 1535: 1529: 1528: 1525: 1523:Hoysala Empire 1519: 1518: 1515: 1513:Lohara Kingdom 1509: 1508: 1505: 1499: 1498: 1495: 1489: 1488: 1485: 1479: 1478: 1475: 1469: 1468: 1465: 1459: 1458: 1455: 1449: 1448: 1445: 1439: 1438: 1435: 1429: 1428: 1425: 1419: 1418: 1415: 1409: 1408: 1405: 1399: 1398: 1395: 1389: 1388: 1385: 1379: 1378: 1375: 1373:Tibetan Empire 1369: 1368: 1365: 1359: 1358: 1344: 1338: 1337: 1334: 1328: 1327: 1317: 1311: 1310: 1307: 1301: 1300: 1297: 1291: 1290: 1287: 1281: 1280: 1277: 1271: 1270: 1267: 1261: 1260: 1257: 1251: 1250: 1247: 1245:Kadamba Empire 1241: 1240: 1237: 1231: 1230: 1216: 1210: 1209: 1195: 1189: 1188: 1185: 1179: 1178: 1175: 1169: 1168: 1165: 1159: 1158: 1155: 1149: 1148: 1145: 1139: 1138: 1135: 1129: 1128: 1118: 1112: 1111: 1108: 1102: 1101: 1098: 1092: 1091: 1088: 1082: 1081: 1078: 1072: 1071: 1057: 1051: 1050: 1047: 1041: 1040: 1037: 1029: 1021: 1020: 1017: 1016: 1011: 1010: 1007: 1001: 1000: 986: 980: 979: 969: 967:Pallava Empire 963: 962: 952: 946: 945: 935: 929: 928: 918: 912: 911: 897: 891: 890: 887: 885:Seleucid India 881: 880: 877: 871: 870: 867: 861: 860: 857: 851: 850: 847: 841: 840: 837: 833: 832: 829: 823: 822: 812: 810:Maha Janapadas 806: 805: 795: 789: 788: 785: 779: 778: 775: 769: 768: 765: 758: 757: 754: 747: 746: 745:(1300–1000 BC) 743: 736: 735: 732: 725: 724: 721: 713: 705: 704: 701: 700: 695: 694: 691: 684: 683: 682:(2000–1600 BC) 680: 673: 672: 669: 663: 662: 661:(1900–1300 BC) 659: 652: 651: 650:(2600–1900 BC) 648: 641: 640: 639:(3300–2600 BC) 637: 630: 629: 628:(3300–1300 BC) 626: 618: 615:(3300–1300 BC) 610: 609: 606: 605: 600: 599: 596: 590: 589: 588:(1600–1300 BC) 586: 580: 579: 576: 570: 569: 568:(3000–1500 BC) 566: 560: 559: 549: 541: 538:(3500–1500 BC) 533: 532: 529: 528: 523: 522: 521:(5000–3000 BC) 519: 513: 512: 511:(7000–3300 BC) 509: 503: 502: 501:(7570–6200 BC) 499: 491: 483: 482: 479: 478: 473: 472: 470: 464: 463: 461: 453: 445: 444: 439: 434: 433: 430: 429: 421: 420: 393: 390: 370:Northern India 247:people of the 231: 230: 225: 221: 220: 217: 213: 212: 209: 198: 197: 194: 183: 182: 179: 168: 167: 164: 153: 152: 149: 86: 80: 74: 68: 62: 58: 57: 56: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17979: 17968: 17965: 17963: 17960: 17959: 17957: 17942: 17938: 17934: 17932: 17924: 17923: 17920: 17906: 17903: 17901: 17898: 17896: 17893: 17891: 17888: 17886: 17883: 17881: 17878: 17876: 17873: 17871: 17868: 17866: 17863: 17861: 17858: 17856: 17853: 17851: 17848: 17847: 17845: 17843: 17842:South America 17839: 17833: 17830: 17828: 17825: 17823: 17820: 17818: 17815: 17813: 17810: 17808: 17805: 17803: 17800: 17798: 17795: 17793: 17790: 17788: 17785: 17783: 17780: 17778: 17775: 17773: 17770: 17768: 17765: 17764: 17762: 17760: 17756: 17750: 17749:United States 17747: 17745: 17742: 17740: 17737: 17735: 17732: 17730: 17727: 17725: 17722: 17720: 17717: 17715: 17712: 17710: 17707: 17705: 17702: 17700: 17697: 17695: 17692: 17690: 17687: 17685: 17682: 17680: 17677: 17675: 17672: 17670: 17667: 17665: 17662: 17660: 17657: 17655: 17652: 17650: 17647: 17645: 17642: 17640: 17637: 17636: 17634: 17632: 17631:North America 17628: 17620: 17617: 17615: 17612: 17610: 17607: 17605: 17602: 17601: 17600: 17597: 17595: 17592: 17590: 17587: 17585: 17582: 17580: 17577: 17575: 17572: 17570: 17567: 17565: 17562: 17560: 17557: 17555: 17552: 17550: 17547: 17545: 17542: 17540: 17537: 17535: 17532: 17530: 17527: 17525: 17522: 17520: 17517: 17515: 17512: 17510: 17507: 17505: 17502: 17500: 17497: 17495: 17492: 17490: 17489:Liechtenstein 17487: 17485: 17482: 17480: 17477: 17475: 17472: 17470: 17467: 17465: 17462: 17460: 17457: 17455: 17452: 17450: 17447: 17445: 17442: 17440: 17437: 17435: 17432: 17430: 17427: 17425: 17422: 17420: 17417: 17415: 17412: 17410: 17407: 17405: 17402: 17400: 17397: 17395: 17392: 17390: 17387: 17385: 17382: 17381: 17379: 17377: 17373: 17367: 17364: 17362: 17359: 17357: 17354: 17352: 17349: 17347: 17344: 17342: 17339: 17337: 17334: 17332: 17329: 17327: 17324: 17322: 17319: 17317: 17314: 17312: 17309: 17307: 17304: 17302: 17299: 17297: 17294: 17292: 17289: 17287: 17284: 17282: 17279: 17277: 17274: 17272: 17269: 17267: 17264: 17262: 17259: 17257: 17254: 17252: 17249: 17247: 17244: 17242: 17239: 17237: 17234: 17232: 17229: 17225: 17222: 17220: 17217: 17216: 17215: 17212: 17210: 17207: 17205: 17202: 17200: 17197: 17195: 17192: 17190: 17187: 17185: 17182: 17180: 17177: 17175: 17172: 17170: 17167: 17165: 17162: 17160: 17157: 17155: 17152: 17150: 17147: 17145: 17142: 17140: 17137: 17135: 17132: 17130: 17127: 17125: 17122: 17120: 17117: 17115: 17112: 17110: 17107: 17106: 17104: 17102: 17098: 17092: 17089: 17087: 17084: 17082: 17079: 17077: 17074: 17072: 17069: 17067: 17064: 17062: 17059: 17057: 17054: 17052: 17049: 17047: 17044: 17042: 17039: 17037: 17034: 17032: 17029: 17027: 17024: 17022: 17019: 17017: 17014: 17012: 17009: 17007: 17004: 17002: 16999: 16997: 16994: 16992: 16989: 16987: 16984: 16982: 16979: 16977: 16974: 16972: 16969: 16967: 16964: 16962: 16959: 16957: 16954: 16952: 16949: 16947: 16944: 16942: 16941:Guinea-Bissau 16939: 16937: 16934: 16932: 16929: 16927: 16924: 16922: 16919: 16917: 16914: 16912: 16909: 16907: 16904: 16902: 16899: 16897: 16894: 16892: 16889: 16887: 16884: 16882: 16879: 16877: 16874: 16872: 16869: 16867: 16864: 16862: 16859: 16857: 16854: 16852: 16849: 16847: 16844: 16842: 16839: 16837: 16834: 16832: 16829: 16827: 16824: 16823: 16821: 16819: 16815: 16811: 16804: 16800: 16786: 16783: 16781: 16778: 16776: 16773: 16771: 16768: 16766: 16765:Organizations 16763: 16761: 16758: 16756: 16753: 16751: 16748: 16746: 16743: 16741: 16738: 16736: 16733: 16731: 16728: 16726: 16723: 16722: 16720: 16717: 16709: 16703: 16700: 16698: 16695: 16693: 16690: 16688: 16685: 16683: 16680: 16678: 16675: 16673: 16670: 16668: 16665: 16663: 16660: 16658: 16655: 16653: 16650: 16649: 16647: 16644: 16639: 16634: 16628: 16625: 16621: 16618: 16616: 16613: 16611: 16608: 16606: 16603: 16602: 16601: 16598: 16596: 16593: 16591: 16590:Vegetarianism 16588: 16586: 16583: 16581: 16578: 16576: 16573: 16571: 16568: 16566: 16563: 16561: 16558: 16556: 16553: 16551: 16548: 16546: 16543: 16541: 16538: 16536: 16535:Homosexuality 16533: 16531: 16528: 16526: 16523: 16521: 16518: 16514: 16511: 16509: 16506: 16504: 16501: 16499: 16496: 16495: 16494: 16491: 16489: 16486: 16484: 16481: 16479: 16476: 16472: 16469: 16467: 16464: 16462: 16459: 16458: 16457: 16454: 16450: 16447: 16445: 16442: 16440: 16437: 16436: 16435: 16431: 16428: 16426: 16423: 16421: 16418: 16417: 16415: 16412: 16405: 16399: 16396: 16394: 16391: 16389: 16386: 16382: 16379: 16378: 16377: 16374: 16372: 16369: 16367: 16364: 16362: 16359: 16357: 16356:Neurotheology 16354: 16352: 16349: 16347: 16344: 16342: 16339: 16337: 16334: 16332: 16329: 16327: 16324: 16323: 16321: 16319: 16313: 16307: 16304: 16302: 16299: 16297: 16294: 16292: 16289: 16287: 16284: 16282: 16279: 16277: 16274: 16272: 16269: 16267: 16264: 16262: 16259: 16258: 16256: 16254: 16250: 16242: 16239: 16237: 16234: 16232: 16229: 16228: 16227: 16224: 16222: 16219: 16217: 16214: 16212: 16209: 16207: 16204: 16202: 16199: 16197: 16194: 16192: 16189: 16185: 16182: 16180: 16177: 16175: 16172: 16170: 16167: 16166: 16165: 16162: 16158: 16155: 16153: 16150: 16148: 16145: 16144: 16143: 16140: 16138: 16135: 16133: 16130: 16128: 16125: 16123: 16120: 16118: 16115: 16113: 16110: 16108: 16105: 16103: 16100: 16098: 16095: 16091: 16088: 16086: 16083: 16081: 16078: 16077: 16076: 16073: 16071: 16068: 16066: 16063: 16061: 16058: 16056: 16053: 16051: 16050:Folk religion 16048: 16046: 16043: 16041: 16038: 16036: 16033: 16031: 16028: 16026: 16023: 16021: 16018: 16016: 16013: 16011: 16008: 16006: 16002: 15999: 15997: 15994: 15992: 15989: 15987: 15984: 15982: 15978: 15975: 15974: 15972: 15968: 15964: 15957: 15953: 15943: 15940: 15938: 15935: 15933: 15930: 15928: 15925: 15923: 15920: 15918: 15915: 15913: 15910: 15906: 15903: 15901: 15898: 15896: 15893: 15892: 15891: 15888: 15884: 15881: 15879: 15876: 15874: 15873:Imperial cult 15871: 15869: 15866: 15864: 15861: 15860: 15859: 15856: 15854: 15851: 15847: 15844: 15842: 15839: 15837: 15834: 15833: 15832: 15829: 15825: 15822: 15820: 15817: 15816: 15815: 15812: 15808: 15805: 15803: 15800: 15798: 15795: 15793: 15790: 15789: 15788: 15785: 15783: 15780: 15776: 15773: 15772: 15771: 15768: 15764: 15761: 15759: 15756: 15755: 15754: 15751: 15749: 15746: 15742: 15739: 15738: 15737: 15734: 15732: 15729: 15727: 15724: 15722: 15719: 15717: 15714: 15712: 15709: 15707: 15704: 15702: 15699: 15695: 15692: 15690: 15687: 15685: 15682: 15680: 15677: 15675: 15672: 15671: 15670: 15667: 15663: 15660: 15658: 15655: 15653: 15650: 15648: 15645: 15644: 15643: 15640: 15638: 15635: 15631: 15628: 15627: 15626: 15623: 15621: 15618: 15616: 15613: 15609: 15606: 15605: 15604: 15601: 15599: 15596: 15594: 15591: 15587: 15584: 15582: 15579: 15578: 15577: 15574: 15572: 15569: 15565: 15562: 15560: 15557: 15555: 15552: 15551: 15550: 15547: 15545: 15542: 15540: 15537: 15535: 15532: 15528: 15525: 15524: 15523: 15520: 15519: 15516: 15512: 15507: 15503: 15483: 15480: 15479: 15478: 15475: 15473: 15470: 15468: 15465: 15463: 15460: 15458: 15455: 15453: 15450: 15448: 15445: 15443: 15442:Discordianism 15440: 15438: 15437:Anthroposophy 15435: 15434: 15432: 15428: 15420: 15419: 15415: 15414: 15413: 15410: 15408: 15405: 15401: 15398: 15396: 15393: 15391: 15388: 15386: 15385:Mari religion 15383: 15381: 15378: 15376: 15373: 15371: 15368: 15367: 15366: 15363: 15361: 15358: 15356: 15353: 15351: 15348: 15346: 15343: 15341: 15338: 15336: 15333: 15331: 15328: 15326: 15323: 15319: 15316: 15315: 15314: 15311: 15307: 15304: 15302: 15299: 15298: 15297: 15294: 15290: 15287: 15285: 15282: 15281: 15280: 15277: 15275: 15272: 15268: 15265: 15264: 15262: 15261: 15259: 15257: 15251: 15245: 15242: 15240: 15237: 15235: 15232: 15228: 15225: 15223: 15222:Neo-Theosophy 15220: 15219: 15218: 15215: 15213: 15210: 15208: 15205: 15203: 15200: 15198: 15195: 15191: 15188: 15187: 15186: 15183: 15181: 15178: 15176: 15173: 15171: 15168: 15166: 15163: 15161: 15160:New Acropolis 15158: 15156: 15153: 15151: 15148: 15146: 15143: 15141: 15138: 15136: 15133: 15132: 15130: 15126: 15123: 15121: 15113: 15103: 15100: 15098: 15095: 15093: 15090: 15088: 15085: 15084: 15082: 15078: 15066: 15063: 15061: 15058: 15056: 15053: 15051: 15048: 15046: 15043: 15041: 15038: 15036: 15033: 15031: 15028: 15026: 15023: 15021: 15018: 15016: 15013: 15011: 15008: 15006: 15003: 15001: 14998: 14994: 14991: 14989: 14986: 14984: 14981: 14980: 14979: 14976: 14975: 14974: 14972: 14968: 14967: 14962: 14959: 14958: 14957: 14954: 14952: 14949: 14947: 14944: 14942: 14939: 14937: 14934: 14932: 14929: 14927: 14924: 14922: 14919: 14917: 14914: 14912: 14909: 14907: 14904: 14902: 14899: 14897: 14894: 14892: 14889: 14887: 14884: 14882: 14879: 14877: 14874: 14872: 14869: 14865: 14862: 14860: 14857: 14856: 14855: 14852: 14850: 14847: 14845: 14842: 14840: 14837: 14836: 14834: 14832: 14826: 14818: 14815: 14814: 14813: 14810: 14809: 14807: 14805:North African 14803: 14800: 14798: 14792: 14786: 14783: 14781: 14778: 14776: 14773: 14771: 14768: 14766: 14763: 14761: 14758: 14756: 14753: 14751: 14748: 14746: 14743: 14741: 14738: 14736: 14733: 14731: 14728: 14727: 14725: 14723: 14719: 14713: 14710: 14708: 14705: 14703: 14700: 14698: 14695: 14694: 14692: 14690: 14686: 14682: 14676: 14673: 14671: 14668: 14666: 14663: 14661: 14658: 14656: 14653: 14649: 14646: 14644: 14641: 14640: 14639: 14636: 14634: 14631: 14629: 14626: 14624: 14621: 14619: 14616: 14614: 14611: 14607: 14604: 14602: 14599: 14597: 14594: 14592: 14589: 14588: 14587: 14584: 14582: 14579: 14577: 14574: 14570: 14567: 14566: 14565: 14562: 14560: 14559:Kwakwakaʼwakw 14557: 14555: 14552: 14548: 14545: 14543: 14540: 14538: 14535: 14533: 14530: 14528: 14525: 14524: 14523: 14520: 14518: 14515: 14513: 14510: 14508: 14505: 14503: 14499: 14496: 14494: 14491: 14489: 14486: 14484: 14481: 14477: 14474: 14472: 14469: 14468: 14467: 14464: 14460: 14457: 14455: 14452: 14450: 14447: 14445: 14442: 14441: 14440: 14437: 14435: 14432: 14430: 14427: 14423: 14420: 14418: 14415: 14413: 14410: 14409: 14408: 14405: 14403: 14400: 14398: 14395: 14394: 14392: 14390: 14384: 14378: 14375: 14373: 14370: 14366: 14363: 14361: 14358: 14357: 14356: 14353: 14349: 14346: 14345: 14344: 14341: 14339: 14336: 14334: 14331: 14329: 14326: 14322: 14319: 14317: 14314: 14313: 14311: 14307: 14304: 14302: 14299: 14298: 14297: 14294: 14292: 14289: 14288: 14286: 14284: 14280: 14274: 14271: 14270: 14268: 14266: 14265:Austroasiatic 14262: 14254: 14251: 14249: 14246: 14245: 14244: 14241: 14237: 14236:Vattisen Yaly 14234: 14232: 14229: 14227: 14224: 14223: 14222: 14218: 14215: 14214: 14212: 14210: 14206: 14203: 14201: 14197: 14181: 14178: 14176: 14173: 14172: 14171: 14168: 14166: 14163: 14161: 14158: 14156: 14155:Kirat Mundhum 14153: 14151: 14148: 14144: 14141: 14139: 14136: 14135: 14134: 14131: 14129: 14126: 14124: 14121: 14120: 14118: 14114: 14108: 14107: 14103: 14101: 14098: 14094: 14091: 14090: 14089: 14086: 14082: 14079: 14077: 14074: 14072: 14068: 14064: 14061: 14060: 14059: 14056: 14054: 14051: 14050: 14048: 14046: 14042: 14036: 14035: 14031: 14029: 14026: 14024: 14021: 14019: 14016: 14014: 14011: 14009: 14006: 14004: 14001: 13997: 13994: 13992: 13989: 13987: 13984: 13982: 13979: 13977: 13974: 13972: 13969: 13967: 13964: 13962: 13959: 13958: 13957: 13954: 13950: 13947: 13945: 13942: 13940: 13937: 13935: 13932: 13930: 13927: 13925: 13922: 13920: 13917: 13915: 13912: 13910: 13907: 13906: 13905: 13902: 13901: 13899: 13897: 13893: 13890: 13888: 13884: 13874: 13871: 13869: 13866: 13864: 13861: 13859: 13856: 13854: 13851: 13850: 13848: 13846: 13842: 13836: 13833: 13831: 13828: 13826: 13823: 13822: 13820: 13818: 13814: 13808: 13805: 13803: 13800: 13798: 13795: 13791: 13790: 13786: 13785: 13784: 13781: 13780: 13778: 13776: 13772: 13764: 13761: 13759: 13756: 13755: 13754: 13751: 13747: 13744: 13742: 13739: 13738: 13737: 13734: 13732: 13729: 13727: 13724: 13722: 13719: 13717: 13714: 13713: 13711: 13709: 13705: 13702: 13700: 13696: 13693: 13691: 13687: 13673: 13670: 13668: 13665: 13663: 13660: 13659: 13657: 13653: 13647: 13644: 13642: 13639: 13637: 13634: 13632: 13629: 13628: 13626: 13624: 13620: 13614: 13611: 13609: 13606: 13604: 13601: 13600: 13598: 13596: 13592: 13589: 13587: 13583: 13573: 13570: 13568: 13565: 13563: 13560: 13558: 13555: 13553: 13550: 13548: 13545: 13543: 13540: 13539: 13537: 13533: 13527: 13526: 13522: 13520: 13517: 13515: 13514:Milah Abraham 13512: 13510: 13507: 13505: 13502: 13500: 13497: 13495: 13492: 13488: 13485: 13484: 13483: 13480: 13478: 13475: 13471: 13468: 13466: 13463: 13461: 13458: 13456: 13453: 13452: 13451: 13448: 13442: 13439: 13437: 13434: 13433: 13432: 13429: 13427: 13424: 13422: 13419: 13417: 13414: 13413: 13412: 13409: 13408: 13406: 13404: 13400: 13394: 13393: 13389: 13385: 13382: 13380: 13377: 13375: 13372: 13370: 13367: 13365: 13362: 13360: 13357: 13355: 13352: 13350: 13347: 13345: 13341: 13338: 13337: 13336: 13333: 13331: 13328: 13326: 13323: 13321: 13318: 13316: 13313: 13311: 13308: 13304: 13301: 13299: 13296: 13294: 13291: 13287: 13284: 13283: 13282: 13279: 13277: 13274: 13272: 13269: 13267: 13264: 13260: 13257: 13255: 13252: 13250: 13247: 13246: 13245: 13242: 13238: 13235: 13233: 13230: 13228: 13225: 13224: 13223: 13220: 13218: 13215: 13213: 13210: 13206: 13203: 13201: 13198: 13196: 13193: 13191: 13188: 13186: 13183: 13182: 13181: 13178: 13176: 13173: 13172: 13171: 13170:Protestantism 13168: 13164: 13161: 13159: 13155: 13152: 13151: 13150: 13147: 13143: 13140: 13138: 13135: 13134: 13133: 13130: 13128: 13125: 13121: 13118: 13117: 13116: 13113: 13109: 13106: 13104: 13101: 13100: 13099: 13096: 13095: 13093: 13091: 13087: 13081: 13080: 13076: 13074: 13071: 13069: 13066: 13064: 13061: 13059: 13056: 13054: 13051: 13049: 13046: 13044: 13041: 13035: 13032: 13031: 13030: 13027: 13023: 13020: 13019: 13018: 13015: 13014: 13013: 13010: 13009: 13007: 13005: 13001: 12998: 12996: 12992: 12989: 12987: 12983: 12979: 12975: 12970: 12966: 12962: 12955: 12950: 12948: 12943: 12941: 12936: 12935: 12932: 12920: 12917: 12915: 12912: 12910: 12907: 12905: 12902: 12900: 12897: 12896: 12894: 12892: 12888: 12882: 12879: 12877: 12874: 12872: 12869: 12868: 12866: 12862: 12856: 12853: 12851: 12848: 12847: 12845: 12843: 12839: 12831: 12828: 12827: 12826: 12823: 12821: 12818: 12816: 12813: 12811: 12808: 12806: 12803: 12802: 12800: 12798: 12794: 12786: 12783: 12781: 12778: 12776: 12773: 12772: 12771: 12768: 12766: 12763: 12759: 12756: 12754: 12751: 12749: 12746: 12744: 12741: 12740: 12739: 12736: 12735: 12733: 12731: 12727: 12721: 12718: 12716: 12713: 12711: 12708: 12706: 12703: 12701: 12698: 12696: 12693: 12691: 12688: 12686: 12683: 12679: 12676: 12675: 12674: 12671: 12670: 12668: 12666: 12662: 12656: 12653: 12651: 12648: 12644: 12641: 12639: 12636: 12634: 12631: 12630: 12629: 12626: 12624: 12621: 12620: 12618: 12616: 12612: 12608: 12602: 12599: 12597: 12594: 12593: 12591: 12589: 12585: 12579: 12576: 12574: 12571: 12569: 12566: 12564: 12561: 12559: 12556: 12554: 12551: 12549: 12546: 12544: 12541: 12539: 12536: 12534: 12531: 12529: 12526: 12524: 12521: 12519: 12518:Architecture‎ 12516: 12515: 12513: 12511: 12507: 12501: 12498: 12494: 12491: 12489: 12486: 12484: 12481: 12479: 12476: 12475: 12474:Other groups 12473: 12471: 12468: 12466: 12465:Tibeto-Burman 12463: 12461: 12458: 12456: 12453: 12451: 12448: 12446: 12443: 12441: 12438: 12436: 12435:Austroasiatic 12433: 12431: 12428: 12427: 12425: 12423: 12422:Ethnic groups 12419: 12414: 12404: 12401: 12397: 12394: 12392: 12389: 12387: 12384: 12382: 12379: 12378: 12377: 12374: 12372: 12369: 12365: 12362: 12361: 12360: 12357: 12355: 12352: 12350: 12347: 12343: 12340: 12338: 12335: 12333: 12330: 12326: 12323: 12322: 12321: 12318: 12317: 12316: 12313: 12311: 12308: 12306: 12303: 12301: 12298: 12297: 12295: 12293: 12289: 12285: 12278: 12273: 12271: 12266: 12264: 12259: 12258: 12255: 12243: 12239: 12235: 12233: 12225: 12224: 12221: 12215: 12212: 12210: 12207: 12205: 12202: 12200: 12197: 12195: 12192: 12191: 12189: 12184: 12180: 12174: 12171: 12169: 12168:South Ossetia 12166: 12164: 12161: 12159: 12156: 12154: 12151: 12150: 12148: 12146: 12140: 12134: 12131: 12129: 12126: 12124: 12121: 12119: 12116: 12114: 12111: 12109: 12106: 12104: 12101: 12099: 12096: 12094: 12091: 12089: 12086: 12084: 12081: 12079: 12076: 12074: 12071: 12069: 12066: 12064: 12061: 12059: 12056: 12054: 12051: 12049: 12046: 12044: 12041: 12039: 12036: 12034: 12031: 12029: 12026: 12024: 12021: 12019: 12016: 12014: 12011: 12009: 12006: 12004: 12001: 11999: 11996: 11994: 11991: 11989: 11986: 11984: 11981: 11979: 11976: 11974: 11971: 11969: 11966: 11964: 11961: 11959: 11956: 11954: 11951: 11949: 11946: 11944: 11941: 11939: 11936: 11934: 11931: 11929: 11926: 11924: 11921: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11911: 11909: 11906: 11904: 11901: 11899: 11896: 11894: 11891: 11890: 11888: 11886: 11882: 11878: 11871: 11866: 11864: 11859: 11857: 11852: 11851: 11848: 11832: 11828: 11824: 11820: 11819: 11815: 11814: 11801: 11797: 11793: 11789: 11788: 11784: 11783: 11770: 11766: 11762: 11758: 11757: 11753: 11752: 11740: 11736: 11733: 11728: 11712: 11708: 11704: 11698: 11692: 11687: 11672:on 2 May 2008 11671: 11667: 11661: 11659: 11657: 11655: 11653: 11651: 11649: 11647: 11639: 11638: 11631: 11625: 11621: 11618: 11617: 11610: 11594: 11590: 11584: 11568: 11564: 11558: 11542: 11538: 11532: 11525: 11522: 11518: 11515: 11510: 11508: 11491: 11487: 11486: 11481: 11475: 11467: 11461: 11445: 11438: 11431: 11430: 11425: 11421: 11418: 11412: 11410: 11405: 11392: 11387: 11383: 11377: 11373: 11368: 11365: 11359: 11355: 11351: 11350: 11345: 11341: 11337: 11333: 11328: 11325: 11321: 11317: 11313: 11309: 11305: 11300: 11296: 11290: 11286: 11285: 11280: 11276: 11273: 11271:0-691-05779-6 11267: 11263: 11258: 11254: 11252:81-208-1376-6 11248: 11244: 11243: 11237: 11233: 11227: 11223: 11222: 11216: 11213: 11207: 11203: 11198: 11186: 11182: 11176: 11172: 11171: 11166: 11162: 11148: 11141: 11140: 11134: 11130: 11126: 11121: 11118: 11113: 11109: 11105: 11101: 11097: 11093: 11089: 11085: 11081: 11076: 11064: 11060: 11054: 11050: 11049: 11044: 11040: 11036: 11032: 11028: 11024: 11020: 11016: 11012: 11007: 11003: 10999: 10994: 10990: 10985: 10982:, Olive Press 10981: 10976: 10972: 10967: 10963: 10958: 10955: 10953:1-57607-905-8 10949: 10945: 10940: 10925: 10921: 10917: 10913: 10909: 10905: 10901: 10897: 10893: 10886: 10881: 10877: 10872: 10869: 10867:0-691-01958-4 10863: 10858: 10857: 10851: 10847: 10843: 10838: 10826: 10822: 10816: 10812: 10811: 10806: 10802: 10799: 10797:81-208-1280-8 10793: 10789: 10784: 10781: 10775: 10771: 10766: 10755: 10751: 10745: 10741: 10740: 10734: 10730: 10725: 10722: 10716: 10712: 10707: 10703: 10702: 10696: 10692: 10687: 10683: 10678: 10675: 10674: 10668: 10664: 10659: 10655: 10650: 10646: 10641: 10637: 10631: 10627: 10626: 10620: 10616: 10615: 10610: 10606: 10603: 10598: 10594: 10589: 10586: 10580: 10576: 10575: 10569: 10565: 10560: 10548: 10544: 10538: 10534: 10533: 10527: 10524: 10520: 10516: 10512: 10508: 10504: 10499: 10495: 10489: 10485: 10484: 10478: 10474: 10469: 10458: 10454: 10453: 10447: 10444: 10442:0-521-77111-0 10438: 10434: 10430: 10426: 10415: 10411: 10405: 10402:, Routledge, 10401: 10400: 10394: 10383: 10379: 10373: 10370:, Routledge, 10369: 10368: 10362: 10358: 10353: 10350:. SUNY Press. 10349: 10344: 10340: 10335: 10331: 10326: 10322: 10316: 10312: 10307: 10304: 10298: 10294: 10290: 10286: 10283: 10281:0-415-21527-7 10277: 10273: 10268: 10256: 10252: 10246: 10242: 10238: 10234: 10230: 10226: 10222: 10218: 10214: 10210: 10206: 10203: 10197: 10193: 10192: 10186: 10182: 10177: 10174: 10172:1-878423-01-0 10168: 10164: 10159: 10156: 10154:1-898723-60-5 10150: 10146: 10145: 10139: 10135: 10130: 10119: 10115: 10109: 10105: 10104: 10099: 10095: 10084: 10080: 10078:0-415-26605-X 10074: 10070: 10066: 10062: 10058: 10057: 10052: 10048: 10045: 10041: 10037: 10033: 10029: 10025: 10020: 10016: 10010: 10006: 10005: 9999: 9995: 9993:0-919812-15-5 9989: 9985: 9980: 9976: 9971: 9967: 9963: 9958: 9954: 9949: 9945: 9941: 9940:Burley, Mikel 9937: 9933: 9928: 9927: 9898: 9891: 9884: 9868: 9864: 9857: 9841: 9837: 9836: 9831: 9824: 9818:, p. 88. 9817: 9812: 9810: 9793: 9789: 9785: 9779: 9773:, p. 10. 9772: 9771:Halbfass 1995 9767: 9760: 9754: 9747: 9746:Malhotra 2011 9742: 9736:, p. 27. 9735: 9730: 9728: 9726: 9718: 9712: 9706:by V.S. Kambi 9705: 9699: 9692: 9691:Davidson 2004 9687: 9680: 9679:Davidson 2004 9675: 9668: 9667:Davidson 2004 9663: 9656: 9655:Davidson 2004 9651: 9644: 9643:Davidson 2004 9639: 9632: 9627: 9625: 9617: 9616:Davidson 2004 9612: 9606:, p. 14. 9605: 9600: 9593: 9588: 9586: 9578: 9573: 9571: 9564: 9558: 9542: 9538: 9537: 9529: 9527: 9525: 9517: 9512: 9510: 9503:, p. 12. 9502: 9497: 9490: 9485: 9483: 9481: 9479: 9463: 9459: 9457:0-7619-3420-0 9453: 9449: 9448: 9440: 9431: 9424: 9423:Michaels 2004 9419: 9412: 9407: 9405: 9403: 9401: 9386: 9380: 9376: 9375: 9367: 9352: 9346: 9339: 9338:Michaels 2004 9334: 9328:, p. 43. 9327: 9326:Michaels 2004 9322: 9315: 9314:Lorenzen 2006 9310: 9304:, p. 27. 9303: 9302:Lorenzen 2006 9298: 9291: 9290:Lorenzen 2006 9286: 9280:, p. 34. 9279: 9274: 9267: 9262: 9260: 9250: 9244: 9240: 9237: 9232: 9226: 9225:Walking Naked 9220: 9214: 9213:Walking Naked 9208: 9189: 9182: 9175: 9159: 9155: 9151: 9145: 9138: 9133: 9126: 9121: 9114: 9109: 9107: 9099: 9094: 9092: 9084: 9079: 9073:, p. 42. 9072: 9071:Michaels 2004 9067: 9065: 9063: 9061: 9059: 9057: 9055: 9047: 9042: 9036:, p. 41. 9035: 9034:Michaels 2004 9030: 9028: 9026: 9024: 9022: 9020: 9018: 9016: 9014: 9012: 9010: 9008: 9006: 9004: 8996: 8995:Nakamura 2004 8991: 8984: 8983:Michaels 2004 8979: 8977: 8969: 8965: 8960: 8954: 8948: 8942:, p. 55. 8941: 8936: 8929: 8924: 8917: 8912: 8905: 8903:0-19-563820-4 8899: 8895: 8891: 8885: 8878: 8873: 8866: 8861: 8855:, p. 20. 8854: 8849: 8847: 8840:, p. 18. 8839: 8834: 8828:, p. 14. 8827: 8822: 8816:, p. 13. 8815: 8810: 8804:, p. 12. 8803: 8798: 8792:, p. 40. 8791: 8790:Michaels 2004 8786: 8784: 8782: 8780: 8778: 8776: 8774: 8766: 8761: 8759: 8757: 8749: 8744: 8742: 8733: 8726: 8718: 8711: 8703: 8701:81-260-1221-8 8697: 8693: 8686: 8678: 8677: 8669: 8661: 8654: 8646: 8640: 8635: 8634: 8628: 8622: 8614: 8607: 8599: 8592: 8584: 8577: 8561: 8557: 8556: 8548: 8540: 8533: 8527:, p. 81. 8526: 8521: 8514: 8509: 8502: 8497: 8491:, p. 12. 8490: 8485: 8479:, p. 52. 8478: 8473: 8471: 8464:, p. 50. 8463: 8458: 8456: 8448: 8443: 8436: 8433:K. Zvelebil, 8430: 8423: 8417: 8415: 8406: 8399: 8392: 8387: 8379: 8372: 8365: 8360: 8353: 8347: 8340: 8335: 8327: 8320: 8318: 8309: 8302: 8300: 8291: 8284: 8282: 8273: 8269: 8265: 8258: 8249: 8247: 8238: 8232: 8224: 8220: 8216: 8210: 8206: 8205: 8197: 8181: 8177: 8173: 8166: 8150: 8146: 8140: 8136: 8135: 8127: 8119: 8112: 8093: 8086: 8080: 8073: 8068: 8060: 8054: 8050: 8043: 8035: 8029: 8025: 8018: 8012: 8008: 8003: 7987: 7983: 7979: 7973: 7957: 7953: 7949: 7942: 7926: 7922: 7918: 7914: 7908: 7904: 7903: 7895: 7879: 7875: 7871: 7865: 7859: 7858:1-86064-148-2 7855: 7849: 7847: 7840: 7839:1-933316-22-5 7836: 7832: 7828: 7823: 7821: 7813: 7807: 7800: 7794: 7790: 7789: 7781: 7766: 7762: 7756: 7752: 7751: 7743: 7736: 7730: 7724:, p. 51. 7723: 7718: 7711: 7706: 7700:, p. 86. 7699: 7694: 7687: 7682: 7673: 7671: 7663: 7662:81-208-0815-0 7659: 7653: 7651: 7643: 7637: 7635: 7625: 7618: 7614: 7609: 7602: 7597: 7595: 7593: 7591: 7583: 7578: 7571: 7566: 7560:, p. 16. 7559: 7554: 7546: 7539: 7532: 7526: 7522: 7521: 7513: 7505: 7499: 7495: 7494: 7486: 7479: 7475: 7470: 7463: 7458: 7442: 7438: 7436: 7428: 7426: 7418: 7413: 7407:, p. 30. 7406: 7401: 7395:, p. 35. 7394: 7393:Michaels 2004 7389: 7383:, p. 34. 7382: 7381:Michaels 2004 7377: 7370: 7364: 7357: 7352: 7346:, p. 46. 7345: 7340: 7333: 7332:Panikkar 2001 7328: 7322:, p. 24. 7321: 7316: 7310:, p. 17. 7309: 7304: 7297: 7296:Holdrege 2004 7292: 7285: 7280: 7273: 7268: 7266: 7258: 7257:81-85119-18-X 7254: 7248: 7232: 7228: 7222: 7218: 7217: 7209: 7202: 7197: 7190: 7184: 7178:By J. Agarwal 7177: 7171: 7163: 7156: 7149: 7143: 7134: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7114: 7112: 7104: 7103:McIntosh 2008 7099: 7092: 7087: 7080: 7079:McIntosh 2008 7075: 7069:, p. 85. 7068: 7063: 7057:, p. 18. 7056: 7051: 7043: 7039: 7035: 7033:0-19-541521-3 7029: 7025: 7021: 7014: 7012: 7005:, p. 67. 7004: 7003:Marshall 1931 6999: 6991: 6987: 6983: 6981:0-19-541521-3 6977: 6973: 6969: 6962: 6955: 6954:McIntosh 2008 6950: 6943: 6938: 6936: 6929: 6928:1-58115-203-5 6925: 6921: 6917: 6912: 6905: 6900: 6892: 6886: 6882: 6881: 6873: 6866: 6861: 6854: 6853:Sullivan 1964 6849: 6842: 6837: 6830: 6825: 6818: 6813: 6811: 6803: 6798: 6791: 6790:Marshall 1931 6786: 6784: 6776: 6775:Ratnagar 2004 6771: 6769: 6761: 6756: 6750:, p. 39. 6749: 6744: 6736: 6732: 6728: 6722: 6718: 6717:Watzman, Haim 6714: 6710: 6706: 6700: 6694:, p. 14. 6693: 6688: 6682:, p. 36. 6681: 6680:Michaels 2004 6676: 6670:, p. 52. 6669: 6664: 6657: 6652: 6645: 6644:Michaels 2004 6640: 6634:, p. 20. 6633: 6628: 6622:, p. 19. 6621: 6616: 6614: 6612: 6604: 6599: 6592: 6587: 6580: 6579:Olivelle 1998 6575: 6568: 6563: 6561: 6553: 6548: 6546: 6539:, p. 38. 6538: 6537:Michaels 2004 6533: 6531: 6529: 6527: 6525: 6523: 6515: 6514:Olivelle 1998 6510: 6504:, p. 52. 6503: 6498: 6491: 6490:Olivelle 2014 6486: 6484: 6476: 6470: 6464:, p. 33. 6463: 6462:Michaels 2004 6458: 6456: 6439: 6435: 6431: 6428:Vir Sanghvi. 6424: 6408: 6404: 6398: 6382: 6378: 6374: 6368: 6349: 6345: 6338: 6332: 6316: 6312: 6306: 6302: 6287: 6283: 6272: 6263: 6253: 6243: 6233: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6212: 6203: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6182: 6175: 6174:Chola dynasty 6171: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6149: 6141: 6137: 6131: 6121: 6114: 6107: 6098: 6088: 6078: 6068: 6058: 6048: 6039: 6032: 6026: 6016: 6009: 6005: 5999: 5992: 5991: 5984: 5977: 5972: 5963: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5944: 5940: 5933: 5932: 5925: 5919: 5914: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5885: 5876: 5867: 5858: 5854: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5838:Vegetarianism 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5758: 5755: 5752: 5749: 5748: 5743: 5732: 5729: 5718: 5715: 5709: 5704: 5701: 5690: 5683: 5680: 5677: 5673: 5668: 5666: 5660: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5604: 5598: 5588: 5586: 5580: 5578: 5577: 5569: 5567: 5563: 5556: 5553: 5549: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5530: 5520: 5516: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5481: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5458:Purva Mimamsa 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5418: 5414: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5392: 5388: 5383: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5355: 5347: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5296: 5294: 5293: 5287: 5283: 5282: 5277: 5273: 5272: 5267: 5263: 5262: 5251: 5249: 5239: 5237: 5229: 5224: 5214: 5211: 5203: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5179: 5178: 5174: 5169:This section 5167: 5163: 5158: 5157: 5149: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5125: 5118: 5113: 5104: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5076: 5066: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5038: 5028: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4989: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4978:Sri Aurobindo 4975: 4971: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4940: 4936: 4931: 4924: 4920: 4915: 4906: 4904: 4901:According to 4898: 4894: 4893:Mughal period 4879: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4860: 4855: 4854: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4790: 4780: 4778: 4772: 4770: 4764: 4758: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4734: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4716: 4706: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4643: 4638: 4627: 4624: 4616: 4605: 4602: 4598: 4595: 4591: 4588: 4584: 4581: 4577: 4574: – 4573: 4569: 4568:Find sources: 4562: 4558: 4552: 4551: 4546:This article 4544: 4540: 4535: 4534: 4526: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4510:Slave dynasty 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4454: 4451: 4444: 4442: 4439:According to 4437: 4435: 4433: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4400: 4396: 4388: 4383: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4340: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4316: 4314: 4308: 4298: 4295: 4289: 4285: 4275: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4259: 4257: 4249: 4248: 4244: 4239: 4238: 4227: 4224: 4220: 4214: 4204: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4177: 4175: 4169: 4165: 4155: 4152: 4147: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4083: 4079: 4074: 4065: 4063: 4062: 4057: 4053: 4052:materialistic 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4019: 4009: 4006: 4005:Brahma Sutras 4002: 3997: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3958: 3948: 3946: 3945: 3940: 3937:." It is the 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3911: 3901: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3880: 3875: 3873: 3869: 3866:According to 3861: 3857: 3853: 3848: 3844: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3823: 3813: 3810: 3809: 3804: 3800: 3794: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3756: 3751: 3747: 3745: 3744: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3671: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3649: 3645: 3643: 3639: 3638: 3633: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3578: 3575: 3571: 3566: 3564: 3563:Maurya Empire 3559: 3557: 3551: 3547: 3546:Maurya Empire 3537: 3533: 3529: 3526: 3520: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3501: 3495: 3481: 3477: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3390: 3381: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3370: 3365: 3364: 3359: 3358: 3353: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3340: 3336: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3308: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3288:Radhakrishnan 3285: 3280: 3278: 3273: 3271: 3270: 3265: 3264: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3246: 3242: 3233: 3224: 3222: 3218: 3213: 3211: 3207: 3202: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3164: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3139: 3130: 3129:Uttar Pradesh 3126: 3122: 3115: 3101: 3099: 3093: 3083: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3043: 3041: 3037: 3032: 3030: 3024: 3014: 3012: 3008: 3004: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2968: 2966: 2961: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2926: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2907: 2905: 2901: 2895: 2891: 2880: 2876: 2874: 2868: 2866: 2861: 2856: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2845: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2827: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2808: 2804: 2798: 2794: 2784: 2781: 2776: 2772: 2767: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2756:Sumerian myth 2753: 2748: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2733: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2712: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2682: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2657: 2653: 2648: 2644: 2642: 2639:) and vulva ( 2638: 2634: 2633:John Marshall 2629: 2622: 2612: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2571: 2566: 2562: 2560: 2556: 2553: 2550:, was likely 2549: 2548:Ganges Valley 2545: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2509: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2497: 2494: 2490: 2489: 2488: 2484: 2481: 2480:Romila Thapar 2477: 2475: 2474: 2469: 2463: 2456:Periodisation 2446: 2441: 2439: 2434: 2432: 2427: 2426: 2424: 2423: 2415: 2412: 2410: 2407: 2405: 2402: 2400: 2397: 2395: 2392: 2390: 2387: 2385: 2382: 2380: 2377: 2375: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2365: 2362: 2360: 2357: 2355: 2352: 2350: 2347: 2345: 2342: 2340: 2337: 2335: 2332: 2330: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2320: 2317: 2316: 2309: 2308: 2300: 2297: 2295: 2292: 2290: 2287: 2285: 2282: 2280: 2277: 2275: 2272: 2270: 2269:Uttar Pradesh 2267: 2265: 2262: 2260: 2257: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2247: 2245: 2242: 2240: 2237: 2235: 2232: 2230: 2227: 2225: 2222: 2220: 2217: 2215: 2212: 2210: 2207: 2206: 2199: 2198: 2190: 2187: 2185: 2182: 2180: 2177: 2175: 2172: 2170: 2167: 2165: 2162: 2160: 2157: 2155: 2152: 2151: 2144: 2143: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2121: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2111: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2101: 2097: 2095: 2092: 2091: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2081: 2077: 2075: 2072: 2071: 2063: 2058: 2057: 2047: 2045: 2042: 2041: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2031: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2021: 2017: 2015: 2012: 2011: 2007: 2005: 2002: 2001: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1991: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1981: 1977: 1975: 1972: 1971: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1961: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1951: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1941: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1931: 1927: 1925: 1924:Mughal Empire 1922: 1921: 1913: 1908: 1907: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1891: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1881: 1877: 1875: 1871: 1870: 1866: 1864: 1860: 1859: 1855: 1853: 1849: 1848: 1844: 1842: 1838: 1837: 1833: 1831: 1827: 1826: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1816: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1806: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1796: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1786: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1776: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1766: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1756: 1752: 1750: 1749:Reddy Kingdom 1747: 1746: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1736: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1726: 1722: 1720: 1716: 1715: 1711: 1709: 1705: 1704: 1700: 1698: 1694: 1693: 1689: 1687: 1683: 1682: 1678: 1676: 1672: 1671: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1661: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1651: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1641: 1633: 1628: 1627: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1600: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1590: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1580: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1570: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1560: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1550: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1540: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1530: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1520: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1510: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1500: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1490: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1476: 1474: 1473:Yadava Empire 1471: 1470: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1460: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1450: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1440: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1430: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1420: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1410: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1400: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1380: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1370: 1366: 1364: 1363:Harsha Empire 1361: 1360: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1339: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1329: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1312: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1302: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1292: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1282: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1272: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1262: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1252: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1242: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1232: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1211: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1190: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1180: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1170: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1160: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1150: 1146: 1144: 1143:Kushan Empire 1141: 1140: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1130: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1113: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1103: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1093: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1083: 1079: 1077: 1076:Shunga Empire 1074: 1073: 1058: 1056: 1055:Mitra Dynasty 1053: 1052: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1042: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1032: 1024: 1019: 1018: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1002: 997: AD 500 993: 250 BC 987: 985: 982: 981: 976: 250 AD 970: 968: 965: 964: 959: 300 BC 953: 951: 948: 947: 942: 300 BC 936: 934: 933:Chera Kingdom 931: 930: 925: 300 BC 919: 917: 916:Pandya Empire 914: 913: 908: 300 AD 904: 300 BC 898: 896: 895:Sangam period 893: 892: 888: 886: 883: 882: 878: 876: 875:Maurya Empire 873: 872: 868: 866: 863: 862: 858: 856: 853: 852: 848: 846: 843: 842: 838: 835: 834: 830: 828: 825: 824: 813: 811: 808: 807: 802: 600 BC 796: 794: 791: 790: 786: 784: 781: 780: 776: 774: 771: 770: 766: 764: 760: 759: 756:(1200–600 BC) 755: 753: 749: 748: 744: 742: 738: 737: 734:(1500–600 BC) 733: 731: 727: 726: 723:(1500–500 BC) 722: 720: 717: 716: 710:(1500–200 BC) 708: 703: 702: 693:(1600–500 BC) 692: 690: 686: 685: 681: 679: 675: 674: 671:(2000–500 BC) 670: 668: 665: 664: 660: 658: 654: 653: 649: 647: 643: 642: 638: 636: 632: 631: 627: 625: 622: 621: 613: 608: 607: 598:(1400–700 BC) 597: 595: 594:Jorwe culture 592: 591: 587: 585: 584:Malwa culture 582: 581: 578:(1600–750 BC) 577: 575: 574:Pandu culture 572: 571: 567: 565: 562: 561: 550: 548: 545: 544: 536: 531: 530: 520: 518: 515: 514: 510: 508: 505: 504: 500: 498: 495: 494: 486: 481: 480: 471: 469: 466: 465: 462: 460: 457: 456: 448: 443: 442: 437: 432: 431: 427: 423: 422: 419: 416: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 389: 387: 383: 379: 375: 374:Punjab region 371: 367: 363: 358: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 331: 329: 325: 324: 319: 314: 309: 307: 303: 302: 297: 293: 292: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 270: 265: 261: 257: 252: 250: 246: 242: 238: 229: 226: 223: 222: 218: 215: 214: 210: 207: 203: 200: 199: 195: 192: 188: 185: 184: 180: 177: 173: 170: 169: 166:1.25 billion 165: 162: 158: 155: 154: 150: 147: 146: 140: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 61: 51: 47: 43: 39: 38: 33: 19: 17346:Turkmenistan 17306:Saudi Arabia 17051:South Africa 17041:Sierra Leone 16846:Burkina Faso 16755:Names of God 16702:Unaffiliated 16657:Antireligion 16513:Universalism 16461:Assimilation 16326:Anthropology 16201:Supernatural 16196:Spirituality 16164:Sacred space 16152:Purification 16025:Denomination 15979: / 15787:Paleo-Balkan 15753:Mesopotamian 15593:Cook Islands 15564:Old Prussian 15477:UFO religion 15416: 15412:Zalmoxianism 15340:Neoshamanism 15197:Spiritualism 15080:Other ethnic 14969: 14795:Traditional 14755:Bongthingism 14643:Acoma Pueblo 14586:Mesoamerican 14283:Austronesian 14104: 14100:Neo-Buddhism 14032: 14028:Neo-Hinduism 13949:Swaminarayan 13886: 13787: 13736:Salvationist 13721:Confucianism 13572:Samaritanism 13542:Ali-Illahism 13523: 13390: 13384:Unitarianism 13325:Old Catholic 13132:Nestorianism 13090:Christianity 13077: 13043:Conservative 12820:Martial arts 12710:Colonial era 12705:Early modern 12655:Caste system 12440:Austronesian 12381:Northwestern 12183:Dependencies 12113:Turkmenistan 12078:Saudi Arabia 11835:. Retrieved 11826: 11804:. Retrieved 11800:the original 11795: 11773:. Retrieved 11769:the original 11764: 11727: 11717:15 September 11715:. Retrieved 11706: 11697: 11686: 11674:. Retrieved 11670:the original 11635: 11630: 11615: 11609: 11597:. Retrieved 11593:the original 11583: 11571:. Retrieved 11557: 11545:. Retrieved 11531: 11523: 11494:. Retrieved 11483: 11474: 11448:. Retrieved 11437: 11427: 11390: 11371: 11348: 11331: 11307: 11303: 11283: 11261: 11241: 11220: 11201: 11189:. Retrieved 11169: 11154:, retrieved 11147:the original 11138: 11128: 11124: 11116: 11083: 11079: 11067:. Retrieved 11047: 11026: 11022: 11010: 11001: 10997: 10988: 10979: 10970: 10961: 10946:, ABC-Clio, 10943: 10931:. Retrieved 10895: 10891: 10875: 10855: 10841: 10829:. Retrieved 10809: 10787: 10769: 10758:, retrieved 10738: 10728: 10710: 10699: 10690: 10681: 10672: 10662: 10653: 10644: 10628:. ABC-CLIO. 10624: 10613: 10601: 10592: 10573: 10563: 10551:. Retrieved 10531: 10506: 10502: 10482: 10472: 10461:, retrieved 10451: 10432: 10418:, retrieved 10398: 10386:, retrieved 10366: 10356: 10347: 10338: 10329: 10310: 10293:Risabha Deva 10292: 10271: 10259:. Retrieved 10240: 10190: 10183:, SUNY Press 10180: 10162: 10143: 10133: 10122:, retrieved 10102: 10087:, retrieved 10055: 10051:Dundas, Paul 10030:(1): 34–49, 10027: 10023: 10003: 9983: 9974: 9961: 9952: 9943: 9931: 9904:. Retrieved 9883: 9871:. Retrieved 9867:the original 9856: 9844:. Retrieved 9833: 9823: 9796:. Retrieved 9792:the original 9787: 9778: 9766: 9758: 9753: 9741: 9734:Frawley 1990 9716: 9711: 9703: 9698: 9686: 9674: 9662: 9650: 9638: 9611: 9599: 9562: 9557: 9545:. Retrieved 9535: 9496: 9466:, retrieved 9446: 9439: 9430: 9418: 9388:, retrieved 9373: 9366: 9354:. Retrieved 9345: 9333: 9321: 9309: 9297: 9285: 9273: 9268:, p. 2. 9249: 9231: 9224: 9219: 9212: 9207: 9195:. Retrieved 9188:the original 9181:"The Alvars" 9174: 9162:. Retrieved 9153: 9144: 9132: 9120: 9078: 9041: 8990: 8963: 8959: 8952: 8947: 8935: 8923: 8911: 8893: 8884: 8872: 8860: 8833: 8821: 8809: 8797: 8731: 8725: 8716: 8710: 8691: 8685: 8675: 8668: 8659: 8653: 8637:. Scribner. 8632: 8621: 8612: 8606: 8597: 8591: 8582: 8576: 8564:. Retrieved 8554: 8547: 8538: 8532: 8520: 8508: 8503:, p. v. 8496: 8484: 8477:Lockard 2007 8462:Lockard 2007 8449:, p. 6. 8442: 8434: 8429: 8421: 8404: 8398: 8386: 8377: 8371: 8359: 8351: 8346: 8334: 8325: 8307: 8289: 8272:the original 8267: 8257: 8236: 8231: 8203: 8196: 8184:. Retrieved 8175: 8165: 8153:. Retrieved 8133: 8126: 8117: 8111: 8099:. Retrieved 8079: 8067: 8048: 8042: 8023: 8017: 8006: 8002: 7990:. Retrieved 7981: 7972: 7960:. Retrieved 7951: 7941: 7929:. Retrieved 7901: 7894: 7882:. Retrieved 7873: 7864: 7831:World Wisdom 7811: 7806: 7787: 7780: 7769:, retrieved 7749: 7742: 7734: 7729: 7717: 7705: 7693: 7681: 7641: 7624: 7608: 7577: 7565: 7553: 7544: 7538: 7519: 7512: 7492: 7485: 7474:Deussen 1966 7469: 7462:Deussen 1966 7457: 7445:. Retrieved 7434: 7412: 7400: 7388: 7376: 7368: 7363: 7351: 7339: 7327: 7315: 7303: 7291: 7279: 7247: 7235:. Retrieved 7215: 7208: 7196: 7188: 7183: 7175: 7170: 7164:. p. 6. 7161: 7155: 7147: 7142: 7133: 7125: 7098: 7091:Possehl 2002 7086: 7074: 7062: 7055:Possehl 2002 7050: 7019: 6998: 6967: 6961: 6949: 6942:Possehl 2002 6919: 6911: 6899: 6879: 6872: 6860: 6848: 6836: 6824: 6817:Possehl 2002 6802:Possehl 2002 6797: 6755: 6743: 6708: 6699: 6687: 6675: 6663: 6651: 6639: 6627: 6598: 6586: 6574: 6509: 6497: 6473:Max Muller, 6469: 6442:. Retrieved 6433: 6423: 6411:. Retrieved 6397: 6385:. Retrieved 6376: 6367: 6355:. Retrieved 6348:the original 6343: 6331: 6319:. Retrieved 6315:the original 6305: 6286: 6271: 6262: 6252: 6242: 6232: 6225:Mount Sumeru 6211: 6202: 6187:Chinese Chán 6181: 6148: 6130: 6120: 6106: 6097: 6087: 6077: 6067: 6057: 6047: 6038: 6025: 6015: 5998: 5988: 5983: 5971: 5962: 5939: 5929: 5924: 5913: 5884: 5875: 5866: 5857: 5700:India portal 5669: 5661: 5643: 5641: 5606: 5582: 5574: 5571: 5558: 5551: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5532: 5517: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5492: 5484: 5482: 5477: 5473: 5465: 5437: 5433: 5430:Adi Shankara 5425: 5421: 5420: 5413:Adi Shankara 5390: 5386: 5375: 5371: 5361: 5353: 5344:Tai Ramayana 5343: 5335: 5315: 5302: 5289: 5288:and various 5285: 5279: 5275: 5269: 5259: 5257: 5245: 5233: 5206: 5197: 5182:Please help 5170: 5131: 5128:Similarities 5122: 5078: 5040: 5025:Ananda Marga 5015:founded the 5013:Swaminarayan 5009:Hare Krishna 5007:founded the 4990: 4967: 4900: 4875: 4871: 4857: 4851: 4829: 4819: 4777:Mikel Burley 4774: 4768: 4766: 4762: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4718: 4695:Annamacharya 4640: 4636: 4634: 4619: 4610: 4600: 4593: 4586: 4579: 4567: 4555:Please help 4550:verification 4547: 4520:, while the 4518:Gupta Empire 4491: 4453:expressions. 4446: 4440: 4438: 4431: 4424: 4420: 4394: 4385:The Alvars ( 4384: 4336: 4310: 4291: 4260: 4252: 4240: 4219:Gupta period 4216: 4185:Gupta Empire 4178: 4171: 4148: 4115: 4103: 4101: 4059: 4021: 3998: 3960: 3942: 3939:Bhagavadgita 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3909: 3907: 3882: 3877: 3865: 3841: 3826:Gupta Empire 3806: 3802: 3795: 3760: 3754: 3741: 3725: 3717: 3709: 3704:-the hills, 3701: 3697: 3693: 3678: 3674: 3668: 3654: 3635: 3620: 3602: 3567: 3560: 3553: 3478: 3448: 3417: 3367: 3361: 3355: 3349: 3343: 3335:Parshvanatha 3332: 3281: 3274: 3267: 3261: 3248: 3220: 3214: 3203: 3193:, later the 3184: 3161: 3143:The idol of 3119:A statue of 3095: 3049: 3040:Parshvanatha 3033: 3026: 3000: 2970: 2964: 2963: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2937: 2927: 2908: 2897: 2878: 2871:Dharma" The 2869: 2860:Vedic Period 2857: 2853:Vedic period 2842: 2824: 2810: 2793:Vedic period 2775:Mesopotamian 2768: 2749: 2744: 2734: 2697: 2679: 2661: 2651: 2628:Indus script 2624: 2574: 2559:missionaries 2544:Indus Valley 2541: 2500:Vedic period 2485: 2478: 2471: 2465: 2334:Demographics 2324:Architecture 2104:French India 2094:Danish India 1974:Bengal Subah 1964:Bhoi dynasty 1894:Koch Kingdom 1729:Ahom Kingdom 1603:Deva Kingdom 1295:Huna Kingdom 1235:Gupta Empire 1137:(AD 35–405 ) 1096:Kanva Empire 1068: 50 BC 950:Chola Empire 889:(312–303 BC) 879:(321–184 BC) 869:(330–323 BC) 859:(380–321 BC) 855:Nanda Empire 849:(424–345 BC) 831:(550–330 BC) 787:(684–424 BC) 777:(799–684 BC) 767:(700–200 BC) 689:Swat culture 535:Chalcolithic 447:Palaeolithic 359: 332: 327: 321: 310: 299: 289: 282:Vedic period 267: 253: 234: 228:1.81 billion 227: 181:520 million 104: 100: 96: 95: 59: 46: 36: 17797:New Zealand 17734:Saint Lucia 17684:El Salvador 17589:Switzerland 17524:Netherlands 17296:Philippines 17224:South Korea 17219:North Korea 17109:Afghanistan 17056:South Sudan 16946:Ivory Coast 16730:Deification 16677:Objectivism 16652:Agnosticism 16605:Persecution 16595:Video games 16560:Populations 16471:Proselytism 16439:Monasticism 16430:Clericalism 16420:Agriculture 16411:and society 16376:Soteriology 16336:Comparative 16306:Transtheism 16291:Panentheism 16075:Monasticism 15868:Gallo-Roman 15770:Micronesian 15736:Manichaeism 15684:Hermeticism 15652:Continental 15647:Anglo-Saxon 15527:Paleolithic 15522:Prehistoric 15472:Scientology 15335:Italo-Roman 15190:Radha Soami 15170:New Thought 15010:Espiritismo 14951:Waaqeffanna 14891:Fon and Ewe 14829:Sub-Saharan 14712:Satsana Phi 14498:Ghost Dance 14439:Californian 14407:Anishinaabe 14333:Karo Pemena 14312:Indonesian 13986:Lingayatism 13934:Mahanubhava 13904:Vaishnavism 13835:Jeungsanism 13758:Folk Taoism 13741:Xiantiandao 13595:Zoroastrian 13254:Charismatic 13249:Pentecostal 13212:Anglicanism 13163:Waldensians 13098:Catholicism 12673:Archaeology 12588:Environment 12478:Afro-Asians 12300:Afghanistan 12242:Asia portal 12143:States with 12063:Philippines 12003:South Korea 11998:North Korea 11893:Afghanistan 11599:13 November 11400:Web sources 11156:14 February 10964:, Routledge 10566:, Routledge 10475:, Routledge 10359:, Routledge 10089:1 September 9835:The Tribune 9577:Larson 2012 9516:Tiwari 1983 9501:Lipner 1998 9425:, p. . 9390:14 February 9356:14 February 9278:Burley 2007 8765:Muesse 2011 8585:. S. Chand. 8525:Larson 1995 8513:Zimmer 1951 8501:Tiwari 2002 8403:John Keay. 8364:Basham 1967 8268:harappa.com 8172:"Chapter 3" 8155:15 November 7712:, p. . 7688:, p. . 7582:Zimmer 1989 7464:, p. . 7417:Zimmer 1953 7405:Dundas 2002 7284:Zimmer 1989 7272:Zimmer 1989 7237:17 December 7219:. BookRix. 7067:Thapar 2004 6904:Zimmer 1969 6760:Wright 2009 6692:Muesse 2003 6632:Thapar 1978 6620:Thapar 1978 6603:Thapar 1978 6591:Samuel 2010 6237:religions." 6189:during the 6154:Pala Empire 6143:centuries." 5951:religions". 5908:traditions. 5635:". And the 5629:Zoroastrian 5566:Neo-Vedanta 5515:religions. 5446:Vaisheshika 5350:Differences 5308:Bodhisattva 5242:Soteriology 5055:Maharashtra 5021:Anandamurti 4993:Brahma Baba 4956:Neo-Vedanta 4903:Gavin Flood 4715:Lingayatism 4709:Lingayatism 4687:Dnyaneshwar 4376:Lalleshvari 4189:Pala Empire 4108:Mahabharata 4090:Mahabharata 4078:Mahalakshmi 4036:Vaisheshika 3862:, Pala era. 3854:flanked by 3822:Pala Empire 3787:Tolkappiyar 3761:Throughout 3661:Pattuppāṭṭu 3657:Tolkappiyam 3587:South India 3532:Shatrunjaya 3346:Tirthankara 3221:tirthankara 3149:Tirthankara 3082:tradition. 3076:Mahabharata 2981:Zoroastrian 2817:Indo-Aryans 2711:Tirthankara 2656:ithyphallic 2603:in central 2593:Indus River 2319:Agriculture 2289:South India 2264:Maharashtra 2214:Balochistan 2154:Afghanistan 2128:(1858–1947) 2124:British Raj 2118:(1757–1858) 2114:Company Raj 2108:(1759–1954) 2098:(1620–1869) 2088:(1605–1825) 2084:Dutch India 2078:(1510–1961) 2065:(1510–1961) 2048:(1799–1849) 2044:Sikh Empire 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17664:Costa Rica 17559:San Marino 17519:Montenegro 17499:Luxembourg 17356:Uzbekistan 17331:Tajikistan 17236:Kyrgyzstan 17209:Kazakhstan 17159:East Timor 17129:Bangladesh 17119:Azerbaijan 17036:Seychelles 17001:Mozambique 16986:Mauritania 16971:Madagascar 16861:Cape Verde 16643:irreligion 16638:Secularism 16540:Minorities 16508:Toleration 16503:Syncretism 16488:Fanaticism 16478:Disability 16466:Missionary 16456:Conversion 16444:Ordination 16366:Psychology 16361:Philosophy 16301:Polytheism 16281:Monotheism 16276:Henotheism 16117:Orthopraxy 16107:Ordination 16070:Meditation 16065:Indigenous 16030:Entheogens 16015:Conversion 15841:Pueblo III 15758:Babylonian 15748:Melanesian 15674:Gnosticism 15559:Lithuanian 15452:Fourth Way 15306:Circassian 15284:Dievturība 15207:Tensegrity 15140:Falun Gong 14785:Sanamahism 14765:Donyi-Polo 14355:Polynesian 14301:Kaharingan 14226:Burkhanism 14165:Ravidassia 14143:Śvetāmbara 13929:Pushtimarg 13909:Krishnaism 13845:Vietnamese 13830:Cheondoism 13763:Yao Taoism 13699:East Asian 13465:Isma'ilism 13421:Maturidism 13200:Mennonites 13195:Hutterites 13180:Anabaptism 13073:Humanistic 12775:Bangladesh 12685:Bronze Age 12568:Philosophy 12553:Literature 12450:Indo-Aryan 12430:Andamanese 12305:Bangladesh 12123:Uzbekistan 12098:Tajikistan 12013:Kyrgyzstan 11993:Kazakhstan 11913:Bangladesh 11903:Azerbaijan 11754:Statistics 11450:9 February 11352:, London: 11131:(2): 12–38 10998:Purātattva 10991:, Springer 10739:Upanis̥ads 10124:7 November 9906:11 January 9592:Yelle 2012 9547:1 December 9468:26 October 9083:McRae 2003 9046:White 2000 8748:Flood 1996 8391:Flood 1996 8339:Singh 1989 8072:Heehs 2002 7992:1 February 7978:"Buddhism" 7962:1 February 7931:1 February 7921:j.ctvvn4jw 7884:1 February 7771:7 November 7722:Jaini 2001 7710:Jaini 2001 7698:Flood 1996 7686:Flood 1996 7615:, p. 7613:Flood 1996 7476:, p. 6748:Heehs 2002 6668:Smart 2003 6656:Smart 2003 6298:References 5823:Sanamahism 5627:, Parsee ( 5601:See also: 5527:See also: 5411:See also: 5063:Tamil Nadu 5035:See also: 5005:Prabhupada 4923:Kumbakonam 4919:Tamil Nadu 4793:See also: 4769:saddarsana 4730:Ishtalinga 4726:Ishtalinga 4722:Ishtalinga 4583:newspapers 4391:ஆழ்வார்கள் 4372:Akkamadevi 4368:Gorakhnath 4282:See also: 4268:Vaisnavism 4201:Satavahana 4197:Somavanshi 4001:Badarāyana 3986:perception 3967:Upanishads 3900:movement. 3860:Kārttikeya 3808:Hero Stone 3665:Eṭṭuttokai 3632:scriptures 3627:and later 3585:See also: 3380:movement. 3369:aparigraha 3239:See also: 3191:Upanishads 3177:Upanishads 3064:Upanishads 3021:See also: 2873:Arya Samaj 2801:See also: 2780:Great Bath 2581:Mesolithic 2538:Prehistory 2468:James Mill 2399:Philosophy 2379:Metallurgy 2369:Literature 2294:Tamil Nadu 2159:Bangladesh 1934:Sur Empire 1648:(977–1186) 1614: – c. 1577:(675–1210) 1507:(973–1189) 1497:(942–1244) 1487:(882–1110) 1477:(850–1334) 1467:(800–1327) 1447:(750–1174) 1427:(694–1947) 1407:(650–1036) 1387:(624–1075) 1355: 700 1353: – c. 1351: 550 1324: 500 1269:(350–1100) 1259:(350–1000) 1227: 600 1225: – c. 1223: 250 1206: 500 1204: – c. 1202: 250 1125: 130 1100:(75–26 BC) 1066: – c. 1064: 150 995: – c. 961:– AD 1279) 944:– AD 1102) 927:– AD 1345) 906: – c. 819: 600 804:– AD 1600) 612:Bronze Age 396:See also: 366:Sikh Gurus 362:Guru Nanak 286:Upanishads 241:Mesolithic 219:4 million 211:6 million 107:, are the 17905:Venezuela 17850:Argentina 17767:Australia 17719:Nicaragua 17694:Guatemala 17494:Lithuania 17316:Sri Lanka 17311:Singapore 17291:Palestine 17179:Indonesia 17169:Hong Kong 16991:Mauritius 16712:Overviews 16667:Criticism 16620:Sectarian 16610:Terrorism 16585:Theocracy 16530:Happiness 16498:Pluralism 16483:Education 16409:Religion 16381:Salvation 16371:Sociology 16316:Religious 16296:Pantheism 16286:Nontheism 16179:Mountains 16157:Sacrifice 16112:Orthodoxy 16102:Mythology 16097:Mysticism 15986:Behaviour 15895:Canaanite 15878:Mithraism 15846:Pueblo IV 15836:Pueblo II 15741:Mazdakism 15716:Hungarian 15689:Mysteries 15598:Dravidian 15380:Hungarian 15296:Caucasian 15267:Godianism 15227:Agni Yoga 15217:Theosophy 15180:Rastafari 15155:Modekngei 15135:Brahmoism 15128:Syncretic 15120:movements 15118:religious 15030:Quimbanda 14978:Candomblé 14971:Diasporic 14750:Bathouism 14740:Benzhuism 14655:Tsimshian 14606:Purépecha 14527:Longhouse 14502:Sun Dance 14434:Blackfoot 14422:Wabunowin 14417:Midewiwin 14338:Malaysian 14328:Kapitayan 14138:Digambara 14123:Ayyavazhi 14088:Vajrayana 14053:Theravada 13966:Ganapatya 13939:Ramanandi 13868:Hoahaoism 13746:Yiguandao 13641:Yarsanism 13636:Shabakism 13623:Yazdânism 13613:Zurvanism 13608:Mazdaznan 13567:Rastafari 13562:Mandaeism 13436:Wahhabism 13416:Ash'arism 13379:Tolstoyan 13369:Spiritual 13359:Mormonism 13330:Judaizers 13303:Quakerism 13281:Methodist 13271:Irvingism 13222:Calvinism 13175:Adventism 13158:Moravians 12995:Abrahamic 12842:Education 12563:Mythology 12548:Languages 12460:Nuristani 12445:Dravidian 12371:Sri Lanka 12337:Northeast 12325:Northwest 12209:Hong Kong 12163:Palestine 12088:Sri Lanka 12083:Singapore 11963:Indonesia 11354:Routledge 11342:(1953) , 11324:144950049 11108:162278147 11051:. Brill. 11029:: 47–58. 10920:149773944 10523:144728948 10243:. Brill. 10069:Routledge 10056:The Jains 10053:(2002) , 9411:King 1999 8877:Raju 1992 7201:King 1999 6735:910498369 6552:Jain 2008 6502:King 1995 6321:2 October 6140:Dravidian 6062:atheism". 6008:Aranyakas 6004:Brahmanas 5906:shramanic 5621:Christian 5609:Buddhists 5368:Mahesvara 5364:Vajrapani 5358:Mythology 5312:Ramayanas 5299:Mythology 5290:forms of 5266:Vajrayana 5171:does not 5148:family." 5117:Abrahamic 5059:Karnataka 5047:Rajasthan 4997:Raja Yoga 4876:disciples 4859:ēk ōaṅkār 4703:Tyagaraja 4647:Ramananda 4613:June 2013 4416:Ramananda 4288:Ajativada 4241:See also 4193:Chalukyas 3994:inference 3992:(logical 3982:pratyakṣa 3763:Tamilakam 3706:Thirumaal 3570:Kharavela 3507:Bodh Gaya 3444:East Asia 3440:Southeast 3436:Sri Lanka 3424:Kshatriya 3344:The 24th 3292:Oldenberg 3173:Brahmanas 2987:" is the 2823:into the 2764:Gilgamesh 2762:to fight 2681:Pashupati 2589:Neolithic 2585:Bhimbetka 2349:Education 2339:Dynasties 2259:Rajasthan 2244:Karnataka 2189:Sri Lanka 1457:(753–982) 1437:(736–916) 1417:(661–750) 1397:(632–661) 1377:(618–841) 1367:(606–647) 1336:(543–753) 1309:(489–632) 1299:(475–576) 1289:(475–767) 1279:(420–624) 1249:(345–525) 1239:(280–550) 1187:(230–360) 1177:(224–651) 1167:(210–340) 1157:(170–350) 1120:(AD 21 – 978:– AD 800) 730:Janapadas 558:–1900 BC) 485:Neolithic 278:Dravidian 266:into the 172:Buddhists 148:Religion 109:religions 17931:Category 17895:Suriname 17885:Paraguay 17870:Colombia 17777:Kiribati 17704:Honduras 17674:Dominica 17649:Barbados 17614:Scotland 17574:Slovenia 17569:Slovakia 17544:Portugal 17414:Bulgaria 17336:Thailand 17286:Pakistan 17266:Mongolia 17261:Maldives 17256:Malaysia 17144:Cambodia 17091:Zimbabwe 17066:Tanzania 16916:Ethiopia 16911:Eswatini 16891:Djibouti 16856:Cameroon 16841:Botswana 16785:Timeline 16780:Scholars 16740:Founders 16600:Violence 16555:Politics 16425:Business 16388:Theology 16132:Prophecy 16122:Paganism 16010:Covenant 15977:Apostasy 15912:Scythian 15853:Rapa Nui 15807:Thracian 15802:Illyrian 15792:Albanian 15763:Sumerian 15706:Harappan 15642:Germanic 15637:Georgian 15630:Selk'nam 15615:Etruscan 15603:Egyptian 15581:Druidism 15544:Armenian 15467:Satanism 15447:Eckankar 15370:Estonian 15355:Romanian 15345:Ossetian 15325:Germanic 15274:Armenian 15263:African 15256:paganism 15185:Sant Mat 15175:Rajneesh 15150:Meivazhi 15145:Japanese 15102:Siberian 15035:Santería 15005:Convince 14871:Bushongo 14775:Kiratism 14702:Hmongism 14569:Wocekiye 14554:Jivaroan 14522:Iroquois 14517:Ho-Chunk 14466:Cherokee 14389:American 14360:Hawaiian 14273:Sarnaism 14243:Tungusic 14231:Tengrism 14221:Mongolic 14150:Sarnaism 14081:Nichiren 14058:Mahayana 14045:Buddhism 14023:Sant Mat 14013:Sauraism 14008:Smartism 14003:Shaktism 13996:Balinese 13981:Kaumaram 13976:Kapalika 13971:Kashmiri 13956:Shaivism 13896:Hinduism 13863:Caodaism 13807:Ryukyuan 13802:Tenrikyo 13797:Shugendō 13775:Japanese 13646:Yazidism 13631:Ishikism 13509:Quranism 13482:Khawarij 13431:Salafism 13426:Atharism 13315:Esoteric 13286:Holiness 13276:Lutheran 13237:Reformed 13217:Baptists 13190:Brethren 13154:Hussites 13142:Assyrian 13058:Haymanot 13012:Orthodox 12961:Religion 12864:Military 12785:Pakistan 12748:Hinduism 12743:Buddhism 12730:Religion 12700:Medieval 12690:Iron Age 12615:Politics 12578:Surnames 12500:Diaspora 12396:Southern 12386:Northern 12359:Pakistan 12349:Maldives 12232:Category 12153:Abkhazia 12103:Thailand 12058:Pakistan 12038:Mongolia 12033:Maldives 12028:Malaysia 11928:Cambodia 11831:Archived 11735:Archived 11711:Archived 11676:29 March 11620:Archived 11567:Archived 11541:Archived 11517:Archived 11496:7 August 11490:Archived 11485:BBC News 11460:cite web 11420:Archived 11281:(2009). 11191:10 March 11185:Archived 11167:(2004). 11069:10 March 11063:Archived 11045:(1997). 11035:20062578 11004:: 19–26. 10924:Archived 10831:10 March 10825:Archived 10807:(2002). 10760:10 March 10754:archived 10553:10 March 10547:Archived 10457:archived 10431:(2003), 10420:10 March 10414:archived 10382:archived 10291:(2008), 10261:10 March 10255:Archived 10235:(2011). 10118:archived 10100:(1996), 10083:archived 10065:New York 10044:62860085 9942:(2007), 9897:Archived 9873:29 March 9840:Archived 9702:Page i, 9541:Archived 9462:archived 9239:Archived 9197:20 April 9164:21 April 9158:Archived 8892:(1996), 8629:(1988). 8560:Archived 8223:96012383 8180:Archived 8149:Archived 8101:10 March 8092:Archived 7986:Archived 7956:Archived 7952:HuffPost 7925:Archived 7878:Archived 7765:archived 7441:Archived 7356:Day 1982 7231:Archived 7042:46661540 6990:46661540 6707:(2015). 6438:Archived 6407:Archived 6381:Archived 6377:BBC News 6193:and the 5894:Panchala 5793:Indology 5686:See also 5676:Governor 5470:Charvaka 5417:Charvaka 5380:Shaivism 5374:and the 5324:Ramakien 5261:abhiseka 5200:May 2021 5137:Buddhism 5133:Hinduism 5097:Buddhism 5085:Buddhist 5081:Navayana 5075:Navayana 5069:Buddhism 4960:Hindutva 4946:Hinduism 4937:held in 4872:students 4853:Vāhigurū 4840:Pakistan 4679:Tulsidas 4412:Ramanuja 4395:āḻvārkaḷ 4360:Nayanars 4358:and the 4333:Nayanars 4301:Buddhism 4264:Shaivism 4174:Buddhism 4112:Ramayana 4094:Ramayana 3963:Sanskrit 3799:Shaktism 3779:Wanji-ko 3722:Wanji-ko 3718:Marutham 3714:Kotravai 3629:Sanskrit 3609:Hinduism 3607:form of 3558:empire. 3500:Buddhist 3470:Angirasa 3402:Buddhism 3384:Buddhism 3378:shramana 3339:Mahavira 3317:Mahavira 3254:Buddhism 3241:Shramana 3187:Vedantic 3145:Mahavira 3074:and the 3072:Ramayana 3029:Brahmans 3007:Vamadeva 2894:Samhitas 2849:Hinduism 2839:Sanskrit 2826:Samhitas 2821:redacted 2771:Egyptian 2737:Shaktism 2714:Rishabha 2678:, after 2607:and the 2414:Timeline 2404:Religion 2384:Military 2374:Maritime 2364:Language 2354:Indology 2184:Pakistan 2174:Maldives 1872: – 1861: – 1850: – 1839: – 1828: – 1717: – 1706: – 1695: – 1684: – 1673: – 821:–300 BC) 761: – 750: – 739: – 728: – 707:Iron Age 687: – 676: – 655: – 644: – 633: – 343:Shaktism 339:Shaivism 264:redacted 245:Harappan 121:Hinduism 117:Buddhism 17900:Uruguay 17875:Ecuador 17855:Bolivia 17832:Vanuatu 17759:Oceania 17709:Jamaica 17689:Grenada 17644:Bahamas 17604:England 17594:Ukraine 17549:Romania 17509:Moldova 17469:Ireland 17464:Iceland 17459:Hungary 17449:Germany 17439:Finland 17434:Estonia 17429:Denmark 17424:Czechia 17419:Croatia 17404:Belgium 17399:Belarus 17394:Austria 17389:Andorra 17384:Albania 17361:Vietnam 17271:Myanmar 17246:Lebanon 17164:Georgia 17124:Bahrain 17114:Armenia 17076:Tunisia 17046:Somalia 17031:Senegal 17016:Nigeria 17006:Namibia 16996:Morocco 16961:Liberia 16956:Lesotho 16906:Eritrea 16876:Comoros 16851:Burundi 16826:Algeria 16770:Outline 16735:Deities 16662:Atheism 16575:Science 16493:Freedom 16351:History 16318:studies 16271:Dualism 16261:Animism 16226:Worship 16206:Symbols 16147:Liturgy 16060:Goddess 16020:Deities 16001:Laicism 15991:Beliefs 15970:Aspects 15942:Zapotec 15937:Vainakh 15905:Yahwism 15890:Semitic 15819:Iranian 15721:Hurrian 15711:Hittite 15701:Guanche 15694:Orphism 15625:Fuegian 15620:Finnish 15608:Atenism 15554:Latvian 15539:Arabian 15482:Raëlism 15462:Jediism 15457:Goddess 15430:De novo 15318:Druidry 15212:Thelema 15165:New Age 15050:Umbanda 14941:Tumbuka 14926:Odinala 14911:Lugbara 14831:African 14797:African 14745:Bimoism 14735:Burmese 14581:Mapuche 14547:Wyandot 14507:Guarani 14488:Choctaw 14483:Chilote 14402:Alaskan 14397:Abenaki 14348:Tagalog 14321:Kejawèn 14170:Sikhism 14133:Jainism 14093:Tibetan 14076:Amidism 13944:Warkari 13858:Đạo Mẫu 13708:Chinese 13690:Eastern 13667:Roshani 13586:Iranian 13494:Alevism 13487:Ibadism 13460:Zaydism 13137:Ancient 13108:Eastern 13068:Renewal 13053:Karaite 13034:Zionist 13022:Hasidic 13004:Judaism 12986:Western 12909:History 12855:History 12805:Cricket 12758:Sikhism 12753:Jainism 12738:Dharmic 12665:History 12611:Economy 12596:Monsoon 12573:Scripts 12543:Fashion 12533:Cuisine 12510:Culture 12493:Semitic 12483:Chinese 12391:Eastern 12342:Islands 12128:Vietnam 12043:Myanmar 12023:Lebanon 11953:Georgia 11908:Bahrain 11898:Armenia 11816:Reports 11346:(ed.), 11100:1061875 9918:Sources 9761:page 16 9715:P. 163 8566:21 July 8186:27 July 7833:, Inc. 7664:Page 18 7447:23 June 7367:P. 285 7146:P. 382 6918:(2002) 6413:17 July 6387:17 July 6221:mandala 6052:times." 5902:Magadha 5644:special 5513:nāstika 5505:nāstika 5501:Sāṃkhya 5497:atheist 5493:nāstika 5478:nāstika 5474:nāstika 5462:Vedanta 5450:Samkhya 5438:nāstika 5426:nāstika 5391:nāstika 5320:Reamker 5281:samsara 5192:removed 5177:sources 5145:Sikhism 5141:Jainism 5043:Gujarat 5031:Jainism 4789:Sikhism 4757:gopuram 4691:Tukaram 4651:Ravidas 4597:scholar 4498:Afghans 4348:Krishna 4294:Vedanta 4278:Vedanta 4256:Mandala 4151:Puranas 4144:Ganesha 4120:Ganesha 4098:Puranas 4082:Vellore 4061:nāstika 4056:Cārvāka 4040:Mimāṃsā 4024:Samkhya 4003:in the 3990:anumāna 3974:pramāṇa 3957:Vedanta 3894:Advaita 3803:Natukal 3775:Madurai 3743:Rigveda 3726:Neithal 3724:in the 3702:Kurinji 3694:thinais 3574:Kalinga 3556:Magadha 3536:Gujarat 3466:Magadha 3428:decline 3374:Parshva 3321:Jainism 3311:Jainism 3296:Neumann 3284:samsara 3263:saṃsāra 3258:Magadha 3250:Jainism 3245:Magadha 3206:Vedanta 3199:Puranas 3181:Vedanta 3153:Jainism 3125:Sarnath 3060:Brahman 3056:Ishvara 3052:Vedanta 3011:Angiras 3003:Rishaba 2904:Rigveda 2835:mantras 2741:baetyls 2702:vahanas 2698:Mahisha 2555:animism 2344:Economy 2329:Coinage 2249:Kashmir 2229:Gujarat 1326:– 1026) 436:Outline 392:History 355:Shrauta 323:saṃsāra 318:nastika 313:śramaṇa 291:Vedānta 216:Others 129:Sikhism 125:Jainism 17941:Portal 17880:Guyana 17860:Brazil 17827:Tuvalu 17724:Panama 17714:Mexico 17659:Canada 17654:Belize 17584:Sweden 17564:Serbia 17554:Russia 17539:Poland 17534:Norway 17514:Monaco 17484:Latvia 17479:Kosovo 17454:Greece 17444:France 17376:Europe 17341:Turkey 17326:Taiwan 17231:Kuwait 17204:Jordan 17194:Israel 17154:Cyprus 17139:Brunei 17134:Bhutan 17086:Zambia 17081:Uganda 17021:Rwanda 16976:Malawi 16936:Guinea 16926:Gambia 16831:Angola 16818:Africa 16627:Wealth 16570:Schism 16525:Growth 16449:Priest 16434:Clergy 16253:Theism 16236:Nature 16231:Astral 16174:Groves 16142:Ritual 16127:Prayer 16085:Novice 16035:Ethnic 15960:Topics 15932:Urartu 15927:Tongan 15922:Somali 15917:Slavic 15797:Dacian 15576:Celtic 15571:Basque 15549:Baltic 15400:Udmurt 15365:Uralic 15360:Slavic 15313:Celtic 15301:Abkhaz 15289:Romuva 15279:Baltic 15254:Modern 15097:Papuan 15060:Voodoo 15015:Kumina 14956:Yoruba 14946:Urhobo 14916:Maasai 14901:Lotuko 14849:Baluba 14839:Akamba 14812:Berber 14770:Heraka 14760:Dongba 14638:Pueblo 14633:Pawnee 14623:Navajo 14613:Muisca 14576:Lenape 14564:Lakota 14542:Seneca 14532:Mohawk 14454:Ohlone 14429:Apache 14412:Ojibwe 14387:Native 14253:Manchu 14248:Evenki 14209:Altaic 14200:Ethnic 14175:Khalsa 14128:Kalash 14018:Śrauta 13887:Indian 13817:Korean 13783:Shinto 13753:Taoism 13726:Luoism 13552:Baháʼí 13547:Bábism 13499:Ahmadi 13477:Sufism 13470:Alawis 13120:Church 13048:Reform 13029:Modern 13017:Haredi 12914:Swords 12797:Sports 12638:Muslim 12528:Cinema 12470:Turkic 12455:Iranic 12364:Punjab 12310:Bhutan 12173:Taiwan 12108:Turkey 12073:Russia 12008:Kuwait 11988:Jordan 11978:Israel 11938:Cyprus 11923:Brunei 11918:Bhutan 11837:28 May 11806:28 May 11775:28 May 11573:2 July 11547:2 July 11378: 11360: 11322: 11291: 11268: 11249: 11228: 11208: 11177: 11106: 11098: 11055: 11033: 10950: 10933:2 July 10918: 10910: 10864: 10817: 10794: 10776: 10746: 10731:, Wien 10717: 10665:, SAGE 10632: 10581: 10539: 10521: 10490: 10463:2 July 10439: 10406: 10388:30 May 10374: 10317: 10299: 10278: 10247: 10198: 10169: 10151: 10110: 10075: 10061:London 10042: 10011: 9990: 9846:2 July 9798:27 May 9454: 9381: 8968:Ajanta 8900: 8698: 8641: 8221: 8211: 8141: 8055: 8030: 7919: 7909: 7856: 7837: 7795: 7757: 7733:P. 93 7660: 7527: 7500: 7255: 7223: 7187:P. 41 7174:P. 46 7040: 7030: 6988: 6978: 6926: 6887: 6733: 6723: 6444:2 July 6357:29 May 6020:time." 5990:Śrauta 5898:Kosala 5768:Ahimsa 5657:states 5625:Muslim 5615:, and 5552:dharma 5509:āstika 5491:" and 5489:theist 5485:āstika 5466:āstika 5434:āstika 5422:Āstika 5405:, and 5387:Āstika 5366:kills 5340:Avatar 5286:moksha 5276:dharma 5254:Ritual 5248:moksha 5236:Dharma 5152:Dharma 5143:, and 5093:Dalits 5061:, and 4962:, and 4939:Prayag 4864:Punjab 4832:Punjab 4805:, and 4683:Namdev 4637:Bhakti 4599: 4592: 4585: 4578: 4570: 4506:Rajput 4486:, and 4408:bhakti 4364:Basava 4356:Alvars 4331:, and 4329:Alwars 4319:Bhakti 4272:Bhakti 4223:Harsha 4213:Tantra 4207:Tantra 4199:, and 4142:, and 4140:Skanda 4128:Vishnu 4106:, the 4096:, and 3988:) and 3971:shabda 3944:smarta 3935:bhakti 3927:smriti 3923:smarta 3919:smarta 3910:smriti 3904:Smriti 3898:Bhakti 3890:Dvaita 3872:Guptas 3856:Gaṇeśa 3852:Lalita 3730:Mayyon 3710:Mullai 3698:thinai 3686:Seyyon 3621:Agamas 3613:Āgamic 3597:, and 3534:hill, 3462:Ashoka 3458:Shakya 3454:Buddha 3412:, and 3363:asteya 3351:ahimsa 3327:, and 3304:Thomas 3277:Buddha 3269:moksha 3217:Parsva 3179:, and 3080:Śrauta 3009:, and 2954:Sat-ya 2915:Samans 2900:rishis 2844:shruti 2718:Buddha 2279:Odisha 2274:Punjab 2219:Bengal 2164:Bhutan 408:, and 351:Smarta 335:bhakti 328:moksha 306:Moksha 274:Agamas 224:Total 157:Hindus 127:, and 88: 82: 76: 70: 64: 17865:Chile 17822:Tonga 17812:Samoa 17802:Palau 17792:Nauru 17699:Haiti 17619:Wales 17579:Spain 17504:Malta 17474:Italy 17366:Yemen 17321:Syria 17301:Qatar 17276:Nepal 17251:Macau 17214:Korea 17199:Japan 17174:India 17149:China 17061:Sudan 17011:Niger 16966:Libya 16951:Kenya 16931:Ghana 16921:Gabon 16896:Egypt 16836:Benin 16745:Index 16716:lists 16580:State 16398:Women 16266:Deism 16241:Place 16221:Water 16216:Truth 16184:Trees 16040:Faith 16005:Laity 15900:Punic 15858:Roman 15824:Vedic 15782:Olmec 15669:Greek 15662:Norse 15586:Irish 15407:Wicca 15202:Subud 15092:Inuit 15065:Winti 15055:Vodou 15020:Obeah 15000:Comfa 14983:Bantu 14936:Serer 14921:Mbuti 14881:Dogon 14876:Dinka 14859:Kongo 14854:Bantu 14780:Qiang 14670:Yaqui 14601:Olmec 14591:Aztec 14512:Haida 14449:Miwok 14444:Kuksu 14365:Māori 14296:Dayak 14217:Turko 14180:Sects 14116:Other 14071:Thiền 13655:Other 13557:Druze 13535:Other 13411:Sunni 13403:Islam 13185:Amish 13103:Latin 12780:India 12765:Islam 12633:Hindu 12558:Music 12354:Nepal 12332:South 12320:North 12315:India 12214:Macau 12133:Yemen 12093:Syria 12068:Qatar 12048:Nepal 11983:Japan 11958:India 11948:Egypt 11933:China 11634:c.f. 11320:S2CID 11150:(PDF) 11143:(PDF) 11104:S2CID 11096:JSTOR 11031:JSTOR 10927:(PDF) 10916:S2CID 10908:JSTOR 10888:(PDF) 10519:S2CID 10040:S2CID 9900:(PDF) 9893:(PDF) 9191:(PDF) 9184:(PDF) 8095:(PDF) 8088:(PDF) 8009:, by 7917:JSTOR 6351:(PDF) 6340:(PDF) 6247:Jains 6217:vajra 6136:Aryan 5850:Notes 5631:) or 5617:Sikhs 5613:Jains 5442:Nyaya 5314:are: 5271:karma 5228:Ganga 5101:caste 4868:Sikhs 4848:gurus 4844:Nanak 4836:India 4824:Sikhs 4675:Kabir 4671:Meera 4642:Sants 4604:JSTOR 4590:books 4514:Delhi 4494:Turks 4450:Alvar 4404:Tamil 4387:Tamil 4380:Molla 4352:Durga 4136:Surya 4132:Durga 4124:Shiva 4104:epics 4032:Nyaya 3931:sruti 3915:sruti 3836:Keshi 3783:Indra 3771:Shiva 3755:koyil 3734:Vaali 3682:Sivan 3670:Seyon 3637:murti 3625:Tamil 3617:vedic 3605:Vedic 3511:Bihar 3432:Nepal 3357:satya 3300:Eliot 3210:Vedas 3123:from 3070:(the 3068:epics 2938:Satya 2930:Satya 2919:Yajus 2911:Yajna 2890:Vedas 2831:Vedas 2760:Aruru 2668:Rudra 2664:Shiva 2637:linga 2552:local 2299:Tibet 2284:Sindh 2239:Kabul 2224:Bihar 2209:Assam 2179:Nepal 2169:India 269:Vedas 202:Jains 187:Sikhs 17890:Peru 17772:Fiji 17669:Cuba 17281:Oman 17241:Laos 17189:Iraq 17184:Iran 17101:Asia 17071:Togo 16981:Mali 16871:Chad 16714:and 16641:and 16211:Text 16191:Soul 16080:Monk 16045:Fire 15726:Inca 15534:Ainu 15418:list 15395:Sámi 15025:Palo 14993:Ketu 14988:Jejé 14906:Lozi 14886:Efik 14864:Zulu 14844:Akan 14697:Ahom 14689:Miao 14687:and 14675:Zuni 14648:Hopi 14596:Maya 14493:Crow 14459:Pomo 14106:list 14063:Chan 14034:list 13991:Nath 13789:list 13525:list 13450:Shia 13392:list 13079:list 12643:Sikh 12613:and 12053:Oman 12018:Laos 11973:Iraq 11968:Iran 11839:2007 11808:2007 11777:2007 11719:2007 11678:2008 11601:2013 11575:2021 11549:2021 11498:2007 11466:link 11452:2007 11376:ISBN 11358:ISBN 11289:ISBN 11266:ISBN 11247:ISBN 11226:ISBN 11206:ISBN 11193:2021 11175:ISBN 11158:2015 11071:2021 11053:ISBN 10948:ISBN 10935:2021 10862:ISBN 10833:2021 10815:ISBN 10792:ISBN 10774:ISBN 10762:2021 10744:ISBN 10715:ISBN 10630:ISBN 10579:ISBN 10555:2021 10537:ISBN 10488:ISBN 10465:2021 10437:ISBN 10422:2021 10404:ISBN 10390:2020 10372:ISBN 10315:ISBN 10297:ISBN 10276:ISBN 10263:2021 10245:ISBN 10196:ISBN 10167:ISBN 10149:ISBN 10126:2015 10108:ISBN 10091:2017 10073:ISBN 10063:and 10009:ISBN 9988:ISBN 9908:2024 9875:2008 9848:2021 9800:2017 9549:2023 9470:2020 9452:ISBN 9392:2014 9379:ISBN 9358:2014 9199:2013 9166:2007 8898:ISBN 8696:ISBN 8639:ISBN 8568:2022 8219:LCCN 8209:ISBN 8188:2015 8157:2015 8139:ISBN 8103:2024 8053:ISBN 8028:ISBN 7994:2024 7964:2024 7933:2024 7907:ISBN 7886:2024 7854:ISBN 7835:ISBN 7793:ISBN 7773:2015 7755:ISBN 7658:ISBN 7525:ISBN 7498:ISBN 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