Indigenous peoples of the Americas

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profile are appropriate when applied to these peoples. Here we analyze the classification trends of a modern Filipino sample (n = 110) when using the Fordisc 3.1 (FD3) software. We hypothesize that Filipinos represent an admixed population drawn largely from Asian and marginally from European parental gene pools, such that FD3 will classify these individuals morphometrically into reference samples that reflect a range of European admixture, in quantities from small to large. Our results show the greatest classification into Asian reference groups (72.7%), followed by Hispanic (12.7%), Indigenous American (7.3%), African (4.5%), and European (2.7%) groups included in FD3. This general pattern did not change between males and females. Moreover, replacing the raw craniometric values with their shape variables did not significantly alter the trends already observed. These classification trends for Filipino crania provide useful information for casework interpretation in forensic laboratory practice. Our findings can help biological anthropologists to better understand the evolutionary, population historical, and statistical reasons for FD3-generated classifications. The results of our study indicate that ancestry estimation in forensic anthropology would benefit from population-focused research that gives consideration to histories of colonialism and periods of admixture.

7366: 7643:. Native American genetic ancestry is occasionally dubbed as "Amerindian". This type of ancestry largely overlaps with "Paleosiberian" ancestry but is differentiated from "Neo-Siberian" ancestry which represents historical expansions from Northeast Asia and is today widespread among Siberian populations. The ancestors of Native Americans used a single migration route, most likely through Beringia, and subsequently populated all of the Americas in a time range between 25,000 and 15,000 years ago. Possible contact between Native Americans and Polynesians dates back to 1,400 years ago. Previously hypothesized "Paleo-Indian" groups turned out to be genetically identical to modern Native Americans. The controversial claim that the first peoples came from Europe via the North Atlantic, based on an ostensible similarity in stone-tool technology between the Solutrean culture of Pleistocene Europe and Clovis in North America, was undermined by the genome of the Anzick Clovis child, which sits squarely on the branch of Ancestral Native American peoples. No ancient or present-day genome (or mtDNA or Y chromosome marker) in the Americas has shown any direct affinities to Upper Palaeolithic European populations. 7255: 3188: 7390: 22604: 7699: 1791:), with an estimated population of 200,000 for the city proper and a population of close to five million for the extended empire. By comparison, the largest European cities in the 16th century were Constantinople and Paris with 300,000 and 200,000 inhabitants respectively. The population in London, Madrid, and Rome hardly exceeded 50,000 people. In 1523, right around the time of the Spanish conquest, the entire population in the country of England was just under three million people. This fact speaks to the level of sophistication, agriculture, governmental procedure, and rule of law that existed in Tenochtitlan, needed to govern over such a large citizenry. Indigenous civilizations also displayed impressive accomplishments in astronomy and mathematics, including the most accurate calendar in the world. The domestication of 5620: 2341:

residential schools have more negative health outcomes (e.g., suicide ideation, suicide attempts, and depression) than those who did not have a connection to residential schools. Additionally, Indigenous respondents with higher HLS and HLASS scores had one or more negative health outcomes. While there are many studies that found an association between IHT and adverse health outcomes, scholars continue to suggest that it remains difficult to understand the impact of IHT. IHT needs to be systematically measured. Indigenous people also need to be understood in separate categories based on similar experiences, location, and background as opposed to being categorized as one monolithic group.

5608: 2384: 4499: 40: 24605: 24575: 1393:. Some consider it improper to refer to Indigenous people as "Indigenous Americans" or to append any colonial nationality to the term because Indigenous cultures existed before European colonization. Indigenous groups have territorial claims that are different from modern national and international borders, and when labeled as part of a country, their traditional lands are not acknowledged. Some who have written guidelines consider it more appropriate to describe an Indigenous person as "living in" or "of" the Americas, rather than calling them "American"; or simply calling them "Indigenous" without any addition of a colonial state. 2397: 1657: 5252: 24590: 24560: 24545: 4227: 3757: 575: 4366: 20401: 1850: 4736: 1866: 3547: 5145: 3697: 683: 1913: 21100: 3457: 215: 4798: 7647: 3787: 1835: 647: 611: 19052:

population of at least two different Native American source populations from Asia to the Americas (von Cramon-Taubadel et al., 2017). Our finding that early Holocene individuals with such a morphology are consistent with deriving all their ancestry from the same homogeneous ancestral population as other Native Americans extends the finding of Raghavan et al., 2015 who came to a similar conclusion after analyzing Native Americans inferred to have Paleoamerican morphology who lived within the last millennium.

6437: 5872: 968: 1416: 19133:

isolation, admixture, continuity and replacement, and their genomes help to illuminate the relationships among major subgroups of Native American populations. Notably, all ancient individuals in the Americas, save for later-arriving Arctic peoples, are more closely related to contemporary Indigenous American individuals than to any other population elsewhere, which challenges the claim—which is based on anatomical evidence—that there was an early, non-Native American population in the Americas.

1891: 7374: 3517: 152: 1328: 5955: 1383:", to recognize the primacy of Indigenous peoples' tenure in the nation. As may be expected among people of over 400 different cultures in the US alone, not all of the people intended to be described by this term have agreed on its use or adopted it. No single group naming convention has been accepted by all Indigenous peoples in the Americas. Most prefer to be addressed as people of their tribe or nations when not speaking about Native Americans/American Indians as a whole. 7713: 540: 2910: 3727: 629: 557: 3667: 522: 2960: 25149: 400: 6342: 6123: 952: 361: 5713: 4177: 3817: 3427: 463: 299: 236: 92: 6046: 4057: 593: 379: 341: 4117: 3937: 502: 194: 3205: 3967: 3847: 3637: 3577: 665: 257: 131: 5494: 5241: 4147: 1306: 442: 6634: 4027: 484: 421: 4527: 3487: 320: 71: 3607: 3907: 173: 4825: 4511: 4087: 110: 3877: 278: 4810: 3997: 1046:) for the Indigenous inhabitants, which implied some kind of ethnic or cultural unity among the Indigenous peoples of the Americas. This unifying concept, codified in law, religion, and politics, was not originally accepted by the myriad groups of Indigenous peoples themselves but has since been embraced or tolerated by many over the last two centuries. The term "Indian" generally does not include the culturally and 16075:

de; Burley, Mari-Wyn; Konca, Esra; Oliveira, Marcelo Zagonel de; Veronez, Mauricio Roberto; Rubio-Codina, Marta; Attanasio, Orazio; Gibbon, Sahra; Ray, Nicolas; Gallo, Carla; Poletti, Giovanni; Rosique, Javier; Schuler-Faccini, Lavinia; Salzano, Francisco M.; Bortolini, Maria-Cátira; Canizales-Quinteros, Samuel; Rothhammer, Francisco; Bedoya, Gabriel; Balding, David; Gonzalez-José, Rolando (25 September 2014).

1610: 25159: 2372: 5753: 1637: 14679: 5884: 5304:) are spoken as a first language. Of these 23 languages, they only received official recognition by the Government in 2003 under the Law of National Languages. The Law on National Languages recognizes 23 Indigenous languages including Xinca, enforcing that public and government institutions not only translate but also provide services in said languages. It would provide services in 5944: 5850:, the President called it "a historic day for the peasant and Indigenous movement", saying that, though he might make errors, he would "never betray the fight started by our ancestors and the fight of the Bolivian people". A vote on further autonomy for jurisdictions took place in December 2009, at the same time as general elections to office. The issue divided the country. 931:, mestizos are typically not counted among the Indigenous population unless they speak an Indigenous language or identify with a specific Indigenous culture. Additionally, many individuals of wholly Indigenous descent who do not follow Indigenous traditions or speak an Indigenous language have been classified or self-identify as mestizo due to assimilation into the dominant 6455:. But those who identify as Indigenous, from being raised in those cultures, make up only around 2% of the total population. The Indigenous peoples speak around 29 different languages and many more dialects. As some of the ethnic groups are very small, their native languages are in danger of becoming extinct in the next decades. The most important Indigenous groups are the 3172: 1120:. Over time, as societal perceptions and government–indigenous relationships have shifted, many historical terms have changed definitions or been replaced as they have fallen out of favor. The use of the term "Indian" is frowned upon because it represents the imposition and restriction of Indigenous peoples and cultures by the Canadian Government. The terms "Native" and " 2532: 6370:

Renato Rosaldo has called, "the right to be different and to belong, in a democratic, participatory sense" (1996:243)—is not yet very well developed in Peru. This is perhaps no more apparent than in the country's Amazonian regions where Indigenous societies continue to struggle against state-sponsored economic abuses, cultural discrimination, and pervasive violence.

11012:

E.; Barba-Pingarón, Luis; Ortiz-Butrón, Agustín; Blancas-Vázquez, Jorge; Rivera-González, Irán; Solís-Rosales, Corina; Rodríguez-Ceja, María; Gandy, Devlin A.; Navarro-Gutierrez, Zamara; de la Rosa-Díaz, Jesús J.; Huerta-Arellano, Vladimir; Marroquín-Fernández, Marco B.; Martínez-Riojas, L. Martin; López-Jiménez, Alejandro; Higham, Thomas; Willerslev, Eske (2020).

5699:(Ona) people are now virtually extinct in its pure form. The languages of the Diaguita, Tehuelche, and Selk'nam nations have become extinct or virtually extinct: the Cacán language (spoken by Diaguitas) in the 18th century and the Selk'nam language in the 20th century; one Tehuelche language (Southern Tehuelche) is still spoken by a handful of elderly people. 14675: 1081:. It has been controversial ever since its creation. It was immediately rejected by some leading members of the Association, and, while adopted by many, it was never universally accepted. While never popular in Indigenous communities themselves, it remains a preferred term among some anthropologists, notably in some parts of Canada and the 6483:, who lived in the Venezuelan Andes. Historians estimate that there were between 350 thousand and 500 thousand Indigenous inhabitants at the time of Spanish colonization. The most densely populated area was the Andean region (Timoto-cuicas), thanks to their advanced agricultural techniques and ability to produce a surplus of food. 2096:, that were relatively manageable if infected as a child, but were deadly if infected as an adult. Children could often survive the disease, resulting in immunity to the disease for the rest of their lives. But contact with adult populations without this childhood or inherited immunity would result in these diseases proving fatal. 2485: 3039:. There are remnants of Zapotec writing in inscriptions on some of the monumental architecture of the period, but so few inscriptions are extant that it is difficult to fully describe the writing system. The oldest example of the Zapotec script, dating from around 600 BCE, is on a monument that was discovered in 16571: 1779:, had their written languages and records. However, the European colonists of the time worked to eliminate non-Christian beliefs and burned many pre-Columbian written records. Only a few documents remained hidden and survived, leaving contemporary historians with glimpses of ancient culture and knowledge. 19132:

It is now evident that the initial dispersal involved the movement from northeast Asia. The first peoples, once south of the continental ice sheets, spread widely, expanded rapidly and branched into multiple populations. Their descendants—over the next fifteen millennia—experienced varying degrees of

17360:

Zambrano, Ana Karina; Gaviria, Aníbal; Cobos-Navarrete, Santiago; Gruezo, Carmen; Rodríguez-Pollit, Cristina; Armendáriz-Castillo, Isaac; García-Cárdenas, Jennyfer M.; Guerrero, Santiago; López-Cortés, Andrés; Leone, Paola E.; Pérez-Villa, Andy; Guevara-Ramírez, Patricia; Yumiceba, Verónica; Fiallos,

4718:

and documents in their native languages. Along with Spanish, the law has granted them—more than 60 languages—the status of "national languages". The law includes all Indigenous languages of the Americas regardless of origin; that is, it includes the Indigenous languages of ethnic groups non-native to

3024:, but a few are variations on the same sign or have the same meaning, many appear only rarely or in particular localities, no more than about five hundred were in use in any given time, and, of those, it seems only about two hundred (including variations) represented a particular phoneme or syllable. 2928:

The languages of the North American Indians have been classified into 56 groups or stock tongues, in which the spoken languages of the tribes may be said to center. In connection with speech, reference may be made to gesture language which was highly developed in parts of this area. Of equal interest

2304:

ancestry studies ask respondents if their parents, grandparents, great-grandparents, or "elders from their community" went to a residential school to understand if family or community history in residential schools is associated with negative health outcomes. In a comprehensive review of the research

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Fedorova, Sardana A.; Reidla, Maere; Metspalu, Ene; Metspalu, Mait; Rootsi, Siiri; Tambets, Kristiina; Trofimova, Natalya; Zhadanov, Sergey I.; Kashani, Baharak Hooshiar; Olivieri, Anna; Voevoda, Mikhail I.; Osipova, Ludmila P.; Platonov, Fedor A.; Tomsky, Mikhail I.; Khusnutdinova, Elza K. (19 June

16074:

Ruiz-Linares, Andrés; Adhikari, Kaustubh; Acuña-Alonzo, Victor; Quinto-Sanchez, Mirsha; Jaramillo, Claudia; Arias, William; Fuentes, Macarena; Pizarro, María; Everardo, Paola; Avila, Francisco de; Gómez-Valdés, Jorge; León-Mimila, Paola; Hunemeier, Tábita; Ramallo, Virginia; Cerqueira, Caio C. Silva

6369:

of mixed indigenous and European descent, who make up the majority of the population. Genetic testing indicates that Peruvian Mestizos are of predominantly indigenous ancestry. Indigenous traditions and customs have shaped the way Peruvians live and see themselves today. Cultural citizenship—or what

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census, 23.2 million people (19.4% of the Mexican population aged 3 years and older) self-identified as indigenous. Somewhat contradictorily, in the same 2020 census, 11.8 million people (9.3% of the Mexican population) were determined to be indigenous by the Mexican government based on the language

2340:

used in the various samples comprises a huge population of individuals with drastically different experiences and histories. That being said some studies such as Bombay, Matheson, and Anisman (2014), Elias et al. (2012), and Pearce et al. (2008) found that Indigenous respondents with a connection to

1932:

The European colonization of the Americas fundamentally changed the lives and cultures of the resident Indigenous peoples. Although the exact pre-colonization population count of the Americas is unknown, scholars estimate that Indigenous populations diminished by between 80% and 90% during the first

13870:

Ní Leathlobhair, Máire; Perri, Angela R; Irving-Pease, Evan K; Witt, Kelsey E; Linderholm, Anna; Haile, James; Lebrasseur, Ophelie; Ameen, Carly; Blick, Jeffrey; Boyko, Adam R; Brace, Selina; Cortes, Yahaira Nunes; Crockford, Susan J; Devault, Alison; Dimopoulos, Evangelos A; Eldridge, Morley; Enk,

13755:

In Tenochtitlan, during the famine of 1 Rabbit in 1454, Moctezuma Ilhuicamina distributed food from the royal granaries to the poor. When the stores ran out, he gave permission for the populace to leave the city to find food elsewhere and people left. The populations of Texcoco, Chalco, Xochimilco,

11011:

Ardelean, Ciprian F.; Becerra-Valdivia, Lorena; Pedersen, Mikkel Winther; Schwenninger, Jean-Luc; Oviatt, Charles G.; Macías-Quintero, Juan I.; Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquin; Sikora, Martin; Ocampo-Díaz, Yam Zul E.; Rubio-Cisneros, Igor I.; Watling, Jennifer G.; De Medeiros, Vanda B.; De Oliveira, Paulo

6167:

Between 55% and 65% of Ecuador's population consists of Mestizos of mixed indigenous and European ancestry while indigenous people comprise about 25%. Genetic analysis indicates that Ecuadorian Mestizos are of predominantly indigenous ancestry. Approximately 96.4% of Ecuador's Indigenous population

5639:) numbered about 600,329 (1.6% of the total population); this figure includes 457,363 people who self-identified as belonging to an Indigenous ethnic group and 142,966 who identified themselves as first-generation descendants of an Indigenous people. The ten most populous Indigenous peoples are the 3376:

The following table provides estimates for each country or territory in the Americas of the populations of Indigenous people and those with partial Indigenous ancestry, each expressed as a percentage of the overall population. The total percentage obtained by adding both of these categories is also

2295:

and systematically collect data when studying IHT. Many of the studies that incorporate IHT measure it in different ways, making it hard to compile data and review it holistically. This is an important point that provides context for the following studies that attempt to understand the relationship

1956:

to the Americas. Like Indigenous peoples, these African people, newly exposed to European diseases, lacked any inherited resistance to the diseases of Europe. In 1520, an African who had been infected with smallpox had arrived in Yucatán. By 1558, the disease had spread throughout South America and

1386:

Since the 1970s, the word "Indigenous", which is capitalized when referring to people, has gradually emerged as a favored umbrella term. The capitalization is to acknowledge that Indigenous peoples have cultures and societies that are equal to Europeans, Africans, and Asians. This has recently been

5764:

In Bolivia, the 2012 National Census reported that 41% of residents over the age of 15 are of Indigenous origin. Some 3.7% report growing up with an Indigenous mother tongue but do not identify as Indigenous. When both of these categories are totaled, and children under 15, some 66.4% of Bolivia's

5331:

The Law of National Languages has been an effort to grant and protect Indigenous people rights not afforded to them previously. Along with the Law of National Languages passed in 2003, in 1996 the Guatemalan Constitutional Court had ratified the ILO Convention 169 on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples.

4731:

in some Indigenous rural communities. Nonetheless, of the Indigenous peoples in Mexico, 93% are either native speakers or bilingual second-language speakers of Spanish with only about 62.4% of them (or 5.4% of the country's population) speaking an Indigenous language and about a sixth do not speak

2508:

in a controlled manner. They carried out the intentional burning of vegetation to mimic the effects of natural fires that tended to clear forest understories. It made travel easier and facilitated the growth of herbs and berry-producing plants, which were important both for food and for medicines.

6280:

During the early stages of colonization, the indigenous peoples in Guyana partook in trade relations with Dutch settlers and assisted in militia services such as hunting down escaped slaves for the British, which continued until the 19th century. Indigenous Guyanese people are responsible for the

5295:

The Mayan tribes cover a vast geographic area throughout Central America and expand beyond Guatemala into other countries. One could find vast groups of Mayan people in Boca Costa, in the Southern portions of Guatemala, as well as the Western Highlands living together in close communities. Within

2299:

Some of the methodologies to measure IHT include a "Historical Losses Scale" (HLS), "Historical Losses Associated Symptoms Scale" (HLASS), and residential school ancestry studies. HLS uses a survey format that includes "12 kinds of historical losses", such as loss of language and loss of land and

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Many studies (such as Whitbeck et al., 2014; Brockie, 2012; Anastasio et al., 2016; Clark & Winterowd, 2012; Tucker et al., 2016) have evaluated the impact of IHT on health outcomes of Indigenous communities from the United States and Canada. IHT is a difficult term to standardize and measure

1585:

and pushed back the possible date of the first peopling of the Americas. Academics generally believe that humans reached North America south of the Laurentide Ice Sheet at some point between 15,000 and 20,000 years ago. Some new controversial archaeological evidence suggests the possibility that

5810:

retained Indigenous language, culture, customs, and communal organization throughout the Spanish conquest and the post-independence period. They mobilized to resist various attempts at the dissolution of communal landholdings and used legal recognition of "empowered caciques" to further communal

4925:

In the 2020 census 2.9% of the U.S. population claimed to have some degree of Native American heritage. When answering a question about racial background, 3.7 million people identified solely as "American Indian or Alaska Native", while another 5.9 million did so in combination with other races.

1349:

The various nations, tribes, and bands of Indigenous peoples of the Americas have differing preferences in terminology for themselves. While there are regional and generational variations in which umbrella terms are preferred for Indigenous peoples as a whole, in general, most Indigenous peoples

17665:

ABSTRACT: Filipinos represent a significant contemporary demographic group globally, yet they are underrepresented in the forensic anthropological literature. Given the complex population history of the Philippines, it is important to ensure that traditional methods for assessing the biological

16012:

Silva-Zolezzi, Irma; Hidalgo-Miranda, Alfredo; Estrada-Gil, Jesus; Fernandez-Lopez, Juan Carlos; Uribe-Figueroa, Laura; Contreras, Alejandra; Balam-Ortiz, Eros; del Bosque-Plata, Laura; Velazquez-Fernandez, David; Lara, Cesar; Goya, Rodrigo; Hernandez-Lemus, Enrique; Davila, Carlos; Barrientos,

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or Mexico, but upon learning of the fertile land in El Salvador, they attempted to conquer it. Noted Meso-American Indigenous warriors to rise militarily against the Spanish included Princes Atonal and Atlacatl of the Pipil people in central El Salvador and Princess Antu Silan Ulap of the Lenca

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Chatters, James C.; Potter, Ben A.; Prentiss, Anna Marie; Fiedel, Stuart J.; Haynes, Gary; Kelly, Robert L.; Kilby, J. David; Lanoë, François; Holland-Lulewicz, Jacob; Miller, D. Shane; Morrow, Juliet E.; Perri, Angela R.; Rademaker, Kurt M.; Reuther, Joshua D.; Ritchison, Brandon T.; Sanchez,

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along with their Indigenous allies (the Tlaxcalas), sending them back to Guatemala. After many other attacks with an army reinforced with Indigenous allies, the Spanish were able to conquer Cuzcatlan. After further attacks, the Spanish also conquered the Lenca people. Eventually, the Spaniards

2891:, where millennia of coexistence and shared development among the peoples of the region produced a fairly homogeneous culture with complex agricultural and social patterns. Another well-known example is the North American plains where until the 19th century several peoples shared the traits of 7654:

The date for the formation of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas gene pool ranges from 36,000 to 25,000 years ago, with their internal diverging being around 21,000 years ago, during the settlement of the Americas. Native Americans formed from the admixture of a lineage that diverged from

3259:

such as drums, flutes, sea shells (used as trumpets), and "rain" tubes. No remnants of pre-Columbian stringed instruments were found until archaeologists discovered a jar in Guatemala, attributed to the Maya of the Late Classic Era (600–900 CE); this jar was decorated with imagery depicting a

2091:

There are many factors as to why Indigenous peoples suffered such immense losses from Afro-Eurasian diseases. Many Old World diseases, like cow pox, are acquired from domesticated animals that are not indigenous to the Americas. European populations had adapted to these diseases, and built up

19519:

Posth, Cosimo; Nakatsuka, Nathan; Lazaridis, Iosif; Skoglund, Pontus; Mallick, Swapan; Lamnidis, Thiseas C.; Rohland, Nadin; Nägele, Kathrin; Adamski, Nicole; Bertolini, Emilie; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Cooper, Alan; Culleton, Brendan J.; Ferraz, Tiago; Ferry, Matthew (15 November 2018).

19291:

Moreno-Mayar, J. Víctor; Potter, Ben A.; Vinner, Lasse; Steinrücken, Matthias; Rasmussen, Simon; Terhorst, Jonathan; Kamm, John A.; Albrechtsen, Anders; Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo; Sikora, Martin; Reuther, Joshua D.; Irish, Joel D.; Malhi, Ripan S.; Orlando, Ludovic; Song, Yun S. (January 2018).

19051:

Our finding of no excess allele sharing with non-Native American populations in the ancient samples is also striking as many of these individuals—including those at Lapa do Santo—have a "Paleoamerican" cranial morphology that has been suggested to be evidence of the spread of a substructured

19000:

5160:

Estimates for El Salvador's indigenous population vary. The last time a reported census had an Indigenous ethnic option was in 2007, which estimated that 0.23% of the population identified as Indigenous. Historically, estimates have claimed higher amounts. A 1930 census stated that 5.6% were

817:, states, kingdoms, republics, confederacies, and empires. These societies possessed varying levels of knowledge in fields such as engineering, architecture, mathematics, astronomy, writing, physics, medicine, agriculture, irrigation, geology, mining, metallurgy, sculpture, and goldsmithing. 5161:

Indigenous. By the mid-20th century, there may have been as much as 20% (or 400,000) that would qualify as "Indigenous". Another estimate stated that by the late 1980s, 10% of the population was Indigenous, and another 89% was mestizo (or people of mixed European and Indigenous ancestry).

3102:

from the colonial era, many of which were part of lawsuits and other legal matters. Although Spaniards initially taught Indigenous scribes alphabetic writing, the tradition became self-perpetuating at the local level. The Spanish crown gathered such documentation, and contemporary Spanish

2422:

For thousands of years, Indigenous peoples domesticated, bred, and cultivated a large array of plant species. These species now constitute between 50% and 60% of all crops in cultivation worldwide. In certain cases, the Indigenous peoples developed entirely new species and strains through

1143:

who, with their larger population (in most Latin American countries constituting either outright majorities, pluralities, or at the least large minorities), identify largely as a new ethnic group distinct from both Europeans and Indigenous, but still considering themselves a subset of the

7671:

and Ancestral Native Americans. Both Paleo-Siberians and Ancestral Native Americans derive between 32 and 44% of their ancestry from Ancient North Eurasians (ANE), and 56–68% ancestry from Ancient East Asians. Based on a 2023 mitochondrial DNA study, a subsequent wave of migration from

1948:, which the early colonists brought from Europe. The spread of infectious diseases was slow initially, as most Europeans were not actively or visibly infected, due to inherited immunity from generations of exposure to these diseases in Europe. This changed when the Europeans began the 5432:

came about through frequent contact with the British, who colonized the area. Many Miskitos are Christians. Traditional Miskito society was highly structured, politically and otherwise. It had a king, but he did not have total power. Instead, the power was split between himself, a

12430:"Africans in bondage: studies in slavery and the slave trade : essays in honor of Philip D. Curtin on the occasion of the twenty-fifth anniversary of African Studies at the University of Wisconsin: Chapter 1: When did smallpox reach the New World (and why does it matter)?" 919:, Mexico, Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Chile, and Paraguay. Mestizos outnumber Indigenous peoples in most Spanish-speaking countries, according to estimates of ethnic cultural identification. However, since Indigenous communities in the Americas are defined by 18799:

Raghavan, Maanasa; Skoglund, Pontus; Graf, Kelly E.; Metspalu, Mait; Albrechtsen, Anders; Moltke, Ida; Rasmussen, Simon; Stafford Jr, Thomas W.; Orlando, Ludovic; Metspalu, Ene; Karmin, Monika; Tambets, Kristiina; Rootsi, Siiri; Mägi, Reedik; Campos, Paula F. (January 2014).

6326:

is recognized as an official language alongside Spanish, with approximately 90% of the population speaking Guaraní. The indigenous population in Paraguay suffers from several social issues such as low literacy rates and inaccessibility to safe drinking water and electricity.

5336:, is also known as Convention 169. Which is the only International Law regarding Indigenous peoples that Independent countries can adopt. The convention establishes that governments like Guatemala must consult with Indigenous groups before any projects occur on tribal lands. 5827:

and to begin the still-ongoing process of recognizing and giving official titles to Indigenous territories. The 1994 Law of Popular Participation granted "grassroots territorial organizations;" these are recognized by the state and have certain rights to govern local areas.

1353:

Early settlers often adopted terms that some tribes used for each other, not realizing these were derogatory terms used by enemies. When discussing broader subsets of peoples, naming has often been based on shared language, region, or historical relationship. Many English

6805: 16578: 17816:

Yu, He; Spyrou, Maria A.; Karapetian, Marina; Shnaider, Svetlana; Radzevičiūtė, Rita; Nägele, Kathrin; Neumann, Gunnar U.; Penske, Sandra; Zech, Jana; Lucas, Mary; LeRoux, Petrus; Roberts, Patrick; Pavlenok, Galina; Buzhilova, Alexandra; Posth, Cosimo (11 June 2020).

2019:(also King of Spain) sent Captain Francisco Barrionuevo to negotiate a peace treaty with the ever-increasing number of rebels. Two months later, after consultation with the Audencia of Santo Domingo, Enriquillo was offered any part of the island to live in peace. 1782:

According to both Indigenous and European accounts and documents, American civilizations before and at the time of European encounter had achieved great complexity and many accomplishments. For instance, the Aztecs built one of the largest cities in the world,

3354:, Mexico) and, finally, not to import more instruments so that the indigenous people would not have access to them. The latter was not an obstacle to the musical enjoyment of the natives, who experienced the making of instruments, particularly rubbed strings ( 5901:

make up 0.4% of Brazil's population, or about 817,000 people, but millions of Brazilians are mestizo or have some Indigenous ancestry. Indigenous peoples are found in the entire territory of Brazil, although in the 21st century, the majority of them live in

8155:

Sum of population aged 12 years and older who identify as Quechua (5,176,809), Aimara (548,292), Native or Indigenous from the Amazon (79,266), Ashaninka (55,489), Part of another Indigenous or originary peoples (49,838), Awajun (37,690) and Shipibo Konibo

7622:

Multiple recent findings on autosomal DNA and full genome revealed more information about the formation, settlement, and external relationships of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas to other populations. Native Americans are very closely related to the

1676:' voyages of 1492 to 1504, in practice the term usually includes the history of Indigenous cultures until Europeans either conquered or significantly influenced them. "Pre-Columbian" is used especially often in the context of discussing the pre-contact 2107:. Their culture was destroyed by 1650. Only 500 had survived by the year 1550, though the bloodlines continued through to the modern populace. In Amazonia, Indigenous societies weathered, and continue to suffer, centuries of colonization and genocide. 1124:" are generally regarded as disrespectful (in Canada), and so are rarely used unless specifically required. While "Indigenous peoples" is the preferred term, many individuals or communities may choose to describe their identity using a different term. 888:, have millions of speakers and are recognized as official by governments in Bolivia, Peru, Paraguay, and Greenland. Indigenous peoples, whether residing in rural or urban areas, often maintain aspects of their cultural practices, including religion, 1957:

had arrived at the Plata basin. Colonist violence towards Indigenous peoples accelerated the loss of lives. European colonists perpetrated massacres on the Indigenous peoples and enslaved them. According to the U.S. Bureau of the Census (1894), the

17045: 17025: 17005: 1358:

have been used to refer to the Indigenous peoples of the Americas. Some of these names were based on foreign language terms used by earlier explorers and colonists, while others resulted from the colonists' attempts to translate or transliterate

4633:

of mixed indigenous and European ancestry (with a minor African contribution) are still a majority of the population. Genetic studies vary over whether indigenous or European ancestry predominates in the Mexican Mestizo population. In the 2020

2110:

Contact with European diseases such as smallpox and measles killed between 50 and 67 percent of the Indigenous population of North America in the first hundred years after the arrival of Europeans. Some 90 percent of the native population near

13871:

Jacob; Gopalakrishnan, Shyam; Gori, Kevin; Grimes, Vaughan; Guiry, Eric; Hansen, Anders J; Hulme-Beaman, Ardern; Johnson, John; Kitchen, Andrew; Kasparov, Aleksei K; Kwon, Young-Mi; Nikolskiy, Pavel A; Lope, Carlos Peraza; et al. (2018).

7522:

among eastern Asian and Native American populations has been noted. Some subclades of C and D that have been found in the limited populations of Native Americans who have agreed to DNA testing bear some resemblance to the C and D subclades in

3383:

these categories are inconsistently defined and measured differently from country to country. Some figures are based on the results of population-wide genetic surveys while others are based on self-identification or observational estimation.

17000:

Indigenous identification was treated in a complex way in the 2001 Census, which collected data based on three criteria: self-identification, capacity to speak an indigenous language, and learning an indigenous language as a child. CEPAL,

5210:

intermarried with Pipil and Lenca women, resulting in the mestizo population that would make up the vast majority of the Salvadoran people. Today many Pipil and other Indigenous populations live in the many small towns of El Salvador like

4287:

are some of the earliest known sites of human habitation in Canada. The characteristics of Indigenous cultures in Canada prior to Europen colonization included permanent settlements, agriculture, civic and ceremonial architecture, complex

15600: 6846: 1512:

While there is general agreement that the Americas were first settled from Asia, the pattern of migration and the place(s) of origin in Eurasia of the peoples who migrated to the Americas remain unclear. The traditional theory is that

2305:

literature, Joseph Gone and colleagues compiled and compared outcomes for studies using these IHT measures relative to the health outcomes of Indigenous peoples. The study defined negative health outcomes to include such concepts as

18238:

Starikovskaya, Elena B.; Sukernik, Rem I.; Derbeneva, Olga A.; Volodko, Natalia V.; Ruiz-Pesini, Eduardo; Torroni, Antonio; Brown, Michael D.; Lott, Marie T.; Hosseini, Seyed H.; Huoponen, Kirsi; Wallace, Douglas C. (January 2005).

4319:

can be seen in its culture, history, politics, laws, and legislatures. This led to the systematic abolishment of Indigenous languages, traditions, religion and the degradation of Indigenous communities that has been described as a

8713: 5291:

who are another set of Indigenous people making up 1.8% of the population. Other sources indicate that between 50% and 60% of the population could be Indigenous because part of the Mestizo population is predominantly Indigenous.

17170:

Rodríguez, Diego Andrés Chávez (21 March 2010). "La Autonomía Indígena Originario Campesina: Entre la formalidad y la autodeterminación" [Indigenous Originary Peasant Autonomy: Between formality and self-determination].

3187: 18867:

Kashani, Baharak Hooshiar; Perego, Ugo A.; Olivieri, Anna; Angerhofer, Norman; Gandini, Francesca; Carossa, Valeria; Lancioni, Hovirag; Semino, Ornella; Woodward, Scott R.; Achilli, Alessandro; Torroni, Antonio (January 2012).

18747:

Torroni, Antonio; Schurr, Theodore G.; Yang, Chi-Chuan; Szathmary, Emoke J. E.; Williams, Robert C.; Schanfield, Moses S.; Troup, Gary A.; Knowler, William C.; Lawrence, Dale N.; Weisss, Kenneth M.; Wallace, Douglas C. (1992).

6242:) has been the primary political institution of Indigenous peoples since then and is now the second-largest political party in the nation. It has been influential in national politics, contributing to the ouster of presidents 7447:

peoples (specifically Paleo-Siberians, Turkic, and historically the Okunev culture) have led Russian researcher I.A. Zakharov to believe that, among all the previously studied Asian peoples, it is "the peoples living between

5924:

reported in 2007, "As has been proved in the past when uncontacted tribes are introduced to other populations and the microbes they carry, maladies as simple as the common cold can be deadly. In the 1970s, 185 members of the

2882:

Cultural practices in the Americas seem to have been shared mostly within geographical zones where distinct ethnic groups adopt shared cultural traits, similar technologies, and social organizations. An example of such a

5270:

demographic portion of Guatemala's population consists of a majority of Mayan groups and one non-Mayan group. The Mayan language-speaking portion makes up 29.7% of the population and is distributed into 23 groups namely

3338:

musical service to which the natives, whose musical gifts came to surprise the missionaries, were integrated. The musical gifts of the natives were of such magnitude that they soon learned the rules of counterpoint and

12970:

Les Whitbeck, B; Chen, Xiaojin; Hoyt, Dan R; Adams, Gary W (1 July 2004). "Discrimination, historical loss and enculturation: culturally specific risk and resiliency factors for alcohol abuse among American Indians".

8493: 7381:, including the Ancestral Northern Eurasian, which represent a distinct Paleolithic Siberian population, and the Northeast Asians, which are an East Asian-related group. The admixture happened somewhere in Northeast 12437: 5811:

organization. Indigenous revolts took place frequently until 1953. While the National Revolutionary Movement government began in 1952 and discouraged people identifying as Indigenous (reclassifying rural people as

4713:

grants all Indigenous languages spoken in Mexico, regardless of the number of speakers, the same validity as Spanish in all territories in which they are spoken, and Indigenous peoples are entitled to request some

8745: 2026:, were the first codified set of laws governing the behavior of Spanish settlers in America, particularly concerning Indigenous peoples. The laws forbade the maltreatment of them and endorsed their conversion to 1762:. Many later pre-Columbian civilizations achieved great complexity, with hallmarks that included permanent or urban settlements, agriculture, engineering, astronomy, trade, civic and monumental architecture, and 3254:

The music of the Indigenous peoples of Central Mexico and Central America, like that of the North American cultures, tends to be spiritual ceremonies. It traditionally includes a large variety of percussion and

1933:

centuries of European colonization. Most scholars estimate a pre-colonization population of around 50 million, with other scholars arguing for an estimate of 100 million. Estimates reach as high as 145 million.

19459:

Wong, Emily H.M.; Khrunin, Andrey; Nichols, Larissa; Pushkarev, Dmitry; Khokhrin, Denis; Verbenko, Dmitry; Evgrafov, Oleg; Knowles, James; Novembre, John; Limborska, Svetlana; Valouev, Anton (27 January 2017).

13756:

and Tepanecapan also fled their cities. The Maya Lowlands appear to have suffered a famine at the same time, and the cities of Chichen Itza, Mayapan, and Uxmal appear to have been all abandoned simultaneously .

9416: 804:

in the 15th century, as well as the ethnic groups that identify with the continent's pre-Columbian population as such. These populations exhibit significant diversity; some Indigenous peoples were historically

18561: 16019: 10875: 7597:

diversity and distributions of the Y lineage specific to South America indicate that certain Indigenous peoples of the Americas populations have been isolated since the initial colonization of the region. The

18065:'Our results show that of all previously studied Asian peoples it is the peoples living between Altai and Lake Baikal along the Sayan mountains that are genetically closest to Amerindians' – says I.A. Zakharo 7203:

Since the late 20th century, Indigenous peoples in the Americas have become more politically active in asserting their treaty rights and expanding their influence. Some have organized to achieve some sort of

1366:

Since the late 20th century, Indigenous peoples in the Americas have been more vocal about how they want to be addressed, pushing to suppress the use of terms widely considered to be obsolete, inaccurate, or

16406: 7614:

mutations, however are distinct from other Indigenous peoples of the Americas with various mtDNA and atDNA mutations. This suggests that the earliest migrants into the northern extremes of North America and

3330:

arts and cultures in the United States, the Ford Foundation, arts advocates, and American Indian tribes created an endowment seed fund and established a national Native Arts and Cultures Foundation in 2007.

13268:

For the Cedar Project Partnership; Pearce, Margo E.; Christian, Wayne M.; Patterson, Katharina; Norris, Kat; Moniruzzaman, Akm; Craib, Kevin J. P.; Schechter, Martin T.; Spittal, Patricia M. (1 June 2008).

1770:

and through archaeological investigations. Others were contemporary with the contact and colonization period and were documented in historical accounts of the time. A few, such as the Mayan, Olmec, Mixtec,

6552:. The overall population suffered the most adverse colonial effects out of all the indigenous populations in the Americas, as the Kalinago have been reduced to a few islands in the Lesser Antilles such as 11491: 9013: 15566: 11535: 19167:

The team discovered that the Spirit Cave remains came from a Native American while dismissing a longstanding theory that a group called Paleoamericans existed in North America before Native Americans.

14848:; Parra, Esteban J.; Jones, Alfredo; Fernández, José R. (2004). "Ancestral proportions and their association with skin pigmentation and bone mineral density in Puerto Rican women from New York City". 19729:. David Rockefeller Center series on Latin American studies, Harvard University. Vol. 9. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University/David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies. pp. 199–238. 16194:

Note: Indigenous population was identified as the total population in households where the head of the household, his or her spouse or any of their ascendants claimed to speak an Indigenous language.

14885:

Martínez-Cruzado, J. C.; Toro-Labrador, G.; Viera-Vera, J.; Rivera-Vega, M. Y.; et al. (2005). "Reconstructing the population history of Puerto Rico by means of mtDNA phylogeographic analysis".

8800: 7961: 6384:

According to the 2012 census, the indigenous population of Suriname numbers around 20,000, amounting to 3.8% of the population. The most numerous indigenous groups in Suriname primarily comprise the

2504:

period of North American cultures. Technology had advanced to the point where pottery had started to become common and the small-scale felling of trees had become feasible. Concurrently, the Archaic

2287:

and is linked to mental and physical health hardships and population decline. IHT affects many different people in a multitude of ways because the Indigenous community and their history are diverse.

5803:(the National Council of Ayllus and Markas of Qullasuyu), draw ethnic boundaries within the Quechua- and Aymara-speaking population, resulting in a total of 50 Indigenous peoples native to Bolivia. 5772:(the National Council of Ayllus and Markas of Qullasuyu), draw ethnic boundaries within the Quechua- and Aymara-speaking population, resulting in a total of 50 Indigenous peoples native to Bolivia. 13113:

Tucker, Raymond P.; Wingate, LaRicka R.; O'Keefe, Victoria M. (2016). "Historical loss thinking and symptoms of depression are influenced by ethnic experience in American Indian college students".

12562: 20097: 5831:

Some radio and television programs are produced in the Quechua and Aymara languages. The constitutional reform in 1997 recognized Bolivia as a multi-lingual, pluri-ethnic society and introduced

3346:

The solution that was proposed was not to employ but a certain number of indigenous people in the musical service, not to teach them counterpoint, not to allow them to play certain instruments (

3086:

Spanish mendicants in the sixteenth century taught Indigenous scribes in their communities to write their languages using Latin letters, and there are a large number of local-level documents in

19580: 16545: 14157:

Pearlstein, Ellen; MacKenzie, Mark; Kaplan, Emily; Howe, Ellen; Levinson, Judith (2015). "Tradition and Innovation, Cochineal and Andean keros". In Anderson, Barbara; Padilla, Carmella (eds.).

11361:

Guadalupe; Sánchez-Morales, Ismael; Spivey-Faulkner, S. Margaret; Tune, Jesse W.; Haynes, C. Vance (23 October 2021). "Evaluating Claims of Early Human Occupation at Chiquihuite Cave, Mexico".

8338: 9913:

recognizes three groups of Aboriginal people – Indians (First Nations), Métis and Inuit. These separate peoples have unique heritages, languages, cultural practices, and spiritual beliefs

8255: 2119:, the Native Americans there were exposed to smallpox because of contact with Europeans. As it had done elsewhere, the virus wiped out entire population groups of Native Americans. It reached 20991: 8551: 16144: 15657: 9974: 2336:

The connection between IHT and health conditions is complicated because of the difficult nature of measuring IHT, the unknown directionality of IHT and health outcomes, and because the term

17713: 13584: 10316: 9336: 2212:

According to Erin McKenna and Scott L. Pratt, the Indigenous population of the Americas was 145 million in the late 15th and by the late 17th century, had been reduced to 15 million due to

15486: 9939: 8706: 8612: 4710: 19230:

Maier, Robert; Flegontov, Pavel; Flegontova, Olga; Işıldak, Ulaş; Changmai, Piya; Reich, David (14 April 2023). Nordborg, Magnus; Przeworski, Molly; Balding, David; Wiuf, Carsten (eds.).

17769: 7254: 16178: 4727:, who immigrated from the United States and recognizes the languages of the Indigenous refugees from Guatemala. The Mexican government has promoted and established bilingual primary and 2300:

asks participants how often they think about those losses. The HLASS includes 12 emotional reactions, and asks participants how they feel when they think about these losses. Lastly, the

18150: 861: 18970: 8462: 8956: 5088:

There are over 114,000 inhabitants of Native American origins, representing 2.4% of the population. Most of them live in secluded reservations, distributed among eight ethnic groups:

15360: 25104: 17042: 17022: 17002: 7209: 6882: 17652: 13611: 8388: 1062:. These peoples entered the continent as a second, more recent wave of migration several thousand years later and have much more recent genetic and cultural commonalities with the 19972: 8839: 4750:

The Indigenous peoples in Mexico have the right of free determination under the second article of the constitution. According to this article, the Indigenous peoples are granted:

3260:

stringed musical instrument which has since been reproduced. This instrument is one of the very few stringed instruments known in the Americas before the introduction of European

988: 16254: 8174: 5819:

movement beginning in the 1970s. Many lowland Indigenous peoples, mostly in the east, entered national politics through the 1990 March for Territory and Dignity organized by the

8587: 2990:

hieroglyphs tablet has been indirectly dated (from ceramic shards found in the same context) to approximately 900 BCE which is around the same time that the Olmec occupation of

1766:. Some of these civilizations had long faded by the time of the first significant European and African arrivals (ca. late 15th–early 16th centuries), and are known only through 17426: 8526: 8139: 2201:. By domesticating horses, some tribes had great success: horses enabled them to expand their territories, exchange more goods with neighboring tribes, and more easily capture 24657: 3343:

and even the virtuous handling of the instruments. This helped to ensure that it was not necessary to bring more musicians from Spain, which significantly annoyed the clergy.

2271: 1999:

Following years of mistreatment, the Taínos began to adopt suicidal behaviors, with women aborting or killing their infants and men jumping from cliffs or ingesting untreated

19693: 16407:"Poblicación de 5 años y más por Entidad Federativa, sexo y grupos lengüa indígena quinquenales de edad, y su distribución según condición de habla indígena y habla española" 16309: 6211:, make up 0.24% percent of the Indigenous population, while the remaining 3.35 percent live in the Oriente and consist of the Oriente Kichwa (the Canelo and the Quijos), the 2080:

on 23 April 1520, smallpox ravaged Mexico in the 1520s, possibly killing over 150,000 in Tenochtitlán (the heartland of the Aztec Empire) alone, and aiding in the victory of

18116: 17113: 10023:

Native is a word similar in meaning to Aboriginal. Native Peoples or First peoples is a collective term to describe the descendants of the original peoples of North America.

8485: 4720: 4656: 3067:. The pre-Columbian codices are largely pictorial; they do not contain symbols that represent spoken or written language. By contrast, colonial-era codices contain not only 12429: 3362:) or plucked (third). It is there where we can find the origin of what is now called traditional music whose instruments have their tuning and a typical Western structure. 935:. In recent years, the self-identified Indigenous population in many countries has increased as individuals reclaim their heritage amid rising Indigenous-led movements for 22584: 20682: 20342: 20018: 16205: 13712:

It is clear that in pre-Columbian times some groups struggled to survive and often suffered food shortages and famines, while others enjoyed a varied and substantial diet.

10626:

Ancient genetic landscape of archaeological human remains from Panama, South America and Oceania described through STR genotype frequencies and mitochondrial DNA sequences

8868: 7895: 4674:, a large amount of the population is of Indigenous descent with the largest ethnic group being Mayan with a population of 900,000. Large Indigenous minorities, including 20156:

Woodhead, M. (1998). Children's perspectives on their working lives: A participatory study in Bangladesh, Ethiopia, the Philippines, Guatemala, El Salvador and Nicaragua.

15060: 6451:

Most Venezuelans have some degree of indigenous heritage even if they may not identify as such. The 2011 census estimated that around 52% of the population identified as

4629:, which in Mexico designate people who do not identify culturally with any Indigenous grouping, quickly came to account for a majority of the colony's population. Today, 4300:. First Nations and Métis peoples played a critical part in the development of European colonies in Canada, particularly for their role in assisting Europeans during the 25114: 15840: 15335: 8738: 7870: 7212:

and the Indian Council of South America are examples of movements that are overcoming national borders to reunite Indigenous populations, for instance, those across the

5205:

people in eastern El Salvador, who saw the Spanish not as gods but as barbaric invaders. After fierce battles, the Pipil successfully fought off the Spanish army led by

896:

practices. Over time, these cultures have evolved, preserving traditional customs while adapting to modern needs. Some Indigenous groups remain relatively isolated from

19753: 6266:. Over time, the indigenous population has protested against various environmental issues, such as illegal gold mining, pollution, and a drastic decrease in wild game. 4847:, including their descendants, were commonly called American Indians, or simply Indians domestically and since the late 20th century the term Native American came into 24677: 20984: 17207: 15249: 9406: 7676:, originating near the present-day cities of Beijing and Tianjin, occurred as recently as 9000 BCE, following a previously unknown coastal route from Asia to America. 6731: 6071:

population, Indigenous peoples living in Colombia, consist of around 85 distinct cultures and around 1,905,617 people, however, it is likely much higher. A variety of

7424:"atDNA" markers are also used but differ from mtDNA or Y-DNA in that they overlap significantly. AtDNA is generally used to measure the average continent-of-ancestry 24511: 21172: 20385: 15392: 13209:"Trauma and suicide behaviour histories among a Canadian indigenous population: An empirical exploration of the potential role of Canada's residential school system" 2366: 1795:

or corn required thousands of years of selective breeding, and continued cultivation of multiple varieties was done with planning and selection, generally by women.

19154: 16417: 14676:"Aboriginal Identity (8), Area of Residence (6), Age Groups (12) and Sex (3) for the Population of Canada, Provinces and Territories, 2006 Census – 20% Sample Data" 13580:"Molecular description and similarity relationships among native germplasm potatoes (Solanum tuberosum ssp. tuberosum L.) using morphological data and AFLP markers" 11469: 3306:. Because too many artists were posing as Native Americans and Alaska Natives to profit from the cachet of Indigenous art in the United States, the U.S. passed the 21000: 20375: 17794: 7875: 7567: 3371: 1821: 17255: 10346: 7546:

Available genetic patterns lead to two main theories of genetic episodes affecting the Indigenous peoples of the Americas; first with the initial peopling of the

16831: 9858: 8085: 7816: 7360: 6756: 4848: 20047: 19835: 16471: 15210: 14922: 13271:"The Cedar Project: Historical trauma, sexual abuse and HIV risk among young Aboriginal people who use injection and non-injection drugs in two Canadian cities" 8897: 1961:

of the 19th century had a known death toll of about 19,000 Europeans and 30,000 Native Americans, and an estimated total death toll of 45,000 Native Americans.

24978: 20126:

Morelli, G.; Rogoff, B.; Angelillo, C. (2003). "Cultural variation in young children's access to work or involvement in specialised child-focused activities".

20095:

Nimmo, J. (2008). "Young children's access to real life: An examination of the growing boundaries between children in child care and adults in the community".

18366: 16742: 11502: 9017: 8554:[Indigenous population by belonging to an indigenous people, according to province and sex]. Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos. Archived from 6795: 11525: 8298: 8281:"Indigenous identity by Registered or Treaty Indian status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts" 5565: 22579: 20977: 20643: 20638: 20415: 13633: 10219: 10043: 9236: 9119: 8648: 8200: 7397: 7354: 2869: 1498: 17315: 16549: 13531: 8807: 5569: 13454: 6912: 6892: 2865: 13389:"Measuring historical trauma in an American Indian community sample: Contributions of substance dependence, affective disorder, conduct disorder and PTSD" 8926: 8475:

Sum of people who identify as Maya-Chortí (33,256), Lenca (453,672), Misquito (80,007), Nahua (6,339), Pech (6,024), Tolupán (19,033) and Tawahka (2,690).

8424:[Indigenous population in the Republic, by sex, by province, indigenous region, indigenous group to which it belongs and age groups: 2023 Census] 1988:

population and reduced their numbers by 50%. Increasing punishment of the Taínos for revolting against forced labor, despite measures put in place by the

18499: 13552: 6800: 6776: 24005: 18529: 17584: 14994: 14980: 13019:

Anastario, Michael P.; FourStar, Kris; Rink, Elizabeth (1 October 2013). "Sexual Risk Behavior and Symptoms of Historical Loss in American Indian Men".

10747: 5846:

on 3 August 2009. Bolivia was the first nation in the history of South America to affirm the right of Indigenous people to self-government. Speaking in

1577:

have progressively shed more light on the subject, significant questions remain unresolved. The "Clovis first theory" refers to the hypothesis that the

24650: 21067: 18482: 13334: 11629:

Shady Solis, Ruth; Jonathan Haas; Winifred Creamer (27 April 2001). "Dating Caral, a Preceramic Site in the Supe Valley on the Central Coast of Peru".

6831: 6706: 19588: 16506:

The American Indian and Alaska Native population of one race was 3.7 million and the two or more races population 5.9 million (excluding Puerto Rico).

8330: 6168:

are Highland Quichuas living in the valleys of the Sierra region. Primarily consisting of the descendants of peoples conquered by the Incas, they are

5025:, and Haudenosaunee, among others, live in both Canada and the United States, whose international border cut through their common cultural territory. 1802:

tell of a variety of origins of their respective peoples. Some were "always there" or were created by gods or animals, some migrated from a specified

21025: 19818: 17363:"The three-hybrid genetic composition of an Ecuadorian population using AIMs-InDels compared with autosomes, mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosome data" 15543: 15464: 14530: 13115: 9910: 8429: 8247: 8048: 7242:

in October 2008 to demand the government live up to promises to protect Indigenous lands, defend the Indigenous against violence, and reconsider the

6192:. Linguistic evidence suggests that the Salascan and the Saraguro may have been the descendants of Bolivian ethnic groups transplanted to Ecuador as 3267: 3162: 2877: 2873: 17: 18458: 17488: 12346: 9664: 8615:[Population by sex and main ethnic-racial ancestry, according to department] (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Archived from 8555: 25119: 24973: 22644: 21060: 21055: 20335: 18213: 16136: 10448: 10076: 7389: 17703: 17228: 16905: 14958: 12191: 11811: 10986: 9347: 8681: 1742:

before the appearance of significant European and African influences on the American continents, spanning the time of the original arrival in the

907:

The Americas also host millions of individuals of mixed Indigenous, European, and sometimes African or Asian descent, historically referred to as

813:. Various Indigenous societies developed complex social structures, including pre-contact monumental architecture, organized cities, city-states, 24402: 24143: 23739: 20128: 15927: 15494: 15137: 13482: 11857: 8616: 7232: 6922: 6841: 18048:

Ornament as a Universal Language of Peace (Basee on Comparative Analysis of Cultures of proto-Turkic Peoples and Indian Tribes of North America)

14449: 13246: 25014: 22559: 21205: 19378: 17487:[Indigenous Cuba today: its faces and DNA] (in Spanish). Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo. p. 75. 16170: 13556: 10397: 8422:"Población indígena en la República, por sexo, según provincia, comarca indígena, grupo indígena al que pertenece y grupos de edad: Censo 2023" 7828: 7221: 6952: 6836: 5123:

These native groups are characterized by their work in wood, like masks, drums, and other artistic figures, as well as fabrics made of cotton.

4635: 20198:

Gaskins, S. (2006). 13 The Cultural Organization of Yucatec Mayan Children's Social Interactions. Peer relationships in cultural context, 283.

18142: 15690: 15424: 14586: 13330:"The Historical Loss Scale: Longitudinal Measurement Equivalence and Prospective Links to Anxiety Among North American Indigenous Adolescents" 9996: 8284: 4639:

spoken in their households. The indigenous population is distributed throughout the territory of Mexico but is especially concentrated in the

2437:

grasses in the valleys of southern Mexico. Numerous such agricultural products retain their native names in the English and Spanish lexicons.

25162: 25152: 24694: 24643: 24504: 22544: 20906: 18978: 18750:"Native American mitochondrial DNA analysis indicates that the Amerind and the Nadene populations were founded by two independent migrations" 16287: 11788: 8454: 2241: 12283: 11682:

Haas, Jonathan; Creamer, Winifred; Ruiz, Alvaro (23 December 2004). "Dating the Late Archaic occupation of the Norte Chico region in Peru".

9063: 8988: 8949: 6741: 5853:

At that time, Indigenous peoples voted overwhelmingly for more autonomy: five departments that had not already done so voted for it; as did

1758:(in present-day Peru) is one of the defining six original civilizations of the world, arising independently around the same time as that of 24358: 23867: 15367: 14816: 14095: 6937: 6917: 2132: 9268:"A review of ancestrality and admixture in Latin America and the Caribbean focusing on native American and African descendant populations" 6164:, due to their fierce resistance to the Incan expansion. Their architectural remains were later destroyed by the Spaniards and the Incas. 4934:

was the largest group in combination with any other race. Tribes have established their criteria for membership, which are often based on

4296:. Métis nations of mixed ancestry originated in the mid-17th century when First Nations and Inuit people married Europeans, primarily the 2387:

A representation of the domesticated plant species cultivated by Indigenous peoples have influenced the crops that were produced globally.

26189: 21521: 21144: 21050: 21030: 20950: 20795: 20328: 18241:"Mitochondrial DNA diversity in indigenous populations of the southern extent of Siberia, and the origins of Native American haplogroups" 16774: 16681: 14760: 14653: 13777: 13579: 12897: 12485: 11329:"New AMS Radiocarbon Ages from the Preceramic Levels of Coxcatlan Cave, Puebla, Mexico: A Pleistocene Occupation of the Tehuacan Valley?" 8396: 7190: 2362: 2182: 20312: 20160:

Rogoff, B.; Morelli, G. A.; Chavajay, P. (2010). "Children's Integration in Communities and Segregation From People of Differing Ages".

15282: 14471: 12635: 12527: 9629: 8832: 7951: 24190: 23641: 20655: 20650: 19208: 18618:"High-Resolution SNPs and Microsatellite Haplotypes Point to a Single, Recent Entry of Native American Y Chromosomes into the Americas" 17515: 16246: 15304: 15024: 12698: 12376: 10170: 8939:

To generate the report follow Population and Housing > Basic Characteristics > Person Variables, select Ethnic group and execute.

8166: 7986: 7956: 7806: 6766: 17879:"Autosomal and uniparental portraits of the native populations of Sakha (Yakutia): implications for the peopling of Northeast Eurasia" 17282:[The Chilean sociogenetic gradient and its ethical-social implications] (in Spanish). Medwave.cl. 15 June 2000. Archived from 15181: 15151: 14735: 14704: 11883: 8580: 5463:

Other Indigenous groups in Nicaragua are located in the central, northern, and Pacific areas and they are self-identified as follows:

1287:. The term "Indian" is still used in some communities and remains in use in the official names of many institutions and businesses in 25671: 25109: 25088: 25064: 22549: 20957: 20433: 18874: 17418: 15085: 14887: 12939: 10256: 9835: 9167: 8518: 8457:[Total population by population group to which it belongs, according to national total, department, area, sex and age group] 8131: 7718: 7685: 5602: 4334:

and the management of their historical, cultural, political, health care and economic control aspects within Indigenous communities.

2301: 2291:

because of the vast and variable diversity of Indigenous people and their communities. Therefore, it is an arduous task to assign an

2237: 18899: 17679: 17538: 15946: 15055:[Resident population, by color or race, according to household situation – Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics] 14788: 12580: 11914: 5768:

The 2021 National Census, recognizes 38 cultures, each with its language, as part of a pluri-national state. Some groups, including

4922:. They are geographically, genetically, and culturally distinct from Indigenous peoples of the mainland continents of the Americas. 2169:

to the Americas. Some of these animals escaped and began to breed and increase their numbers in the wild. The reintroduction of the

24497: 21553: 18146: 16321: 16077:"Admixture in Latin America: Geographic Structure, Phenotypic Diversity and Self-Perception of Ancestry Based on 7,342 Individuals" 12509: 9689: 8775: 7420:

and thus Y-DNA and mtDNA change only by chance mutation at each generation with no intermixture between parents' genetic material.

6746: 2412: 18108: 17109: 16975: 15982: 14557: 14326: 9735: 1976:

and the Bahamas. Within thirty years about 70% of the Taínos had died. They had no immunity to European diseases, so outbreaks of

25603: 24682: 16221: 14618: 14503: 13683:"6: Pathogens, Places and Peoples: Geographical Variations in the Impact of Disease in Early Spanish America and the Philippines" 10841: 6962: 6711: 6479:. The most advanced Indigenous peoples to have lived within the boundaries of present-day Venezuela are thought to have been the 5619: 4321: 4270: 1582: 1376: 19119: 18042: 16908:[Sociocultural Characteristics of the Indigenous Peoples of the Pacific, Central and North] (in Spanish). Archived from 12606: 10721: 9446: 9365: 8864: 2812:

to be raised for meat consumption in the Andean region. Guinea pigs are now widely raised in Western society as household pets.

25036: 20291: 19943: 18665: 18335: 16442: 15634: 15052: 13687:

Technology, Disease, and Colonial Conquests, Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries: Essays Reappraising the Guns and Germs Theories

10278: 6761: 6589:

Historically, during the Spanish colonization of the Philippines, the territory was ruled as a province of the Mexico-centered

6140:

was the site of many Indigenous cultures, and civilizations of different proportions. An early sedentary culture, known as the

1424: 20086:

Gaskins, S. (1999). "Children's daily lives in a Mayan village: A case study of culturally constructed roles and activities".

15850: 15343: 13952:"Molecular identification of a Fuegian dog belonging to the Fagnano Regional Museum ethnographic collection, Tierra del Fuego" 10564: 7483:

peoples. Indigenous peoples of the Americas have been linked to some extent to North Asian populations by the distribution of

6296:

Guyana's indigenous peoples have been recognized under the Constitution of 1965 and comprise 9.16% of the overall population.

5523:. According to the 2010 census, they make up 12.3% of the overall population of 3.4 million, or just over 418,000 people. The 915:

nations, people of partial Indigenous descent constitute a majority or significant portion of the population, particularly in

21541: 21040: 20781: 20677: 20162: 20028: 20003: 19982: 19953: 19932: 19763: 19734: 19703: 19679: 19652: 19629: 18434: 18420: 18308: 18088: 18013: 17748: 17463: 17145: 17075: 16797: 15800: 15735: 15667: 15610: 15576: 14299: 14269: 14128: 13820: 13662: 12875: 12413: 12322: 12260: 12226: 12158: 12130: 12099: 11997: 11969: 11751: 11597: 11573: 11417: 11285: 11250: 11215: 11180: 10913: 10704: 10677: 10428: 10377: 10232: 10119: 10056: 9623: 9553: 9514: 9487: 9379: 9129: 8299:"Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas 2022: Población indígena o descendiente de pueblos indígenas u originarios" 8226: 7976: 7966: 7551: 7311:

Mexican who was elected President of Mexico in 1858 and led the country until 1872 and led the country to victory during the

7289: 7120: 7039: 7027: 6997: 6902: 6584: 5998:, the Mapuche surrendered to the country's army in the 1880s. Their land was opened to settlement by Chileans and Europeans. 5914:

in Brazil, up from 40 in 2005. Brazil is now the nation that has the largest number of uncontacted tribes, and the island of

5799:, enacted in 2009, recognizes 36 cultures, each with its language, as part of a pluri-national state. Some groups, including 4802: 4788: 3319: 2914: 2749:. The vast majority of indigenous dog breeds in the Americas went extinct, due to being replaced by dogs of European origin. 2213: 2186: 2092:

resistance, over many generations. Many of the Old World diseases that were brought over to the Americas were diseases, like

1843: 1815: 1747: 1380: 1280: 853: 801: 162: 17204: 16354: 15237: 14134: 11434: 8111: 5929:

tribe died within two years of discovery after contracting such diseases as flu and chickenpox, leaving only 69 survivors."

26194: 26131: 24983: 22637: 22455: 21570: 20916: 20911: 18291: 16933: 16712: 16520: 15727: 14418: 13951: 9531: 8305: 7880: 7776: 7312: 7135: 6751: 5301: 4331: 2904: 1078: 857: 703: 18019: 15402: 12849: 12459: 11067:

Becerra-Valdivia, Lorena; Higham, Thomas (2020). "The timing and effect of the earliest human arrivals in North America".

9194: 2458:

complex. Over 99% of all modern cultivated potatoes worldwide are descendants of a subspecies Indigenous to south-central

25608: 25195: 25051: 25046: 25004: 24957: 24952: 24947: 24609: 22514: 21565: 21443: 21072: 21020: 20936: 20791: 20615: 19347: 19146: 16376: 15053:"População residente, por cor ou raça, segundo a situação do domicílio – Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística" 14230: 11459: 9239:[Ethnic Composition of the Three Cultural Areas of the American Continent at the Beginning of the 21st Century]. 7929: 7907: 7405: 7217: 6683: 6507: 5587: 4297: 2136: 1984:

ravaged their population. One such outbreak occurred in a camp of enslaved Africans, where smallpox spread to the nearby

1485:, by 12,000 to 14,000 years ago. The earliest populations in the Americas, before roughly 10,000 years ago, are known as 17784: 17265: 16894:

Gould, J. L. (1998). To die in this way: Nicaraguan Indians and the myth of mestizaje, 1880–1965. Duke University Press.

13075:

Clark, Julie Dorton; Winterowd, Carrie (2012). "Correlates and Predictors of Binge Eating Among Native American Women".

12937:

The impact of historical trauma on health outcomes for indigenous populations in the USA and Canada: A systematic review

8455:"Población total por grupo poblacional al que pertenece, según total nacional, departamento, área, sexo y grupo de edad" 25588: 25564: 25559: 25546: 25009: 22569: 21548: 20776: 20605: 20209: 12935:

Gone, Joseph P., William E. Hartmann, Andrew Pomerville, Dennis C. Wendt, Sarah H. Klem, and Rachel L. Burrage. 2019. "

11928: 10338: 9888: 7401: 7297: 3307: 820:

Indigenous peoples continue to inhabit many regions of the Americas, with significant populations in countries such as

14187: 12212: 9866: 9796: 7663:, and subsequently migrated northwards into Siberia where they merged with a Paleolithic Siberian population known as 6564:

were the only island group in the Caribbean to have remained unsettled by indigenous peoples before the colonial era.

5994:. Relations with the new Chilean Republic were good until the Chilean state decided to occupy their lands. During the 5907: 2283:(IHT) is the trauma that can accumulate across generations and develop as a result of the historical ramifications of 1363:

from the native languages. Other terms arose during periods of conflict between the colonists and Indigenous peoples.

25056: 25031: 25021: 23768: 22674: 22508: 21577: 20633: 20233: 20063: 19874: 19851: 17449: 16823: 16479: 15820:

Dhamoon, Rita Kaur (2016). "Re-presenting Genocide: The Canadian Museum of Human Rights and Settler Colonial Power".

15773:

Green, Robyn (December 2015). "The economics of reconciliation: tracing investment in Indigenous–settler relations".

15119: 14936: 13925: 13741: 13698: 12250: 11897: 10148: 9969: 8890: 8077: 7012: 6736: 5333: 4343: 2705:

of Wisconsin—suggest that longstanding "sacred values" may represent a summary of sustainable millennial traditions.

2076:

Smallpox killed millions of native inhabitants of Mexico. Unintentionally introduced at Veracruz with the arrival of

16734: 14212:

Hammerton, J.A., Peoples of All Nations, Volume 7, London: Educational Book Co., Limited, 17, New Bridge Street, E.C

13648: 10536: 7216:. Similar movements for Indigenous rights can also be seen in Canada and the United States, with movements like the 6556:

and the Taíno are culturally extinct, though a large proportion of populations in Greater Antillean islands such as

5344:

About 5 percent of the population is of full-blooded Indigenous descent, but as much as 80 percent of Hondurans are

3103:

translations were made for legal cases. Scholars have translated and analyzed these documents in what is called the

26204: 25657: 25613: 25593: 25076: 25026: 24999: 23975: 23862: 22329: 22018: 21035: 20726: 17326: 11435:"Scientists say they've confirmed evidence that humans arrived in the Americas far earlier than previously thought" 7736: 7115: 6658: 5083: 5059: 4542:

The territory of modern-day Mexico was home to numerous Indigenous civilizations before the arrival of the Spanish

4315:, and legislation have been enacted between European immigrants and Indigenous groups across Canada. The impact of 3762: 1300: 580: 410: 19721:

Dean, Bartholomew (2002). "State Power and Indigenous Peoples in Peruvian Amazonia: A Lost Decade, 1990–2000". In

17279: 16521:"Census Bureau Releases 2020 Census Data for Nearly 1,500 Detailed Race and Ethnicity Groups, Tribes and Villages" 15011: 8641: 2470:, "It is clear that in pre-Columbian times some groups struggled to survive and often suffered food shortages and 2229: 25652: 25572: 25041: 24387: 23778: 22816: 22630: 22399: 22029: 21711: 21526: 21137: 20859: 20804: 20766: 20746: 20421: 20276: 18622: 17334: 15753: 13528: 12657: 11606: 7789: 7741: 7628: 7183: 6431: 5847: 5612: 5598: 4335: 3127: 2128: 309: 246: 15922: 13446: 13152:"The intergenerational effects of Indian Residential Schools: Implications for the concept of historical trauma" 7811: 6494:, although the vast majority of them still live in very critical conditions of poverty. The government provides 3215:

can vary between cultures, however, there are significant commonalities. Traditional music often centers around

25782: 25618: 25071: 24604: 24574: 24564: 22491: 22334: 21182: 20921: 20849: 20839: 20824: 20751: 20592: 14164: 13733: 10773: 8922: 7939: 7756: 7731: 7369:

A schematic illustration of maternal (mtDNA) gene-flow in and out of Beringia, from 25,000 years ago to present

7330: 7155: 7080: 7075: 7022: 6877: 6379: 6305: 6040: 5429: 5353: 3220: 2501: 2322: 1680: 1552:. Any archaeological evidence of coastal occupation during the last Ice Age would now have been covered by the 833: 512: 389: 351: 204: 22470: 21746: 18507: 16955: 9931: 9773: 8521:[First Final Results of the IV National Census of Population and Housing for Indigenous Peoples 2022] 7238:

In Colombia, various Indigenous groups have protested the denial of their rights. People organized a march in

4231: 25695: 25642: 25632: 25598: 25083: 24666: 24594: 24000: 23530: 22790: 22480: 21721: 21225: 20854: 20829: 20809: 20756: 20301: 18712: 17594: 12973: 12679: 11118:

Gruhn, Ruth (22 July 2020). "Evidence grows that peopling of the Americas began more than 20,000 years ago".

10751: 9541: 8772:"Les populations indigènes de la Guyane française : une mémoire environnementale essentielle à protéger" 7917: 7726: 7668: 7624: 7464: 7439:

Genetic comparisons of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and Y-chromosome of Native Americans to that of certain

7145: 7140: 7125: 7100: 6726: 6409: 6117: 5903: 5747: 4432: 4316: 3104: 2946: 2016: 1829: 1063: 837: 821: 452: 267: 141: 22858: 22496: 18479: 18237: 11916:

American colonies; Volume 1 of The Penguin history of the United States, History of the United States Series

4604:, dominated much of the center and south of the country (and the non-Aztec inhabitants of those areas) when 3334:

After the entry of the Spaniards, the process of spiritual conquest was favored, among other things, by the

2772:. It was exterminated by Argentine and Chilean settlers, due to supposedly posing as a threat to livestock. 1014:"), a name that is still used to describe the islands. This led to the blanket term "Indies" and "Indians" ( 24549: 23995: 23535: 23008: 22574: 22502: 22466: 21536: 21077: 20834: 20814: 20771: 20761: 20721: 19406: 19181:"The Origin of the Okunev Population, Southern Siberia: The Evidence of Physical Anthropology and Genetics" 18533: 15900: 15775: 13387:

Ehlers, Cindy L.; Gizer, Ian R.; Gilder, David A.; Ellingson, Jarrod M.; Yehuda, Rachel (1 November 2013).

13275: 13213: 12775: 12150: 12122: 12013: 10624: 7934: 7784: 7761: 7751: 7110: 7105: 7095: 7090: 6275: 5898: 5876: 5866: 5488: 4503: 4493: 4250: 4243: 4221: 2979: 2358: 2155: 2116: 1490: 1089: 845: 825: 431: 330: 288: 225: 81: 22684: 19782: 15539: 15456: 14528: 12338: 9146: 8421: 7319: 6498:

in their languages in public schools to some of the largest groups, in efforts to continue the languages.

4899:. They include Native American peoples as well as Inuit, who are distinct but occupy areas of the region. 4253:(also known as Aboriginals) are the Indigenous peoples within the boundaries of Canada. They comprise the 2535:

The tomato (jitomate, in central Mexico) was later cultivated by the pre-Hispanic civilizations of Mexico.

2440:

The South American highlands became a center of early agriculture. Genetic testing of the wide variety of

2383: 1992:, which included religious education and protection from warring tribes, eventually led to the last great 25747: 25647: 25442: 25322: 22961: 22168: 22040: 21626: 21368: 21177: 20879: 20819: 20568: 20512: 20380: 18503: 18466: 17632: 17543: 17484: 17455: 16160:

It was estimated that 19.41% of population aged 3 years and older considered themselves to be Indigenous.

15956: 15314: 15224: 15195: 15161: 15095: 15034: 14990: 14932: 14826: 14798: 14770: 13478:"A single domestication for potato based on multilocus amplified fragment length polymorphism genotyping" 13393: 13021: 9714: 9651: 8204: 7766: 7150: 7085: 6932: 5938: 5445:. Historical information on Miskito kings is often obscured by the fact that many of the kings were semi- 5135: 3126:) people wrote complex geometrical patterns and shapes, can also be considered a form of writing, as can 2505: 2049:

killed from one-third to half of the native population of Hispaniola in 1518. By killing the Incan ruler

1735: 1604: 928: 829: 183: 20272: 15527: 13207:

Elias, Brenda; Mignone, Javier; Hall, Madelyn; Hong, Say P.; Hart, Lyna; Sareen, Jitender (1 May 2012).

12197: 11557: 10507: 10084: 8519:"Primeros Resultados Finales del IV Censo Nacional de Población y Viviendas para Pueblos Indígenas 2022" 2991: 25665: 25637: 24625: 24263: 24064: 22395: 22279: 22122: 21130: 20844: 20306: 19884:

Kane, Katie (1999). "Nits Make Lice: Drogheda, Sand Creek, and the Poetics of Colonial Extermination".

18710:

Schurr, Theodore G. (2004). "The Peopling of the New World: Perspectives from Molecular Anthropology".

18176: 17232: 16909: 14950: 12314: 11821: 10224: 10048: 7746: 7176: 7164: 6336: 5722: 5607: 4919: 3315: 3146: 2350: 1268:

or full-blooded Indigenous person, particularly to continents other than Europe or Africa—for example,

1167: 849: 120: 20228:. The Civilization of the American Indian Series, vol. 119. Norman, Ok: University of Oklahoma Press. 18922: 14481: 11844: 11302: 8674: 7227:

There has been a recognition of Indigenous movements on an international scale. The membership of the

5995: 2982:(independent of any influence from the writing systems that existed in other parts of the world). The 1558:

The precise date for the peopling of the Americas is a long-standing open question. While advances in

25713: 25427: 24069: 23884: 20428: 20266: 17330: 15845: 14445: 14404: 13808: 13208: 12630: 9475: 7801: 7594: 7303:

The first Indigenous candidate to be democratically elected as head of a country in the Americas was

7130: 7034: 6862: 6487: 5235: 4852: 3227:, and rasps are also popular percussive instruments, both historically and in contemporary cultures. 2539:

Many crops first domesticated by Indigenous peoples are now produced and used globally, most notably

756: 39: 19370: 18749: 18380: 16015:"Analysis of genomic diversity in Mexican Mestizo populations to develop genomic medicine in Mexico" 14579: 10478: 9237:"Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI" 6907: 5974:, was Indigenous, although most show varying degrees of mixed heritage. Many are descendants of the 5549: 4615:

In contrast to what was the general rule in the rest of North America, the history of the colony of

4498: 2986:

is perhaps the earliest-known example in the Americas of what may be an extensive written text. The

2694:

Studies of contemporary Indigenous environmental management—including agro-forestry practices among

26199: 25802: 24589: 24559: 24258: 23350: 22895: 22102: 21706: 21631: 21508: 21483: 21197: 20507: 19584: 18245: 18112: 17883: 17314:

Balladelli, Pier Paolo; Guzmán, José Milton; Korc, Marcelo; Moreno, Paula; Rivera, Gabriel (2007).

15698: 15528:

2011 National Household Survey: Indigenous Peoples in Canada: First Nations People, Métis and Inuit

15431: 14850: 14476: 13959: 13548: 12904:. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Thomas Jefferson Fossil Collection, Philadelphia. Archived from 12566: 10393: 10308: 10007: 9964: 8280: 8019: 7981: 7848: 7280:

descent, and led Colombia in 1854 starting on April 17, 1854. José was born on October 9, 1800, in

6867: 6721: 6590: 5990:. The Mapuche successfully fought off defeat in the first 300–350 years of Spanish rule during the 5958:

A Mapuche man and woman; the Mapuche make up about 85% of Indigenous population that live in Chile.

4844: 4301: 2318: 2112: 1755: 1432: 1408: 23422: 23417: 16279: 12495: 11776: 11303:"Scientists still are figuring out how to age the ancient footprints in White Sands National Park" 6414:

Unlike most other Spanish-speaking countries, indigenous peoples are not a significant element in

5857:

in Taríja, for regional autonomy; and 11 of 12 municipalities that had referendums on this issue.

5842:

Morales began work on his "Indigenous autonomy" policy, which he launched in the eastern lowlands

5409: 2396: 1127:

The Métis people of Canada can be contrasted, for instance, to the Indigenous-European mixed-race

25684: 25676: 25521: 25188: 24775: 24715: 24544: 24375: 24285: 23457: 23224: 23043: 22976: 22708: 22178: 21851: 21348: 20926: 20522: 20454: 20295: 17623: 17548: 12695:"Smallpox epidemic ravages Native Americans on the northwest coast of North America in the 1770s" 12287: 12091: 11961: 9586: 9371: 9071: 8981: 7912: 7885: 7664: 7632: 7293: 6010: 5796: 4754:

the right to decide the internal forms of social, economic, political, and cultural organization;

4652: 4308: 4254: 3311: 3275: 3244: 2077: 1739: 1093: 920: 22403: 18659:

Saillard, Juliette; Forster, Peter; Lynnerup, Niels; Bandelt, Hans-Jürgen; Nørby, Søren (2000).

17819:"Paleolithic to Bronze Age Siberians Reveal Connections with First Americans and across Eurasia" 17093:

Oppressed but Not Defeated: Peasant Struggles among the Aymara and Qhechwa in Bolivia, 1900–1980

14830: 9545: 9535: 5126:

Their subsistence is based on agriculture, having corn, beans, and plantains as the main crops.

2524:

not far from villages and towns and their gardens and agricultural fields. They would have used

1656: 25917: 25265: 24744: 24489: 24463: 24337: 23943: 23834: 23822: 23518: 23259: 23098: 22735: 22669: 22653: 20969: 18375: 15449: 14067: 13812: 13769: 11562:

Before Columbus: Exploration and Colonisation from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic: 1229–1492

10473: 10402: 10166:"The Production of Legal Identities Proper to States: The Case of the Permanent Family Surname" 9831: 7971: 7838: 7771: 7393:

Principal component analysis showing the Native American cluster in other Eurasian populations.

6942: 6663: 6365:, the Indigenous population in Peru makes up approximately 26%. However, this does not include 6231: 5843: 5313: 4569: 2292: 2008: 1420: 1372: 1257: 1117: 1082: 24720: 21821: 19783:"Salt of the Mountain: Campa Asháninka History and Resistance in the Peruvian Jungle (review)" 19402:"Reconstructing the Genetic Relationship between Ancient and Present-Day Siberian Populations" 18870:"Mitochondrial haplogroup C4c: A rare lineage entering America through the ice-free corridor?" 16764: 16671: 15751:

Woolford, Andrew (2009). "Ontological Destruction: Genocide and Canadian Aboriginal Peoples".

14774: 14643: 12905: 12399: 11405: 11205: 11170: 10694: 10663: 10418: 9504: 9479: 9469: 9407:"Does "Indian" derive from Columbus's description of Native Americans as "una gente in Dios"?" 6418:, as the entire indigenous population is virtually extinct, with a few exceptions such as the 2791:

were domesticated by various peoples in Mesoamerica and South America to be used for poultry.

1232:('Indian') is still the more often heard term (the noun for the South-Asian nationality being 25942: 25732: 25626: 25233: 24798: 24202: 24138: 24012: 23705: 23631: 23405: 23400: 23338: 23277: 23214: 23162: 23155: 22701: 22324: 22239: 22173: 21806: 21560: 21531: 21330: 21305: 21270: 20931: 20610: 20517: 20213: 19993: 17067: 15795: 15274: 15207: 13627: 12948: 12625: 12531: 12368: 11852: 11611: 11275: 11240: 10897: 9609: 9272: 7433: 7417: 6673: 6075:

for Indigenous peoples are recognized in the 1991 Constitution. One of the influences is the

5456:, counting some 10,000 people. A smaller Indigenous culture in southeastern Nicaragua is the 5321: 5251: 5043: 4994: 4648: 4535: 3702: 3212: 3166: 2582: 2478: 1803: 1570: 1537: 1518: 1271: 688: 23587: 21458: 19180: 18725: 18078: 17511: 17064:

A Revolution for Our Rights: Indigenous Struggles for Land and Justice in Bolivia, 1880–1952

15721: 15318: 15165: 15038: 14728: 13800: 12694: 11955: 8227:"Medición de Pueblos Indígenas y Afrodescendientes en el Censo de Población y Vivienda 2017" 6152:

unified to form an elaborate civilization that ended at the birth of the Capital Quito. The

2011:

for thirteen years, causing serious damage to the Spanish, Carib-held plantations and their

26162: 26094: 26079: 25987: 25817: 25700: 25452: 25422: 25417: 25255: 25250: 25243: 25139:

The U.S. Census Bureau excludes Brazilian Americans from the "Hispanic or Latino" category.

24888: 24873: 24868: 24823: 24818: 24813: 24803: 24468: 24419: 24414: 24397: 24392: 24370: 24160: 23874: 23727: 23619: 23523: 23316: 23001: 22800: 22743: 22608: 22475: 22339: 22304: 22224: 21913: 21621: 21516: 21498: 21398: 21122: 20889: 20884: 20600: 20390: 19307: 19294:"Terminal Pleistocene Alaskan genome reveals first founding population of Native Americans" 19079: 18815: 18570: 18189: 17892: 17708: 17374: 16618: 16090: 16028: 15798:; Hudson, Graham (2012). "The Genocide Question and Indian Residential Schools in Canada". 15178: 14701: 13968: 13889: 13491: 12218: 11816: 11693: 11640: 11127: 11076: 11025: 10669: 10581: 10565:"Terminal Pleistocene Alaskan genome reveals first founding population of Native Americans" 10465: 7704: 7611: 7574: 7519: 7515: 7511: 7507: 7342: 7323: 7273: 7266: 6573: 6422:. Approximately 2.4% of the population in Uruguay is reported to have indigenous ancestry. 6362: 5421: 4974: 4851:. In Alaska, Indigenous peoples belong to 11 cultures with 11 languages. These include the 4640: 4266: 4235: 4226: 3150: 3142: 2714: 2543:(or "corn") arguably the most important crop in the world. Other significant crops include 2424: 1958: 1953: 1724: 1712: 1696: 1673: 1661: 1587: 1533: 1489:. Indigenous peoples of the Americas have been linked to Siberian populations by proposed 1478: 1474: 1458: 992: 22971: 21801: 18923:"Genetic link between Asians and native Americans: evidence from HLA genes and haplotypes" 17043:

Los pueblos indígenas de Bolivia: diagnóstico sociodemográfico a partir del censo del 2001

17023:

Los pueblos indígenas de Bolivia: diagnóstico sociodemográfico a partir del censo del 2001

17003:

Los pueblos indígenas de Bolivia: diagnóstico sociodemográfico a partir del censo del 2001

15864: 15099: 14802: 14384:

Karttunen, Frances (1982). "Nahuatl Literacy". In Collier, George A.; et al. (eds.).

10248: 9827: 7365: 4671: 4644: 2492:

is native to Mexico and Central America and later began to be cultivated in South America.

2158:

declined from a pre-Columbian high of an estimated three million to some 300,000 in 1997.

8: 26126: 26022: 26017: 25904: 25822: 25447: 25238: 24883: 24863: 24853: 24843: 24770: 24458: 24123: 23928: 23761: 23294: 23167: 23048: 23023: 22441: 22203: 21235: 21215: 21015: 19722: 19196: 18869: 17689: 17589: 17562: 17260: 16705:"Refworld | World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Guatemala : Maya" 15960: 14985: 13267: 12584: 12405: 11784: 11565: 11496: 10901: 9615: 9343: 7991: 7059: 7049: 6668: 6602: 6517: 6452: 5911: 5854: 5820: 5297: 5276: 5196:

that was good for farming. The Spaniards were disappointed not to find gold or jewels in

4860: 4728: 4262: 3792: 3271: 3091: 2788: 2718: 1917: 1751: 1066:. However, these groups are nonetheless considered "Indigenous peoples of the Americas". 1023: 901: 893: 889: 715: 652: 616: 21433: 19436: 19401: 19311: 19268: 19231: 19083: 18819: 18574: 18193: 17896: 17378: 16622: 16094: 16032: 14547: 13972: 13893: 13495: 12513: 11697: 11644: 11277:

Resilient Cultures: America's Native Peoples Confront European Colonialization 1500-1800

11131: 11080: 11029: 10929:

Surovell, T. A.; Allaun, S. A.; Gingerich, J. A. M.; Graf, K. E.; Holmes, C. D. (2022).

10798:

Fladmark, K. R. (1979). "Alternate Migration Corridors for Early Man in North America".

10585: 10469: 9697: 8771: 8020:"Información general de la población, condición de pobreza, marginación y rezago social" 6323: 5983: 5729:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

5536: 4683: 4585: 3016:). It is the only pre-Columbian writing system known to have completely represented the 2481:

civilization, and the famine of One Rabbit (AD 1454) was a major catastrophe in Mexico.

1849: 26002: 25962: 25957: 25862: 25807: 25752: 25437: 25332: 25285: 25260: 25228: 25181: 24929: 24919: 24909: 24878: 24848: 24808: 24520: 24409: 24312: 24214: 24027: 23209: 22939: 22905: 22564: 22554: 22460: 22284: 22193: 21972: 21716: 21661: 21636: 21300: 21295: 21265: 21260: 20894: 20687: 20187: 20145: 20114: 19911: 19810: 19556: 19521: 19496: 19461: 19339: 19111: 19037: 19002: 18844: 18801: 18776: 18754: 18729: 18687: 18660: 18401: 18267: 18240: 18205: 18184: 17923: 17878: 17858: 17644: 17395: 17362: 16979: 16906:"Características Socioculturales de los Pueblos Indígenas del Pacífico, Centro y Norte" 16877: 16860: 16641: 16604: 16113: 16076: 16051: 16014: 15990: 15951: 15309: 15219: 15190: 15156: 15090: 15029: 14927: 14821: 14793: 14765: 14713: 14552: 14316: 14289: 14259: 13912: 13514: 13477: 13423: 13388: 13364: 13329: 13305: 13270: 13184: 13151: 13054: 12822: 12814: 12748: 12721: 12116: 12043: 12007: 11717: 11664: 11386: 11151: 11100: 11049: 10957: 10930: 10823: 10815: 10644: 10605: 10541: 10499: 10195: 9743: 9659: 9304: 9267: 7640: 7636: 7205: 7007: 6992: 6286: 5824: 5696: 5305: 5267: 4943: 4911: 4630: 4605: 4408: 3552: 3261: 2950: 2765: 2556: 2489: 2454: 2081: 2034: 2012: 1825: 936: 865: 793: 22183: 19695:

A Little Matter of Genocide: Holocaust and Denial in the Americas, 1492 to the Present

18971:"DNA reveals Native American presence in Polynesia centuries before Europeans arrived" 18940: 17974: 17947: 16229: 16011: 15521: 14611: 14507: 14163:. Rizzoli and Museum of International Folk Art, Santa Fe, New Mexico. pp. 44–51. 11013: 10871: 10720:

Fitzhugh, Drs. William; Goddard, Ives; Ousley, Steve; Owsley, Doug; Stanford, Dennis.

7650:

A qpGraph on the formation of Ancient Paleo-Siberians and Native American populations.

6633: 6014: 5501: 5348:

or part-Indigenous with European admixture, and about 10 percent are of Indigenous or

4552:, who flourished from between 1200 BCE to about 400 BCE in the coastal regions of the 3040: 1993: 26084: 25997: 25982: 25967: 25927: 25922: 25912: 25847: 25737: 25727: 25457: 24924: 24904: 24858: 24732: 24451: 24441: 24431: 24380: 24037: 23955: 23249: 23234: 23219: 23199: 23090: 23069: 22880: 22723: 22589: 22519: 22485: 22208: 22198: 21908: 21876: 21756: 21686: 21418: 21393: 21325: 21315: 21153: 20741: 20625: 20400: 20370: 20320: 20239: 20229: 20222: 20179: 20149: 20118: 20059: 20034: 20024: 19999: 19978: 19959: 19949: 19928: 19903: 19886: 19870: 19847: 19814: 19802: 19769: 19759: 19740: 19730: 19709: 19699: 19675: 19658: 19648: 19642: 19625: 19561: 19543: 19501: 19483: 19441: 19423: 19331: 19323: 19273: 19255: 19200: 19115: 19103: 19095: 19065: 19042: 19024: 18952: 18944: 18891: 18849: 18831: 18781: 18692: 18641: 18598: 18593: 18556: 18462: 18430: 18393: 18304: 18272: 18258: 18084: 18060: 18009: 17979: 17928: 17910: 17862: 17850: 17842: 17744: 17648: 17459: 17400: 17071: 16646: 16118: 16056: 15731: 15663: 15606: 15572: 15397: 15131: 14904: 14867: 14322: 14295: 14265: 14124: 14087: 13917: 13880: 13816: 13801: 13737: 13694: 13658: 13597: 13519: 13428: 13410: 13406: 13369: 13351: 13310: 13292: 13238: 13230: 13189: 13171: 13132: 13092: 13088: 13046: 13038: 12998: 12990: 12826: 12753: 12673: 12610: 12409: 12318: 12256: 12222: 12154: 12126: 12095: 12085: 12051: 11993: 11965: 11924: 11893: 11757: 11747: 11709: 11656: 11631: 11579: 11569: 11413: 11390: 11378: 11281: 11256: 11246: 11221: 11211: 11186: 11176: 11155: 11143: 11104: 11092: 11053: 11041: 10962: 10909: 10827: 10700: 10673: 10648: 10597: 10491: 10456: 10424: 10373: 10228: 10199: 10187: 10144: 10115: 10052: 9619: 9549: 9510: 9483: 9442: 9411: 9375: 9309: 9291: 9248: 9179: 9125: 7656: 7425: 7281: 6897: 6815: 6625: 6495: 6072: 5784: 5472: 5309: 5287:

3%, Q'anjob'al 1.2%, Poqomchi' 1%, and Other 4%. The Non-Mayan group consists of the

5206: 5018: 4962: 4772: 4573: 4469: 4428: 4365: 4360: 4347: 4339: 3076: 2831: 2513: 2354: 2326: 2310: 2194: 1949: 1743: 1708: 1649: 1600: 1514: 1436: 1313: 473: 21786: 21651: 21617: 18616:

Zegura, S. L.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Zhivotovsky, Lev A.; Hammer, Michael F. (2004).

18339: 16858:

Bourgois, Philippe (April 1986). "The Miskitu of Nicaragua: Politicized Ethnicity".

16449: 13288: 13226: 12528:"Stacy Goodling, "Effects of European Diseases on the Inhabitants of the New World"" 11668: 10725: 10537:"In the Bones of a Buried Child, Signs of a Massive Human Migration to the Americas" 10503: 10286: 8806:(in Spanish). Dirección General de Estadística y Censos. p. 273. Archived from 6771: 6419: 6319: 6243: 6049: 5652: 5266:, with approximately 43.6% of the population considering themselves Indigenous. The 5109: 4735: 1865: 1101: 26054: 26049: 25932: 25496: 25479: 25469: 25365: 24914: 24687: 24446: 24353: 24096: 23879: 23679: 23599: 23555: 23355: 23177: 23028: 22988: 22289: 22229: 22213: 22096: 22060: 21967: 21871: 21671: 21488: 21463: 21280: 21275: 20899: 20573: 20191: 20171: 20137: 20106: 20069: 20020:

Salt of the Mountain: Campa Ashaninka History and Resistance in the Peruvian Jungle

19895: 19857: 19794: 19551: 19535: 19491: 19475: 19431: 19415: 19343: 19315: 19298: 19263: 19245: 19192: 19087: 19070: 19032: 19016: 18936: 18927: 18883: 18839: 18823: 18806: 18771: 18763: 18721: 18682: 18674: 18631: 18588: 18578: 18405: 18385: 18262: 18254: 18209: 18197: 18080:

American Indian Mtdna, Y Chromosome Genetic Data, and the Peopling of North America

18052: 17969: 17961: 17918: 17900: 17832: 17636: 17552: 17390: 17382: 16869: 16636: 16626: 16516: 16501: 16108: 16098: 16046: 16036: 15829: 15809: 15784: 15762: 14896: 14859: 14079: 13984: 13976: 13907: 13897: 13690: 13601: 13593: 13509: 13499: 13418: 13402: 13359: 13343: 13300: 13284: 13222: 13179: 13163: 13124: 13084: 13058: 13030: 12982: 12953: 12806: 12743: 12733: 11743: 11721: 11701: 11684: 11648: 11615: 11370: 11340: 11135: 11084: 11033: 10952: 10942: 10807: 10634: 10609: 10589: 10572: 10483: 10179: 10140: 9532:"The Emerging of a Discursive Instance: Columbus and the invention of the "Indian"" 9506:

The Color of Words: An Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Ethnic Bias in the United States

9299: 9281: 9175: 7890: 7524: 7054: 6982: 6810: 6688: 6648: 6537: 6521: 6141: 6127: 6097: 5999: 5987: 5832: 5680: 5624: 5557: 5468: 5464: 5434: 5417: 5325: 5284: 5097: 5022: 4986: 4907: 4455: 4443: 4420: 4384: 3347: 3327: 2738: 2656: 2564: 2548: 2144: 1973: 1871: 1140: 1015: 932: 877: 806: 731: 711: 707: 23938: 23894: 19462:"Reconstructing genetic history of Siberian and Northeastern European populations" 17135: 16801: 15788: 14884: 12936: 12871: 11374: 8363: 7304: 6393: 6200: 5926: 5668: 5144: 2030:. The Spanish crown found it difficult to enforce these laws in distant colonies. 1912: 26089: 26035: 26007: 25947: 25882: 25837: 25777: 25511: 25506: 25484: 25412: 24765: 24327: 24297: 24059: 23987: 23965: 23923: 23818: 23788: 23653: 23648: 23299: 23182: 22753: 22412: 22091: 22050: 22035: 21998: 21962: 21856: 21751: 21666: 21641: 21602: 21587: 21408: 21245: 20578: 19466: 18921:

Tokunaga, Katsushi; Ohashi, Jun; Bannai, Makoto; Juji, Takeo (1 September 2001).

18767: 18486: 17952: 17539:"Convicts or Conquistadores? Spanish Soldiers in the Seventeenth-Century Pacific" 17211: 17049: 17029: 17009: 16959: 16937: 16824:"Convention C169 – Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 (No. 169)" 16631: 16577:(in Spanish). Oficina Nacional del Censo de Población. 1 May 1930. Archived from 16346: 16209: 16103: 15214: 15185: 14953:[Page/12 :: Society :: What the Census helps to make visible]. 14845: 14708: 14534: 14118: 13980: 13725: 13682: 13535: 12943: 11412:. Garland reference library of the humanities. Vol. 1537. pp. 682–683. 11207:

50 Great Myths of Human Evolution: Understanding Misconceptions about Our Origins

10947: 10214: 10038: 9718: 9115: 8552:"Población indígena por pertenencia a un pueblo indígena, según provincia y sexo" 7532: 7457: 7449: 7308: 6653: 6617: 6525: 6290: 6189: 6157: 6100:, the Muisca were the largest Indigenous civilization geographically between the 6068: 5979: 5963: 5442: 5438: 5360:, as well as on the border with Nicaragua. The majority of Indigenous people are 5263: 5055: 5038:

Mestizos (mixed European-Indigenous) number about 34% of the population; unmixed

4833: 4797: 4762: 4724: 4715: 4699: 4609: 4581: 4557: 4327: 4274: 3256: 3099: 3060: 3017: 2930: 2852:

were harvested by Mesoamerican and Andean civilizations for coloring fabrics via

2776: 2726: 2525: 2314: 2104: 1858: 1763: 1439: 1265: 1109: 1050:

distinct Indigenous peoples of the Arctic regions of the Americas, including the

1031: 976: 916: 897: 881: 873: 869: 748: 723: 719: 24635: 19755:

At the Risk of Being Heard: Identity, Indigenous Rights, and Postcolonial States

18364:

Leslie E., Orgel (2004). "Prebiotic Chemistry and the Origin of the RNA World".

16930: 16704: 16605:"Mitochondrial Echoes of First Settlement and Genetic Continuity in El Salvador" 14422: 13992: 12841: 9266:

De Oliveira, Thais C.; Secolin, Rodrigo; Lopes-Cendes, Iscia (19 January 2023).

9197:[Central American ethnic groups in the second half of the 20th century] 8304:(in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (INDEC). Archived from 7646: 6436: 6220: 5656: 5401: 5117: 1834: 26121: 26111: 26074: 26012: 25992: 25937: 25531: 25501: 25360: 25327: 25280: 25275: 25270: 24436: 24363: 24185: 24150: 24081: 23970: 23842: 23550: 23135: 23125: 22946: 22927: 22343: 22309: 22153: 22128: 22085: 22075: 22065: 22055: 22013: 21796: 21607: 21597: 21290: 21250: 21240: 21045: 20548: 20538: 20469: 19689: 19539: 19526: 19232:"On the limits of fitting complex models of population history to f-statistics" 19091: 19020: 19007: 18562:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

18001: 17837: 17823: 17818: 17789: 17386: 16020:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

14504:""National Native Arts And Cultures Foundation" by Native American Rights Fund" 14285: 14255: 13835: 12722:"The first smallpox epidemic on the Canadian Plains: In the fur-traders' words" 12463: 12252:

Columbus and Las Casas: the conquest and Christianization of America, 1492–1566

12087:

American Holocaust:The Conquest of the New World: The Conquest of the New World

11951: 11139: 10876:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

10398:"What Happens When an Archaeologist Challenges Mainstream Scientific Thinking?" 9804: 9286: 9210: 9016:. Department of Statistics, Ministry of Sustainable Development. Archived from 7660: 7607: 7590: 7476: 7228: 6947: 6785: 6716: 6561: 6491: 6177: 6018: 5788: 5684: 5628: 5497: 5476: 5413: 5397: 5381: 5365: 5349: 5010: 4990: 4939: 4896: 4792: 4687: 4553: 4531: 4515: 4284: 4280: 3323: 3072: 3028: 2983: 2820: 2730: 2660: 2202: 2178: 2162: 2140: 2054: 2023: 1581:

represents the earliest human presence in the Americas about 13,000 years ago.

1578: 1553: 1454: 1335: 1331: 1288: 1284: 1039: 940: 727: 22445: 22429: 22249: 20305: 20141: 19293: 18802:"Upper Palaeolithic Siberian genome reveals dual ancestry of Native Americans" 18661:"mtDNA Variation among Greenland Eskimos: The Edge of the Beringian Expansion" 18389: 17948:"A Nomenclature System for the Tree of Human Y-Chromosomal Binary Haplogroups" 17706:[The story of José Maria, the only indigenous president of Colombia]. 16384: 16073: 15813: 15691:"What to Search: Topics-Canadian Genealogy Centre-Library and Archives Canada" 15602:

A concise economic history of the world: from Paleolithic times to the present

14863: 14548:"With Ford Foundation Backing, a New Agency Will Sponsor Native American Arts" 14223: 14083: 13034: 11260: 11225: 11190: 11088: 11037: 10183: 9580: 8613:"Población por sexo y principal ascendencia étnico racial, según departamento" 7326:

ancestry and the first in South America. He came to power in a military coup.

6258:

French Guiana is home to approximately 10,000 indigenous peoples, such as the

5871: 5835:. In 2005, for the first time in the country's history, an Indigenous Aymara, 5676: 2037:

of the Indigenous peoples. After initial contact with Europeans and Africans,

1350:

prefer to be identified by the name of their specific nation, tribe, or band.

26183: 26101: 26059: 25852: 25797: 25772: 25767: 25536: 25491: 25385: 25312: 25292: 24322: 24307: 24253: 24231: 24128: 24116: 24032: 23901: 23783: 23744: 23732: 23720: 23432: 23343: 23272: 23013: 22956: 22934: 22843: 22775: 22770: 22748: 22299: 22143: 22112: 22080: 22024: 21992: 21831: 21791: 21781: 21776: 21766: 21761: 21696: 21691: 21646: 21210: 21167: 20543: 20484: 20365: 20243: 20175: 20051: 20014: 19963: 19907: 19839: 19806: 19744: 19662: 19547: 19487: 19427: 19327: 19259: 19204: 19099: 19028: 18948: 18835: 18583: 17914: 17905: 17846: 17350:

Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities (2013), p. 422. Edited by Carl Skutsch

16081: 14091: 13776:. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 13414: 13355: 13296: 13234: 13175: 13167: 13096: 13042: 12994: 12986: 12490: 12177: 11920: 11735: 11602: 11382: 10191: 9295: 9252: 9145:

Marez, Curtis (2007). "Mestizo/a". In Burgett, Bruce; Hendler, Glenn (eds.).

9097: 9093: 7536: 7472: 7463:

Some scientific evidence links them to North Asian peoples, specifically the

7338: 7285: 7262: 7002: 6678: 6480: 6389: 6350: 6259: 6224: 6173: 6145: 6076: 6009:, the majority of whom live in Bolivia and Peru, with smaller numbers in the 6006: 5971: 5888: 5780: 5574: 5528: 5425: 5357: 5272: 5113: 5105: 5101: 5067: 4935: 4915: 4002: 3522: 3236: 3224: 3191: 3068: 3064: 3046: 2918: 2884: 2853: 2835: 2769: 2742: 2376: 2198: 2174: 1890: 1876: 1854: 1839: 1799: 1776: 1720: 1626: 1614: 1545: 1486: 1447: 1443: 1339: 1158: 1059: 912: 797: 752: 544: 157: 22863: 22390: 22386: 21378: 21373: 21109: 20110: 20038: 19773: 19713: 18636: 18617: 17619:"Classification Trends among Contemporary Filipino Crania Using Fordisc 3.1" 16041: 13902: 13504: 11761: 11652: 11583: 11397: 11010: 10487: 10165: 9896: 8364:"Tabela 9605: População residente, por cor ou raça, nos Censos Demográficos" 8138:(in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. p. 214. 7373: 5089: 4438:

Approximately 89 percent of Greenland's population of 57,695 is Greenlandic

4344:

prominent figures and have served as role models in the Indigenous community

4338:

recognizes the vast cultures and contributions of Indigenous peoples to the

1415: 26136: 26069: 25952: 25894: 25887: 25842: 25787: 25718: 25526: 25516: 25464: 25402: 25390: 25380: 25370: 25355: 25307: 25223: 24241: 24197: 24178: 24133: 23933: 23857: 23614: 23609: 23565: 23192: 23074: 23038: 23018: 22870: 22848: 22760: 22382: 22358: 22314: 22264: 22259: 22148: 22133: 22117: 21982: 21933: 21928: 21903: 21881: 21846: 21726: 21428: 21363: 21320: 21082: 20736: 20474: 20464: 20459: 20183: 19565: 19505: 19445: 19335: 19277: 19107: 19046: 18956: 18895: 18853: 18696: 18645: 18426: 18397: 18300: 18276: 18056: 17983: 17932: 17854: 17557: 17404: 16650: 16472:"Education and Programs: Traditional Territories of Alaska Native Cultures" 16122: 16060: 15338:[Sociodemographic and Inequality Atlas in Uruguay, 2011: Ancestry] 14908: 14871: 14191: 13921: 13770:"Chapter 2 (TERRA–2): The History of Native Plant Communities in the South" 13678: 13523: 13432: 13373: 13314: 13242: 13193: 13136: 13050: 13002: 12757: 12034:

Curtin, Philip D. (1993). "Disease Exchange Across the Tropical Atlantic".

11713: 11660: 11464: 11147: 11096: 11045: 10966: 10601: 10495: 9313: 7503: 7488: 7444: 7429: 7277: 7213: 6872: 6594: 6545: 6476: 6441: 6354: 6247: 6212: 6105: 6083: 5962:

According to the 2012 Census, 10% of the Chilean population, including the

5954: 5644: 5396:

population is Indigenous. The largest Indigenous group in Nicaragua is the

5369: 5361: 5317: 5288: 5193: 5173: 5169: 5149: 5047: 5039: 4982: 4958: 4884: 4758: 4691: 4601: 4544: 3111: 3002: 2816: 2780: 2722: 2698: 2652: 2622: 2598: 2560: 2467: 2401: 2330: 2284: 2190: 2120: 2093: 2085: 2050: 1921: 1895: 1784: 1772: 1767: 1677: 1574: 1389: 1327: 1309: 1238:), but for the past 10 years has been considered offensive and pejorative. 1047: 744: 24290: 21866: 20257: 19798: 19479: 19419: 18785: 18602: 17512:"A Settlement Survey for Prehistoric Archaeological Sites on Grand Cayman" 17469: 16735:"GUATEMALA: New Law Recognises Indigenous Languages | Inter Press Service" 15123: 13328:

Armenta, Brian E.; Whitbeck, Les B.; Habecker, Patrick N. (January 2016).

12810: 12738: 12055: 11294: 10639: 7962:

List of traditional territories of the Indigenous peoples of North America

6601:

descent were sent as colonists there. According to a genetic study by the

5906:

in the North and Center-Western parts of the country. On 18 January 2007,

5664: 5192:. The Pipil had no precious mineral resources, but they did have rich and 4589: 3299: 2484: 967: 26064: 25872: 25857: 25832: 25762: 25432: 25407: 25397: 25375: 25302: 24710: 24280: 24270: 24226: 24221: 24173: 24111: 24074: 24047: 23948: 23918: 23793: 23715: 23636: 23624: 23385: 23370: 23360: 23331: 23289: 23204: 23172: 23120: 23053: 22890: 22765: 22622: 22378: 22368: 21987: 21918: 21771: 21741: 21448: 21340: 21220: 21087: 19522:"Reconstructing the Deep Population History of Central and South America" 19003:"Reconstructing the Deep Population History of Central and South America" 17640: 17419:"Study of short Peruvians reveals new gene with a major impact on height" 16702: 16177:(in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía. p. 49. 16143:(in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía. p. 27. 14053:

Casas Grandes: A Fallen Trading Center of the Gran Chichimeca (Vols. 1–3)

13872: 13803:

Imperfect balance: landscape transformations in the Precolumbian Americas

10980: 10978: 10976: 10532: 10410: 9402: 7843: 7673: 7540: 7528: 7484: 7453: 7413: 7409: 7334: 7258: 6557: 6456: 6101: 5967: 5836: 5648: 5457: 5453: 5377: 5373: 5356:

are in the westernmost areas facing Guatemala and along the coast of the

5215: 5197: 5181: 5165: 5153: 5006: 4942:, or residency. A minority of Native Americans live in land units called 4342:. First Nations, Inuit, and Métis peoples of all backgrounds have become 3732: 3672: 3359: 3123: 2998: 2975: 2963: 2909: 2888: 2824: 2799: 2753: 2695: 2664: 2640: 2578: 2517: 2027: 1788: 1716: 1692: 1665: 1641: 1563: 1559: 1522: 1494: 1113: 1074: 1007: 1000: 956: 810: 634: 562: 527: 19319: 19250: 18827: 18733: 15479: 14951:"Página/12 :: Sociedad :: Lo que el Censo ayuda a visibilizar" 14038:

Casas Grandes: A Fallen Trading Center of the Gran Chichimeca (Vols. 13)

12401:

Encyclopedia of plague and pestilence: from ancient times to the present

12118:

American Indian Holocaust and Survival: ˜a Population History Since 1492

12047: 11705: 11628: 11345: 11328: 11014:"Evidence of human occupation in Mexico around the Last Glacial Maximum" 10655: 10593: 9711: 8492:(in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos. p. 184. 7667:(ANE), deeply related to European hunter-gatherers, giving rise to both 7639:. Native Americans also share a relatively higher genetic affinity with 6208: 5823:. That march successfully pressured the national government to sign the 4930:

were the largest single Native American group in the 2020 census, while

4740: 4659:

identifies 62 Indigenous groups in Mexico, each with a unique language.

2959: 2644: 2173:, extinct in the Americas for over 7500 years, had a profound impact on 2041:

diseases caused the deaths of 90 to 95% of the native population of the

26146: 26141: 26116: 26044: 25977: 25867: 25317: 24727: 24424: 24317: 24275: 24091: 24054: 24017: 23913: 23500: 23412: 23239: 23140: 23113: 23033: 22831: 22785: 22696: 22664: 22416: 22254: 22234: 21676: 21468: 21230: 20479: 20449: 20023:. trans. Susan Giersbach Rascón. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. 19915: 18887: 18201: 17283: 17280:"El gradiente sociogenético chileno y sus implicaciones ético-sociales" 16881: 15833: 15766: 15491:

Inuit Circumpolar Council > ICC Charter and By-laws > ICC Charter

15336:"Atlas Sociodemografico y de la Desigualdad en Uruguay, 2011: Ancestry" 14900: 13988: 13347: 13128: 12957: 12818: 12147:

American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History since 1492

11740:

Stolen Continents: 500 Years of Conquest and Resistance in the Americas

11327:

Somerville, Andrew D.; Casar, Isabel; Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquín (2021).

11267: 11197: 10111: 9765: 9438: 7582: 7468: 7243: 7235:, despite dissent from some of the stronger countries of the Americas. 7044: 6605:

around 2% of the Philippine population are Native American in descent.

6541: 6464: 6341: 6315: 6122: 5991: 5915: 5757: 5541: 5393: 5280: 5223: 5139: 4809: 4392: 3335: 3115: 2839: 2805: 2610: 2568: 2521: 2217: 2066: 2004: 1989: 1969: 1451: 1149: 1145: 951: 405: 21861: 19727:

The Politics of Ethnicity: Indigenous Peoples in Latin American States

17965: 16173:[Population and Housing Census 2020: Presentation of results] 15361:"Resultado Básico del XIV Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2011" 12069:

Martin, Stacie E (2004). "Native Americans". In Shelton, Dinah (ed.).

10973: 10819: 10724:. Smithsonian Institution Anthropology Outreach Office. Archived from 7599: 6560:

and Cuba to a lesser extent, possesses degrees of Taíno ancestry. The

5688: 5093: 4856: 4577: 4312: 1477:(26,000 to 19,000 years ago). These populations expanded south of the 1226:('Indigenous peoples') are common formal-sounding designations, while 26106: 25972: 25877: 25474: 25347: 25204: 24780: 24528: 24332: 24101: 24086: 23684: 23669: 23594: 23577: 23495: 23380: 23321: 23311: 23306: 23229: 23108: 22996: 22922: 22689: 22679: 22437: 22433: 22408: 22158: 21493: 21383: 17740: 17704:"La historia de José Maria, el único presidente indígena de Colombia" 15932: 15857: 15430:. Aboriginal Infant Development Programs of B.C. 2009. Archived from 14727:

Norris, Tina; Vines, Paula L.; Hoeffel, Elizabeth M. (January 2012).

14025:] (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Editorial Eudeba. pp. 178–180. 13856: 13606: 13150:

Bombay, Amy; Matheson, Kimberly; Anisman, Hymie (24 September 2013).

10889: 10865: 10863: 10713: 10556: 10525: 10386: 9152: 7858: 7616: 7578: 7563: 6987: 6927: 6445: 6322:

making up the majority of the indigenous population in Paraguay. The

6092: 5816: 5815:, or peasants), renewed ethnic and class militancy re-emerged in the 5553: 5446: 5259: 5245: 5201: 5189: 5177: 4903: 4888: 4868: 4864: 4616: 4519: 4451: 4412: 4289: 4182: 3822: 3432: 3340: 3291: 3283: 3204: 3175:

Indigenous peoples textile art in 1995 by Julia Pingushat, including

3107:

to write histories of Indigenous peoples from Indigenous viewpoints.

3036: 3009: 2849: 2784: 2702: 2684: 2680: 2626: 2614: 2586: 2573: 2552: 2404: 2267: Resident schools where no investigations have taken place (100) 2062: 2042: 2038: 1622: 1525: 1470: 1321: 1201: 814: 468: 366: 304: 241: 97: 21942: 21612: 19899: 19581:"Gene study points to link between Stone Age China and the Americas" 18143:"DNA tests stand on shaky ground to define Native American identity" 18046: 17618: 17359: 17322: 16873: 16139:[2020 Population and Housing Census: Supplementary results] 15532: 15417: 14158: 13869: 11992:. 50 Bedford Square, London, WC1B 3DP, UK: Bloomsbury. p. 375. 10987:"New Evidence Complicates the Story of the Peopling of the Americas" 10686: 10665:

The Emergence of Humans: An Exploration of the Evolutionary Timeline

6512:

The indigenous population of the Caribbean islands consisted of the

6185: 6153: 6045: 5910:(FUNAI) reported that it had confirmed the presence of 67 different 5792: 5692: 5493: 5240: 4757:

the right to apply their normative systems of regulation as long as

2843: 2477:

Persistent drought around AD 850 coincided with the collapse of the

2466:, where it was cultivated as long as 10,000 years ago. According to 2143:. In 1832 the federal government of the United States established a 1728: 1540:

ice sheets. Another route proposed is that, either on foot or using

1305: 25792: 25757: 24106: 24042: 23889: 23847: 23582: 23490: 23365: 23187: 23150: 23130: 22424: 22274: 21816: 21811: 21701: 21681: 20731: 20281: 19925:

Indianer 1858–1928, Photographische Reisen von Alaska bis Feuerland

19672:

Odawa Language and Legends: Andrew J. Blackbird and Raymond Kiogima

19290: 18678: 17140: 17095:. Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development. 16952: 16609: 15683: 13654: 10811: 10562: 9862: 9576: 8254:(in Spanish). Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística. 8101:

Sum of people who identify as Maya (6,207,503) and Xinka (264,167).

7586: 7559: 7547: 7492: 7440: 7421: 7378: 6887: 6598: 6553: 6529: 6468: 6346: 6311: 6216: 6181: 6060: 6053: 5776: 5660: 5405: 5219: 4970: 4950: 4931: 4818: 4526: 4476: 4461: 4369: 4234:(First Nations, Inuit, Métis) by census division, according to the 4122: 4062: 3942: 3303: 3295: 3279: 3032: 3013: 3006: 2967: 2761: 2635: 2630: 2441: 2433: 2124: 2046: 1981: 1937: 1880: 1541: 1502: 1482: 1360: 1317: 1134: 1128: 1011: 960: 789: 598: 507: 384: 346: 199: 45: 21836: 17128: 16013:

Eduardo; March, Santiago; Jimenez-Sanchez, Gerardo (26 May 2009).

15713: 15509: 11564:. New studies in medieval history series. Basingstoke, Hampshire: 11526:"Inside The Last Meals Of Ancient Victims Of Sacrifice And Murder" 11353: 11162: 10860: 10774:"The peopling of the Americas: Genetic ancestry influences health" 10442: 10440: 9537:

Discourse Analysis as Sociocriticism : The Spanish Golden Age

8739:"Puerto Rico: 2010 Summary Population and Housing Characteristics" 6513: 5524: 4824: 4703: 3394:

as estimated percentage of total country or territory's population

3248: 2741:

were bred to hunt larger game. Some Andean cultures also bred the

1985: 1965: 768: 25812: 25742: 24749: 24737: 24168: 23960: 23906: 23852: 23674: 23480: 23390: 23244: 23145: 23103: 22966: 22885: 22838: 22826: 22420: 21957: 21841: 21582: 21478: 21453: 21438: 21358: 21353: 21310: 21285: 21255: 20058:. Vol. 13. Translated by John Maressa. New York: Macmillan. 17684: 16976:"Encuesta Complementaria de Pueblos Indígenas (ECPI) 2004 – 2005" 16224:[General Law on Linguistic Rights of Indigenous Peoples] 11232: 10922: 10740: 10449:"The Late Pleistocene dispersal of modern humans in the Americas" 7998: 7853: 7833: 7480: 7382: 7210:

Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin

7017: 6533: 6415: 6366: 6204: 6137: 6131: 6080: 6064: 5975: 5807: 5800: 5769: 5640: 5635:

In 2005, the Indigenous population living in Argentina (known as

5345: 5051: 4978: 4892: 4876: 4872: 4837: 4814: 4663: 4647:, and the most remote and difficult-to-access areas, such as the 4625: 4510: 4480: 4416: 4400: 4376: 4152: 3972: 3852: 3642: 3582: 3287: 3264:; when played, it produces a sound that mimics a jaguar's growl. 3194:

feather pectoral, feathers, reed, copper, silver, hide, cordage,

3138: 3087: 2794:

In the Andean region, indigenous peoples domesticated llamas and

2734: 2672: 2648: 2618: 2602: 2544: 2497: 2306: 2070: 2000: 1977: 1945: 1941: 1830:

Society of the Spanish-Americans in the Spanish Colonial Americas

1645: 1566: 1462: 1371:. During the latter half of the 20th century and the rise of the 1355: 1250:

are rarely used in Brazil in Indigenous-specific contexts (e.g.,

983:

with the "Three Sisters" rock formation in the background in 2007

980: 924: 908: 885: 772: 670: 447: 262: 136: 24519: 21886: 20999: 19995:

Aboriginal people and other Canadians: shaping new relationships

17229:"Uncontacted Amazonian Tribe Spotted in Rare Photos: Big Pics h" 16171:"Censo de Población y Vivienda 2020: Presentación de resultados" 16137:"Censo de Población y Vivienda 2020: Resultados complementarios" 15892: 14612:"Indians, Song, and Dance in the Missions of Northern New Spain" 12864: 12797:

Pearson, J. Diane (Autumn 2003). "The Politics of Sovereignty".

12771: 11460:"What Colombia's Kogi people can teach us about the environment" 5795:, 69,000. Some 124,000 belong to smaller Indigenous groups. The 3055:) are books that were written by pre-Columbian and colonial-era 2516:

valley, Europeans noted that Native Americans managed groves of

1964:

The first Indigenous group encountered by Columbus, the 250,000

1112:(also describing First Nations, Inuit, and Métis) is a specific 25297: 24236: 23773: 23751: 23604: 23540: 23485: 22875: 22853: 22821: 22795: 22363: 22353: 21736: 21731: 21656: 21592: 21473: 21423: 21413: 21388: 19974:

An Ethnohistorical dictionary of the Russian and Soviet empires

19518: 19229: 18999: 18866: 17110:"Bolivian president Morales launches the "indigenous autonomy"" 16310:"Ley General de Derechos Lingüísticos de los Pueblos Indígenas" 16222:"Ley General de Derechos Lingüísticos de los Pueblos Indígenas" 13577: 13549:"Using DNA, scientists hunt for the roots of the modern potato" 11530: 10437: 8395:(in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Archived from 7585:, with a possible initial layover of 10,000 to 20,000 years in 6957: 6397: 6385: 6263: 6239: 6235: 6169: 6028: 5892: 5672: 5520: 5211: 5185: 5071: 5014: 4998: 4966: 4954: 4927: 4829: 4744: 4695: 4679: 4675: 4667: 4597: 4565: 4561: 4032: 3882: 3492: 3462: 3355: 3351: 3240: 3232: 3180: 3119: 3095: 2974:

Beginning in the 1st millennium BCE, pre-Columbian cultures in

2934: 2922: 2795: 2757: 2688: 2668: 2606: 2594: 2590: 2471: 2445: 2416: 2371: 2139:

brought devastation and drastic population depletion among the

2100: 2058: 1925: 1899: 1884: 1700: 1688: 1630: 1618: 1609: 1466: 1368: 1121: 972: 489: 426: 325: 283: 220: 76: 20088:

Children's Engagement in the World: Sociocultural Perspectives

19400:

Gill, Haechan; Lee, Juhyeon; Jeong, Choongwon (2 April 2024).

18658: 18615: 17875: 16377:"Aguacatecos, cakchiqueles, ixiles, kekchíes, tecos y quichés" 16312:[General Law of the Rights of the Indigenous Peoples] 15342:(in Spanish). National Institute of Statistics. Archived from 15120:"Documents, Results Documents, Colombia; Latinobarómetro 2023" 14371:

Pictorial Documents and Visual Thinking in Postconquest Mexico

13689:. History of warfare. Vol. 2 (reprint ed.). Boston: 11326: 9265: 9195:"Las etnias centroamericanas en la segunda mitad del siglo XX" 8173:(in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estadística. p. 103. 7377:

A map showing the origin of the first wave of humans into the

7208:

and preservation of their cultures. Organizations such as the

6230:

In 1986, Indigenous peoples formed the first "truly" national

5752: 5540:, which are administrative regions for areas with substantial 4768:

the right to preserve and enrich their languages and cultures;

4205: 2127:

by 1679. During the 1770s smallpox killed at least 30% of the

1636: 1279:

Indigenous peoples of the United States are commonly known as

25827: 25337: 24524: 24302: 24022: 23756: 23710: 23572: 23427: 23375: 22951: 22917: 22003: 21947: 21938: 21826: 21403: 19867:

500 Nations: An Illustrated History of North American Indians

19236: 15117: 14156: 13578:

Solis, JS; Anabalón Rodríguez; Leonardo; et al. (2007).

10842:"68 Responses to "Sea will rise 'to levels of last Ice Age'"" 10563:

Moreno-Mayar, JV; Potter, BA; Vinner, L; et al. (2018).

10447:

Goebel, Ted; Waters, Michael R.; O'Rourke, Dennis H. (2008).

9582:'Indian' or 'Native American'? [Reservations, Part 0] 8525:(in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estadística. p. 22. 8084:(in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estadística. p. 10. 7603: 6472: 6460: 6282: 6149: 5948: 5452:

Another major Indigenous culture in eastern Nicaragua is the

5063: 4721:

National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples

4593: 4549: 4439: 4424: 4372: 4293: 4258: 3912: 3612: 3228: 3080: 3056: 3051: 3021: 2987: 2954: 2892: 2809: 2746: 2540: 2459: 2428: 2408: 2206: 2170: 2166: 1792: 1759: 1704: 1684: 1586:

human arrival in the Americas may have occurred prior to the

1549: 1211: 1097: 1055: 1051: 996: 780: 776: 178: 25173: 22585:

Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas

21152: 19066:"Peopling of the Americas as inferred from ancient genomics" 18798: 17617:

Go MC, Jones AR, Algee-Hewitt B, Dudzik B, Hughes C (2019).

17451:

Urarina Society, Cosmology, and History in Peruvian Amazonia

17361:

Gisella; Vela, Margarita; Paz-y-Miño, César (25 June 2019).

15568:

Invisible genealogies: a history of Americanist anthropology

15542:. Canadian Museum of Civilization Corporation. 12 May 2006. 15425:"Terminology of First Nations, Native, Aboriginal and Métis" 15385: 12660:. Fourdir.com. Archived from the original on 6 November 2016 12369:"The Story Of... Smallpox – and other Deadly Eurasian Germs" 11359: 9997:"Terminology of First Nations Native, Aboriginal and Indian" 8712:(in Dutch). Algemeen Bureau voor de Statistiek. p. 46. 7896:

Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas

5883: 2099:

Colonization of the Caribbean led to the destruction of the

1517:

moved when sea levels were significantly lowered due to the

25218: 24248: 24209: 23689: 23545: 23475: 23395: 23267: 22780: 19458: 18109:"Native Americans fear potential exploitation of their DNA" 17316:

Health equity and ethnic minorities in emergency situations

13950:

Petrigh, Romina S.; Fugassa, Martin H. (13 December 2013).

13943: 10928: 10616: 10108:

Language History, Language Change, and Languas Relationship

7871:

Child development of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas

7555: 7412:

line, from father to son, while "mtDNA" is passed down the

7239: 6549: 6184:, the Chimbuelo, the Salasacan, the Tugua, the Puruhá, the 6161: 6087: 5572:) subordinate to a province and considered equivalent to a 5002: 4973:

have the legal right to freely cross the US–Canada border.

4880: 4706:

regions of Mexico, Indigenous people are a small minority.

4465: 4092: 3216: 3176: 2929:

is the picture writing especially well developed among the

2676: 2449: 2261: Investigations that concluded with no discoveries (2) 1343: 115: 20287: 19371:"A Genetic Chronicle of the First Peoples in the Americas" 18746: 18043:"Central Asian origin of ancestors of the first Americans" 17815: 17313: 14446:""Hair Pipes in Plains Indian Adornment" by John C. Ewers" 13640: 13386: 11410:

Archaeology of Prehistoric Native America: An Encyclopedia

10164:

Scott, James C.; Tehranian, John; Mathias, Jeremy (2002).

9104:. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux. pp. 346–358. 8795: 8793: 8337:(in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos. 5943: 5765:

population was recorded as Indigenous in the 2001 Census.

4711:

General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples

4698:

are also present in the central regions of Mexico. In the

3310:, requiring artists to prove that they were enrolled in a 2717:

have been used by the people of the Americas, such as the

2115:

died of smallpox in an epidemic in 1617–1619. In 1633, in

23560: 23326: 23284: 20261: 17785:"Evo Morales's Chaotic Departure Won't Define His Legacy" 17616: 16769: 16676: 16548:. Belize Central Statistical Office. 2000. Archived from 15278: 14648: 14421:. The Princeton Art Museum. 17 April 2004. Archived from 12969: 12372: 12342: 8428:(in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censo. 7554:. The former is the determinant factor for the number of 7496: 5695:(4,465), the Chané (4,376), and the Chorote (2,613). The 3171: 2531: 2367:

Prehistoric agriculture in the Southwestern United States

1506: 1153: 18920: 15457:"Civilization.ca-Gateway to Aboriginal Heritage-Culture" 14843: 14729:"The American Indian and Alaska Native Population: 2010" 13112: 12214:

Encyclopedia of slave resistance and rebellion, Volume 1

11273: 10846:

Center for Climate Systems Research, Columbia University

10750:. National Geographic Society. 1996–2008. Archived from 10446: 7876:

Classification of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas

7300:

but eventually lost and was exiled on December 4, 1854.

6236:

The Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador

5152:

women dancing in the traditional Procession of Palms in

3372:

Population history of Indigenous peoples of the Americas

3020:

of its community. It has more than a thousand different

1822:

Population history of Indigenous peoples of the Americas

20224:

Cry of the Thunderbird: The American Indian's Own Story

19147:"Ancient Human Genomes Reveal Peopling of the Americas" 18530:"Summary of knowledge on the subclades of haplogroup Q" 16443:"Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos" 15540:"Civilization.ca-Gateway to Aboriginal Heritage-object" 14224:"The Cascajal Block: The Earliest Precolumbian Writing" 13853:

The Native Mind and the Cultural Construction of Nature

13327: 10719: 10339:"University Of Guelph Brand Guide | Indigenous Peoples" 9794: 8891:"2011 Population and Housing Census Demographic Report" 8790: 8707:"Demografische en Sociale Karakteristieken en Migratie" 8488:[Results – Population and Housing Census 2005] 7460:

that are genetically closest to" Indigenous Americans.

7361:

Y-DNA haplogroups in Indigenous peoples of the Americas

7220:

and the accession of native Indigenous groups into the

4969:, span both sides of the US–Mexican border. By treaty, 2474:, while others enjoyed a varied and substantial diet." 2065:

and smallpox together in 1558, smallpox again in 1589,

20350: 20125: 19971:

Olson, James Stuart; Pappas, Nicholas Charles (1994).

18367:

Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

18231: 16798:"Guatemala adopts indigenous rights into Constitution" 15113: 15111: 15109: 12311:

Born to Die: Disease and New World Conquest, 1492–1650

11066: 9032: 9014:"Population by Ethnic, Racial or National Group, 2011" 7566:

present in today's Indigenous peoples of the Americas

7416:

line, from mother to offspring of both sexes. Neither

5560:) exist as equivalent to a province, with two smaller 4277:

with distinctive cultures, languages, art, and music.

2003:, a violent poison. Eventually, a Taíno Cacique named 1936:

Epidemics ravaged the Americas with diseases, such as

22580:

Painting in the Americas before European colonization

20159: 18177:"Mitochondrial DNA and the Peopling of the New World" 18045:. In Boldykova, Zhamilya; Berdigulova, Assel (eds.). 17680:"Colombia says police fired on indigenous protesters" 17104: 17102: 16603:

Salas, Antonio; Lovo-Gomez, Jose (2 September 2009).

16284:

Secretaría de Cultura/Sistema de Información Cultural

16249:[Indigenous Population, 2010 and 2020 INEGI] 13149: 13018: 12607:"Dutch Children's Disease Kills Thousands of Mohawks" 11990:

American Philosophy: From Wounded Knee to the Present

11742:(1st Mariner Books ed.). Boston, Massachusetts: 10220:

1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus

10163: 10106:

Hock, Hans Henrich; Joseph, Brian D. (22 July 2019).

10044:

1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus

9121:

1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus

8193: 7573:

The most popular theory among anthropologists is the

7398:

Genetic history of Indigenous peoples of the Americas

7355:

Genetic history of Indigenous peoples of the Americas

4949:

Some California and Southwestern tribes, such as the

2947:

Syllabics used by Indigenous peoples living in Canada

2870:

Mythologies of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas

2496:

Indigenous peoples of North America began practicing

2255: Investigations underway as of 30 July 2021 (17) 2230:

Historical trauma § Indigenous historical trauma

19992:

Todd, Roy; Thornton, Martin; Collins, D. N. (2001).

19185:

Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia

18336:"Learn about Y-DNA Haplogroup Q. Genebase Tutorials" 18188:. American Scientist Online May–June 2000 (3): 246. 15659:

Indigenous difference and the Constitution of Canada

14160:

A Red Like No Other: How Cochineal Colored the World

13206: 12462:. Libby-genealogy.com. 30 April 2009. Archived from 12071:

Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes against Humanity

10748:"Atlas of the Human Journey-The Genographic Project" 10004:

the Office of the Aboriginal Advisor for Aboriginals

8041: 7694: 6593:

and thus many Mexicans including those of indgenous

3231:

are made of river cane, cedar, and other woods. The

3208:

An Indigenous man playing a panpipe, antara, or siku

2866:

Classification of Indigenous peoples of the Americas

2057:

of 1529–1532. Smallpox was only the first epidemic.

20216:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1978–. 19991: 18174: 15697:. Government of Canada. 27 May 2009. Archived from 15633:Kalman, Harold; Mills, Edward (30 September 2007). 15515: 15106: 13553:

American Association for the Advancement of Science

13335:

Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology

13077:

Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development

12581:"Smallpox: The Fight to Eradicate a Global Scourge" 9044: 8169:[Population Characteristics – 2012 Census] 7272:The first Indigenous President of the Americas was 5531:comprise half of the indigenous peoples of Panama. 5334:

ILO Convention 169 on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples

5074:ancestry and make up another 6% of the population. 2895:hunter-gatherers based primarily on bison hunting. 2088:at Tenochtitlan (present-day Mexico City) in 1521. 2033:Epidemic disease was the overwhelming cause of the 20221: 17585:"Reference Populations – Geno 2.0 Next Generation" 17514:. Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville. 17510:Stokes, Anne V.; Keegan, William F. (April 1993). 17099: 16765:"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency" 16672:"The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency" 15893:"National Aboriginal Achievement Award Recipients" 15118:Latinobarómetro 2023 Colombia (14 February 2024). 14726: 14644:"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency" 13873:"The evolutionary history of dogs in the Americas" 11203: 10662:Ash, Patricia J. & Robinson, David J. (2011). 5188:, and had many settlements there, most noticeably 2798:to produce fiber and meat. The llama was the only 2296:between IHT and potential adverse health impacts. 44:Current distribution of Indigenous peoples of the 24665: 19927:. Museum für Volkerkunde Hamburg: Edition Braus. 19064:Willerslev, Eske; Meltzer, David J. (June 2021). 19063: 17090: 16564: 14720: 13863: 13632:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 13116:Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology 11957:American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World 11556: 10906:The Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology 10898:"Early Paleoindians, from Colonization to Folsom" 9601: 9234: 9192: 9102:The Dawn of Everything, A New History of Humanity 8925:. The Central Statistical Office of Saint Lucia. 8486:"Resultados – Censo de Poblacion y Vivienda 2005" 8461:(in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estadística. 7284:, and before his presidency, he fought alongside 6318:region in the northwest of the country, with the 5725:may be compromised due to out-of-date information 5296:these communities and outside of them, around 23 5262:has one of the largest Indigenous populations in 3268:Visual arts by Indigenous peoples of the Americas 3163:Visual arts by Indigenous peoples of the Americas 2878:Category:Archaeological cultures of South America 2874:Category:Archaeological cultures of North America 2073:in 1618—all ravaged the remains of Inca culture. 1861:at the time of European colonization (in Spanish) 26181: 19151:GEN – Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology News 17325:: The Commission on Social Health Determinants, 15637:. The Canadian Encyclopedia (Historica-Dominion) 15487:"Inuit Circumpolar Council (Canada)-ICC Charter" 14981:Reference Populations – Geno 2.0 Next Generation 14185: 13774:Southern Forest Resource Assessment Final Report 12073:. Macmillan Library Reference. pp. 740–746. 10623:Núñez Castillo, Mélida Inés (20 December 2021). 9320: 4902:The United States has authority over Indigenous 1875:, compiled between 1540 and 1585, depicting the 1251: 1245: 1239: 1233: 1227: 1221: 1215: 1194:('native peoples') may also be heard; moreover, 1182:('Indigenous peoples') is a common term, though 1132: 1077:of "American Indian", was coined in 1902 by the 20212:, ongoing 20-volume series generally edited by 20129:International Journal of Behavioral Development 19645:, 1763: The History of a Native American People 17764:Rippy, James Fred; Wilgus, Alva Curtis (1935). 16703:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 16602: 15928:International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs 15794: 15246:Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática 13730:The Great Maya Droughts: Water, Life, and Death 12552:See Varese (2004), as reviewed in Dean (2006). 11781:English 257: Literature of Western Civilization 11681: 11242:21st Century Anthropology: A Reference Handbook 8680:. Statistical Institute of Belize. p. 20. 8219: 7233:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples 6608: 6160:were the most advanced, and most feared by the 3141:used to write some Indigenous languages of the 2701:in Guatemala and hunting and fishing among the 2244:. This map can be expanded and interacted with. 2223: 1583:Evidence of pre-Clovis cultures has accumulated 22560:Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas 22545:Category: Archaeological sites in the Americas 20048:"South American Indian Religions: An Overview" 19836:"North American Indian Religions: An Overview" 18500:"New World Settlers Took 20,000-Year Pit Stop" 18412: 18170: 18168: 18136: 18134: 17766:Argentina, Brazil and Chile Since Independence 14636: 14346: 14344: 14314: 13949: 13074: 12719: 11274:John E Kicza; Rebecca Horn (3 November 2016). 10622: 10070: 10068: 9367:Word myths: debunking linguistic urban legends 9092: 8167:"Características de la Población – Censo 2012" 7952:Genocide of Indigenous peoples of the Americas 7864: 7829:Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas 7341:was the first Indigenous candidate elected as 7222:Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization 5756:An Indigenous woman in traditional dress near 5683:(10,590). Minor but important peoples are the 5120:(Southern Costa Rica long the Panamá border). 5058:, who came to Belize in the 19th century from 4771:the right to elect representatives before the 2966:in stucco now on display at Museo de sitio in 2802:in the Americas before European colonization. 2249: Confirmed discoveries of gravesites (24) 1672:While technically referring to the era before 1427:; figures are in thousands of years ago (kya). 25189: 24651: 24505: 22638: 21138: 21114: 20985: 20336: 20012: 18459:"First Americans Endured 20,000-Year Layover" 18283: 18102: 18100: 17995: 17993: 17939: 17610: 17222: 17220: 17194:(Cochabamba), edición especial, 6 August 2010 16494: 15723:Canada and Colonialism: An Unfinished History 14388:. New York: Academic Press. pp. 395–417. 13571: 12173:Espagnols-Indiens: le choc des civilisations" 11238: 11172:Deep Ancestry: Inside the Genographic Project 11168: 10931:"Late Date of human arrival to North America" 10417:Fagan, Brian M. & Durrani, Nadia (2016). 9859:"Indigenous or Aboriginal: Which is correct?" 9529: 7795: 7184: 6144:, developed in the coastal region, while the 6022: 3183:, Nunavut, Canada, wool, and embroidery floss 1481:and spread rapidly southward, occupying both 1269: 1260:). The Spanish and Portuguese equivalents to 1205: 1195: 1189: 1183: 1177: 1171: 1156: 19641:The Smallpox Genocide of the Odawa Tribe at 19399: 18609: 18329: 18327: 18002:"Sex chromosomes and sex-linked inheritance" 17509: 16963:International Work Group for Indian Affairs. 16515: 16163: 16129: 15822:The Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics 15662:. University of Toronto Press. p. 170. 15635:"Architectural History: Early First Nations" 15330: 15328: 14315:Kettunen, Harri; Helmke, Christophe (2010). 14284: 14229:. Mesoweb Reports & News. pp. 1–4. 14123:. New York, NY: Metropolitan Museum of Art. 14016: 12168: 12166: 11987: 11175:. National Geographic Books. pp. 222–. 10416: 9235:Lizcano Fernández, Francisco (August 2008). 8801:"VI Censo de población y V de vivienda 2007" 8250:[Indigenous Population of Colombia] 8126: 8124: 7901: 7817:List of Indigenous writers from the Americas 7249: 4732:Spanish (0.7% of the country's population). 4580:(and into neighboring areas of contemporary 2448:has a single origin in the area of southern 2427:, as with the domestication and breeding of 2015:. Hearing of the seriousness of the revolt, 1379:responded by proposing the use of the term " 1116:used in some legal documents, including the 20300: 19970: 19758:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 19752:Dean, Bartholomew; Levi, Jerome M. (2003). 18165: 18131: 17763: 17035: 17015: 16994: 16968: 16853: 16851: 16849: 16666: 16664: 16662: 16660: 16546:"Belize 2000 Housing and Population Census" 15841:"Genocide and Indigenous Peoples in Canada" 15632: 15461:Canadian Museum of Civilization Corporation 15136:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 14694: 14668: 14341: 14150: 12726:The Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases 12036:History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 11881: 11598:"Method and Theory in American Archaeology" 11492:"Inca Child Sacrifice Victims Were Drugged" 10908:. Oxford University Press. pp. 86–95. 10661: 10065: 8833:"Population and Housing Census Report 2012" 8333:[Presentation of National Results] 6310:The vast majority of indigenous peoples in 4206:History and status by continent and country 3031:, one of the earliest in the Americas, was 2528:further away, in forest and prairie areas. 2500:approximately 4,000 years ago, late in the 2363:Prehistoric agriculture on the Great Plains 1954:enslaved Western and Central African people 1806:, and others came from "across the ocean". 1613:Language families of Indigenous peoples in 1401: 25196: 25182: 24658: 24644: 24512: 24498: 22652: 22645: 22631: 21145: 21131: 20992: 20978: 20343: 20329: 19833: 18522: 18097: 18070: 17990: 17945: 17530: 17256:"In Amazonia, Defending the Hidden Tribes" 17217: 17165: 17163: 16596: 16502:"2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171)" 15897:National Aboriginal Achievement Foundation 14023:The material and social life of the Yámana 13850: 13792: 10895: 10171:Comparative Studies in Society and History 10134: 10105: 9850: 9644: 9337:"Varieties of Indigeneity in the Americas" 9038: 8896:. Central Statistical Office. p. 94. 8865:"Ethnic Groups by Sex 1991, 2001 and 2011" 8273: 8240: 8080:[Main Results of the 2018 Census] 7987:Native Americans in German popular culture 7957:History of the west coast of North America 7812:List of Indigenous peoples of the Americas 7807:List of Indigenous artists of the Americas 7191: 7177: 1972:, represented the dominant culture in the 1894:Indigenous people at a farm plantation in 1787:(the historical site of what would become 1668:human sacrifice from around the year 1500. 1544:, they migrated down the Pacific coast to 1264:, nevertheless, could be used to mean any 1256:is usually understood as the ethnonym for 856:. There are at least a thousand different 38: 22550:Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 19688: 19572: 19555: 19495: 19435: 19267: 19249: 19178: 19036: 18875:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 18843: 18775: 18686: 18635: 18592: 18582: 18418: 18379: 18363: 18324: 18289: 18266: 17999: 17973: 17922: 17904: 17836: 17556: 17394: 17184: 17169: 17061: 16795: 16640: 16630: 16112: 16102: 16050: 16040: 15571:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 15325: 15240:[Peru: Sociodemographic Profile] 14888:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 14383: 14350:Urcid Javier, 2005; La Escritura zapoteca 14120:Cochineal Red: The Art History of a Color 13911: 13901: 13761: 13605: 13513: 13503: 13422: 13363: 13304: 13183: 12747: 12737: 12248: 12210: 12163: 11892:. New York: Pantheon Books. p. xiv. 11885:American%20Indian%20Myths%20and%20Legends 11344: 10956: 10946: 10638: 10477: 10367: 10074: 9819: 9303: 9285: 8867:. Central Statistics Office of Dominica. 8201:"Race and Ethnicity in the United States" 8134:[Peru: Sociodemographic Profile] 8121: 7719:Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal 7686:List of indigenous people of the Americas 7322:became the first Peruvian President with 5775:The largest Indigenous ethnic groups are 5603:List of indigenous languages in Argentina 4265:, representing roughly 5.0% of the total 2177:in several regions, such as those of the 963:) in relation to the continental Americas 809:, while others practiced agriculture and 24626:Indigenous peoples by geographic regions 21154:Pre-Columbian civilizations and cultures 20273:A History of the Native People of Canada 20219: 19948:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. 19751: 19622:The Historical Atlas of Native Americans 18740: 18532:. Genebase Systems. 2009. Archived from 18147:National Human Genome Research Institute 18040: 16903: 16857: 16846: 16657: 15750: 15719: 15366:. Ine.gov.ve. p. 29. 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These codices are some of the best 2238:Indigenous resident schools in Canada 1816:European colonization of the Americas 1556:, up to a hundred metres since then. 1092:" is used as the collective name for 1006:The islands came to be known as the " 999:, thought that he had arrived in the 862:federally recognized tribes in the US 860:spoken across the Americas, with 574 25158: 23817: 19883: 19821:from the original on 6 November 2011 19780: 19720: 19698:. San Francisco: City Lights Books. 19647:. 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Their use of 5302:Native American Indigenous languages 4564:, who held sway in the mountains of 4332:Indigenous self-government in Canada 2905:Indigenous languages of the Americas 2762:several cultures in Tierra del Fuego 2756:was a domesticated variation of the 1798:Inuit, Yupik, Aleut, and Indigenous 1734:The Pre-Columbian era refers to all 1660:"The Maiden", one of the discovered 1594: 1079:American Anthropological Association 63:Regions with significant populations 21578:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Venezuela 20078: 18419:Wells, Spencer; Read, Mark (2002). 18290:Wells, Spencer; Read, Mark (2002). 18006:An Introduction to genetic analysis 17678:Markey, Patrick (23 October 2008). 17655:from the original on 7 January 2021 17227:Colitt, Raymond (1 February 2011). 17136:"Bolivian Indians in historic step" 16924: 15285:from the original on 7 January 2021 14961:from the original on 15 August 2021 14656:from the original on 9 January 2021 14592:from the original on 9 October 2022 14419:"Music from the Land of the Jaguar" 14254: 14068:"Mesoamerican Stingless Beekeeping" 13585:Electronic Journal of Biotechnology 13457:from the original on 29 August 2011 13103: 13065: 13009: 12912: 12720:Houston, C. 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Bureau of Statistics. p. 5. 7930:Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean 7908:Indigenous peoples of South America 7406:Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups 7348: 7218:International Indian Treaty Council 6842:United Nations Declaration (UNDRIP) 6508:Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean 5806:Large numbers of Bolivian highland 5588:Indigenous peoples of South America 2506:Indigenous peoples began using fire 2444:and wild species suggests that the 2137:1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic 1883:during the conquest-era in central 1648:, are a culturally intact, largely 1294: 24: 26190:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 25133: 24579: 22570:Indigenous cuisine of the Americas 21549:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Colombia 20708: 20624: 20352:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 20210:Handbook of North American Indians 20203: 19781:Dean, Bartholomew (January 2006). 19145:Sarkar, Anjali A. (18 June 2021). 18456: 18338:. Genebase Systems. 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(30 June 2014). 8581:"Final 2012 Census Compendium 2" 8248:"Población Indígena de Colombia" 7737:Indigenous peoples of Costa Rica 7711: 7697: 7608:Indigenous populations of Alaska 6632: 6253: 6079:culture, a subset of the larger 5711: 5581: 5400:. Their territory extended from 5200:as they had in other lands like 5084:Indigenous peoples of Costa Rica 5060:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 4832:man on horseback in present-day 4782: 4269:. There are over 600 recognized 4210: 4175: 4145: 4115: 4085: 4055: 4025: 3995: 3965: 3935: 3905: 3875: 3845: 3815: 3785: 3763:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 3755: 3725: 3695: 3665: 3635: 3605: 3575: 3545: 3515: 3485: 3455: 3425: 3156: 2464:Solanum tuberosum ssp. tuberosum 1407:This section is an excerpt from 1377:United States federal government 1301:Native American name controversy 681: 663: 645: 627: 609: 591: 581:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 573: 555: 538: 520: 500: 482: 461: 440: 419: 398: 377: 359: 339: 318: 297: 276: 255: 234: 213: 192: 171: 150: 129: 108: 90: 69: 24388:Evolutionary origin of religion 21537:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Chile 20307:"Indians, North American" 20277:Canadian Museum of Civilization 19977:. Connecticut Greenwood Press. 19670:Cappel, Constance, ed. (2006). 18623:Molecular Biology and Evolution 18141:Carey, Teresa L. (9 May 2019). 17712:(in Spanish). 14 January 2022. 17231:. Discovery.com. Archived from 16953:"Indigenous Peoples in Panama." 16478:. 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Jr. (1998). 10309:"Indigenous Terminology Guide" 10249:"Why Capitalize "Indigenous"?" 9965:"Indigenous Terminology Guide" 9828:"Briefing Note on Terminology" 9180:10.1093/obo/9780199730414-0240 8159: 8104: 8070: 7940:Indigenous peoples of Suriname 7923: 7757:Indigenous peoples in Colombia 7732:Indigenous peoples in Paraguay 6578: 6380:Indigenous peoples in Suriname 6306:Indigenous peoples in Paraguay 6199:Coastal groups, including the 6041:Indigenous peoples in Colombia 5129: 4895:, and are collectively called 4479:of north Greenland, who speak 4419:has one officially recognized 4322:genocide of Indigenous peoples 2775:Several bird species, such as 2344: 2147:program for Native Americans ( 2123:in 1636, and the lands of the 946: 900:, with a few still considered 841: 13: 1: 25203: 25115:In the United States Congress 24667:Hispanic and Latino Americans 24001:Art of the Middle Paleolithic 23531:British megalith architecture 22481:Spanish Conquest of Guatemala 21542:Archaeological sites in Chile 20258:America's Stone Age Explorers 19624:. New York: Chartwell Books. 19579:Chen, Stephen (10 May 2023). 18941:10.1016/S0198-8859(01)00301-9 18713:Annual Review of Anthropology 18083:. Bauu Institute. p. 4. 17264:. 8 July 2007. Archived from 17112:. MercoPress. 3 August 2009. 16206:2015 Mexican Census (Spanish) 15789:10.1080/14623528.2015.1096582 14580:"The Myths That Made America" 14401:The Nahuas After the Conquest 14288:; Van Stone, Mark L. (2005). 14072:Journal of Cultural Geography 13799:Lentz, David L., ed. (2000). 13685:. In Raudzens, George (ed.). 13547:Miller, N (29 January 2008). 13276:Social Science & Medicine 13214:Social Science & Medicine 12974:Journal of Studies on Alcohol 12211:Rodriguez, Junius P. (2007). 11375:10.1080/20555563.2021.1940441 10985:Yasinski, Emma (2 May 2022). 9826:McKay, Celeste (April 2015). 9795:Unique Media Design Limited. 9542:University of Minnesota Press 8987:. Central Statistics Office. 8005: 7727:Indigenous peoples in Ecuador 7669:Indigenous peoples of Siberia 7581:occurring in stages from the 7577:, of human settlement of the 7502:The common occurrence of the 7465:Indigenous peoples of Siberia 7246:pact with the United States. 6410:Indigenous peoples in Uruguay 6118:Indigenous peoples in Ecuador 6090:, which led to the legend of 5947:A Mapuche man in present-day 5748:Indigenous peoples in Bolivia 5180:. The Pipil lived in western 5077: 4655:, and neighboring areas. The 4454:of west Greenland, who speak 4435:(Inuit residing in Denmark). 4433:Greenlandic people in Denmark 4317:settler colonialism in Canada 3365: 3195: 1903: 1713:complex cultures of the Andes 1064:Indigenous peoples of Siberia 704:Indigenous American languages 23996:Art of the Upper Paleolithic 23536:Nordic megalith architecture 22575:Mesoamerican writing systems 22532: 21571:Archaeological sites in Peru 20282:Indigenous Peoples in Brazil 20056:The Encyclopedia of Religion 19844:The Encyclopedia of Religion 19407:Genome Biology and Evolution 18175:Schurr, Theodore G. (2000). 17946:Consortium, T. Y C. (2002). 16632:10.1371/journal.pone.0006882 16320:(in Spanish). Archived from 16228:(in Spanish). Archived from 16104:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004572 15776:Journal of Genocide Research 13981:10.1016/j.quaint.2013.07.030 12151:University of Oklahoma Press 12123:University of Oklahoma Press 10948:10.1371/journal.pone.0264092 10696:The Incredible Human Journey 10279:"Associated Press Stylebook" 9724:. Retrieved 8 February 2012. 9468:Hoxie, Frederick E. (1996). 8236:(in Spanish). November 2018. 7935:Indigenous peoples of Guyana 7822: 7785:Ancient American engineering 7762:Indigenous peoples in Brazil 7752:Indigenous peoples in Canada 6609:Rise of Indigenous movements 6532:of the Lesser Antilles, the 6501: 6444:traveling in their canoe in 6425: 6276:Indigenous peoples in Guyana 5899:Indigenous peoples of Brazil 5867:Indigenous peoples in Brazil 5839:, was elected as president. 5779:, about 2.5 million people; 5592: 5509:Indigenous peoples of Panama 5489:Indigenous peoples of Panama 5387: 5244:Maya women from present-day 5229: 4494:Indigenous peoples of Mexico 4468:(east Greenland), who speak 4354: 4251:Indigenous peoples in Canada 4244:Indigenous peoples in Canada 4222:Indigenous peoples in Canada 3079:, Spanish, and occasionally 2898: 2808:were domesticated from wild 2359:Eastern Agricultural Complex 2281:Indigenous historical trauma 2224:Indigenous historical trauma 2156:Indigenous peoples in Brazil 2117:Fort Orange (New Netherland) 2045:in the following 150 years. 1764:complex societal hierarchies 1090:Indigenous peoples in Canada 7: 26195:Latin American caste system 22471:Spanish Conquest of Yucatán 20716: 19942:Krech, Shepard III (1999). 19369:Sapiens (8 February 2022). 18557:"The origin of the Na-Dene" 18555:M, Ruhlen (November 1998). 18504:National Geographic Society 18008:. New York: W. H. Freeman. 17633:University of Florida Press 17456:University Press of Florida 17203:Ministerio de Autonomías, " 16572:"Primer Censo de Población" 15957:Central Intelligence Agency 15315:Central Intelligence Agency 15248:(in Spanish). p. 214. 15225:Central Intelligence Agency 15196:Central Intelligence Agency 15162:Central Intelligence Agency 15096:Central Intelligence Agency 15035:Central Intelligence Agency 15008:Britannica Book of the Year 14991:National Geographic Society 14933:Central Intelligence Agency 14827:Central Intelligence Agency 14799:Central Intelligence Agency 14771:Central Intelligence Agency 13394:Drug and Alcohol Dependence 13022:Journal of Community Health 12874:. BBC News. 30 March 2005. 12284:"Laws of Burgos, 1512–1513" 12084:Stannard, David E. (1993). 10896:Waguespack, Nicole (2012). 9203:Revista Mexicana del Caribe 8642:"Greenland in Figures 2020" 8205:United States Census Bureau 7865:Population and demographics 7767:Indigenous peoples in Chile 7690: 7298:Colombian Civil War of 1854 6847:GRATK Anti-Biopiracy Treaty 6373: 6299: 6034: 5939:Indigenous peoples in Chile 5879:in each department in 2022. 5615:in each department in 2022. 5339: 5136:Demographics of El Salvador 5112:(Cordillera de Talamanca), 2333:, anger, and sexual abuse. 2007:managed to hold out in the 1605:Archaeology of the Americas 1590:more than 20,000 years ago. 1532:that stretched between the 1316:, which comprises parts of 10: 26221: 25565:Countries by ethnic groups 25560:Contemporary ethnic groups 24144:British Isles and Brittany 24065:Gwion Gwion rock paintings 22497:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada 22400:Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil 21005:Indigenous North Americans 19639:Cappel, Constance (2007). 19607: 19540:10.1016/j.cell.2018.10.027 19092:10.1038/s41586-021-03499-y 19021:10.1016/j.cell.2018.10.027 18768:10.1093/genetics/130.1.153 18343:(Verbal tutorial possible) 17838:10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.037 17448:Dean, Bartholomew (2009). 17387:10.1038/s41598-019-45723-w 16347:"Kikapúes — Kikaapoa" 15947:"People and Society: Peru" 15599:Cameron, Rondo E. (1993). 14472:"Buying Alaska Native Art" 12315:Cambridge University Press 12309:Cook, Noble David (1998). 12145:Thornton, Russell (1990). 11140:10.1038/d41586-020-02137-3 10872:"Peopling of the Americas" 10423:. Routledge. p. 124. 10225:Knopf Doubleday Publishing 10049:Knopf Doubleday Publishing 9287:10.3389/fgene.2023.1091269 7796:List of Indigenous peoples 7747:Indigenous peoples of Peru 7683: 7358: 7352: 7292:. José María Melo led the 6699:Governmental organizations 6582: 6571: 6505: 6429: 6407: 6403: 6377: 6337:Indigenous peoples in Peru 6334: 6303: 6289:and the foundation of the 6273: 6115: 6111: 6086:, famous for their use of 6038: 6002:continues to the present. 5936: 5908:Fundação Nacional do Índio 5864: 5745: 5702: 5596: 5585: 5486: 5420:, but large numbers speak 5233: 5133: 5116:(Southern Costa Rica) and 5081: 4920:Pacific Islander Americans 4786: 4491: 4358: 4348:Canadian cultural identity 4241: 4219: 3369: 3316:federally recognized tribe 3160: 2980:Indigenous writing systems 2944: 2902: 2863: 2859: 2819:, several cultures raised 2715:Native American dog breeds 2708: 2633:(species and varieties of 2351:Agriculture in Mesoamerica 2348: 2227: 1959:North American Indian Wars 1819: 1813: 1598: 1406: 1396: 1334:women in festive dress on 1298: 1168:Spanish-speaking countries 1152:in culture and ethnicity ( 1083:English-speaking Caribbean 26155: 26031: 25903: 25711: 25545: 25346: 25211: 25128: 25097: 24992: 24966: 24940: 24897: 24836: 24791: 24758: 24703: 24673: 24622: 24535: 24346: 24159: 23986: 23833: 23829: 23812: 23698: 23662: 23511: 23468: 23464: 23451: 23258: 23089: 23062: 22987: 22913: 22904: 22809: 22734: 22730: 22722: 22717: 22660: 22598: 22540: 22531: 22451: 22374: 22349: 22320: 22295: 22270: 22245: 22220: 22189: 22164: 22139: 22108: 22071: 22046: 22009: 21978: 21953: 21924: 21917: 21912: 21907: 21902: 21900: 21895: 21722:Llanos de Moxos (Bolivia) 21507: 21339: 21196: 21160: 21120: 21115:Links to related articles 21096: 21011: 20945: 20872: 20790: 20707: 20698: 20668: 20591: 20561: 20531: 20500: 20493: 20442: 20408: 20397: 20358: 20142:10.1080/01650250244000335 18390:10.1080/10409230490460765 17331:World Health Organization 17304:DANE 2018 national census 17190:"La Bolivia autonómica", 17062:Gotkowitz, Laura (2007). 16796:International, Survival. 15846:The Canadian Encyclopedia 15814:10.1017/s000842391200039x 15656:Macklem, Patrick (2001). 14864:10.1007/s00439-004-1125-7 14533:24 September 2015 at the 14435:(Includes sound sample.) 14405:Stanford University Press 14386:The Inca and Aztec States 14359:Flannery and Marcus, 2003 14084:10.1080/08873638409478571 14051:Di Peso, Charles (1974). 14036:Di Peso, Charles (1974). 13809:Columbia University Press 13691:Brill Academic Publishers 13035:10.1007/s10900-013-9695-8 12678:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 12631:The Canadian Encyclopedia 12434:digicoll.library.wisc.edu 12115:Thornton, Russel (1987). 11558:Fernández-Armesto, Felipe 11280:(2 ed.). Routledge. 11089:10.1038/s41586-020-2491-6 11038:10.1038/s41586-020-2509-0 10368:Burenhult, Göran (2000). 10184:10.1017/S0010417502000026 10075:loprespub (20 May 2020). 9652:"Americanists in dispute" 9476:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt 7902:Central and South America 7802:List of Greenlandic Inuit 7657:Ancient East Asian people 7320:Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro 7250:Indigenous heads of state 7035:Indigenous decolonization 6855:NGOs and political groups 6490:gives indigenous peoples 6488:constitution of Venezuela 6269: 6172:speakers and include the 6005:Other groups include the 5860: 5482: 5454:Mayangna (or Sumu) people 5236:Demographics of Guatemala 5092:(In the Central Valley), 5033: 4853:St. Lawrence Island Yupik 4487: 4271:First Nations governments 4215: 3350:breaths, for example, in 2391: 2024:Laws of Burgos, 1512–1513 1617:shown across present-day 1200:('aborigine') is used in 995:, who, in his search for 987:Application of the term " 796:comprise the continent's 767: 762: 757:Native American religions 742: 737: 702: 697: 679: 661: 643: 625: 607: 589: 571: 553: 536: 518: 498: 480: 459: 438: 417: 396: 375: 357: 337: 316: 295: 274: 253: 232: 211: 190: 169: 148: 127: 106: 88: 67: 62: 57: 52: 37: 22609:Civilizations portal 21566:Cultural periods of Peru 20176:10.1177/1745691610375558 19834:Hultkrantz, Åke (1987). 19612: 19585:South China Morning Post 18584:10.1073/pnas.95.23.13994 18246:Annals of Human Genetics 18113:Genetic Literacy Project 18041:Zhakarov, I. A. (2003). 17906:10.1186/1471-2148-13-127 17884:BMC Evolutionary Biology 15983:"Inuktitut, Greenlandic" 15213:31 December 2018 at the 14707:12 November 2021 at the 14477:Federal Trade Commission 14399:Lockhart, James (1992). 14066:Kent, Robert B. (1984). 13960:Quaternary International 13168:10.1177/1363461513503380 13156:Transcultural Psychiatry 12987:10.15288/jsa.2004.65.409 12942:15 December 2022 at the 12900:Equus cf. E. complicatus 12567:Natural Resources Canada 12398:Kohn, George C. (2008). 12193:Smallpox Through History 12012:: CS1 maint: location ( 11333:Latin American Antiquity 10217:(2006). "Loaded Words". 9717:15 December 2022 at the 7982:Native American weaponry 7849:Native American religion 7562:mutations, and founding 6868:Amazon Conservation Team 6591:Viceroyalty of New Spain 6314:are concentrated in the 6219:, the Siona-Secoya, the 6059:A minority today within 6027:), who reside mainly in 5932: 5469:Cacaopera (or Matagalpa) 4845:contiguous United States 4670:and the interior of the 4302:North American fur trade 3274:. Contributions include 2992:San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán 2737:, while others like the 2452:, from a species in the 2113:Massachusetts Bay Colony 1756:Norte Chico civilization 1433:peopling of the Americas 1409:Peopling of the Americas 1402:Peopling of the Americas 927:rather than ancestry or 58:Approximately 56 million 26205:Ethnic groups by region 25677:Torres Strait Islanders 25522:Ethnopsychopharmacology 25266:In-group and out-groups 24376:Evolutionary musicology 23779:Oldest extant buildings 23706:Archaeological features 23225:Prepared-core technique 22503:Hernán Pérez de Quesada 21349:Mesoamerican chronology 20313:Encyclopædia Britannica 20296:Smithsonian Institution 20111:10.2304/ciec.2008.9.1.3 18334:Tymchuk, Wendy (2008). 17737:The Rise of Evo Morales 17549:Oxford University Press 16978:. INDEC. Archived from 16965:(retrieved 23 Feb 2011) 16943:(retrieved 23 Feb 2011) 16042:10.1073/pnas.0903045106 15565:Darnell, Regna (2001). 15012:Encyclopædia Britannica 14369:Boone, Elizabeth Hill. 14291:Reading the Maya Glyphs 14222:Skidmore, Joel (2006). 13903:10.1126/science.aao4776 13650:Iberia and the Americas 13505:10.1073/pnas.0507400102 12092:Oxford University Press 11962:Oxford University Press 11653:10.1126/science.1059519 10693:Roberts, Alice (2010). 10488:10.1126/science.1153569 9503:Herbst, Philip (1997). 9372:Oxford University Press 7913:List of Mayan languages 7886:Origins of Paleoindians 7665:Ancient North Eurasians 7633:Ancient North Eurasians 7294:Republic of New Granada 6567: 6349:woman and child in the 6330: 5996:Occupation of Araucanía 5797:Constitution of Bolivia 5392:About 5 percent of the 5042:make up another 10.6% ( 4805:in each county in 2020. 4653:Sierra Madre Occidental 4383:The Greenlandic Inuit ( 2917:of much of present-day 1483:North and South America 1469:due to the lowering of 921:cultural identification 25918:Cultural appropriation 24338:Unchambered long cairn 24186:Mound Builders culture 23519:Neolithic architecture 22654:Prehistoric technology 21206:Archaeological periods 20046:Zerries, Otto (1987). 18057:10.5281/zenodo.1062402 17173:Diálogos en Democracia 15493:. 2007. Archived from 15184:7 January 2021 at the 14993:. 2016. Archived from 14261:Breaking the Maya Code 14188:"Time line of fabrics" 14186:Threads In Tyme, LTD. 14117:Phipps, Elena (2010). 13840:The Omnivore's Dilemma 11614:. 1958. Archived from 11169:Spencer Wells (2006). 10991:The Scientist Magazine 10315:. Queen's University. 9936:Indigenous Foundations 9832:University of Manitoba 9694:Survival International 9346:. 2018. Archived from 8112:"2017 Peruvian census" 7972:List of American Inuit 7839:Fully feathered basket 7772:Languages of Guatemala 7651: 7394: 7386: 7370: 7269: 6943:Survival International 6824:International Treaties 6448: 6358: 6232:political organization 6134: 6056: 6023: 5959: 5951: 5904:Indigenous territories 5895: 5880: 5761: 5643:(113,680 people), the 5632: 5616: 5550:Comarca Emberá-Wounaan 5505: 5441:, and by the 1750s, a 5412:, Nicaragua along the 5256: 5248: 5157: 4840: 4821: 4817:artist in present-day 4806: 4779:amongst other rights. 4747: 4570:Isthmus of Tehuantepec 4539: 4523: 4507: 4380: 4346:and help to shape the 4238: 3209: 3201: 3184: 3075:in several languages: 3029:Zapotec writing system 2971: 2925: 2733:used dogs for pulling 2687:, and some species of 2536: 2493: 2419: 2411:now on display at the 2388: 2380: 2293:operational definition 2131:Native Americans. The 2053:, smallpox caused the 2009:Baoruco Mountain Range 1952:of massive numbers of 1929: 1909: 1887: 1862: 1846: 1669: 1653: 1633: 1493:, the distribution of 1428: 1421:early human migrations 1373:Indian rights movement 1346: 1324: 1283:, Indians, as well as 1270: 1258:Indigenous Australians 1252: 1246: 1240: 1234: 1228: 1222: 1216: 1206: 1196: 1190: 1184: 1178: 1172: 1157: 1133: 1118:Constitution Act, 1982 1043: 1035: 1027: 1019: 984: 964: 25943:Ethnic interest group 25783:Ethnicity in censuses 25733:Cultural assimilation 25234:Ethnolinguistic group 24013:List of Stone Age art 23215:Microblade technology 23163:Langdale axe industry 22761:Ard / plough 22509:List of Conquistadors 22396:Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal 21807:Quebrada de Humahuaca 21226:Caddoan Mississippian 20678:European colonization 20214:William C. Sturtevant 19799:10.1353/tam.2006.0013 19480:10.1101/gr.202945.115 18637:10.1093/molbev/msh009 18485:13 March 2012 at the 17735:Harten, Sven (2011). 17210:28 April 2011 at the 17068:Duke University Press 15720:Reynolds, J. (2024). 15041:on 27 September 2021. 14702:North America: Mexico 13534:26 April 2011 at the 12949:American Psychologist 12811:10.1353/wic.2003.0017 12774:. Thefurtrapper.com. 11913:Taylor, Alan (2002). 11853:University of Toronto 11612:University of Chicago 11524:Killgrove, Kristina. 11245:. SAGE Publications. 10870:Null (27 June 2022). 10670:John Wiley & Sons 10640:10.53846/goediss-9012 9911:Canadian Constitution 9608:Sutton, M.Q. (2021). 9273:Frontiers in Genetics 7649: 7629:Mal'ta–Buret' culture 7400:primarily focuses on 7392: 7376: 7368: 7257: 6674:Traditional knowledge 6659:Intellectual property 6439: 6344: 6125: 6096:. At the time of the 6048: 5957: 5946: 5891:man from present-day 5886: 5874: 5848:Santa Cruz Department 5755: 5622: 5610: 5496: 5410:La Cruz de Rio Grande 5254: 5243: 5147: 5108:(Southern Atlantic), 5104:(Northern Alajuela), 4827: 4812: 4800: 4738: 4649:Sierra Madre Oriental 4536:Tenejapa Municipality 4529: 4513: 4501: 4431:of Greenland and the 4368: 4229: 3703:Saint Kitts and Nevis 3401:Country or Territory 3370:Further information: 3207: 3190: 3174: 3128:Mi'kmaq hieroglyphics 3118:scrolls on which the 2962: 2913:The major indigenous 2912: 2864:Further information: 2577:beans including most 2555:(pumpkins, zucchini, 2534: 2487: 2399: 2386: 2374: 1915: 1893: 1868: 1852: 1844:European colonization 1837: 1810:European colonization 1748:European colonization 1659: 1644:, descendants of the 1639: 1612: 1571:physical anthropology 1519:Quaternary glaciation 1418: 1330: 1308: 970: 954: 800:inhabitants prior to 763:Related ethnic groups 689:Saint Kitts and Nevis 26163:Minzu (anthropology) 26132:Separatist movements 25988:Ethnographic village 25818:Legendary progenitor 25453:Transidioethnography 25256:Hyphenated ethnicity 25251:Ethnographic realism 25244:Ethnoreligious group 24716:Creoles of Louisiana 24420:Prehistoric medicine 24415:Prehistoric counting 24398:Prehistoric religion 24393:Paleolithic religion 24371:Behavioral modernity 23728:Causewayed enclosure 23620:Abri de la Madeleine 22744:Neolithic Revolution 22476:Francisco de Montejo 22404:Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil I 21517:Andean civilizations 21444:Shaft tomb tradition 20391:Solutrean hypothesis 19723:Maybury-Lewis, David 19620:Barnes, Ian (2015). 19534:(5): 1185–1197.e22. 19015:(5): 1185–1197.e22. 18429:. pp. 138–140. 18051:. pp. 139–144. 17831:(6): 1232–1245.e20. 17641:10.5744/fa.2019.1005 17558:10.1093/pastj/gtw008 17048:30 July 2013 at the 17028:30 July 2013 at the 17008:30 July 2013 at the 16387:on 26 September 2007 16327:on 25 September 2007 16253:(in Spanish). 2020. 15497:on 28 September 2007 15349:on 13 November 2014. 15321:on 16 December 2021. 13768:Owen, Wayne (2002). 12613:on 17 December 2007. 12516:on 17 November 2017. 12498:on 15 December 2022. 12219:Greenwood Publishing 11817:University of Hawaii 10345:. 14 November 2019. 9869:on 22 September 2016 9616:Taylor & Francis 9579:(24 November 2019). 9374:, USA. p. 163. 9209:(17). Archived from 7705:Civilizations portal 7635:) as well as to the 7612:haplogroup Q (Y-DNA) 7583:Bering Sea coastline 7575:Bering Strait theory 7550:, and secondly with 7434:isolated populations 7343:president of Bolivia 7267:President of Bolivia 6684:Water and sanitation 6574:Latin American Asian 5422:Miskito Coast Creole 5416:. There is a native 5298:Indigenous languages 4971:Haudenosaunee people 4641:Sierra Madre del Sur 4472:("East Greenlandic") 4290:societal hierarchies 4236:2021 Canadian census 3243:are also found many 3063:for descriptions of 2827:for their feathers. 2789:neotropic cormorants 2425:artificial selection 2145:smallpox vaccination 2061:(probably) in 1546, 1725:Muisca Confederation 1681:Indigenous societies 1674:Christopher Columbus 1662:Llullaillaco mummies 1588:Last Glacial Maximum 1479:Laurentide Ice Sheet 1475:Last Glacial Maximum 1459:Beringia land bridge 1425:Out of Africa theory 1387:acknowledged in the 1150:Brazilian peoplehood 993:Christopher Columbus 858:Indigenous languages 26023:Multinational state 26018:Model minority myth 25905:Multiethnic society 25823:Linguistic homeland 25239:Ethnonational group 25120:Women in journalism 24683:Hispanic and Latino 24459:Prehistoric warfare 23205:Magdalenian culture 23168:Levallois technique 23099:Earliest toolmaking 22442:Manco Inca Yupanqui 21747:Manteño-Huancavilca 21216:Ancestral Puebloans 20777:Trinidad and Tobago 19923:König, Eva (2002). 19420:10.1093/gbe/evae063 19320:10.1038/nature25173 19312:2018Natur.553..203M 19251:10.7554/eLife.85492 19084:2021Natur.594..356W 18828:10.1038/nature12736 18820:2014Natur.505...87R 18575:1998PNAS...9513994R 18194:2000AmSci..88..246S 17897:2013BMCEE..13..127F 17692:on 27 October 2008. 17590:National Geographic 17483:Marcheco, Beatriz. 17423:Science | AAAS 17379:2019NatSR...9.9247Z 17340:on 7 December 2023. 17268:on 18 October 2018. 17261:The Washington Post 16912:on 14 November 2012 16623:2009PLoSO...4.6882S 16482:on 14 December 2013 16095:2014PLOSG..10.4572R 16033:2009PNAS..106.8611S 15963:on 19 November 2021 15935:on 15 October 2017. 15796:MacDonald, David B. 15373:on 15 November 2018 15168:on 10 January 2021. 14986:Genographic Project 14955:www.pagina12.com.ar 14844:Bonilla, Carolina; 14510:on 17 February 2015 14484:on 15 December 2022 13998:on 20 December 2016 13973:2013QuInt.317...14P 13894:2018Sci...361...81N 13496:2005PNAS..10214694S 13453:. Allbusiness.com. 12846:Library of Congress 12739:10.1155/2000/782978 12697:. Historylink.org. 12587:on 7 September 2008 12406:Infobase Publishing 12345:. 5 November 2009. 12200:on 29 October 2009. 11824:on 25 December 2018 11785:University of Idaho 11706:10.1038/nature03146 11698:2004Natur.432.1020H 11692:(7020): 1020–1023. 11645:2001Sci...292..723S 11618:on 23 January 2004. 11566:Macmillan Education 11497:National Geographic 11468:. 29 October 2013. 11346:10.1017/laq.2021.26 11132:2020Natur.584...47G 11081:2020Natur.584...93B 11030:2020Natur.584...87A 10902:Timothy R. Pauketat 10778:Scientific American 10594:10.1038/nature25173 10586:2018Natur.553..203M 10470:2008Sci...319.1497G 10464:(5869): 1497–1502. 10372:. Weltbild Verlag. 10370:Die ersten Menschen 10283:www.apstylebook.com 9807:on 23 February 2016 9746:on 16 February 2016 9663:. 22 October 1902. 9445:. VisualThesaurus. 9441:(12 October 2009). 9405:(25 October 2001). 9344:Stanford University 9124:. New York: Knopf. 8813:on 20 December 2019 8770:Aupetit, Mathilde. 8402:on 23 November 2018 7992:Republic of Lakotah 7591:founding population 7489:genetic composition 7324:Indigenous Peruvian 7231:voted to adopt the 7060:Uncontacted peoples 7050:Settler colonialism 6603:National Geographic 6518:Lucayan Archipelago 5922:The Washington Post 5855:Gran Chaco Province 5821:CIDOB confederation 5637:pueblos originarios 5544:populations. Three 4944:Indian reservations 4914:(Micronesian), and 4729:secondary education 4719:the territory. The 4267:Canadian population 3793:Trinidad and Tobago 3397: 3262:musical instruments 3153:language families. 2999:Maya writing system 2760:that was raised by 2719:Canadian Eskimo dog 2319:polysubstance abuse 2216:, wars, massacres, 2175:Indigenous cultures 1869:An illustration in 1752:early modern period 1736:period subdivisions 1499:genetic composition 1207:pueblos originarios 902:uncontacted peoples 890:social organization 802:European settlement 653:Antigua and Barbuda 617:Trinidad and Tobago 34: 26003:Middleman minority 25963:Ethnic pornography 25958:Ethnic nationalism 25863:Pantribal sodality 25808:Imagined community 25333:Symbolic ethnicity 25261:Indigenous peoples 25229:Ethnographic group 24521:Indigenous peoples 24410:Origin of language 24403:Spiritual drug use 24313:Rectangular dolmen 24215:Dartmoor kistvaens 24028:Carved stone balls 23740:Circular enclosure 23699:Other architecture 23642:Alp pile dwellings 23230:Solutrean industry 23141:Gravettian culture 22791:Secondary products 22565:Columbian exchange 22555:Portal:Mesoamerica 21707:La Tolita (Tumaco) 21522:Indigenous peoples 21261:Hopewell tradition 21188:Indigenous peoples 20937:In popular culture 20688:Columbian exchange 20683:Population history 20409:Mythology/Religion 18981:on 6 February 2021 18888:10.1002/ajpa.21614 18498:Than, Ker (2008). 18469:on 10 October 2012 18457:Viegas, Jennifer. 18202:10.1511/2000.3.246 18185:American Scientist 18063:on 11 April 2015. 17544:Past & Present 17367:Scientific Reports 17235:on 2 February 2012 16958:2011-03-02 at the 16936:2010-11-25 at the 16861:Anthropology Today 16804:on 7 November 2017 16455:on 2 January 2013. 16208:, Archived at the 15993:on 11 January 2012 15952:The World Factbook 15834:10.1017/rep.2015.4 15767:10.3138/gsp.4.1.81 15310:The World Factbook 15220:The World Factbook 15191:The World Factbook 15157:The World Factbook 15102:on 9 January 2021. 15091:The World Factbook 15030:The World Factbook 15010:(various issues). 14939:on 12 August 2022. 14928:The World Factbook 14901:10.1002/ajpa.20108 14833:on 5 January 2021. 14822:The World Factbook 14794:The World Factbook 14777:on 9 January 2021. 14766:The World Factbook 14714:The World Factbook 14553:The New York Times 14194:on 28 October 2005 13348:10.1037/cdp0000049 13129:10.1037/cdp0000055 12958:10.1037/amp0000338 12908:on 29 August 2008. 11952:Stannard, David E. 10800:American Antiquity 10633:(doctoralThesis). 10542:The New York Times 10535:(3 January 2018). 10343:guides.uoguelph.ca 10087:on 20 January 2021 9970:Queen's University 9899:on 27 October 2009 9700:on 9 December 2012 9660:The New York Times 9326:Bartolomé (1996:2) 8622:on 19 January 2022 7652: 7641:East Asian peoples 7637:Ancient Beringians 7506:mtDNA haplogroups 7495:data, and limited 7395: 7387: 7371: 7270: 7265:member and former 7206:self-determination 7008:Discovery doctrine 6993:Civilizing mission 6811:BBNJ ABS Committee 6449: 6359: 6287:Guyanese pepperpot 6135: 6057: 5960: 5952: 5912:uncontacted tribes 5896: 5881: 5825:ILO Convention 169 5762: 5633: 5617: 5513:Native Panamanians 5506: 5257: 5249: 5158: 4841: 4822: 4807: 4748: 4631:Mestizos in Mexico 4540: 4524: 4508: 4415:. This means that 4381: 4239: 3553:Dominican Republic 3387: 3210: 3202: 3185: 3005:(a combination of 2978:developed several 2972: 2951:Cherokee syllabary 2926: 2537: 2526:prescribed burning 2494: 2455:Solanum brevicaule 2420: 2389: 2381: 2302:residential school 2078:Pánfilo de Narváez 2035:population decline 2013:Indian auxiliaries 1930: 1910: 1888: 1863: 1847: 1826:Columbian exchange 1709:Maya civilizations 1670: 1654: 1634: 1530:ice-free corridors 1515:Ancient Beringians 1491:linguistic factors 1429: 1347: 1325: 1106:Aboriginal peoples 991:" originated with 985: 965: 937:self-determination 794:Indigenous peoples 32: 26177: 26176: 26171: 26170: 26085:Ethnic stereotype 25998:Indigenous rights 25983:Ethnographic film 25968:Ethnic theme park 25928:Dominant minority 25923:Diaspora politics 25913:Consociationalism 25848:National language 25738:Cultural identity 25728:Cross-race effect 25672:Aboriginal groups 25171: 25170: 24832: 24831: 24633: 24632: 24617: 24616: 24487: 24486: 24483: 24482: 24479: 24478: 24432:Prehistoric music 24381:music archaeology 24038:Cup and ring mark 23863:Clothing/textiles 23808: 23807: 23804: 23803: 23447: 23446: 23443: 23442: 23250:Yubetsu technique 23235:Striking platform 23200:Lithic technology 23085: 23084: 23070:Game drive system 22989:Projectile points 22881:Mortar and pestle 22620: 22619: 22616: 22615: 22590:Pre-Columbian art 22526: 22525: 22520:Francisco Pizarro 22486:Pedro de Alvarado 21802:Pucará de Tilcara 21107: 21106: 21051:Eastern Woodlands 20967: 20966: 20868: 20867: 20664: 20663: 20587: 20586: 20557: 20556: 20371:Pre-Columbian era 20030:978-0-8061-3512-0 20013:Varese, Stefano; 20005:978-0-7766-0541-8 19984:978-0-313-27497-8 19955:978-0-393-04755-4 19934:978-3-89904-021-0 19887:Cultural Critique 19765:978-0-472-09736-4 19736:978-0-674-00964-6 19705:978-0-87286-323-1 19681:978-1-59926-920-7 19654:978-0-7734-5220-6 19631:978-0-7858-3145-7 19306:(7687): 203–207. 19078:(7863): 356–364. 18510:on 26 August 2014 18463:Discovery Channel 18436:978-0-8129-7146-0 18310:978-0-8129-7146-0 18090:978-0-9721349-1-0 18015:978-0-7167-3771-1 17966:10.1101/gr.217602 17750:978-1-84813-523-9 17465:978-0-8130-3378-5 17286:on 18 August 2013 17144:. 3 August 2009. 17077:978-0-8223-4049-2 16461:. Second article. 16423:on 2 January 2008 16027:(21): 8611–8616. 15853:on 2 August 2024. 15737:978-0-7748-8096-1 15730:. pp. 3–10. 15669:978-0-8020-4195-1 15612:978-0-19-507445-1 15578:978-0-8032-1710-2 15398:Statistics Canada 15059:(in Portuguese). 14805:on 19 March 2021. 14323:Leiden University 14301:978-0-500-28553-4 14271:978-0-500-05061-3 14130:978-1-58839-361-6 13822:978-0-231-11157-7 13664:978-1-85109-421-9 13283:(11): 2185–2194. 13221:(10): 1560–1569. 12624:Spaulding, W. B. 12579:Koplow, David A. 12510:"Allempires.info" 12486:"American plague" 12415:978-0-8160-6935-4 12324:978-0-521-62208-0 12262:978-0-8191-9642-2 12228:978-0-313-33272-2 12159:978-0-8061-2220-5 12132:978-0-8061-2074-4 12101:978-0-19-508557-0 11999:978-1-44118-375-0 11971:978-0-19-508557-0 11810:Bucholz, Robert. 11753:978-0-618-49240-4 11639:(5517): 723–726. 11575:978-0-333-40382-2 11419:978-0-8153-0725-9 11287:978-1-315-50987-7 11252:978-1-4522-6630-5 11217:978-0-470-67391-1 11182:978-0-7922-6215-2 10915:978-0-19-538011-8 10848:. 26 January 2009 10728:on 5 January 2009 10706:978-1-4088-1091-0 10679:978-1-119-96424-7 10580:(7687): 203–207. 10513:on 2 January 2014 10430:978-1-317-34244-1 10379:978-3-8289-0741-6 10289:on 16 August 2021 10234:978-1-4000-3205-1 10121:978-3-11-060969-1 10058:978-1-4000-3205-1 9625:978-1-000-34916-0 9585:(YouTube video). 9555:978-0-8166-2073-9 9516:978-1-877864-97-1 9489:978-0-395-66921-1 9412:The Straight Dope 9381:978-0-19-517284-3 9131:978-1-4000-4006-3 8561:on 17 August 2021 8368:sidra.ibge.gov.br 7426:genetic admixture 7282:Chaparral, Tolima 7201: 7200: 7055:Truth commissions 6983:Aboriginal titles 6898:Cultural Survival 6816:Indigenous Caucus 6626:Indigenous rights 6524:and the northern 6496:primary education 6361:According to the 6281:invention of the 6073:collective rights 6017:regions, and the 5968:Polynesian people 5877:Native Brazilians 5744: 5743: 5679:(10,863) and the 5613:Native Argentines 5566:Guna de Madugandí 5537:comarca indígenas 5207:Pedro de Alvarado 4904:Polynesian people 4773:municipal council 4672:Yucatán Peninsula 4662:In the states of 4645:Yucatán Peninsula 4470:Tunumiit oraasiat 4429:Greenlandic Inuit 4361:Greenlandic Inuit 4340:history of Canada 4298:French colonizers 4203: 4202: 3396: 3137:, is a family of 3077:Classical Nahuatl 2994:began to weaken. 2915:language families 2832:Maya civilization 2514:Mississippi River 2355:Incan agriculture 2338:Indigenous people 2311:suicidal ideation 2183:Northwest Plateau 2017:Emperor Charles V 1950:human trafficking 1918:uncontacted tribe 1744:Upper Paleolithic 1650:pre-Columbian era 1601:Pre-Columbian era 1595:Pre-Columbian era 1314:Guajira Peninsula 1223:povos originários 1179:pueblos indígenas 1144:European-derived 786: 785: 16:(Redirected from 26212: 26055:Ethnic cleansing 26050:Ethnic bioweapon 25933:Ethnic democracy 25547:Groups by region 25497:Ethnomethodology 25480:Ethnomathematics 25470:Ethnolinguistics 25366:Ethnoarchaeology 25198: 25191: 25184: 25175: 25174: 25161: 25160: 25151: 25150: 25140: 25137: 25089:Washington, D.C. 24967:Religious groups 24792:Central American 24756: 24755: 24660: 24653: 24646: 24637: 24636: 24607: 24592: 24577: 24562: 24547: 24538: 24537: 24514: 24507: 24500: 24491: 24490: 24447:Divje Babe flute 24354:Archaeoastronomy 24097:Petrosomatoglyph 23831: 23830: 23814: 23813: 23663:Water management 23466: 23465: 23453: 23452: 23356:Denticulate tool 23178:Lithic reduction 22911: 22910: 22732: 22731: 22719: 22718: 22647: 22640: 22633: 22624: 22623: 22607: 22606: 22605: 22529: 22528: 22515:Spanish Conquest 22492:Spanish Conquest 22467:Spanish Conquest 22456:Spanish Conquest 21898: 21897: 21147: 21140: 21133: 21124: 21123: 21111: 21110: 21102: 21101: 20994: 20987: 20980: 20971: 20970: 20705: 20704: 20622: 20621: 20498: 20497: 20440: 20439: 20403: 20345: 20338: 20331: 20322: 20321: 20317: 20316:(11th ed.). 20309: 20288:Official website 20247: 20227: 20195: 20153: 20122: 20091: 20079:Journal articles 20073: 20070:Encyclopedia.com 20042: 20009: 19988: 19967: 19938: 19919: 19880: 19861: 19858:Encyclopedia.com 19830: 19828: 19826: 19777: 19748: 19717: 19685: 19666: 19635: 19601: 19600: 19598: 19596: 19587:. Archived from 19576: 19570: 19569: 19559: 19516: 19510: 19509: 19499: 19456: 19450: 19449: 19439: 19397: 19391: 19390: 19388: 19386: 19366: 19360: 19359: 19357: 19355: 19288: 19282: 19281: 19271: 19253: 19227: 19221: 19220: 19218: 19216: 19176: 19170: 19169: 19164: 19162: 19142: 19136: 19135: 19129: 19127: 19061: 19055: 19054: 19040: 18997: 18991: 18990: 18988: 18986: 18977:. Archived from 18967: 18961: 18960: 18935:(9): 1001–1008. 18928:Human Immunology 18918: 18912: 18911: 18909: 18907: 18864: 18858: 18857: 18847: 18796: 18790: 18789: 18779: 18744: 18738: 18737: 18707: 18701: 18700: 18690: 18656: 18650: 18649: 18639: 18613: 18607: 18606: 18596: 18586: 18569:(23): 13994–96. 18552: 18546: 18545: 18543: 18541: 18526: 18520: 18519: 18517: 18515: 18506:. Archived from 18495: 18489: 18478: 18476: 18474: 18465:. Archived from 18454: 18448: 18447: 18445: 18443: 18416: 18410: 18409: 18383: 18361: 18355: 18354: 18352: 18350: 18344: 18331: 18322: 18321: 18319: 18317: 18298: 18287: 18281: 18280: 18270: 18235: 18229: 18228: 18226: 18224: 18218: 18181: 18172: 18163: 18162: 18160: 18158: 18138: 18129: 18128: 18126: 18124: 18104: 18095: 18094: 18074: 18068: 18067: 18059:. Archived from 18038: 18032: 18031: 18029: 18027: 17997: 17988: 17987: 17977: 17943: 17937: 17936: 17926: 17908: 17873: 17867: 17866: 17840: 17813: 17807: 17806: 17804: 17802: 17780: 17774: 17773: 17761: 17755: 17754: 17732: 17726: 17725: 17723: 17721: 17700: 17694: 17693: 17688:. Archived from 17675: 17669: 17668: 17662: 17660: 17614: 17608: 17606: 17604: 17602: 17593:. Archived from 17581: 17575: 17574: 17572: 17570: 17561:. Archived from 17560: 17534: 17528: 17527: 17525: 17523: 17507: 17501: 17500: 17498: 17496: 17480: 17474: 17473: 17472:on 17 July 2011. 17468:. Archived from 17445: 17439: 17438: 17436: 17434: 17415: 17409: 17408: 17398: 17357: 17351: 17348: 17342: 17341: 17339: 17333:. Archived from 17323:Bogotá, Colombia 17320: 17311: 17305: 17302: 17296: 17295: 17293: 17291: 17276: 17270: 17269: 17251: 17245: 17244: 17242: 17240: 17224: 17215: 17201: 17195: 17188: 17182: 17176: 17167: 17158: 17157: 17155: 17153: 17132: 17126: 17125: 17123: 17121: 17106: 17097: 17096: 17088: 17082: 17081: 17059: 17053: 17039: 17033: 17019: 17013: 16998: 16992: 16991: 16989: 16987: 16972: 16966: 16950: 16944: 16928: 16922: 16921: 16919: 16917: 16901: 16895: 16892: 16886: 16885: 16855: 16844: 16843: 16841: 16839: 16820: 16814: 16813: 16811: 16809: 16800:. Archived from 16793: 16787: 16786: 16784: 16782: 16761: 16755: 16754: 16752: 16750: 16731: 16725: 16724: 16722: 16720: 16700: 16694: 16693: 16691: 16689: 16668: 16655: 16654: 16644: 16634: 16600: 16594: 16593: 16591: 16589: 16584:on 19 March 2022 16583: 16576: 16568: 16562: 16561: 16559: 16557: 16542: 16536: 16535: 16533: 16531: 16517:US Census Bureau 16513: 16507: 16505: 16498: 16492: 16491: 16489: 16487: 16468: 16462: 16460: 16456: 16454: 16448:. Archived from 16447: 16439: 16433: 16432: 16430: 16428: 16422: 16416:. Archived from 16411: 16403: 16397: 16396: 16394: 16392: 16383:. Archived from 16373: 16367: 16366: 16364: 16362: 16343: 16337: 16336: 16334: 16332: 16326: 16315: 16306: 16300: 16299: 16297: 16295: 16276: 16270: 16269: 16267: 16265: 16259: 16252: 16243: 16237: 16236: 16235:on 11 June 2008. 16234: 16227: 16218: 16212: 16203: 16197: 16196: 16191: 16189: 16183: 16176: 16167: 16161: 16159: 16157: 16155: 16149: 16142: 16133: 16127: 16126: 16116: 16106: 16071: 16065: 16064: 16054: 16044: 16009: 16003: 16002: 16000: 15998: 15989:. Archived from 15979: 15973: 15972: 15970: 15968: 15959:. Archived from 15943: 15937: 15936: 15931:. Archived from 15919: 15913: 15912: 15910: 15908: 15889: 15883: 15882: 15880: 15878: 15869: 15861: 15855: 15854: 15837: 15817: 15792: 15770: 15748: 15742: 15741: 15717: 15711: 15710: 15708: 15706: 15687: 15681: 15680: 15678: 15676: 15653: 15647: 15646: 15644: 15642: 15630: 15624: 15623: 15621: 15619: 15596: 15590: 15589: 15587: 15585: 15562: 15556: 15555: 15553: 15551: 15536: 15530: 15525: 15519: 15513: 15507: 15506: 15504: 15502: 15483: 15477: 15476: 15474: 15472: 15453: 15447: 15446: 15444: 15442: 15436: 15429: 15421: 15415: 15414: 15412: 15410: 15389: 15383: 15382: 15380: 15378: 15372: 15365: 15357: 15351: 15350: 15348: 15341: 15332: 15323: 15322: 15317:. Archived from 15301: 15295: 15294: 15292: 15290: 15271: 15265: 15264: 15262: 15260: 15254: 15243: 15234: 15228: 15205: 15199: 15176: 15170: 15169: 15164:. Archived from 15148: 15142: 15141: 15135: 15127: 15126:on 11 June 2024. 15122:. Archived from 15115: 15104: 15103: 15098:. Archived from 15082: 15076: 15075: 15073: 15071: 15065: 15058: 15049: 15043: 15042: 15037:. Archived from 15021: 15015: 15004: 14998: 14997:on 7 April 2016. 14977: 14971: 14970: 14968: 14966: 14947: 14941: 14940: 14935:. Archived from 14919: 14913: 14912: 14882: 14876: 14875: 14846:Shriver, Mark D. 14841: 14835: 14834: 14829:. Archived from 14813: 14807: 14806: 14801:. Archived from 14785: 14779: 14778: 14773:. Archived from 14757: 14751: 14750: 14748: 14746: 14740: 14733: 14724: 14718: 14698: 14692: 14691: 14689: 14687: 14672: 14666: 14665: 14663: 14661: 14640: 14634: 14633: 14631: 14629: 14623: 14616: 14608: 14602: 14601: 14599: 14597: 14591: 14584: 14576: 14570: 14569: 14567: 14565: 14543: 14537: 14526: 14520: 14519: 14517: 14515: 14506:. Archived from 14500: 14494: 14493: 14491: 14489: 14480:. Archived from 14468: 14462: 14461: 14459: 14457: 14442: 14436: 14434: 14432: 14430: 14425:on 20 April 2015 14415: 14409: 14408: 14396: 14390: 14389: 14381: 14375: 14374: 14366: 14360: 14357: 14351: 14348: 14339: 14338: 14336: 14334: 14312: 14306: 14305: 14282: 14276: 14275: 14252: 14246: 14245: 14243: 14241: 14235: 14228: 14219: 14213: 14210: 14204: 14203: 14201: 14199: 14190:. Archived from 14183: 14177: 14176: 14174: 14172: 14154: 14148: 14146: 14144: 14142: 14114: 14108: 14107: 14105: 14103: 14063: 14057: 14056: 14048: 14042: 14041: 14033: 14027: 14026: 14014: 14008: 14007: 14005: 14003: 13997: 13991:. Archived from 13956: 13947: 13941: 13940: 13938: 13936: 13930: 13915: 13905: 13877: 13867: 13861: 13860: 13848: 13842: 13833: 13827: 13826: 13806: 13796: 13790: 13789: 13787: 13785: 13765: 13759: 13758: 13752: 13750: 13721: 13715: 13714: 13709: 13707: 13675: 13669: 13668: 13644: 13638: 13637: 13631: 13623: 13621: 13619: 13609: 13575: 13569: 13568: 13566: 13564: 13544: 13538: 13527: 13517: 13507: 13490:(41): 14694–99. 13473: 13467: 13466: 13464: 13462: 13451:October 1, 1999" 13443: 13437: 13436: 13426: 13384: 13378: 13377: 13367: 13325: 13319: 13318: 13308: 13265: 13259: 13258: 13256: 13254: 13204: 13198: 13197: 13187: 13147: 13141: 13140: 13110: 13101: 13100: 13072: 13063: 13062: 13016: 13007: 13006: 12967: 12961: 12933: 12910: 12909: 12898:"Ancient Horse ( 12894: 12888: 12887: 12885: 12883: 12868: 12862: 12861: 12859: 12857: 12840:Fineberg, Gail. 12837: 12831: 12830: 12799:Wíčazo Ša Review 12794: 12788: 12787: 12785: 12783: 12768: 12762: 12761: 12751: 12741: 12717: 12711: 12710: 12708: 12706: 12690: 12684: 12683: 12677: 12669: 12667: 12665: 12654: 12648: 12647: 12645: 12643: 12621: 12615: 12614: 12609:. Archived from 12603: 12597: 12596: 12594: 12592: 12576: 12570: 12559: 12553: 12550: 12544: 12543: 12541: 12539: 12524: 12518: 12517: 12506: 12500: 12499: 12494:. Archived from 12482: 12476: 12475: 12473: 12471: 12456: 12450: 12449: 12447: 12445: 12426: 12420: 12419: 12395: 12389: 12388: 12386: 12384: 12365: 12359: 12358: 12356: 12354: 12335: 12329: 12328: 12306: 12300: 12299: 12297: 12295: 12280: 12274: 12273: 12271: 12269: 12246: 12240: 12239: 12237: 12235: 12208: 12202: 12201: 12196:. Archived from 12188: 12182: 12170: 12161: 12143: 12137: 12136: 12112: 12106: 12105: 12081: 12075: 12074: 12066: 12060: 12059: 12031: 12018: 12017: 12011: 12003: 11985: 11976: 11975: 11948: 11942: 11941: 11939: 11937: 11910: 11904: 11903: 11879: 11873: 11872: 11870: 11868: 11862: 11849: 11840: 11834: 11833: 11831: 11829: 11820:. Archived from 11812:"Europe in 1500" 11807: 11801: 11800: 11798: 11796: 11772: 11766: 11765: 11744:Houghton Mifflin 11732: 11726: 11725: 11679: 11673: 11672: 11626: 11620: 11619: 11594: 11588: 11587: 11554: 11548: 11547: 11545: 11543: 11521: 11515: 11514: 11512: 11510: 11488: 11482: 11481: 11479: 11477: 11456: 11450: 11449: 11447: 11445: 11430: 11424: 11423: 11401: 11395: 11394: 11357: 11351: 11350: 11348: 11324: 11318: 11317: 11315: 11313: 11298: 11292: 11291: 11271: 11265: 11264: 11236: 11230: 11229: 11201: 11195: 11194: 11166: 11160: 11159: 11115: 11109: 11108: 11064: 11058: 11057: 11008: 11002: 11001: 10999: 10997: 10982: 10971: 10970: 10960: 10950: 10926: 10920: 10919: 10893: 10887: 10886: 10884: 10882: 10867: 10858: 10857: 10855: 10853: 10838: 10832: 10831: 10795: 10789: 10788: 10786: 10784: 10770: 10764: 10763: 10761: 10759: 10744: 10738: 10737: 10735: 10733: 10717: 10711: 10710: 10690: 10684: 10683: 10659: 10653: 10652: 10642: 10620: 10614: 10613: 10569: 10560: 10554: 10553: 10551: 10549: 10529: 10523: 10522: 10520: 10518: 10512: 10506:. Archived from 10481: 10453: 10444: 10435: 10434: 10414: 10408: 10407: 10396:(8 March 2017). 10394:Pringle, Heather 10390: 10384: 10383: 10365: 10359: 10358: 10356: 10354: 10335: 10329: 10328: 10326: 10324: 10305: 10299: 10298: 10296: 10294: 10285:. Archived from 10275: 10269: 10268: 10266: 10264: 10245: 10239: 10238: 10215:Mann, Charles C. 10210: 10204: 10203: 10161: 10155: 10154: 10132: 10126: 10125: 10103: 10097: 10096: 10094: 10092: 10083:. Archived from 10072: 10063: 10062: 10039:Mann, Charles C. 10035: 10026: 10025: 10020: 10018: 10012: 10006:. Archived from 10001: 9993: 9987: 9986: 9984: 9982: 9961: 9952: 9951: 9949: 9947: 9927: 9916: 9915: 9906: 9904: 9895:. Archived from 9885: 9879: 9878: 9876: 9874: 9865:. Archived from 9854: 9848: 9847: 9845: 9843: 9823: 9817: 9816: 9814: 9812: 9803:. Archived from 9792: 9786: 9785: 9783: 9781: 9770:www.barbados.org 9762: 9756: 9755: 9753: 9751: 9742:. Archived from 9740:www2.sta.uwi.edu 9731: 9725: 9709: 9707: 9705: 9696:. Archived from 9686: 9680: 9679: 9677: 9675: 9669: 9656: 9648: 9642: 9641: 9639: 9637: 9605: 9599: 9598: 9596: 9594: 9573: 9567: 9566: 9564: 9562: 9527: 9521: 9520: 9500: 9494: 9493: 9465: 9459: 9458: 9456: 9454: 9435: 9429: 9428: 9426: 9424: 9399: 9393: 9392: 9390: 9388: 9361: 9355: 9354: 9352: 9341: 9333: 9327: 9324: 9318: 9317: 9307: 9289: 9263: 9257: 9256: 9232: 9226: 9225: 9223: 9221: 9215: 9200: 9190: 9184: 9183: 9172:Atlantic History 9163: 9157: 9156: 9151:(3rd ed.). 9142: 9136: 9135: 9116:Mann, Charles C. 9112: 9106: 9105: 9090: 9084: 9083: 9081: 9079: 9070:. Archived from 9060: 9054: 9048: 9042: 9036: 9030: 9029: 9027: 9025: 9010: 9004: 9003: 9001: 8999: 8993: 8986: 8978: 8972: 8971: 8969: 8967: 8961: 8954: 8946: 8940: 8938: 8936: 8934: 8919: 8913: 8912: 8910: 8908: 8902: 8895: 8887: 8881: 8880: 8878: 8876: 8861: 8855: 8854: 8852: 8850: 8844: 8837: 8829: 8823: 8822: 8820: 8818: 8812: 8805: 8797: 8788: 8787: 8785: 8783: 8767: 8761: 8760: 8758: 8756: 8750: 8743: 8735: 8729: 8728: 8726: 8724: 8718: 8711: 8703: 8697: 8696: 8694: 8692: 8686: 8679: 8671: 8665: 8663: 8661: 8659: 8653: 8646: 8638: 8632: 8631: 8629: 8627: 8621: 8609: 8603: 8602: 8600: 8598: 8592: 8585: 8577: 8571: 8570: 8568: 8566: 8560: 8548: 8542: 8541: 8539: 8537: 8531: 8524: 8515: 8509: 8508: 8506: 8504: 8498: 8491: 8482: 8476: 8474: 8472: 8470: 8460: 8451: 8445: 8444: 8442: 8440: 8434: 8427: 8418: 8412: 8411: 8409: 8407: 8401: 8394: 8385: 8379: 8378: 8376: 8374: 8360: 8354: 8353: 8351: 8349: 8343: 8336: 8327: 8321: 8320: 8318: 8316: 8311:on 12 March 2024 8310: 8303: 8295: 8289: 8288: 8277: 8271: 8270: 8268: 8266: 8260: 8253: 8244: 8238: 8237: 8231: 8223: 8217: 8216: 8214: 8212: 8207:. 12 August 2021 8197: 8191: 8189: 8187: 8185: 8179: 8172: 8163: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8150: 8144: 8137: 8128: 8119: 8118: 8116: 8108: 8102: 8100: 8098: 8096: 8090: 8083: 8074: 8068: 8067: 8065: 8063: 8053: 8045: 8039: 8038: 8036: 8034: 8024: 8016: 7891:Pacific Islander 7721: 7716: 7715: 7714: 7707: 7702: 7701: 7700: 7491:as reflected by 7349:Genetic research 7193: 7186: 7179: 7167: 7121:Papua New Guinea 6649:Ancestral domain 6636: 6613: 6612: 6522:Greater Antilles 6324:Guaraní language 6142:Valdivia culture 6128:Amazonian forest 6098:Spanish conquest 6026: 6011:Arica-Parinacota 5988:Los Lagos Region 5833:education reform 5739: 5736: 5730: 5723:factual accuracy 5715: 5714: 5707: 5578:(municipality). 5570:Guna de Wargandí 5435:Miskito Governor 5418:Miskito language 5168:was home to the 4906:, which include 4803:Native Americans 4608:first landed at 4530:A carnival with 4444:Ethnographically 4421:Indigenous group 4294:trading networks 4181: 4179: 4178: 4151: 4149: 4148: 4121: 4119: 4118: 4091: 4089: 4088: 4061: 4059: 4058: 4031: 4029: 4028: 4001: 3999: 3998: 3971: 3969: 3968: 3941: 3939: 3938: 3911: 3909: 3908: 3881: 3879: 3878: 3851: 3849: 3848: 3821: 3819: 3818: 3791: 3789: 3788: 3761: 3759: 3758: 3731: 3729: 3728: 3701: 3699: 3698: 3671: 3669: 3668: 3641: 3639: 3638: 3611: 3609: 3608: 3581: 3579: 3578: 3551: 3549: 3548: 3521: 3519: 3518: 3491: 3489: 3488: 3461: 3459: 3458: 3431: 3429: 3428: 3410:Part Indigenous 3398: 3392: 3386: 3257:wind instruments 3213:Indigenous music 3200: 3199: 1350–1450 3197: 3167:Indigenous music 3069:Aztec pictograms 2739:Tahltan bear dog 2565:butternut squash 2315:suicide attempts 2274: 2266: 2260: 2254: 2248: 1974:Greater Antilles 1908: 1905: 1872:Florentine Codex 1501:as reflected by 1440:hunter-gatherers 1295:Name controversy 1281:Native Americans 1275: 1272:indios filipinos 1255: 1249: 1243: 1237: 1231: 1225: 1219: 1209: 1199: 1193: 1187: 1181: 1175: 1162: 1141:Hispanic America 1138: 933:Hispanic culture 807:hunter-gatherers 687: 685: 684: 669: 667: 666: 651: 649: 648: 633: 631: 630: 615: 613: 612: 597: 595: 594: 579: 577: 576: 561: 559: 558: 543: 542: 541: 526: 524: 523: 506: 504: 503: 488: 486: 485: 467: 465: 464: 446: 444: 443: 425: 423: 422: 404: 402: 401: 383: 381: 380: 365: 363: 362: 345: 343: 342: 324: 322: 321: 303: 301: 300: 282: 280: 279: 261: 259: 258: 240: 238: 237: 219: 217: 216: 198: 196: 195: 177: 175: 174: 156: 154: 153: 135: 133: 132: 114: 112: 111: 102:6,471,670 (2018) 96: 94: 93: 75: 73: 72: 53:Total population 42: 35: 31: 21: 26220: 26219: 26215: 26214: 26213: 26211: 26210: 26209: 26200:Person of color 26180: 26179: 26178: 26173: 26172: 26167: 26151: 26090:Ethnic violence 26038: 26036:ethnic conflict 26034: 26027: 26008:Minority rights 25948:Ethnic majority 25899: 25883:Detribalization 25838:Nation-building 25778:Ethnic religion 25721: 25717: 25707: 25614:Central America 25541: 25512:Ethnophilosophy 25507:Ethnomusicology 25485:Ethnostatistics 25443:Person-centered 25413:Autoethnography 25342: 25207: 25202: 25172: 25167: 25144: 25143: 25138: 25134: 25124: 25093: 24988: 24962: 24936: 24893: 24828: 24787: 24754: 24699: 24669: 24664: 24634: 24629: 24618: 24613: 24608: 24598: 24593: 24583: 24578: 24568: 24563: 24553: 24548: 24531: 24518: 24488: 24475: 24342: 24328:Stone box grave 24298:Megalithic tomb 24203:Cotswold-Severn 24155: 24060:Guardian stones 23988:Prehistoric art 23982: 23825: 23800: 23789:Timber trackway 23694: 23658: 23654:Wattle and daub 23507: 23486:Standing stones 23460: 23439: 23254: 23081: 23058: 22983: 22900: 22810:Food processing 22805: 22754:New World crops 22726: 22713: 22656: 22651: 22621: 22612: 22603: 22601: 22594: 22536: 22527: 22517: 22506: 22500: 22494: 22483: 22479: 22473: 22469: 22458: 22444: 22440: 22436: 22432: 22423: 22419: 22415: 22413:Quemuenchatocha 22411: 22402: 22398: 22389: 22385: 22381: 22342: 22211: 22120: 22094: 22083: 22030:Human Sacrifice 22027: 22019:Human Sacrifice 22016: 21990: 21963:Mayan Languages 21891: 21503: 21335: 21192: 21173:Genetic history 21156: 21151: 21116: 21108: 21103: 21099: 21094: 21026:Northwest Coast 21007: 20998: 20968: 20963: 20941: 20864: 20786: 20700: 20694: 20670: 20660: 20620: 20583: 20553: 20527: 20489: 20438: 20434:Human sacrifice 20422:List of deities 20404: 20395: 20354: 20349: 20254: 20236: 20206: 20204:Further reading 20201: 20081: 20076: 20066: 20031: 20006: 19985: 19956: 19935: 19900:10.2307/1354592 19877: 19854: 19824: 19822: 19766: 19737: 19706: 19690:Churchill, Ward 19682: 19655: 19632: 19615: 19610: 19605: 19604: 19594: 19592: 19577: 19573: 19517: 19513: 19467:Genome Research 19457: 19453: 19398: 19394: 19384: 19382: 19367: 19363: 19353: 19351: 19289: 19285: 19228: 19224: 19214: 19212: 19177: 19173: 19160: 19158: 19143: 19139: 19125: 19123: 19062: 19058: 18998: 18994: 18984: 18982: 18969: 18968: 18964: 18919: 18915: 18905: 18903: 18865: 18861: 18814:(7481): 87–91. 18797: 18793: 18745: 18741: 18708: 18704: 18657: 18653: 18614: 18610: 18553: 18549: 18539: 18537: 18528: 18527: 18523: 18513: 18511: 18496: 18492: 18487:Wayback Machine 18472: 18470: 18455: 18451: 18441: 18439: 18437: 18417: 18413: 18381:10.1.1.537.7679 18362: 18358: 18348: 18346: 18345:on 22 June 2010 18342: 18332: 18325: 18315: 18313: 18311: 18296: 18288: 18284: 18253:(Pt 1): 67–89. 18236: 18232: 18222: 18220: 18216: 18179: 18173: 18166: 18156: 18154: 18139: 18132: 18122: 18120: 18105: 18098: 18091: 18075: 18071: 18039: 18035: 18025: 18023: 18016: 17998: 17991: 17953:Genome Research 17944: 17940: 17874: 17870: 17814: 17810: 17800: 17798: 17781: 17777: 17762: 17758: 17751: 17733: 17729: 17719: 17717: 17702: 17701: 17697: 17676: 17672: 17658: 17656: 17615: 17611: 17600: 17598: 17597:on 7 April 2016 17583: 17582: 17578: 17568: 17566: 17535: 17531: 17521: 17519: 17508: 17504: 17494: 17492: 17481: 17477: 17466: 17454:. Gainesville: 17446: 17442: 17432: 17430: 17425:. 16 May 2018. 17417: 17416: 17412: 17358: 17354: 17349: 17345: 17337: 17318: 17312: 17308: 17303: 17299: 17289: 17287: 17278: 17277: 17273: 17254: 17252: 17248: 17238: 17236: 17225: 17218: 17212:Wayback Machine 17202: 17198: 17189: 17185: 17177:(Supplement to 17168: 17161: 17151: 17149: 17134: 17133: 17129: 17119: 17117: 17108: 17107: 17100: 17089: 17085: 17078: 17060: 17056: 17050:Wayback Machine 17040: 17036: 17030:Wayback Machine 17020: 17016: 17010:Wayback Machine 16999: 16995: 16985: 16983: 16982:on 11 June 2008 16974: 16973: 16969: 16960:Wayback Machine 16951: 16947: 16941:Panama Experts. 16938:Wayback Machine 16929: 16925: 16915: 16913: 16902: 16898: 16893: 16889: 16874:10.2307/3033029 16856: 16847: 16837: 16835: 16822: 16821: 16817: 16807: 16805: 16794: 16790: 16780: 16778: 16763: 16762: 16758: 16748: 16746: 16741:. 30 May 2003. 16733: 16732: 16728: 16718: 16716: 16701: 16697: 16687: 16685: 16670: 16669: 16658: 16601: 16597: 16587: 16585: 16581: 16574: 16570: 16569: 16565: 16555: 16553: 16552:on 28 June 2012 16544: 16543: 16539: 16529: 16527: 16514: 16510: 16500: 16499: 16495: 16485: 16483: 16470: 16469: 16465: 16458: 16452: 16445: 16441: 16440: 16436: 16426: 16424: 16420: 16409: 16405: 16404: 16400: 16390: 16388: 16375: 16374: 16370: 16360: 16358: 16345: 16344: 16340: 16330: 16328: 16324: 16313: 16308: 16307: 16303: 16293: 16291: 16278: 16277: 16273: 16263: 16261: 16257: 16250: 16245: 16244: 16240: 16232: 16225: 16220: 16219: 16215: 16210:Wayback Machine 16204: 16200: 16187: 16185: 16181: 16174: 16169: 16168: 16164: 16153: 16151: 16147: 16140: 16135: 16134: 16130: 16089:(9): e1004572. 16072: 16068: 16010: 16006: 15996: 15994: 15981: 15980: 15976: 15966: 15964: 15945: 15944: 15940: 15921: 15920: 15916: 15906: 15904: 15891: 15890: 15886: 15876: 15874: 15867: 15863: 15862: 15858: 15839: 15749: 15745: 15738: 15718: 15714: 15704: 15702: 15689: 15688: 15684: 15674: 15672: 15670: 15654: 15650: 15640: 15638: 15631: 15627: 15617: 15615: 15613: 15597: 15593: 15583: 15581: 15579: 15563: 15559: 15549: 15547: 15538: 15537: 15533: 15526: 15522: 15514: 15510: 15500: 15498: 15485: 15484: 15480: 15470: 15468: 15455: 15454: 15450: 15440: 15438: 15437:on 14 July 2010 15434: 15427: 15423: 15422: 15418: 15408: 15406: 15405:on 11 June 2024 15391: 15390: 15386: 15376: 15374: 15370: 15363: 15359: 15358: 15354: 15346: 15339: 15334: 15333: 15326: 15303: 15302: 15298: 15288: 15286: 15273: 15272: 15268: 15258: 15256: 15252: 15241: 15236: 15235: 15231: 15215:Wayback Machine 15206: 15202: 15186:Wayback Machine 15177: 15173: 15150: 15149: 15145: 15129: 15128: 15116: 15107: 15084: 15083: 15079: 15069: 15067: 15063: 15056: 15051: 15050: 15046: 15023: 15022: 15018: 15005: 15001: 14978: 14974: 14964: 14962: 14949: 14948: 14944: 14921: 14920: 14916: 14883: 14879: 14842: 14838: 14815: 14814: 14810: 14787: 14786: 14782: 14759: 14758: 14754: 14744: 14742: 14738: 14734:. U.S. Census. 14731: 14725: 14721: 14709:Wayback Machine 14699: 14695: 14685: 14683: 14674: 14673: 14669: 14659: 14657: 14642: 14641: 14637: 14627: 14625: 14621: 14614: 14610: 14609: 14605: 14595: 14593: 14589: 14582: 14578: 14577: 14573: 14563: 14561: 14544: 14540: 14535:Wayback Machine 14527: 14523: 14513: 14511: 14502: 14501: 14497: 14487: 14485: 14470: 14469: 14465: 14455: 14453: 14444: 14443: 14439: 14428: 14426: 14417: 14416: 14412: 14397: 14393: 14382: 14378: 14367: 14363: 14358: 14354: 14349: 14342: 14332: 14330: 14313: 14309: 14302: 14286:Coe, Michael D. 14283: 14279: 14272: 14256:Coe, Michael D. 14253: 14249: 14239: 14237: 14233: 14226: 14220: 14216: 14211: 14207: 14197: 14195: 14184: 14180: 14170: 14168: 14155: 14151: 14140: 14138: 14131: 14115: 14111: 14101: 14099: 14064: 14060: 14049: 14045: 14034: 14030: 14015: 14011: 14001: 13999: 13995: 13954: 13948: 13944: 13934: 13932: 13928: 13888:(6397): 81–85. 13875: 13868: 13864: 13849: 13845: 13834: 13830: 13823: 13797: 13793: 13783: 13781: 13766: 13762: 13748: 13746: 13744: 13722: 13718: 13705: 13703: 13701: 13676: 13672: 13665: 13645: 13641: 13625: 13624: 13617: 13615: 13576: 13572: 13562: 13560: 13545: 13541: 13536:Wayback Machine 13474: 13470: 13460: 13458: 13445: 13444: 13440: 13385: 13381: 13326: 13322: 13266: 13262: 13252: 13250: 13205: 13201: 13148: 13144: 13111: 13104: 13073: 13066: 13017: 13010: 12968: 12964: 12944:Wayback Machine 12934: 12913: 12896: 12895: 12891: 12881: 12879: 12870: 12869: 12865: 12855: 12853: 12838: 12834: 12795: 12791: 12781: 12779: 12770: 12769: 12765: 12718: 12714: 12704: 12702: 12691: 12687: 12671: 12670: 12663: 12661: 12656: 12655: 12651: 12641: 12639: 12622: 12618: 12605: 12604: 12600: 12590: 12588: 12577: 12573: 12560: 12556: 12551: 12547: 12537: 12535: 12526: 12525: 12521: 12508: 12507: 12503: 12484: 12483: 12479: 12469: 12467: 12466:on 22 July 2013 12458: 12457: 12453: 12443: 12441: 12428: 12427: 12423: 12416: 12408:. p. 160. 12396: 12392: 12382: 12380: 12367: 12366: 12362: 12352: 12350: 12337: 12336: 12332: 12325: 12307: 12303: 12293: 12291: 12282: 12281: 12277: 12267: 12265: 12263: 12247: 12243: 12233: 12231: 12229: 12209: 12205: 12190: 12189: 12185: 12171: 12164: 12144: 12140: 12133: 12113: 12109: 12102: 12082: 12078: 12067: 12063: 12032: 12021: 12005: 12004: 12000: 11986: 11979: 11972: 11964:. p. 151. 11949: 11945: 11935: 11933: 11931: 11911: 11907: 11900: 11880: 11876: 11866: 11864: 11860: 11847: 11841: 11837: 11827: 11825: 11808: 11804: 11794: 11792: 11775:Drake, Thomas. 11773: 11769: 11754: 11733: 11729: 11680: 11676: 11627: 11623: 11607:Philip Phillips 11596: 11595: 11591: 11576: 11555: 11551: 11541: 11539: 11522: 11518: 11508: 11506: 11490: 11489: 11485: 11475: 11473: 11458: 11457: 11453: 11443: 11441: 11431: 11427: 11420: 11402: 11398: 11358: 11354: 11325: 11321: 11311: 11309: 11307:Popular Science 11299: 11295: 11288: 11272: 11268: 11253: 11237: 11233: 11218: 11202: 11198: 11183: 11167: 11163: 11126:(7819): 47–48. 11116: 11112: 11075:(7819): 93–97. 11065: 11061: 11024:(7819): 87–92. 11009: 11005: 10995: 10993: 10983: 10974: 10941:(4): e0264092. 10927: 10923: 10916: 10894: 10890: 10880: 10878: 10868: 10861: 10851: 10849: 10840: 10839: 10835: 10796: 10792: 10782: 10780: 10772: 10771: 10767: 10757: 10755: 10746: 10745: 10741: 10731: 10729: 10722:"Paleoamerican" 10718: 10714: 10707: 10691: 10687: 10680: 10672:. p. 289. 10660: 10656: 10621: 10617: 10567: 10561: 10557: 10547: 10545: 10530: 10526: 10516: 10514: 10510: 10479:10.1.1.398.9315 10451: 10445: 10438: 10431: 10415: 10411: 10391: 10387: 10380: 10366: 10362: 10352: 10350: 10337: 10336: 10332: 10322: 10320: 10307: 10306: 10302: 10292: 10290: 10277: 10276: 10272: 10262: 10260: 10255:. 19 May 2020. 10247: 10246: 10242: 10235: 10211: 10207: 10162: 10158: 10151: 10133: 10129: 10122: 10104: 10100: 10090: 10088: 10073: 10066: 10059: 10036: 10029: 10016: 10014: 10013:on 14 July 2010 10010: 9999: 9995: 9994: 9990: 9980: 9978: 9963: 9962: 9955: 9945: 9943: 9928: 9919: 9902: 9900: 9887: 9886: 9882: 9872: 9870: 9855: 9851: 9841: 9839: 9824: 9820: 9810: 9808: 9793: 9789: 9779: 9777: 9764: 9763: 9759: 9749: 9747: 9732: 9728: 9719:Wayback Machine 9703: 9701: 9688: 9687: 9683: 9673: 9671: 9667: 9654: 9650: 9649: 9645: 9635: 9633: 9626: 9606: 9602: 9592: 9590: 9574: 9570: 9560: 9558: 9556: 9528: 9524: 9517: 9501: 9497: 9490: 9466: 9462: 9452: 9450: 9436: 9432: 9422: 9420: 9400: 9396: 9386: 9384: 9382: 9362: 9358: 9353:on 1 July 2024. 9350: 9339: 9335: 9334: 9330: 9325: 9321: 9264: 9260: 9247:(38): 185–232. 9233: 9229: 9219: 9217: 9216:on 9 April 2024 9213: 9198: 9191: 9187: 9164: 9160: 9143: 9139: 9132: 9113: 9109: 9091: 9087: 9077: 9075: 9074:on 16 June 2024 9062: 9061: 9057: 9049: 9045: 9039:Hultkrantz 1987 9037: 9033: 9023: 9021: 9020:on 11 June 2023 9012: 9011: 9007: 8997: 8995: 8991: 8984: 8980: 8979: 8975: 8965: 8963: 8959: 8952: 8948: 8947: 8943: 8932: 8930: 8921: 8920: 8916: 8906: 8904: 8900: 8893: 8889: 8888: 8884: 8874: 8872: 8863: 8862: 8858: 8848: 8846: 8842: 8835: 8831: 8830: 8826: 8816: 8814: 8810: 8803: 8799: 8798: 8791: 8781: 8779: 8768: 8764: 8754: 8752: 8748: 8741: 8737: 8736: 8732: 8722: 8720: 8716: 8709: 8705: 8704: 8700: 8690: 8688: 8684: 8677: 8673: 8672: 8668: 8657: 8655: 8651: 8644: 8640: 8639: 8635: 8625: 8623: 8619: 8611: 8610: 8606: 8596: 8594: 8590: 8583: 8579: 8578: 8574: 8564: 8562: 8558: 8550: 8549: 8545: 8535: 8533: 8529: 8522: 8517: 8516: 8512: 8502: 8500: 8496: 8489: 8484: 8483: 8479: 8468: 8466: 8458: 8453: 8452: 8448: 8438: 8436: 8432: 8425: 8420: 8419: 8415: 8405: 8403: 8399: 8392: 8387: 8386: 8382: 8372: 8370: 8362: 8361: 8357: 8347: 8345: 8341: 8334: 8329: 8328: 8324: 8314: 8312: 8308: 8301: 8297: 8296: 8292: 8279: 8278: 8274: 8264: 8262: 8258: 8251: 8246: 8245: 8241: 8229: 8225: 8224: 8220: 8210: 8208: 8199: 8198: 8194: 8183: 8181: 8177: 8170: 8165: 8164: 8160: 8148: 8146: 8142: 8135: 8130: 8129: 8122: 8114: 8110: 8109: 8105: 8094: 8092: 8088: 8081: 8076: 8075: 8071: 8061: 8059: 8051: 8047: 8046: 8042: 8032: 8030: 8022: 8018: 8017: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7948: 7926: 7904: 7867: 7825: 7798: 7717: 7712: 7710: 7703: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7688: 7682: 7595:micro-satellite 7458:Sayan mountains 7363: 7357: 7351: 7274:José María Melo 7252: 7197: 7165: 7040:Inhabited lands 6654:Cultural rights 6611: 6587: 6581: 6576: 6570: 6526:Lesser Antilles 6510: 6504: 6434: 6428: 6412: 6406: 6382: 6376: 6339: 6333: 6308: 6302: 6291:Alleluia church 6278: 6272: 6256: 6130:in present-day 6120: 6114: 6069:White Colombian 6043: 6037: 5941: 5935: 5869: 5863: 5791:, 126,000; and 5750: 5740: 5734: 5731: 5728: 5720:This article's 5716: 5712: 5705: 5605: 5595: 5590: 5584: 5502:Darién Province 5491: 5485: 5443:Miskito Admiral 5439:Miskito General 5390: 5342: 5264:Central America 5238: 5232: 5142: 5134:Main articles: 5132: 5086: 5080: 5036: 5031: 5029:Central America 4834:Monument Valley 4795: 4787:Main articles: 4785: 4763:gender equality 4716:public services 4588:in present-day 4582:Central America 4504:Native Mexicans 4496: 4490: 4483:("Polar Inuit") 4363: 4357: 4352: 4351: 4328:self government 4309:Aboriginal laws 4247: 4224: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4176: 4174: 4146: 4144: 4116: 4114: 4086: 4084: 4056: 4054: 4026: 4024: 3996: 3994: 3966: 3964: 3936: 3934: 3906: 3904: 3876: 3874: 3846: 3844: 3816: 3814: 3786: 3784: 3756: 3754: 3726: 3724: 3696: 3694: 3666: 3664: 3636: 3634: 3606: 3604: 3576: 3574: 3546: 3544: 3516: 3514: 3486: 3484: 3456: 3454: 3426: 3424: 3416:Combined total 3391: 3374: 3368: 3328:Native Hawaiian 3320:American Indian 3235:have a type of 3198: 3169: 3161:Main articles: 3159: 3061:primary sources 3041:San José Mogote 3035:and presumably 3018:spoken language 2957: 2943: 2941:Writing systems 2907: 2901: 2880: 2862: 2800:beast of burden 2711: 2657:sunflower seeds 2394: 2369: 2347: 2278: 2277: 2276: 2275: 2270: 2268: 2264: 2262: 2258: 2256: 2252: 2250: 2246: 2232: 2226: 2105:Lesser Antilles 1994:Taíno rebellion 1924:in present-day 1920:encountered in 1906: 1898:in present-day 1879:suffering from 1859:Central America 1832: 1818: 1812: 1629:, and northern 1607: 1599:Main articles: 1597: 1592: 1591: 1412: 1404: 1399: 1381:Native American 1303: 1297: 1266:hunter-gatherer 1191:pueblos nativos 1110:collective noun 977:Monument Valley 949: 917:Central America 898:Western culture 682: 680: 664: 662: 646: 644: 628: 626: 610: 608: 592: 590: 574: 572: 556: 554: 539: 537: 521: 519: 501: 499: 483: 481: 462: 460: 441: 439: 420: 418: 399: 397: 378: 376: 360: 358: 340: 338: 319: 317: 298: 296: 277: 275: 256: 254: 235: 233: 214: 212: 193: 191: 172: 170: 151: 149: 130: 128: 109: 107: 91: 89: 70: 68: 48: 30: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 26218: 26208: 26207: 26202: 26197: 26192: 26175: 26174: 26169: 26168: 26166: 26165: 26159: 26157: 26153: 26152: 26150: 26149: 26144: 26139: 26134: 26129: 26124: 26122:Indigenization 26119: 26114: 26112:Ethnosymbolism 26109: 26104: 26099: 26098: 26097: 26087: 26082: 26077: 26075:Ethnic penalty 26072: 26067: 26062: 26057: 26052: 26047: 26041: 26039: 26032: 26029: 26028: 26026: 26025: 26020: 26015: 26013:Model minority 26010: 26005: 26000: 25995: 25993:Ethnopluralism 25990: 25985: 25980: 25975: 25970: 25965: 25960: 25955: 25950: 25945: 25940: 25938:Ethnic enclave 25935: 25930: 25925: 25920: 25915: 25909: 25907: 25901: 25900: 25898: 25897: 25892: 25891: 25890: 25885: 25875: 25870: 25865: 25860: 25855: 25850: 25845: 25840: 25835: 25830: 25825: 25820: 25815: 25810: 25805: 25800: 25795: 25790: 25785: 25780: 25775: 25770: 25765: 25760: 25755: 25750: 25745: 25740: 25735: 25730: 25724: 25722: 25712: 25709: 25708: 25706: 25705: 25704: 25703: 25698: 25688: 25681: 25680: 25679: 25674: 25662: 25661: 25660: 25655: 25653:Southeast Asia 25650: 25645: 25640: 25635: 25623: 25622: 25621: 25616: 25611: 25606: 25601: 25596: 25591: 25586: 25576: 25569: 25568: 25567: 25562: 25551: 25549: 25543: 25542: 25540: 25539: 25534: 25532:Ethnosemiotics 25529: 25524: 25519: 25514: 25509: 25504: 25502:Ethnomuseology 25499: 25494: 25489: 25488: 25487: 25477: 25472: 25467: 25462: 25461: 25460: 25455: 25450: 25445: 25440: 25435: 25430: 25425: 25420: 25415: 25405: 25400: 25395: 25394: 25393: 25388: 25383: 25378: 25368: 25363: 25361:Ethnic studies 25358: 25352: 25350: 25344: 25343: 25341: 25340: 25335: 25330: 25328:Supraethnicity 25325: 25320: 25315: 25310: 25305: 25300: 25295: 25290: 25289: 25288: 25281:Minority group 25278: 25276:Metroethnicity 25273: 25271:Meta-ethnicity 25268: 25263: 25258: 25253: 25248: 25247: 25246: 25241: 25236: 25231: 25221: 25215: 25213: 25209: 25208: 25201: 25200: 25193: 25186: 25178: 25169: 25168: 25166: 25165: 25155: 25142: 25141: 25131: 25130: 25129: 25126: 25125: 25123: 25122: 25117: 25112: 25107: 25101: 25099: 25095: 25094: 25092: 25091: 25086: 25081: 25080: 25079: 25069: 25068: 25067: 25059: 25054: 25049: 25044: 25039: 25034: 25029: 25024: 25019: 25018: 25017: 25012: 25002: 24996: 24994: 24990: 24989: 24987: 24986: 24981: 24976: 24970: 24968: 24964: 24963: 24961: 24960: 24955: 24950: 24944: 24942: 24938: 24937: 24935: 24934: 24933: 24932: 24927: 24922: 24917: 24912: 24901: 24899: 24895: 24894: 24892: 24891: 24886: 24881: 24876: 24871: 24866: 24861: 24856: 24851: 24846: 24840: 24838: 24837:South American 24834: 24833: 24830: 24829: 24827: 24826: 24821: 24816: 24811: 24806: 24801: 24795: 24793: 24789: 24788: 24786: 24785: 24784: 24783: 24773: 24768: 24762: 24760: 24753: 24752: 24747: 24742: 24741: 24740: 24730: 24725: 24724: 24723: 24713: 24707: 24705: 24704:North American 24701: 24700: 24698: 24697: 24692: 24691: 24690: 24680: 24674: 24671: 24670: 24663: 24662: 24655: 24648: 24640: 24631: 24630: 24623: 24620: 24619: 24615: 24614: 24601: 24599: 24586: 24584: 24571: 24569: 24556: 24554: 24541: 24536: 24533: 24532: 24517: 24516: 24509: 24502: 24494: 24485: 24484: 24481: 24480: 24477: 24476: 24474: 24473: 24472: 24471: 24461: 24456: 24455: 24454: 24449: 24444: 24439: 24437:Alligator drum 24429: 24428: 24427: 24417: 24412: 24407: 24406: 24405: 24400: 24395: 24385: 24384: 24383: 24373: 24368: 24367: 24366: 24364:lunar calendar 24361: 24350: 24348: 24347:Other cultural 24344: 24343: 24341: 24340: 24335: 24330: 24325: 24320: 24315: 24310: 24305: 24300: 24295: 24294: 24293: 24288: 24278: 24273: 24268: 24267: 24266: 24261: 24251: 24246: 24245: 24244: 24234: 24229: 24224: 24219: 24218: 24217: 24207: 24206: 24205: 24195: 24194: 24193: 24183: 24182: 24181: 24176: 24165: 24163: 24157: 24156: 24154: 24153: 24151:Venus figurine 24148: 24147: 24146: 24141: 24131: 24126: 24121: 24120: 24119: 24114: 24104: 24099: 24094: 24089: 24084: 24082:Megalithic art 24079: 24078: 24077: 24072: 24062: 24057: 24052: 24051: 24050: 24040: 24035: 24033:Cave paintings 24030: 24025: 24020: 24015: 24010: 24009: 24008: 23998: 23992: 23990: 23984: 23983: 23981: 23980: 23979: 23978: 23973: 23963: 23958: 23953: 23952: 23951: 23946: 23941: 23936: 23931: 23926: 23916: 23911: 23910: 23909: 23899: 23898: 23897: 23892: 23882: 23877: 23872: 23871: 23870: 23860: 23855: 23850: 23845: 23839: 23837: 23835:Material goods 23827: 23826: 23810: 23809: 23806: 23805: 23802: 23801: 23799: 23798: 23797: 23796: 23786: 23781: 23776: 23771: 23766: 23765: 23764: 23754: 23749: 23748: 23747: 23737: 23736: 23735: 23725: 23724: 23723: 23713: 23708: 23702: 23700: 23696: 23695: 23693: 23692: 23687: 23682: 23677: 23672: 23666: 23664: 23660: 23659: 23657: 23656: 23651: 23646: 23645: 23644: 23634: 23629: 23628: 23627: 23622: 23617: 23607: 23602: 23597: 23592: 23591: 23590: 23580: 23575: 23570: 23569: 23568: 23558: 23553: 23551:Cliff dwelling 23548: 23543: 23538: 23533: 23528: 23527: 23526: 23515: 23513: 23509: 23508: 23506: 23505: 23504: 23503: 23498: 23493: 23483: 23478: 23472: 23470: 23462: 23461: 23449: 23448: 23445: 23444: 23441: 23440: 23438: 23437: 23436: 23435: 23425: 23420: 23415: 23410: 23409: 23408: 23398: 23393: 23388: 23383: 23378: 23373: 23368: 23363: 23358: 23353: 23348: 23347: 23346: 23336: 23335: 23334: 23329: 23319: 23314: 23309: 23304: 23303: 23302: 23292: 23287: 23282: 23281: 23280: 23270: 23264: 23262: 23256: 23255: 23253: 23252: 23247: 23242: 23237: 23232: 23227: 23222: 23217: 23212: 23207: 23202: 23197: 23196: 23195: 23190: 23185: 23175: 23170: 23165: 23160: 23159: 23158: 23148: 23143: 23138: 23136:Fire hardening 23133: 23128: 23126:Clovis culture 23123: 23118: 23117: 23116: 23111: 23106: 23095: 23093: 23087: 23086: 23083: 23082: 23080: 23079: 23078: 23077: 23066: 23064: 23060: 23059: 23057: 23056: 23051: 23049:Manis Mastodon 23046: 23041: 23036: 23031: 23026: 23021: 23016: 23011: 23006: 23005: 23004: 22993: 22991: 22985: 22984: 22982: 22981: 22980: 22979: 22974: 22969: 22964: 22959: 22949: 22944: 22943: 22942: 22932: 22931: 22930: 22928:throwing stick 22920: 22914: 22908: 22902: 22901: 22899: 22898: 22893: 22888: 22883: 22878: 22873: 22868: 22867: 22866: 22861: 22851: 22846: 22841: 22836: 22835: 22834: 22824: 22819: 22813: 22811: 22807: 22806: 22804: 22803: 22798: 22793: 22788: 22783: 22778: 22773: 22768: 22763: 22758: 22757: 22756: 22751: 22740: 22738: 22728: 22727: 22715: 22714: 22712: 22711: 22706: 22705: 22704: 22694: 22693: 22692: 22687: 22682: 22677: 22672: 22661: 22658: 22657: 22650: 22649: 22642: 22635: 22627: 22618: 22617: 22614: 22613: 22599: 22596: 22595: 22593: 22592: 22587: 22582: 22577: 22572: 22567: 22562: 22557: 22552: 22547: 22541: 22538: 22537: 22524: 22523: 22512: 22489: 22464: 22453: 22449: 22448: 22427: 22406: 22393: 22376: 22375:Notable Rulers 22372: 22371: 22366: 22361: 22356: 22351: 22347: 22346: 22344:Neo-Inca State 22337: 22332: 22327: 22322: 22318: 22317: 22312: 22307: 22302: 22297: 22293: 22292: 22287: 22282: 22277: 22272: 22268: 22267: 22262: 22257: 22252: 22247: 22243: 22242: 22237: 22232: 22227: 22222: 22218: 22217: 22206: 22201: 22196: 22191: 22187: 22186: 22181: 22176: 22171: 22166: 22162: 22161: 22156: 22151: 22146: 22141: 22137: 22136: 22131: 22126: 22115: 22110: 22106: 22105: 22100: 22089: 22078: 22073: 22069: 22068: 22063: 22058: 22053: 22048: 22044: 22043: 22038: 22033: 22022: 22011: 22007: 22006: 22001: 21996: 21985: 21980: 21976: 21975: 21970: 21965: 21960: 21955: 21951: 21950: 21945: 21936: 21931: 21926: 21922: 21921: 21916: 21911: 21906: 21901: 21896: 21893: 21892: 21890: 21889: 21884: 21879: 21874: 21869: 21864: 21859: 21854: 21849: 21844: 21839: 21834: 21829: 21824: 21819: 21814: 21809: 21804: 21799: 21794: 21789: 21784: 21779: 21774: 21769: 21764: 21759: 21754: 21749: 21744: 21739: 21734: 21729: 21724: 21719: 21714: 21709: 21704: 21699: 21694: 21689: 21684: 21679: 21674: 21669: 21664: 21659: 21654: 21649: 21644: 21639: 21634: 21629: 21624: 21615: 21610: 21605: 21600: 21595: 21590: 21585: 21580: 21575: 21574: 21573: 21563: 21558: 21557: 21556: 21546: 21545: 21544: 21534: 21529: 21524: 21519: 21513: 21511: 21505: 21504: 21502: 21501: 21496: 21491: 21486: 21481: 21476: 21471: 21466: 21461: 21456: 21451: 21446: 21441: 21436: 21431: 21426: 21421: 21416: 21411: 21406: 21401: 21396: 21391: 21386: 21381: 21376: 21371: 21366: 21361: 21356: 21351: 21345: 21343: 21337: 21336: 21334: 21333: 21328: 21323: 21318: 21313: 21308: 21303: 21298: 21293: 21288: 21283: 21278: 21273: 21268: 21263: 21258: 21253: 21248: 21243: 21238: 21233: 21228: 21223: 21218: 21213: 21208: 21202: 21200: 21194: 21193: 21191: 21190: 21185: 21180: 21175: 21170: 21164: 21162: 21158: 21157: 21150: 21149: 21142: 21135: 21127: 21121: 21118: 21117: 21105: 21104: 21097: 21095: 21093: 21092: 21091: 21090: 21085: 21075: 21070: 21065: 21064: 21063: 21058: 21048: 21043: 21038: 21033: 21028: 21023: 21018: 21012: 21009: 21008: 21001:Cultural areas 20997: 20996: 20989: 20982: 20974: 20965: 20964: 20962: 20961: 20954: 20946: 20943: 20942: 20940: 20939: 20934: 20929: 20924: 20919: 20914: 20909: 20904: 20903: 20902: 20897: 20892: 20887: 20876: 20874: 20873:Related topics 20870: 20869: 20866: 20865: 20863: 20862: 20857: 20852: 20847: 20842: 20837: 20832: 20827: 20822: 20817: 20812: 20807: 20801: 20799: 20788: 20787: 20785: 20784: 20779: 20774: 20769: 20764: 20759: 20754: 20749: 20744: 20739: 20734: 20729: 20724: 20719: 20713: 20711: 20702: 20696: 20695: 20693: 20692: 20691: 20690: 20685: 20674: 20672: 20666: 20665: 20662: 20661: 20659: 20658: 20653: 20648: 20647: 20646: 20636: 20630: 20628: 20619: 20618: 20613: 20608: 20603: 20597: 20595: 20589: 20588: 20585: 20584: 20582: 20581: 20576: 20571: 20565: 20563: 20559: 20558: 20555: 20554: 20552: 20551: 20546: 20541: 20535: 20533: 20529: 20528: 20526: 20525: 20520: 20515: 20510: 20504: 20502: 20495: 20491: 20490: 20488: 20487: 20482: 20477: 20472: 20470:Medicine wheel 20467: 20462: 20457: 20452: 20446: 20444: 20437: 20436: 20431: 20426: 20425: 20424: 20412: 20410: 20406: 20405: 20398: 20396: 20394: 20393: 20388: 20383: 20378: 20376:Classification 20373: 20368: 20362: 20360: 20356: 20355: 20348: 20347: 20340: 20333: 20325: 20319: 20318: 20298: 20294:, part of the 20285: 20279: 20270: 20253: 20252:External links 20250: 20249: 20248: 20234: 20217: 20205: 20202: 20200: 20199: 20196: 20170:(4): 431–440. 20157: 20154: 20136:(3): 264–274. 20123: 20092: 20082: 20080: 20077: 20075: 20074: 20064: 20043: 20029: 20015:Ribeiro, Darcy 20010: 20004: 19989: 19983: 19968: 19954: 19939: 19933: 19920: 19894:(42): 81–103. 19881: 19875: 19862: 19852: 19831: 19793:(3): 464–466. 19778: 19764: 19749: 19735: 19718: 19704: 19686: 19680: 19667: 19653: 19643:L'Arbre Croche 19636: 19630: 19616: 19614: 19611: 19609: 19606: 19603: 19602: 19591:on 11 May 2023 19571: 19511: 19451: 19414:(4): evae063. 19392: 19361: 19283: 19222: 19191:(4): 135–145. 19171: 19137: 19056: 18992: 18962: 18913: 18859: 18791: 18762:(1): 153–162. 18739: 18702: 18679:10.1086/303038 18651: 18608: 18547: 18536:on 10 May 2011 18521: 18490: 18449: 18435: 18411: 18356: 18323: 18309: 18282: 18230: 18164: 18130: 18096: 18089: 18069: 18033: 18014: 17989: 17938: 17868: 17808: 17790:Foreign Policy 17775: 17772:. p. 481. 17756: 17749: 17727: 17695: 17670: 17609: 17576: 17565:on 3 June 2018 17529: 17502: 17475: 17464: 17440: 17410: 17352: 17343: 17306: 17297: 17271: 17246: 17216: 17196: 17183: 17159: 17127: 17098: 17083: 17076: 17054: 17052:", 2005, p. 47 17034: 17032:", 2005, p. 42 17014: 17012:", 2005, p. 32 16993: 16967: 16945: 16923: 16896: 16887: 16845: 16815: 16788: 16756: 16726: 16695: 16656: 16595: 16563: 16537: 16508: 16493: 16463: 16434: 16398: 16368: 16338: 16301: 16286:(in Spanish). 16271: 16238: 16213: 16198: 16162: 16128: 16066: 16004: 15974: 15938: 15914: 15884: 15856: 15808:(2): 430–431. 15783:(4): 473–493. 15743: 15736: 15712: 15701:on 5 July 2009 15682: 15668: 15648: 15625: 15611: 15591: 15577: 15557: 15531: 15520: 15508: 15478: 15448: 15416: 15384: 15352: 15324: 15296: 15266: 15229: 15200: 15171: 15143: 15105: 15077: 15044: 15016: 14999: 14972: 14957:(in Spanish). 14942: 14914: 14895:(1): 131–155. 14877: 14851:Human Genetics 14836: 14808: 14780: 14752: 14719: 14693: 14667: 14635: 14603: 14571: 14538: 14521: 14495: 14463: 14448:. Sil.si.edu. 14437: 14410: 14391: 14376: 14373:. p. 158. 14361: 14352: 14340: 14307: 14300: 14277: 14270: 14247: 14214: 14205: 14178: 14149: 14129: 14109: 14058: 14043: 14028: 14009: 13942: 13862: 13843: 13836:Michael Pollan 13828: 13821: 13791: 13760: 13742: 13716: 13699: 13670: 13663: 13639: 13592:(3): 376–385. 13570: 13539: 13468: 13438: 13401:(1): 180–187. 13379: 13320: 13260: 13199: 13162:(3): 320–338. 13142: 13123:(3): 350–358. 13102: 13083:(2): 117–127. 13064: 13029:(5): 894–899. 13008: 12981:(4): 409–418. 12962: 12911: 12889: 12863: 12832: 12789: 12763: 12732:(2): 112–115. 12712: 12685: 12649: 12616: 12598: 12571: 12554: 12545: 12534:on 10 May 2008 12519: 12501: 12477: 12451: 12421: 12414: 12390: 12360: 12330: 12323: 12301: 12290:on 6 June 2019 12275: 12261: 12241: 12227: 12203: 12183: 12162: 12138: 12131: 12107: 12100: 12076: 12061: 12042:(3): 329–356. 12019: 11998: 11977: 11970: 11943: 11930:978-0142002100 11929: 11923:. p. 40. 11905: 11898: 11874: 11835: 11802: 11767: 11752: 11736:Wright, Ronald 11727: 11674: 11621: 11589: 11574: 11549: 11516: 11505:on 4 July 2020 11483: 11451: 11425: 11418: 11396: 11352: 11339:(3): 612–626. 11319: 11293: 11286: 11266: 11251: 11231: 11216: 11196: 11181: 11161: 11110: 11059: 11003: 10972: 10921: 10914: 10888: 10859: 10833: 10812:10.2307/279189 10790: 10765: 10739: 10712: 10705: 10685: 10678: 10654: 10615: 10555: 10524: 10436: 10429: 10409: 10385: 10378: 10360: 10330: 10313:www.queensu.ca 10300: 10270: 10240: 10233: 10205: 10156: 10149: 10127: 10120: 10098: 10064: 10057: 10027: 9988: 9953: 9917: 9880: 9849: 9818: 9801:diGJamaica.com 9787: 9757: 9726: 9681: 9643: 9624: 9618:. p. 30. 9600: 9568: 9554: 9522: 9515: 9495: 9488: 9460: 9430: 9394: 9380: 9356: 9328: 9319: 9258: 9243:(in Spanish). 9227: 9205:(in Spanish). 9185: 9158: 9137: 9130: 9107: 9098:Wengrow, David 9094:Graeber, David 9085: 9055: 9043: 9031: 9005: 8973: 8941: 8914: 8882: 8856: 8824: 8789: 8762: 8730: 8698: 8666: 8633: 8604: 8572: 8543: 8510: 8477: 8446: 8413: 8380: 8355: 8322: 8290: 8272: 8239: 8218: 8192: 8158: 8120: 8103: 8069: 8040: 8010: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 8001: 7996: 7995: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7947: 7944: 7943: 7942: 7937: 7932: 7925: 7922: 7921: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7903: 7900: 7899: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7866: 7863: 7862: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7824: 7821: 7820: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7797: 7794: 7793: 7792: 7787: 7781: 7780: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7723: 7722: 7708: 7692: 7689: 7684:Main article: 7681: 7680:Notable people 7678: 7674:Northern China 7661:Southern China 7589:for the small 7467:, such as the 7428:in the entire 7353:Main article: 7350: 7347: 7251: 7248: 7229:United Nations 7199: 7198: 7196: 7195: 7188: 7181: 7173: 7170: 7169: 7161: 7160: 7159: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7070: 7069: 7065: 7064: 7063: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7031: 7030: 7020: 7015: 7013:Discrimination 7010: 7005: 7000: 6998:Climate change 6995: 6990: 6985: 6977: 6976: 6972: 6971: 6970: 6969: 6968: 6967: 6955: 6950: 6948:The Red Nation 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6857: 6856: 6852: 6851: 6850: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6826: 6825: 6821: 6820: 6819: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6790: 6789: 6786:United Nations 6782: 6781: 6780: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6717:Arctic Council 6714: 6709: 6701: 6700: 6696: 6695: 6694: 6693: 6692: 6691: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6643: 6642: 6638: 6637: 6629: 6628: 6622: 6621: 6610: 6607: 6583:Main article: 6580: 6577: 6572:Main article: 6569: 6566: 6562:Cayman Islands 6506:Main article: 6503: 6500: 6492:special rights 6430:Main article: 6427: 6424: 6408:Main article: 6405: 6402: 6378:Main article: 6375: 6372: 6335:Main article: 6332: 6329: 6304:Main article: 6301: 6298: 6274:Main article: 6271: 6268: 6255: 6252: 6244:Abdalá Bucaram 6116:Main article: 6113: 6110: 6050:Guambía people 6039:Main article: 6036: 6033: 6019:Atacama people 5937:Main article: 5934: 5931: 5887:An Indigenous 5875:Proportion of 5862: 5859: 5746:Main article: 5742: 5741: 5719: 5717: 5710: 5704: 5701: 5675:(14,633), the 5671:(15,837), the 5667:(31,753), the 5659:(40,036), the 5655:(68,454), the 5651:(69,452), the 5647:(70,505), the 5629:Salta Province 5611:Proportion of 5594: 5591: 5586:Main article: 5583: 5580: 5517:native peoples 5484: 5481: 5430:Creole English 5414:Mosquito Coast 5398:Miskito people 5389: 5386: 5341: 5338: 5234:Main article: 5231: 5228: 5131: 5128: 5100:(Guanacaste), 5082:Main article: 5079: 5076: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 4963:Tohono O'odham 4940:lineal descent 4897:Alaska Natives 4801:Proportion of 4793:Alaska Natives 4784: 4781: 4777: 4776: 4769: 4766: 4765:are respected; 4755: 4554:Gulf of Mexico 4545:conquistadores 4532:Tzeltal people 4502:Proportion of 4492:Main article: 4489: 4486: 4485: 4484: 4473: 4458: 4359:Main article: 4356: 4353: 4285:Bluefish Caves 4281:Old Crow Flats 4248: 4240: 4220:Main article: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4201: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4171: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4141: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4111: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4081: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4051: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4021: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 3991: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3961: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3931: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3901: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3871: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3841: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3811: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3781: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3751: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3721: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3691: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3661: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3631: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3601: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3571: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3541: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3511: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3481: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3451: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3435: 3421: 3420: 3417: 3414: 3411: 3408: 3405: 3402: 3367: 3364: 3272:art collection 3225:clapper sticks 3158: 3155: 3098:, and Yucatec 3073:Latin alphabet 2984:Cascajal Block 2942: 2939: 2903:Main article: 2900: 2897: 2861: 2858: 2836:stingless bees 2823:imported from 2821:scarlet macaws 2710: 2707: 2613:(used to make 2599:sweet potatoes 2393: 2390: 2346: 2343: 2269: 2263: 2257: 2251: 2245: 2235: 2234: 2233: 2225: 2222: 2163:Spanish Empire 2141:Plains Indians 2055:Inca Civil War 1916:Members of an 1814:Main article: 1811: 1808: 1800:creation myths 1664:, a preserved 1596: 1593: 1579:Clovis culture 1554:sea level rise 1505:data, such as 1455:Mammoth steppe 1413: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1336:Taquile Island 1299:Main article: 1296: 1293: 1289:Indian Country 1285:Alaska Natives 1139:in Brazil) of 1048:linguistically 948: 945: 941:social justice 913:Latin American 784: 783: 765: 764: 760: 759: 740: 739: 735: 734: 700: 699: 695: 694: 691: 677: 676: 673: 659: 658: 655: 641: 640: 637: 623: 622: 619: 605: 604: 601: 587: 586: 583: 569: 568: 565: 551: 550: 547: 534: 533: 530: 516: 515: 510: 496: 495: 492: 478: 477: 471: 457: 456: 450: 436: 435: 429: 415: 414: 408: 394: 393: 387: 373: 372: 371:443,847 (2005) 369: 355: 354: 349: 335: 334: 328: 314: 313: 307: 293: 292: 286: 272: 271: 265: 251: 250: 244: 230: 229: 223: 209: 208: 202: 188: 187: 181: 167: 166: 160: 146: 145: 139: 125: 124: 118: 104: 103: 100: 86: 85: 79: 65: 64: 60: 59: 55: 54: 50: 49: 43: 28: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 26217: 26206: 26203: 26201: 26198: 26196: 26193: 26191: 26188: 26187: 26185: 26164: 26161: 26160: 26158: 26154: 26148: 26145: 26143: 26140: 26138: 26135: 26133: 26130: 26128: 26125: 26123: 26120: 26118: 26115: 26113: 26110: 26108: 26105: 26103: 26102:Ethnocentrism 26100: 26096: 26093: 26092: 26091: 26088: 26086: 26083: 26081: 26078: 26076: 26073: 26071: 26068: 26066: 26063: 26061: 26060:Ethnic hatred 26058: 26056: 26053: 26051: 26048: 26046: 26043: 26042: 26040: 26037: 26030: 26024: 26021: 26019: 26016: 26014: 26011: 26009: 26006: 26004: 26001: 25999: 25996: 25994: 25991: 25989: 25986: 25984: 25981: 25979: 25976: 25974: 25971: 25969: 25966: 25964: 25961: 25959: 25956: 25954: 25951: 25949: 25946: 25944: 25941: 25939: 25936: 25934: 25931: 25929: 25926: 25924: 25921: 25919: 25916: 25914: 25911: 25910: 25908: 25906: 25902: 25896: 25893: 25889: 25886: 25884: 25881: 25880: 25879: 25876: 25874: 25871: 25869: 25866: 25864: 25861: 25859: 25856: 25854: 25853:National myth 25851: 25849: 25846: 25844: 25841: 25839: 25836: 25834: 25831: 25829: 25826: 25824: 25821: 25819: 25816: 25814: 25811: 25809: 25806: 25804: 25801: 25799: 25798:Folk religion 25796: 25794: 25791: 25789: 25786: 25784: 25781: 25779: 25776: 25774: 25773:Ethnic origin 25771: 25769: 25768:Ethnic option 25766: 25764: 25761: 25759: 25756: 25754: 25751: 25749: 25746: 25744: 25741: 25739: 25736: 25734: 25731: 25729: 25726: 25725: 25723: 25720: 25715: 25710: 25702: 25699: 25697: 25694: 25693: 25692: 25689: 25687: 25686: 25682: 25678: 25675: 25673: 25670: 25669: 25668: 25667: 25663: 25659: 25656: 25654: 25651: 25649: 25646: 25644: 25643:Northern Asia 25641: 25639: 25636: 25634: 25631: 25630: 25629: 25628: 25624: 25620: 25619:South America 25617: 25615: 25612: 25610: 25607: 25605: 25604:United States 25602: 25600: 25597: 25595: 25592: 25590: 25587: 25585: 25582: 25581: 25580: 25577: 25575: 25574: 25570: 25566: 25563: 25561: 25558: 25557: 25556: 25553: 25552: 25550: 25548: 25544: 25538: 25537:Ethnotaxonomy 25535: 25533: 25530: 25528: 25525: 25523: 25520: 25518: 25515: 25513: 25510: 25508: 25505: 25503: 25500: 25498: 25495: 25493: 25492:Ethnomedicine 25490: 25486: 25483: 25482: 25481: 25478: 25476: 25473: 25471: 25468: 25466: 25463: 25459: 25456: 25454: 25451: 25449: 25446: 25444: 25441: 25439: 25436: 25434: 25431: 25429: 25428:Institutional 25426: 25424: 25421: 25419: 25416: 25414: 25411: 25410: 25409: 25406: 25404: 25401: 25399: 25396: 25392: 25389: 25387: 25386:Ethnomycology 25384: 25382: 25379: 25377: 25374: 25373: 25372: 25369: 25367: 25364: 25362: 25359: 25357: 25354: 25353: 25351: 25349: 25345: 25339: 25336: 25334: 25331: 25329: 25326: 25324: 25321: 25319: 25316: 25314: 25313:Polyethnicity 25311: 25309: 25306: 25304: 25301: 25299: 25296: 25294: 25293:Monoethnicity 25291: 25287: 25284: 25283: 25282: 25279: 25277: 25274: 25272: 25269: 25267: 25264: 25262: 25259: 25257: 25254: 25252: 25249: 25245: 25242: 25240: 25237: 25235: 25232: 25230: 25227: 25226: 25225: 25222: 25220: 25217: 25216: 25214: 25210: 25206: 25199: 25194: 25192: 25187: 25185: 25180: 25179: 25176: 25164: 25156: 25154: 25146: 25145: 25136: 25132: 25127: 25121: 25118: 25116: 25113: 25111: 25108: 25106: 25103: 25102: 25100: 25096: 25090: 25087: 25085: 25082: 25078: 25075: 25074: 25073: 25070: 25066: 25063: 25062: 25060: 25058: 25055: 25053: 25050: 25048: 25045: 25043: 25040: 25038: 25037:Massachusetts 25035: 25033: 25030: 25028: 25025: 25023: 25020: 25016: 25015:San Francisco 25013: 25011: 25008: 25007: 25006: 25003: 25001: 24998: 24997: 24995: 24991: 24985: 24982: 24980: 24977: 24975: 24972: 24971: 24969: 24965: 24959: 24956: 24954: 24951: 24949: 24946: 24945: 24943: 24941:Ethnic groups 24939: 24931: 24928: 24926: 24923: 24921: 24918: 24916: 24913: 24911: 24908: 24907: 24906: 24903: 24902: 24900: 24896: 24890: 24887: 24885: 24882: 24880: 24877: 24875: 24872: 24870: 24867: 24865: 24862: 24860: 24857: 24855: 24852: 24850: 24847: 24845: 24842: 24841: 24839: 24835: 24825: 24822: 24820: 24817: 24815: 24812: 24810: 24807: 24805: 24802: 24800: 24797: 24796: 24794: 24790: 24782: 24779: 24778: 24777: 24774: 24772: 24769: 24767: 24764: 24763: 24761: 24757: 24751: 24748: 24746: 24745:Nuevomexicano 24743: 24739: 24736: 24735: 24734: 24731: 24729: 24726: 24722: 24719: 24718: 24717: 24714: 24712: 24709: 24708: 24706: 24702: 24696: 24693: 24689: 24686: 24685: 24684: 24681: 24679: 24676: 24675: 24672: 24668: 24661: 24656: 24654: 24649: 24647: 24642: 24641: 24638: 24628: 24627: 24621: 24612: 24611: 24610:South America 24606: 24600: 24597: 24596: 24591: 24585: 24582: 24581: 24580:North America 24576: 24570: 24567: 24566: 24561: 24555: 24552: 24551: 24546: 24540: 24539: 24534: 24530: 24526: 24522: 24515: 24510: 24508: 24503: 24501: 24496: 24495: 24492: 24470: 24467: 24466: 24465: 24462: 24460: 24457: 24453: 24450: 24448: 24445: 24443: 24440: 24438: 24435: 24434: 24433: 24430: 24426: 24423: 24422: 24421: 24418: 24416: 24413: 24411: 24408: 24404: 24401: 24399: 24396: 24394: 24391: 24390: 24389: 24386: 24382: 24379: 24378: 24377: 24374: 24372: 24369: 24365: 24362: 24360: 24357: 24356: 24355: 24352: 24351: 24349: 24345: 24339: 24336: 24334: 24331: 24329: 24326: 24324: 24323:Simple dolmen 24321: 24319: 24316: 24314: 24311: 24309: 24308:Passage grave 24306: 24304: 24301: 24299: 24296: 24292: 24289: 24287: 24284: 24283: 24282: 24279: 24277: 24274: 24272: 24269: 24265: 24262: 24260: 24257: 24256: 24255: 24254:Gallery grave 24252: 24250: 24247: 24243: 24240: 24239: 24238: 24235: 24233: 24230: 24228: 24225: 24223: 24220: 24216: 24213: 24212: 24211: 24208: 24204: 24201: 24200: 24199: 24196: 24192: 24189: 24188: 24187: 24184: 24180: 24177: 24175: 24172: 24171: 24170: 24169:Burial mounds 24167: 24166: 24164: 24162: 24158: 24152: 24149: 24145: 24142: 24140: 24137: 24136: 24135: 24132: 24130: 24129:Statue menhir 24127: 24125: 24122: 24118: 24117:Stone carving 24115: 24113: 24110: 24109: 24108: 24105: 24103: 24100: 24098: 24095: 24093: 24090: 24088: 24085: 24083: 24080: 24076: 24073: 24071: 24068: 24067: 24066: 24063: 24061: 24058: 24056: 24053: 24049: 24046: 24045: 24044: 24041: 24039: 24036: 24034: 24031: 24029: 24026: 24024: 24021: 24019: 24016: 24014: 24011: 24007: 24004: 24003: 24002: 23999: 23997: 23994: 23993: 23991: 23989: 23985: 23977: 23974: 23972: 23969: 23968: 23967: 23964: 23962: 23959: 23957: 23956:Sewing needle 23954: 23950: 23947: 23945: 23942: 23940: 23937: 23935: 23932: 23930: 23927: 23925: 23922: 23921: 23920: 23917: 23915: 23912: 23908: 23905: 23904: 23903: 23900: 23896: 23893: 23891: 23888: 23887: 23886: 23883: 23881: 23878: 23876: 23873: 23869: 23866: 23865: 23864: 23861: 23859: 23856: 23854: 23851: 23849: 23846: 23844: 23841: 23840: 23838: 23836: 23832: 23828: 23824: 23820: 23815: 23811: 23795: 23792: 23791: 23790: 23787: 23785: 23784:Timber circle 23782: 23780: 23777: 23775: 23772: 23770: 23767: 23763: 23760: 23759: 23758: 23755: 23753: 23750: 23746: 23743: 23742: 23741: 23738: 23734: 23733:Tor enclosure 23731: 23730: 23729: 23726: 23722: 23721:fulacht fiadh 23719: 23718: 23717: 23714: 23712: 23709: 23707: 23704: 23703: 23701: 23697: 23691: 23688: 23686: 23683: 23681: 23678: 23676: 23673: 23671: 23668: 23667: 23665: 23661: 23655: 23652: 23650: 23647: 23643: 23640: 23639: 23638: 23635: 23633: 23630: 23626: 23623: 23621: 23618: 23616: 23613: 23612: 23611: 23608: 23606: 23603: 23601: 23598: 23596: 23593: 23589: 23586: 23585: 23584: 23581: 23579: 23576: 23574: 23571: 23567: 23564: 23563: 23562: 23559: 23557: 23554: 23552: 23549: 23547: 23544: 23542: 23539: 23537: 23534: 23532: 23529: 23525: 23522: 23521: 23520: 23517: 23516: 23514: 23510: 23502: 23499: 23497: 23494: 23492: 23489: 23488: 23487: 23484: 23482: 23479: 23477: 23474: 23473: 23471: 23467: 23463: 23459: 23454: 23450: 23434: 23431: 23430: 23429: 23426: 23424: 23421: 23419: 23416: 23414: 23411: 23407: 23404: 23403: 23402: 23399: 23397: 23394: 23392: 23389: 23387: 23384: 23382: 23379: 23377: 23374: 23372: 23369: 23367: 23364: 23362: 23359: 23357: 23354: 23352: 23349: 23345: 23342: 23341: 23340: 23337: 23333: 23330: 23328: 23325: 23324: 23323: 23320: 23318: 23315: 23313: 23310: 23308: 23305: 23301: 23298: 23297: 23296: 23293: 23291: 23288: 23286: 23283: 23279: 23276: 23275: 23274: 23271: 23269: 23266: 23265: 23263: 23261: 23257: 23251: 23248: 23246: 23243: 23241: 23238: 23236: 23233: 23231: 23228: 23226: 23223: 23221: 23218: 23216: 23213: 23211: 23208: 23206: 23203: 23201: 23198: 23194: 23191: 23189: 23186: 23184: 23181: 23180: 23179: 23176: 23174: 23171: 23169: 23166: 23164: 23161: 23157: 23154: 23153: 23152: 23149: 23147: 23144: 23142: 23139: 23137: 23134: 23132: 23129: 23127: 23124: 23122: 23119: 23115: 23112: 23110: 23107: 23105: 23102: 23101: 23100: 23097: 23096: 23094: 23092: 23088: 23076: 23073: 23072: 23071: 23068: 23067: 23065: 23061: 23055: 23052: 23050: 23047: 23045: 23042: 23040: 23037: 23035: 23032: 23030: 23027: 23025: 23022: 23020: 23017: 23015: 23012: 23010: 23007: 23003: 23000: 22999: 22998: 22995: 22994: 22992: 22990: 22986: 22978: 22975: 22973: 22970: 22968: 22965: 22963: 22960: 22958: 22957:spear-thrower 22955: 22954: 22953: 22950: 22948: 22945: 22941: 22938: 22937: 22936: 22935:Bow and arrow 22933: 22929: 22926: 22925: 22924: 22921: 22919: 22916: 22915: 22912: 22909: 22907: 22903: 22897: 22894: 22892: 22889: 22887: 22884: 22882: 22879: 22877: 22874: 22872: 22869: 22865: 22862: 22860: 22857: 22856: 22855: 22852: 22850: 22847: 22845: 22844:Grinding slab 22842: 22840: 22837: 22833: 22830: 22829: 22828: 22825: 22823: 22820: 22818: 22815: 22814: 22812: 22808: 22802: 22799: 22797: 22794: 22792: 22789: 22787: 22784: 22782: 22779: 22777: 22776:Domestication 22774: 22772: 22771:Digging stick 22769: 22767: 22764: 22762: 22759: 22755: 22752: 22750: 22749:Founder crops 22747: 22746: 22745: 22742: 22741: 22739: 22737: 22733: 22729: 22725: 22720: 22716: 22710: 22707: 22703: 22700: 22699: 22698: 22695: 22691: 22690:New Stone Age 22688: 22686: 22683: 22681: 22678: 22676: 22673: 22671: 22668: 22667: 22666: 22663: 22662: 22659: 22655: 22648: 22643: 22641: 22636: 22634: 22629: 22628: 22625: 22611: 22610: 22597: 22591: 22588: 22586: 22583: 22581: 22578: 22576: 22573: 22571: 22568: 22566: 22563: 22561: 22558: 22556: 22553: 22551: 22548: 22546: 22543: 22542: 22539: 22535: 22530: 22521: 22516: 22513: 22510: 22504: 22498: 22493: 22490: 22487: 22482: 22477: 22472: 22468: 22465: 22462: 22461:Hernán Cortés 22457: 22454: 22450: 22447: 22443: 22439: 22435: 22431: 22428: 22426: 22422: 22418: 22414: 22410: 22407: 22405: 22401: 22397: 22394: 22392: 22388: 22384: 22380: 22377: 22373: 22370: 22367: 22365: 22362: 22360: 22357: 22355: 22352: 22348: 22345: 22341: 22338: 22336: 22333: 22331: 22328: 22326: 22323: 22319: 22316: 22313: 22311: 22308: 22306: 22303: 22301: 22298: 22294: 22291: 22288: 22286: 22283: 22281: 22278: 22276: 22273: 22269: 22266: 22263: 22261: 22258: 22256: 22253: 22251: 22248: 22244: 22241: 22238: 22236: 22233: 22231: 22228: 22226: 22223: 22219: 22215: 22210: 22207: 22205: 22202: 22200: 22197: 22195: 22192: 22188: 22185: 22182: 22180: 22177: 22175: 22172: 22170: 22167: 22163: 22160: 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21387: 21385: 21382: 21380: 21377: 21375: 21372: 21370: 21367: 21365: 21362: 21360: 21357: 21355: 21352: 21350: 21347: 21346: 21344: 21342: 21338: 21332: 21331:Weeden Island 21329: 21327: 21324: 21322: 21319: 21317: 21314: 21312: 21309: 21307: 21306:Poverty Point 21304: 21302: 21299: 21297: 21294: 21292: 21289: 21287: 21284: 21282: 21279: 21277: 21274: 21272: 21271:Mississippian 21269: 21267: 21264: 21262: 21259: 21257: 21254: 21252: 21249: 21247: 21244: 21242: 21239: 21237: 21234: 21232: 21229: 21227: 21224: 21222: 21219: 21217: 21214: 21212: 21209: 21207: 21204: 21203: 21201: 21199: 21198:North America 21195: 21189: 21186: 21184: 21181: 21179: 21176: 21174: 21171: 21169: 21168:Paleo-Indians 21166: 21165: 21163: 21159: 21155: 21148: 21143: 21141: 21136: 21134: 21129: 21128: 21125: 21119: 21112: 21089: 21086: 21084: 21081: 21080: 21079: 21076: 21074: 21071: 21069: 21066: 21062: 21059: 21057: 21054: 21053: 21052: 21049: 21047: 21044: 21042: 21039: 21037: 21034: 21032: 21029: 21027: 21024: 21022: 21019: 21017: 21014: 21013: 21010: 21006: 21002: 20995: 20990: 20988: 20983: 20981: 20976: 20975: 20972: 20960: 20959: 20955: 20953: 20952: 20948: 20947: 20944: 20938: 20935: 20933: 20930: 20928: 20925: 20923: 20920: 20918: 20915: 20913: 20910: 20908: 20905: 20901: 20898: 20896: 20893: 20891: 20888: 20886: 20883: 20882: 20881: 20878: 20877: 20875: 20871: 20861: 20858: 20856: 20853: 20851: 20848: 20846: 20843: 20841: 20838: 20836: 20833: 20831: 20828: 20826: 20823: 20821: 20818: 20816: 20813: 20811: 20808: 20806: 20803: 20802: 20800: 20797: 20793: 20792:South America 20789: 20783: 20782:United States 20780: 20778: 20775: 20773: 20770: 20768: 20765: 20763: 20760: 20758: 20755: 20753: 20750: 20748: 20745: 20743: 20740: 20738: 20735: 20733: 20730: 20728: 20725: 20723: 20720: 20718: 20715: 20714: 20712: 20710: 20709:North America 20706: 20703: 20699:Modern groups 20697: 20689: 20686: 20684: 20681: 20680: 20679: 20676: 20675: 20673: 20667: 20657: 20654: 20652: 20649: 20645: 20642: 20641: 20640: 20637: 20635: 20632: 20631: 20629: 20627: 20623: 20617: 20614: 20612: 20609: 20607: 20604: 20602: 20599: 20598: 20596: 20594: 20590: 20580: 20577: 20575: 20572: 20570: 20567: 20566: 20564: 20562:South America 20560: 20550: 20547: 20545: 20542: 20540: 20537: 20536: 20534: 20530: 20524: 20521: 20519: 20516: 20514: 20511: 20509: 20506: 20505: 20503: 20499: 20496: 20492: 20486: 20485:Turtle Island 20483: 20481: 20478: 20476: 20473: 20471: 20468: 20466: 20463: 20461: 20458: 20456: 20453: 20451: 20448: 20447: 20445: 20443:North America 20441: 20435: 20432: 20430: 20427: 20423: 20420: 20419: 20417: 20414: 20413: 20411: 20407: 20402: 20392: 20389: 20387: 20384: 20382: 20379: 20377: 20374: 20372: 20369: 20367: 20366:Paleo-Indians 20364: 20363: 20361: 20357: 20353: 20346: 20341: 20339: 20334: 20332: 20327: 20326: 20323: 20315: 20314: 20308: 20303: 20299: 20297: 20293: 20289: 20286: 20283: 20280: 20278: 20274: 20271: 20269: 20268: 20263: 20259: 20256: 20255: 20245: 20241: 20237: 20235:9780806110035 20231: 20226: 20225: 20218: 20215: 20211: 20208: 20207: 20197: 20193: 20189: 20185: 20181: 20177: 20173: 20169: 20165: 20164: 20158: 20155: 20151: 20147: 20143: 20139: 20135: 20131: 20130: 20124: 20120: 20116: 20112: 20108: 20104: 20100: 20099: 20093: 20089: 20084: 20083: 20071: 20067: 20065:0-02-909840-8 20061: 20057: 20053: 20052:Mircea Eliade 20049: 20044: 20040: 20036: 20032: 20026: 20022: 20021: 20016: 20011: 20007: 20001: 19997: 19996: 19990: 19986: 19980: 19976: 19975: 19969: 19965: 19961: 19957: 19951: 19947: 19946: 19940: 19936: 19930: 19926: 19921: 19917: 19913: 19909: 19905: 19901: 19897: 19893: 19889: 19888: 19882: 19878: 19876:0-09-179148-0 19872: 19868: 19863: 19859: 19855: 19853:0-02-909810-6 19849: 19845: 19841: 19840:Mircea Eliade 19837: 19832: 19820: 19816: 19812: 19808: 19804: 19800: 19796: 19792: 19788: 19784: 19779: 19775: 19771: 19767: 19761: 19757: 19756: 19750: 19746: 19742: 19738: 19732: 19728: 19724: 19719: 19715: 19711: 19707: 19701: 19697: 19696: 19691: 19687: 19683: 19677: 19673: 19668: 19664: 19660: 19656: 19650: 19646: 19644: 19637: 19633: 19627: 19623: 19618: 19617: 19590: 19586: 19582: 19575: 19567: 19563: 19558: 19553: 19549: 19545: 19541: 19537: 19533: 19529: 19528: 19523: 19515: 19507: 19503: 19498: 19493: 19489: 19485: 19481: 19477: 19473: 19469: 19468: 19463: 19455: 19447: 19443: 19438: 19433: 19429: 19425: 19421: 19417: 19413: 19409: 19408: 19403: 19396: 19380: 19376: 19372: 19365: 19349: 19345: 19341: 19337: 19333: 19329: 19325: 19321: 19317: 19313: 19309: 19305: 19301: 19300: 19295: 19287: 19279: 19275: 19270: 19265: 19261: 19257: 19252: 19247: 19243: 19239: 19238: 19233: 19226: 19210: 19206: 19202: 19198: 19194: 19190: 19186: 19182: 19175: 19168: 19156: 19152: 19148: 19141: 19134: 19121: 19117: 19113: 19109: 19105: 19101: 19097: 19093: 19089: 19085: 19081: 19077: 19073: 19072: 19067: 19060: 19053: 19048: 19044: 19039: 19034: 19030: 19026: 19022: 19018: 19014: 19010: 19009: 19004: 18996: 18980: 18976: 18972: 18966: 18958: 18954: 18950: 18946: 18942: 18938: 18934: 18930: 18929: 18924: 18917: 18901: 18897: 18893: 18889: 18885: 18881: 18877: 18876: 18871: 18863: 18855: 18851: 18846: 18841: 18837: 18833: 18829: 18825: 18821: 18817: 18813: 18809: 18808: 18803: 18795: 18787: 18783: 18778: 18773: 18769: 18765: 18761: 18757: 18756: 18751: 18743: 18735: 18731: 18727: 18723: 18720:(1): 551–83. 18719: 18715: 18714: 18706: 18698: 18694: 18689: 18684: 18680: 18676: 18673:(3): 718–26. 18672: 18668: 18667: 18662: 18655: 18647: 18643: 18638: 18633: 18630:(1): 164–75. 18629: 18625: 18624: 18619: 18612: 18604: 18600: 18595: 18590: 18585: 18580: 18576: 18572: 18568: 18564: 18563: 18558: 18551: 18535: 18531: 18525: 18509: 18505: 18501: 18494: 18488: 18484: 18481: 18468: 18464: 18460: 18453: 18438: 18432: 18428: 18424: 18423: 18415: 18407: 18403: 18399: 18395: 18391: 18387: 18382: 18377: 18374:(2): 99–123. 18373: 18369: 18368: 18360: 18341: 18337: 18330: 18328: 18312: 18306: 18302: 18295: 18294: 18286: 18278: 18274: 18269: 18264: 18260: 18256: 18252: 18248: 18247: 18242: 18234: 18215: 18211: 18207: 18203: 18199: 18195: 18191: 18187: 18186: 18178: 18171: 18169: 18152: 18148: 18144: 18137: 18135: 18118: 18114: 18110: 18103: 18101: 18092: 18086: 18082: 18081: 18073: 18066: 18062: 18058: 18054: 18050: 18049: 18044: 18037: 18021: 18017: 18011: 18007: 18003: 17996: 17994: 17985: 17981: 17976: 17971: 17967: 17963: 17960:(2): 339–48. 17959: 17955: 17954: 17949: 17942: 17934: 17930: 17925: 17920: 17916: 17912: 17907: 17902: 17898: 17894: 17890: 17886: 17885: 17880: 17872: 17864: 17860: 17856: 17852: 17848: 17844: 17839: 17834: 17830: 17826: 17825: 17820: 17812: 17796: 17792: 17791: 17786: 17779: 17771: 17767: 17760: 17752: 17746: 17742: 17738: 17731: 17715: 17711: 17710: 17705: 17699: 17691: 17687: 17686: 17681: 17674: 17667: 17654: 17650: 17646: 17642: 17638: 17634: 17630: 17626: 17625: 17624:Human Biology 17620: 17613: 17596: 17592: 17591: 17586: 17580: 17564: 17559: 17554: 17550: 17546: 17545: 17540: 17533: 17517: 17513: 17506: 17490: 17486: 17479: 17471: 17467: 17461: 17457: 17453: 17452: 17444: 17428: 17424: 17420: 17414: 17406: 17402: 17397: 17392: 17388: 17384: 17380: 17376: 17372: 17368: 17364: 17356: 17347: 17336: 17332: 17328: 17324: 17317: 17310: 17301: 17285: 17281: 17275: 17267: 17263: 17262: 17257: 17250: 17234: 17230: 17223: 17221: 17213: 17209: 17206: 17200: 17193: 17187: 17180: 17179:Pulso Bolivia 17175:(in Spanish). 17174: 17166: 17164: 17147: 17143: 17142: 17137: 17131: 17115: 17111: 17105: 17103: 17094: 17087: 17079: 17073: 17069: 17065: 17058: 17051: 17047: 17044: 17038: 17031: 17027: 17024: 17018: 17011: 17007: 17004: 16997: 16981: 16977: 16971: 16964: 16961: 16957: 16954: 16949: 16942: 16939: 16935: 16932: 16927: 16911: 16907: 16900: 16891: 16883: 16879: 16875: 16871: 16867: 16863: 16862: 16854: 16852: 16850: 16833: 16829: 16825: 16819: 16803: 16799: 16792: 16776: 16772: 16771: 16766: 16760: 16744: 16740: 16736: 16730: 16714: 16710: 16706: 16699: 16683: 16679: 16678: 16673: 16667: 16665: 16663: 16661: 16652: 16648: 16643: 16638: 16633: 16628: 16624: 16620: 16616: 16612: 16611: 16606: 16599: 16580: 16573: 16567: 16551: 16547: 16541: 16526: 16522: 16518: 16512: 16503: 16497: 16481: 16477: 16473: 16467: 16459:(779 KB) 16451: 16444: 16438: 16419: 16415: 16414:INEGI, México 16408: 16402: 16386: 16382: 16378: 16372: 16356: 16352: 16348: 16342: 16323: 16319: 16311: 16305: 16289: 16285: 16281: 16275: 16256: 16248: 16242: 16231: 16223: 16217: 16211: 16207: 16202: 16195: 16180: 16172: 16166: 16146: 16138: 16132: 16124: 16120: 16115: 16110: 16105: 16100: 16096: 16092: 16088: 16084: 16083: 16082:PLOS Genetics 16078: 16070: 16062: 16058: 16053: 16048: 16043: 16038: 16034: 16030: 16026: 16022: 16021: 16016: 16008: 15992: 15988: 15984: 15978: 15962: 15958: 15954: 15953: 15948: 15942: 15934: 15930: 15929: 15924: 15918: 15902: 15898: 15894: 15888: 15873: 15866: 15860: 15852: 15848: 15847: 15842: 15835: 15831: 15827: 15823: 15815: 15811: 15807: 15803: 15802: 15797: 15790: 15786: 15782: 15778: 15777: 15768: 15764: 15760: 15756: 15755: 15747: 15739: 15733: 15729: 15725: 15724: 15716: 15700: 15696: 15692: 15686: 15671: 15665: 15661: 15660: 15652: 15636: 15629: 15614: 15608: 15604: 15603: 15595: 15580: 15574: 15570: 15569: 15561: 15545: 15541: 15535: 15529: 15524: 15518:, p. 10. 15517: 15512: 15496: 15492: 15488: 15482: 15466: 15462: 15458: 15452: 15433: 15426: 15420: 15404: 15400: 15399: 15394: 15388: 15369: 15362: 15356: 15345: 15337: 15331: 15329: 15320: 15316: 15312: 15311: 15306: 15300: 15284: 15280: 15276: 15270: 15251: 15247: 15239: 15233: 15226: 15222: 15221: 15216: 15212: 15209: 15204: 15197: 15193: 15192: 15187: 15183: 15180: 15175: 15167: 15163: 15159: 15158: 15153: 15147: 15139: 15133: 15125: 15121: 15114: 15112: 15110: 15101: 15097: 15093: 15092: 15087: 15081: 15062: 15054: 15048: 15040: 15036: 15032: 15031: 15026: 15020: 15013: 15009: 15003: 14996: 14992: 14988: 14987: 14982: 14976: 14960: 14956: 14952: 14946: 14938: 14934: 14930: 14929: 14924: 14918: 14910: 14906: 14902: 14898: 14894: 14890: 14889: 14881: 14873: 14869: 14865: 14861: 14857: 14853: 14852: 14847: 14840: 14832: 14828: 14824: 14823: 14818: 14817:"Puerto Rico" 14812: 14804: 14800: 14796: 14795: 14790: 14784: 14776: 14772: 14768: 14767: 14762: 14756: 14737: 14730: 14723: 14716: 14715: 14710: 14706: 14703: 14697: 14681: 14677: 14671: 14655: 14651: 14650: 14645: 14639: 14620: 14613: 14607: 14588: 14581: 14575: 14559: 14555: 14554: 14549: 14542: 14536: 14532: 14529: 14525: 14509: 14505: 14499: 14483: 14479: 14478: 14473: 14467: 14451: 14447: 14441: 14424: 14420: 14414: 14406: 14402: 14395: 14387: 14380: 14372: 14365: 14356: 14347: 14345: 14328: 14324: 14320: 14319: 14311: 14303: 14297: 14293: 14292: 14287: 14281: 14273: 14267: 14263: 14262: 14257: 14251: 14232: 14225: 14218: 14209: 14193: 14189: 14182: 14166: 14162: 14161: 14153: 14136: 14132: 14126: 14122: 14121: 14113: 14097: 14093: 14089: 14085: 14081: 14077: 14073: 14069: 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13316: 13312: 13307: 13302: 13298: 13294: 13290: 13286: 13282: 13278: 13277: 13272: 13264: 13248: 13244: 13240: 13236: 13232: 13228: 13224: 13220: 13216: 13215: 13210: 13203: 13195: 13191: 13186: 13181: 13177: 13173: 13169: 13165: 13161: 13157: 13153: 13146: 13138: 13134: 13130: 13126: 13122: 13118: 13117: 13109: 13107: 13098: 13094: 13090: 13086: 13082: 13078: 13071: 13069: 13060: 13056: 13052: 13048: 13044: 13040: 13036: 13032: 13028: 13024: 13023: 13015: 13013: 13004: 13000: 12996: 12992: 12988: 12984: 12980: 12976: 12975: 12966: 12959: 12955: 12952:74(1):20–35. 12951: 12950: 12945: 12941: 12938: 12932: 12930: 12928: 12926: 12924: 12922: 12920: 12918: 12916: 12907: 12903: 12901: 12893: 12877: 12873: 12867: 12851: 12847: 12843: 12836: 12828: 12824: 12820: 12816: 12812: 12808: 12804: 12800: 12793: 12777: 12773: 12767: 12759: 12755: 12750: 12745: 12740: 12735: 12731: 12727: 12723: 12716: 12700: 12696: 12689: 12681: 12675: 12659: 12653: 12637: 12633: 12632: 12627: 12620: 12612: 12608: 12602: 12586: 12582: 12575: 12568: 12564: 12558: 12549: 12533: 12529: 12523: 12515: 12511: 12505: 12497: 12493: 12492: 12491:New Scientist 12487: 12481: 12465: 12461: 12455: 12439: 12435: 12431: 12425: 12417: 12411: 12407: 12403: 12402: 12394: 12378: 12374: 12370: 12364: 12348: 12344: 12340: 12334: 12326: 12320: 12317:. p. 1. 12316: 12312: 12305: 12289: 12285: 12279: 12264: 12258: 12254: 12253: 12245: 12230: 12224: 12220: 12216: 12215: 12207: 12199: 12195: 12194: 12187: 12180: 12179: 12174: 12169: 12167: 12160: 12156: 12152: 12148: 12142: 12134: 12128: 12124: 12120: 12119: 12111: 12103: 12097: 12093: 12089: 12088: 12080: 12072: 12065: 12057: 12053: 12049: 12045: 12041: 12037: 12030: 12028: 12026: 12024: 12015: 12009: 12001: 11995: 11991: 11984: 11982: 11973: 11967: 11963: 11959: 11958: 11953: 11947: 11932: 11926: 11922: 11918: 11917: 11909: 11901: 11899:9780804151757 11895: 11891: 11890: 11886: 11878: 11859: 11855: 11854: 11846: 11843:Munro, John. 11839: 11823: 11819: 11818: 11813: 11806: 11790: 11786: 11782: 11778: 11771: 11763: 11759: 11755: 11749: 11745: 11741: 11737: 11731: 11723: 11719: 11715: 11711: 11707: 11703: 11699: 11695: 11691: 11687: 11686: 11678: 11670: 11666: 11662: 11658: 11654: 11650: 11646: 11642: 11638: 11634: 11633: 11625: 11617: 11613: 11609: 11608: 11604: 11603:Gordon Willey 11599: 11593: 11585: 11581: 11577: 11571: 11567: 11563: 11559: 11553: 11537: 11533: 11532: 11527: 11520: 11504: 11500: 11498: 11493: 11487: 11471: 11467: 11466: 11461: 11455: 11440: 11436: 11429: 11421: 11415: 11411: 11407: 11400: 11392: 11388: 11384: 11380: 11376: 11372: 11368: 11364: 11356: 11347: 11342: 11338: 11334: 11330: 11323: 11308: 11304: 11297: 11289: 11283: 11279: 11278: 11270: 11262: 11258: 11254: 11248: 11244: 11243: 11235: 11227: 11223: 11219: 11213: 11209: 11208: 11200: 11192: 11188: 11184: 11178: 11174: 11173: 11165: 11157: 11153: 11149: 11145: 11141: 11137: 11133: 11129: 11125: 11121: 11114: 11106: 11102: 11098: 11094: 11090: 11086: 11082: 11078: 11074: 11070: 11063: 11055: 11051: 11047: 11043: 11039: 11035: 11031: 11027: 11023: 11019: 11015: 11007: 10992: 10988: 10981: 10979: 10977: 10968: 10964: 10959: 10954: 10949: 10944: 10940: 10936: 10932: 10925: 10917: 10911: 10907: 10903: 10899: 10892: 10877: 10873: 10866: 10864: 10847: 10843: 10837: 10829: 10825: 10821: 10817: 10813: 10809: 10805: 10801: 10794: 10779: 10775: 10769: 10754:on 1 May 2011 10753: 10749: 10743: 10727: 10723: 10716: 10708: 10702: 10698: 10697: 10689: 10681: 10675: 10671: 10667: 10666: 10658: 10650: 10646: 10641: 10636: 10632: 10628: 10627: 10619: 10611: 10607: 10603: 10599: 10595: 10591: 10587: 10583: 10579: 10575: 10574: 10566: 10559: 10544: 10543: 10538: 10534: 10528: 10509: 10505: 10501: 10497: 10493: 10489: 10485: 10480: 10475: 10471: 10467: 10463: 10459: 10458: 10450: 10443: 10441: 10432: 10426: 10422: 10421: 10413: 10405: 10404: 10399: 10395: 10389: 10381: 10375: 10371: 10364: 10348: 10344: 10340: 10334: 10318: 10314: 10310: 10304: 10288: 10284: 10280: 10274: 10258: 10254: 10250: 10244: 10236: 10230: 10226: 10222: 10221: 10216: 10209: 10201: 10197: 10193: 10189: 10185: 10181: 10177: 10173: 10172: 10167: 10160: 10152: 10150:90-04-07850-9 10146: 10142: 10141:Brill Archive 10138: 10131: 10123: 10117: 10113: 10109: 10102: 10086: 10082: 10078: 10071: 10069: 10060: 10054: 10050: 10046: 10045: 10040: 10034: 10032: 10024: 10009: 10005: 9998: 9992: 9976: 9972: 9971: 9966: 9960: 9958: 9941: 9937: 9933: 9926: 9924: 9922: 9914: 9912: 9898: 9894: 9890: 9889:"Terminology" 9884: 9868: 9864: 9860: 9853: 9837: 9833: 9829: 9822: 9806: 9802: 9798: 9791: 9775: 9771: 9767: 9761: 9745: 9741: 9737: 9734:Reid, Basil. 9730: 9723: 9720: 9716: 9713: 9699: 9695: 9691: 9690:"Terminology" 9685: 9666: 9662: 9661: 9653: 9647: 9631: 9627: 9621: 9617: 9613: 9612: 9604: 9588: 9584: 9583: 9578: 9572: 9557: 9551: 9547: 9543: 9539: 9538: 9533: 9526: 9518: 9512: 9508: 9507: 9499: 9491: 9485: 9481: 9477: 9473: 9472: 9464: 9448: 9444: 9440: 9434: 9418: 9414: 9413: 9408: 9404: 9398: 9383: 9377: 9373: 9369: 9368: 9360: 9349: 9345: 9338: 9332: 9323: 9315: 9311: 9306: 9301: 9297: 9293: 9288: 9283: 9279: 9275: 9274: 9269: 9262: 9254: 9250: 9246: 9242: 9238: 9231: 9212: 9208: 9204: 9196: 9189: 9181: 9177: 9173: 9169: 9162: 9154: 9150: 9149: 9141: 9133: 9127: 9123: 9122: 9117: 9111: 9103: 9099: 9095: 9089: 9073: 9069: 9065: 9059: 9052: 9047: 9040: 9035: 9019: 9015: 9009: 8990: 8983: 8977: 8958: 8951: 8945: 8928: 8924: 8918: 8899: 8892: 8886: 8870: 8866: 8860: 8841: 8834: 8828: 8809: 8802: 8796: 8794: 8777: 8774:(in French). 8773: 8766: 8747: 8740: 8734: 8715: 8708: 8702: 8683: 8676: 8670: 8650: 8643: 8637: 8618: 8614: 8608: 8589: 8582: 8576: 8557: 8553: 8547: 8528: 8520: 8514: 8495: 8487: 8481: 8464: 8456: 8450: 8431: 8423: 8417: 8398: 8390: 8384: 8369: 8365: 8359: 8340: 8332: 8326: 8307: 8300: 8294: 8286: 8282: 8276: 8257: 8249: 8243: 8235: 8228: 8222: 8206: 8202: 8196: 8176: 8168: 8162: 8141: 8133: 8127: 8125: 8113: 8107: 8087: 8079: 8073: 8057: 8050: 8044: 8028: 8021: 8015: 8011: 8000: 7997: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7969: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7949: 7946:North America 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7927: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7905: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7868: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7826: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7799: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7782: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7724: 7720: 7709: 7706: 7695: 7687: 7677: 7675: 7670: 7666: 7662: 7658: 7648: 7644: 7642: 7638: 7634: 7630: 7626: 7620: 7618: 7613: 7609: 7605: 7601: 7596: 7592: 7588: 7584: 7580: 7576: 7571: 7569: 7565: 7561: 7557: 7553: 7549: 7544: 7543:populations. 7542: 7538: 7534: 7530: 7526: 7521: 7517: 7513: 7509: 7505: 7500: 7498: 7494: 7490: 7486: 7482: 7478: 7474: 7470: 7466: 7461: 7459: 7455: 7451: 7446: 7445:Central Asian 7442: 7437: 7435: 7431: 7427: 7423: 7419: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7403: 7399: 7391: 7384: 7380: 7375: 7367: 7362: 7356: 7346: 7344: 7340: 7339:Aymara people 7336: 7332: 7327: 7325: 7321: 7316: 7314: 7310: 7306: 7305:Benito Juárez 7301: 7299: 7295: 7291: 7287: 7286:Simon Bolivar 7283: 7279: 7275: 7268: 7264: 7260: 7256: 7247: 7245: 7241: 7236: 7234: 7230: 7225: 7223: 7219: 7215: 7211: 7207: 7194: 7189: 7187: 7182: 7180: 7175: 7174: 7172: 7171: 7168: 7163: 7162: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7073: 7072: 7071: 7067: 7066: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7029: 7026: 7025: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7003:Co-governance 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6980: 6979: 6978: 6974: 6973: 6966: 6965: 6961: 6960: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6860: 6859: 6858: 6854: 6853: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6829: 6828: 6827: 6823: 6822: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6793: 6792: 6791: 6787: 6784: 6783: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6704: 6703: 6702: 6698: 6697: 6690: 6687: 6686: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6679:Treaty rights 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6646: 6645: 6644: 6640: 6639: 6635: 6631: 6630: 6627: 6624: 6623: 6619: 6615: 6614: 6606: 6604: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6586: 6575: 6565: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6519: 6515: 6509: 6499: 6497: 6493: 6489: 6484: 6482: 6481:Timoto-cuicas 6478: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6447: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6423: 6421: 6417: 6411: 6401: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6381: 6371: 6368: 6364: 6356: 6352: 6351:Sacred Valley 6348: 6343: 6338: 6328: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6307: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6277: 6267: 6265: 6261: 6254:French Guiana 6251: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6228: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6197: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6165: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6133: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6109: 6107: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6094: 6089: 6085: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6042: 6032: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6003: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5972:Easter Island 5969: 5965: 5956: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5930: 5928: 5923: 5919: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5900: 5894: 5890: 5885: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5858: 5856: 5851: 5849: 5845: 5840: 5838: 5834: 5829: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5783:, 2 million; 5782: 5778: 5773: 5771: 5766: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5738: 5726: 5724: 5718: 5709: 5708: 5700: 5698: 5694: 5691:(4,511), the 5690: 5687:(6,739), the 5686: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5630: 5626: 5621: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5600: 5589: 5582:South America 5579: 5577: 5576: 5575:corregimiento 5571: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5538: 5532: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5490: 5480: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5461: 5459: 5455: 5450: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5385: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5368:to the east, 5367: 5363: 5359: 5358:Caribbean Sea 5355: 5351: 5347: 5337: 5335: 5329: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5293: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5255:A Mayan woman 5253: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5227: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5176:, Xinca, and 5175: 5171: 5167: 5162: 5156:, El Salvador 5155: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5137: 5127: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5085: 5075: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5064:mixed African 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5026: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4947: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4936:blood quantum 4933: 4929: 4923: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4900: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4826: 4820: 4816: 4811: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4790: 4783:United States 4780: 4774: 4770: 4767: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4753: 4752: 4751: 4746: 4742: 4737: 4733: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4660: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4628: 4627: 4622: 4618: 4613: 4611: 4607: 4606:Hernán Cortés 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4546: 4537: 4533: 4528: 4521: 4517: 4512: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4448: 4447: 4445: 4441: 4436: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4378: 4374: 4371: 4367: 4362: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4330:provides for 4329: 4325: 4323: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4305: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4255:First Nations 4252: 4245: 4237: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4211:North America 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4173: 4172: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4143: 4142: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4113: 4112: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4083: 4082: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4053: 4052: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4023: 4022: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4003:French Guiana 3993: 3992: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3963: 3962: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3933: 3932: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3903: 3902: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3873: 3872: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3843: 3842: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3813: 3812: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3783: 3782: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3753: 3752: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3723: 3722: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3693: 3692: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3663: 3662: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3633: 3632: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3603: 3602: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3573: 3572: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3543: 3542: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3523:United States 3513: 3512: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3483: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3453: 3452: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3423: 3422: 3418: 3415: 3412: 3409: 3406: 3403: 3400: 3399: 3395: 3390: 3385: 3382: 3378: 3373: 3363: 3361: 3360:double basses 3357: 3353: 3349: 3344: 3342: 3337: 3332: 3329: 3325: 3324:Alaska Native 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3263: 3258: 3252: 3250: 3246: 3245:First Nations 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3219:and singing. 3218: 3214: 3206: 3193: 3192:Chimu culture 3189: 3182: 3178: 3173: 3168: 3164: 3157:Music and art 3154: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3131: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3108: 3106: 3105:New Philology 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3084: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3065:Aztec culture 3062: 3058: 3054: 3053: 3048: 3047:Aztec codices 3044: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3025: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2995: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2938: 2936: 2932: 2924: 2920: 2919:South America 2916: 2911: 2906: 2896: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2885:cultural area 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2857: 2855: 2854:carminic acid 2851: 2847: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2828: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2813: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2801: 2797: 2792: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2781:Muscovy ducks 2778: 2773: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2750: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2706: 2704: 2700: 2697: 2692: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2653:chili peppers 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2637: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2575: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2533: 2529: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2510: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2491: 2486: 2482: 2480: 2475: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2456: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2438: 2436: 2435: 2430: 2426: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2403: 2398: 2385: 2378: 2377:George Catlin 2373: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2342: 2339: 2334: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2303: 2297: 2294: 2288: 2286: 2282: 2273: 2243: 2239: 2231: 2221: 2219: 2215: 2210: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2199:Southern Cone 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2159: 2157: 2152: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2108: 2106: 2102: 2097: 2095: 2089: 2087: 2083: 2082:Hernán Cortés 2079: 2074: 2072: 2069:in 1614, and 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2031: 2029: 2025: 2020: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1997: 1996:(1511–1529). 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1962: 1960: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1934: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1914: 1901: 1897: 1892: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1877:Nahua peoples 1874: 1873: 1867: 1860: 1856: 1851: 1845: 1841: 1840:North America 1836: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1817: 1807: 1805: 1804:compass point 1801: 1796: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1780: 1778: 1777:Nahua peoples 1774: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1732: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1721:Moche culture 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1679: 1675: 1667: 1663: 1658: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1638: 1632: 1628: 1627:United States 1624: 1620: 1616: 1615:North America 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In Brazil, 1213: 1208: 1203: 1198: 1192: 1186: 1180: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1161: 1160: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1136: 1130: 1125: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1094:First Nations 1091: 1086: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1067: 1065: 1061: 1060:Yupik peoples 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1004: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 982: 978: 974: 969: 962: 958: 953: 944: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 905: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 854:United States 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 818: 816: 812: 808: 803: 799: 798:pre-Columbian 795: 791: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 761: 758: 754: 750: 746: 741: 736: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 696: 692: 690: 678: 674: 672: 660: 656: 654: 642: 638: 636: 624: 620: 618: 606: 602: 600: 588: 584: 582: 570: 567:13,310 (2007) 566: 564: 552: 548: 546: 545:French Guiana 535: 532:19,839 (2010) 531: 529: 517: 514: 511: 509: 497: 494:36,507 (2010) 493: 491: 479: 475: 472: 470: 458: 454: 451: 449: 437: 433: 430: 428: 416: 412: 409: 407: 395: 391: 388: 386: 374: 370: 368: 356: 353: 350: 348: 336: 332: 329: 327: 315: 311: 308: 306: 294: 290: 287: 285: 273: 269: 266: 264: 252: 248: 245: 243: 231: 227: 224: 222: 210: 206: 203: 201: 189: 185: 182: 180: 168: 164: 161: 159: 158:United States 147: 143: 140: 138: 126: 122: 119: 117: 105: 101: 99: 87: 83: 80: 78: 66: 61: 56: 51: 47: 41: 36: 27: 19: 26137:Xenocentrism 26095:Ethnic riots 26080:Ethnic slurs 26070:Ethnic party 26033:Ideology and 25953:Ethnic media 25895:White ethnic 25888:Neotribalism 25843:Nation state 25788:Ethnofiction 25719:ethnogenesis 25690: 25683: 25664: 25633:Central Asia 25625: 25583: 25578: 25571: 25554: 25527:Ethnoscience 25517:Ethnopoetics 25465:Ethnohistory 25403:Ethnogeology 25391:Ethnozoology 25381:Ethnoecology 25371:Ethnobiology 25356:Anthropology 25308:Panethnicity 25224:Ethnic group 25135: 24776:Puerto Rican 24695:Demographics 24624: 24602: 24587: 24572: 24557: 24542: 24264:wedge-shaped 24249:Funeral pyre 24242:Great dolmen 24198:Chamber tomb 24179:Round barrow 24134:Stone circle 24006:Blombos Cave 23934:Grooved ware 23858:Chalcolithic 23762:Thornborough 23680:Flush toilet 23615:Blombos Cave 23610:Rock shelter 23566:Quiggly hole 23458:Architecture 23433:illustration 23075:Buffalo jump 22896:Storage pits 22859:Aşıklı Höyük 22849:Ground stone 22685:Subdivisions 22600: 22533: 22383:Moctezuma II 22340:Inca history 22265:Andean Music 22209:Architecture 22204:Architecture 22199:Architecture 22194:Architecture 22190:Architecture 22184:Gender Roles 21929:Tenochtitlan 21852:Timoto–Cuica 21847:Tierradentro 21632:Casma–Sechin 21364:Chalcatzingo 21187: 21083:Aridoamerica 21061:Southeastern 21056:Northeastern 21004: 20956: 20949: 20671:colonization 20475:The red road 20465:Medicine man 20460:Great Spirit 20351: 20311: 20265: 20223: 20167: 20161: 20133: 20127: 20102: 20096: 20087: 20068:– via 20055: 20019: 19994: 19973: 19944: 19924: 19891: 19885: 19866: 19856:– via 19843: 19825:14 September 19823:. 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Xlibris. 19474:(1): 1–14. 18540:22 November 18473:18 November 18442:21 November 18349:21 November 18316:21 November 18157:7 September 18123:7 September 18026:1 September 17601:21 December 17373:(1): 9247. 17239:12 February 17192:Los Tiempos 16739:Ipsnews.net 16427:13 December 16294:29 December 16264:29 December 15967:28 December 15641:27 November 15377:18 February 14686:11 December 14514:17 February 14002:2 September 13989:11336/25319 13935:7 September 13811:. pp. 13618:19 November 13529:Lay summary 13342:(1): 1–10. 12805:(2): 9–35. 12591:23 February 12460:"Epidemics" 11867:26 December 11828:26 December 11795:26 December 10996:19 December 10881:19 December 10852:17 November 10403:Smithsonian 10017:11 November 9903:11 November 9811:10 February 9780:10 February 9750:10 February 9544:. pp. 9439:Zimmer, Ben 9078:17 December 7844:Indian Mass 7568:populations 7485:blood types 7454:Lake Baikal 7414:matrilineal 7410:patrilineal 7335:Evo Morales 7296:during the 7259:Evo Morales 7136:Philippines 7116:New Zealand 6788:initiatives 6664:Land rights 6579:Philippines 6558:Puerto Rico 6548:of western 6363:2017 Census 6285:as well as 5918:is second. 5837:Evo Morales 5787:, 181,000; 5677:Comechingón 5631:, Argentina 5558:Ngäbe-Buglé 5424:, Spanish, 5216:Panchimalco 5198:El Salvador 5182:El Salvador 5166:El Salvador 5154:Panchimalco 5148:Indigenous 5130:El Salvador 5007:Anishinaabe 4912:Marshallese 4518:woman from 4456:Kalaallisut 4385:Kalaallisut 4379:, Greenland 3733:Saint Lucia 3673:Puerto Rico 3404:Indigenous 3124:Anishinaabe 3033:logographic 2976:Mesoamerica 2964:Maya glyphs 2889:Mesoamerica 2842:to produce 2825:Mesoamerica 2806:Guinea pigs 2764:, like the 2754:Fuegian dog 2685:cranberries 2681:blueberries 2611:cocoa beans 2522:fruit trees 2345:Agriculture 2236:Map of all 2187:Great Basin 2028:Catholicism 1907: 1824 1842:at time of 1789:Mexico City 1750:during the 1717:Inca Empire 1564:Pleistocene 1560:archaeology 1538:Cordilleran 1523:Pleistocene 1495:blood types 1473:during the 1452:North Asian 1437:Paleolithic 1435:began when 1114:term of art 1104:. The term 1075:portmanteau 1008:West Indies 1001:East Indies 957:West Indies 947:Terminology 894:subsistence 811:aquaculture 635:Saint Lucia 563:El Salvador 528:Puerto Rico 26184:Categories 26147:Xenophobia 26142:Xenophilia 26117:Indigenism 26045:Allophilia 25978:Ethnocracy 25868:Statistext 25803:Historical 25696:Indigenous 25648:South Asia 25584:Indigenous 25318:Population 25052:New Mexico 25047:New Jersey 25005:California 24974:Christians 24889:Venezuelan 24874:Paraguayan 24869:Ecuadorian 24824:Salvadoran 24819:Panamanian 24814:Nicaraguan 24804:Guatemalan 24728:Floridanos 24711:Californio 24425:trepanning 24318:Ring cairn 24276:Jar burial 24259:transepted 24191:U.S. sites 24092:Petroglyph 24018:Bird stone 23976:wine press 23649:Stone roof 23632:Roundhouse 23524:long house 23501:Stonehenge 23469:Ceremonial 23413:Stone tool 23240:Tool stone 23210:Metallurgy 23114:Mousterian 23091:Toolmaking 23029:Cumberland 23002:Transverse 22972:Schöningen 22864:Qesem cave 22832:Earth oven 22786:Irrigation 22697:Technology 22665:Prehistory 22417:Tisquesusa 22391:Cuauhtémoc 22387:Cuitláhuac 21717:Lauricocha 21687:Gran Chaco 21677:Cupisnique 21662:Chinchorro 21637:Chachapoya 21627:Caral–Supe 21469:Tlaxcaltec 21459:Teuchitlán 21374:Chupícuaro 21301:Plum Bayou 21296:Plaquemine 21266:Marksville 21231:Chichimeca 21036:California 20922:Philosophy 20727:Costa Rica 20701:by country 20532:Variations 20523:World tree 20480:Totem pole 20450:Arborglyph 19244:: e85492. 19215:26 January 19161:26 January 18985:26 January 18906:26 January 18514:23 January 17891:(1): 127. 17551:: 87–125. 17321:(Report). 17066:. Durham: 16986:3 December 16916:29 January 16868:(2): 4–9. 16838:5 November 16808:5 November 16781:5 November 16749:5 November 16719:5 November 16688:18 October 16525:Census.gov 16486:8 November 16381:CDI México 16351:CDI México 16318:CDI México 16188:29 January 16154:30 January 15987:Ethnologue 15877:18 October 15409:3 February 14923:"Suriname" 14333:31 January 13749:27 October 13706:27 October 13449:AgExporter 12658:"Iroquois" 12626:"Smallpox" 12444:5 December 12178:L'Histoire 12121:. Norman: 11261:1102541304 11226:1238190784 11191:1031966951 10758:27 January 10732:15 January 10517:5 February 10112:De Gruyter 9712:"Aborigen" 9674:14 January 9478:. p. 9168:"Mestizos" 8966:10 October 8933:12 October 8875:30 January 8849:30 January 8755:30 January 8373:11 January 8348:30 October 8006:References 7564:haplotypes 7558:lineages, 7456:along the 7418:recombines 7359:See also: 7244:free trade 7045:Indigenism 6689:Protection 6544:, and the 6542:Hispaniola 6475:, and the 6316:Gran Chaco 6223:, and the 6207:, and the 6188:, and the 6063:'s mostly 6024:Atacameños 5992:Arauco War 5916:New Guinea 5865:See also: 5844:department 5813:campesinos 5785:Chiquitano 5758:Cochabamba 5735:April 2012 5597:See also: 5542:Indigenous 5515:, are the 5487:See also: 5394:Nicaraguan 5306:Cakchiquel 5268:Indigenous 5224:Nahuizalco 5140:La Matanza 5090:Quitirrisí 5078:Costa Rica 4975:Athabascan 4861:Athabaskan 4849:common use 4684:Purépechas 4409:Indigenous 4407:) are the 4393:Tunumiisut 3366:Demography 3336:liturgical 3292:sculptures 3251:cultures. 3151:Athabaskan 3143:Algonquian 3116:birch bark 3049:(singular 2945:See also: 2725:, and the 2665:brazilwood 2627:pineapples 2587:lima beans 2569:pinto bean 2431:from wild 2349:See also: 2327:depression 2242:gravesites 2228:See also: 2218:mass rapes 2205:, such as 2195:Gran Chaco 2129:West Coast 2067:diphtheria 2005:Enriquillo 1990:encomienda 1970:Hispaniola 1820:See also: 1711:; and the 1548:as far as 1534:Laurentide 1446:) entered 1342:, west of 1071:Amerindian 1024:Portuguese 852:, and the 753:Protestant 716:Portuguese 675:162 (2011) 657:327 (2011) 639:951 (2010) 406:Costa Rica 82:11,800,247 26107:Ethnocide 25973:Ethnoburb 25878:Tribalism 25666:Australia 25658:West Asia 25638:East Asia 25609:Caribbean 25594:Greenland 25475:Ethnology 25348:Ethnology 25286:Influence 25205:Ethnicity 25010:San Diego 24993:By region 24884:Uruguayan 24864:Colombian 24854:Brazilian 24844:Argentine 24781:Nuyorican 24771:Dominican 24759:Caribbean 24529:continent 24469:symbolism 24333:Tor cairn 24291:Grønsalen 24232:Cremation 24124:Sculpture 24102:Pictogram 24087:Petroform 23907:amber use 23875:Cosmetics 23685:Reservoir 23670:Check dam 23600:Pueblitos 23595:Pit-house 23578:Longhouse 23512:Dwellings 23381:Microlith 23312:Bow drill 23307:Bone tool 23300:prismatic 23109:Acheulean 23024:Cresswell 22997:Arrowhead 22923:Boomerang 22839:Granaries 22801:Terracing 22680:Stone Age 22438:Atahualpa 22434:Pachacuti 22409:Nemequene 22275:Chinampas 22097:Astronomy 22086:Astronomy 22066:Mythology 22061:Mythology 22056:Mythology 22051:Mythology 22047:Mythology 21877:Wankarani 21867:Tuncahuán 21757:Marajoara 21712:Las Vegas 21598:Atacameño 21494:Xochipala 21434:Purépecha 21394:Epi-Olmec 21384:Cuicuilco 21326:Troyville 21316:St. Johns 21073:Caribbean 21068:Southwest 21021:Subarctic 20917:Movements 20912:Languages 20860:Venezuela 20805:Argentina 20767:Nicaragua 20747:Guatemala 20742:Greenland 20429:Religions 20275:from the 20244:483932822 20150:145563973 20119:144208459 20017:(2004) . 19964:318358852 19908:0882-4371 19815:143708252 19807:0003-1615 19745:427474742 19663:175217515 19548:0092-8674 19488:1088-9051 19428:1759-6653 19328:1476-4687 19260:2050-084X 19205:1563-0110 19116:235460793 19100:1476-4687 19029:0092-8674 18949:0198-8859 18836:1476-4687 18376:CiteSeerX 17915:1471-2148 17863:218710761 17847:0092-8674 17801:15 August 17741:Zed Books 17709:El Tiempo 17649:159266278 17522:5 January 17495:9 October 16391:2 October 16361:2 October 16331:2 October 15907:7 October 15828:(1): 10. 15705:2 October 15675:3 October 15618:3 October 15584:3 October 15550:2 October 15305:"Uruguay" 15152:"Ecuador" 15025:"Bolivia" 14965:15 August 14761:"Grenada" 14628:31 August 14596:31 August 14092:0887-3631 13967:: 14–18. 13857:MIT Press 13607:10925/320 13415:0376-8716 13356:1099-9809 13297:0277-9536 13253:10 August 13235:0277-9536 13176:1363-4615 13097:2161-1912 13043:1573-3610 12995:0096-882X 12827:154875430 12642:18 August 12153:. p. 48. 12008:cite book 11936:7 October 11476:11 August 11391:239853925 11383:2055-5563 11156:220717778 11105:220715918 11054:220697089 10828:162243347 10649:247052631 10548:3 January 10474:CiteSeerX 10200:146687944 10192:0010-4175 10081:HillNotes 9593:13 August 9577:Grey, CGP 9296:1664-8021 9253:1405-1435 9153:NYU Press 8211:17 August 8156:(25,222). 7924:Caribbean 7859:Shamanism 7617:Greenland 7579:New World 7525:Mongolian 7499:studies. 7493:molecular 7487:, and in 7422:Autosomal 7156:Venezuela 7081:Australia 7076:Argentina 7068:Countries 6988:Biopiracy 6928:Land Back 6599:Tlaxcalan 6502:Caribbean 6486:The 1999 6469:Ya̧nomamö 6446:Venezuela 6426:Venezuela 6250:in 2000. 6108:empires. 6093:El Dorado 5984:Araucanía 5817:Katarista 5760:, Bolivia 5681:Tehuelche 5665:Calchaquí 5593:Argentina 5554:Guna Yala 5465:Chorotega 5388:Nicaragua 5285:Kaqchikel 5260:Guatemala 5246:Guatemala 5230:Guatemala 5202:Guatemala 5190:Cuzcatlan 5098:Chorotega 5023:Penobscot 4995:Blackfeet 4987:Tsimshian 4908:Hawaiians 4889:Tsimshian 4621:mestizaje 4617:New Spain 4590:Michoacán 4586:Purépecha 4538:, Chiapas 4520:Zacatecas 4452:Kalaallit 4413:Greenland 4389:kalaallit 4355:Greenland 4183:Venezuela 3823:Argentina 3537:>2.9% 3532:>1.8% 3433:Greenland 3341:polyphony 3280:paintings 3135:syllabics 3014:logograms 2935:Delawares 2931:Chippewas 2899:Languages 2850:Cochineal 2785:Puna ibis 2743:Chiribaya 2727:Chihuahua 2713:Numerous 2703:Menominee 2645:jalapeños 2615:chocolate 2574:Phaseolus 2442:cultivars 2405:engraving 2214:epidemics 2084:over the 2063:influenza 2043:New World 2039:Old World 1623:Greenland 1526:megafauna 1503:molecular 1497:, and in 1471:sea level 1450:from the 1322:Venezuela 1253:aborígene 1241:Aborígene 1217:indígenas 1202:Argentina 1173:indígenas 1069:The term 842:Guatemala 815:chiefdoms 698:Languages 469:Greenland 367:Nicaragua 305:Venezuela 289:1,227,642 268:1,301,887 247:1,306,730 242:Argentina 226:1,807,250 205:1,905,617 184:2,185,792 163:3,727,135 142:4,176,647 121:5,972,606 98:Guatemala 26127:Nativism 25793:Ethnonym 25758:Ethnarch 25714:Identity 25701:European 25579:Americas 25423:Critical 25418:Clinical 25212:Concepts 25153:Category 25065:Portland 25057:New York 25032:Maryland 25022:Colorado 24930:Galician 24920:Canarian 24910:Asturian 24898:European 24879:Peruvian 24849:Bolivian 24809:Honduran 24107:Rock art 24070:painting 24043:Geoglyph 23868:timeline 23848:Beadwork 23588:Mehrgarh 23583:Mudbrick 23491:megalith 23366:Fire-saw 23188:debitage 23183:analysis 23151:Hand axe 23131:Cupstone 22709:Glossary 22670:Timeline 22534:See also 22452:Conquest 22425:Zoratama 22092:Calendar 22081:Calendar 22076:Calendar 22072:Calendar 22041:Religion 22036:Religion 22025:Religion 22014:Religion 22010:Religion 21999:Numerals 21993:Numerals 21954:Language 21934:Multiple 21872:Valdivia 21857:Tiwanaku 21817:Saladoid 21812:Quimbaya 21702:Kuhikugu 21682:Diaguita 21672:Chorrera 21489:Veraguas 21484:Veracruz 21464:Tlatilco 21276:Mogollon 21183:Cultures 21161:Americas 20951:Category 20907:Identity 20890:Iroquois 20885:Cherokee 20850:Suriname 20840:Paraguay 20825:Colombia 20752:Honduras 20732:Dominica 20669:European 20644:Painting 20606:Colombia 20518:Religion 20513:Creation 20386:Genetics 20304:(1911). 20184:26162189 20090:: 25–61. 20039:76909908 19819:Archived 19774:50841012 19714:35029491 19692:(1997). 19566:30415837 19506:27965293 19446:38526010 19437:10999361 19379:Archived 19348:Archived 19336:29323294 19278:37057893 19269:10310323 19209:Archived 19155:Archived 19120:Archived 19108:34135521 19047:30415837 18957:11543902 18900:Archived 18896:22024980 18854:24256729 18755:Genetics 18734:25064865 18697:10924403 18646:14595095 18483:Archived 18398:15217990 18277:15638829 18214:Archived 18151:Archived 18117:Archived 18020:Archived 17984:11827954 17933:23782551 17855:32437661 17795:Archived 17714:Archived 17653:Archived 17635:: 1–11. 17516:Archived 17489:Archived 17427:Archived 17405:31239502 17208:Archived 17152:5 August 17146:Archived 17141:BBC News 17120:5 August 17114:Archived 17046:Archived 17041:CEPAL, " 17026:Archived 17021:CEPAL, " 17006:Archived 16956:Archived 16934:Archived 16832:Archived 16775:Archived 16743:Archived 16713:Archived 16709:Refworld 16682:Archived 16651:19724647 16610:PLoS ONE 16588:17 March 16530:29 March 16355:Archived 16288:Archived 16255:Archived 16179:Archived 16145:Archived 16123:25254375 16061:19433783 15997:6 August 15901:Archived 15544:Archived 15465:Archived 15289:23 March 15283:Archived 15250:Archived 15211:Archived 15208:Paraguay 15182:Archived 15132:cite web 15061:Archived 14959:Archived 14909:15693025 14872:15118905 14736:Archived 14705:Archived 14680:Archived 14654:Archived 14619:Archived 14587:Archived 14558:Archived 14531:Archived 14450:Archived 14327:Archived 14258:(1992). 14231:Archived 14171:29 March 14165:Archived 14141:28 March 14135:Archived 14102:29 March 14096:Archived 13926:Archived 13922:29976825 13778:Archived 13681:(2001). 13655:ABC-CLIO 13612:Archived 13557:Archived 13532:Archived 13524:16203994 13455:Archived 13433:23791028 13374:26213891 13315:18455054 13247:Archived 13243:22464223 13194:24065606 13137:26371791 13051:23624772 13003:15376814 12940:Archived 12876:Archived 12850:Archived 12776:Archived 12758:18159275 12699:Archived 12674:cite web 12636:Archived 12438:Archived 12377:Archived 12347:Archived 12048:23331729 11954:(1993). 11858:Archived 11789:Archived 11762:57511483 11738:(2005). 11714:15616561 11669:10172918 11661:11326098 11584:20055667 11560:(1987). 11542:7 August 11536:Archived 11509:7 August 11470:Archived 11148:32699366 11097:32699413 11046:32699412 10967:35442993 10935:PLOS ONE 10602:29323294 10504:36149744 10496:18339930 10347:Archived 10317:Archived 10257:Archived 10178:: 4–44. 10041:(2006). 9981:23 March 9975:Archived 9973:. 2019. 9946:23 March 9940:Archived 9863:CBC News 9836:Archived 9774:Archived 9715:Archived 9704:30 March 9665:Archived 9630:Archived 9587:Archived 9447:Archived 9417:Archived 9314:36741309 9118:(2005). 9100:(2001). 9024:29 March 8989:Archived 8957:Archived 8927:Archived 8898:Archived 8869:Archived 8840:Archived 8776:Archived 8746:Archived 8714:Archived 8682:Archived 8649:Archived 8588:Archived 8527:Archived 8494:Archived 8463:Archived 8430:Archived 8339:Archived 8285:Archived 8256:Archived 8184:30 April 8175:Archived 8149:30 April 8140:Archived 8095:29 April 8086:Archived 7691:See also 7610:exhibit 7587:Beringia 7560:zygosity 7548:Americas 7533:Japanese 7441:Siberian 7379:Americas 7318:In 1930 7166:Category 7146:Tanzania 7141:Suriname 7126:Paraguay 7101:Malaysia 7023:Genocide 6964:more ... 6888:CONAECDA 6806:WIPO IGC 6796:9 August 6669:Language 6618:a series 6616:Part of 6554:Dominica 6530:Kalinago 6457:Ye'kuana 6374:Suriname 6367:Mestizos 6312:Paraguay 6300:Paraguay 6217:Huaorani 6209:Tsáchila 6194:mitimaes 6190:Saraguro 6182:Panzaleo 6178:Otavalos 6174:Caranqui 6148:and the 6104:and the 6061:Colombia 6054:Colombia 6035:Colombia 6015:Tarapacá 5980:Santiago 5964:Rapa Nui 5808:peasants 5697:Selk'nam 5661:Diaguita 5562:comarcas 5546:comarcas 5447:mythical 5406:Honduras 5366:Miskitos 5340:Honduras 5310:Garifuna 5273:Q'eqchi' 5220:Sacacoyo 5184:, spoke 5178:Kakawira 5164:Much of 5056:Garifuna 4951:Kumeyaay 4932:Cherokee 4819:Oklahoma 4741:Rarámuri 4725:Kickapoo 4700:Northern 4626:Mestizos 4610:Veracruz 4568:and the 4560:and the 4558:Zapotecs 4522:, Mexico 4477:Inughuit 4462:Tunumiit 4405:inughuit 4397:tunumiit 4370:Tunumiit 4313:treaties 4307:Various 4123:Suriname 4063:Paraguay 3943:Colombia 3304:beadwork 3300:carvings 3296:basketry 3288:weavings 3217:drumming 3139:abugidas 3037:syllabic 3010:syllabic 3007:phonetic 2970:, Mexico 2968:Palenque 2768:and the 2766:Selk'nam 2745:to herd 2636:Capsicum 2603:avocados 2595:potatoes 2591:tomatoes 2434:teosinte 2197:and the 2135:and the 2125:Iroquois 2047:Smallpox 1982:smallpox 1938:smallpox 1881:smallpox 1652:society. 1457:via the 1361:endonyms 1318:Colombia 1197:aborigen 1146:Hispanic 1135:caboclos 1129:mestizos 1044:indianen 1012:Antilles 961:Antilles 909:mestizos 834:Colombia 790:Americas 773:Mestizos 749:Catholic 738:Religion 693:8 (2011) 599:Dominica 508:Suriname 385:Paraguay 347:Honduras 200:Colombia 46:Americas 26156:Related 25813:Kinship 25753:Endonym 25743:Demonym 25691:Oceania 25448:Salvage 25163:Commons 25077:Houston 25061:Oregon 25027:Florida 25000:Arizona 24984:Muslims 24925:Catalan 24905:Spanish 24859:Chilean 24738:Chicano 24733:Mexican 24595:Oceania 24565:Eurasia 24523:of the 24464:Symbols 24075:pigment 23961:Weaving 23924:Cardium 23919:Pottery 23914:Mirrors 23902:Jewelry 23843:Baskets 23823:culture 23675:Cistern 23481:Pyramid 23423:Weapons 23401:Scraper 23391:Racloir 23351:Cleaver 23339:Chopper 23245:Uniface 23156:Grooves 23146:Hafting 23104:Oldowan 23063:Systems 23014:Cascade 22977:woomera 22967:harpoon 22940:history 22906:Hunting 22886:Pottery 22827:Cooking 22736:Farming 22702:history 22675:Outline 22421:Tundama 22350:Peoples 22335:History 22330:History 22325:History 22321:History 22315:Cuisine 22310:Cuisine 22305:Cuisine 22300:Cuisine 22296:Cuisine 22154:Warfare 22149:Warfare 22144:Warfare 22140:Warfare 22134:Society 22129:Economy 22118:Society 22113:Society 22109:Society 21979:Writing 21973:Quechua 21958:Nahuatl 21925:Capital 21862:Toyopán 21842:Tairona 21752:Mapuche 21667:Chiripa 21642:Chancay 21613:Cañaris 21588:Amotape 21583:El Abra 21499:Zapotec 21479:Totonac 21454:Tepanec 21439:Quelepa 21409:Mezcala 21399:Huastec 21369:Cholula 21359:Capacha 21354:Acolhua 21311:Sinagua 21286:Patayan 21256:Hohokam 21246:Fremont 21031:Plateau 20927:Studies 20855:Uruguay 20830:Ecuador 20810:Bolivia 20757:Jamaica 20656:Writers 20651:Artists 20611:Ecuador 20593:Culture 20574:Mapuche 20290:of the 20260:, from 20192:1391080 20054:(ed.). 19916:1354592 19842:(ed.). 19725:(ed.). 19608:Sources 19557:6327247 19497:5204334 19385:3 April 19375:SAPIENS 19344:4454580 19308:Bibcode 19080:Bibcode 19038:6327247 18975:History 18845:4105016 18816:Bibcode 18786:1346260 18777:1204788 18688:1287530 18603:9811914 18571:Bibcode 18406:4939632 18268:3905771 18210:7527715 18190:Bibcode 17924:3695835 17893:Bibcode 17877:2013). 17685:Reuters 17569:28 July 17547:(232). 17433:30 June 17396:6592923 17375:Bibcode 16882:3033029 16828:Ilo.org 16642:2731219 16619:Bibcode 16280:"Mayas" 16114:4177621 16091:Bibcode 16052:2680428 16029:Bibcode 15441:26 June 15086:"Chile" 14789:"Haiti" 14660:9 April 14564:9 April 14429:22 June 14198:14 July 13969:Bibcode 13913:7116273 13890:Bibcode 13881:Science 13784:29 July 13515:1253605 13492:Bibcode 13424:3810370 13365:6038142 13306:5125817 13185:4232330 13059:7866571 12819:1409535 12749:2094753 12094:, USA. 12056:7529931 11921:Penguin 11722:4426545 11694:Bibcode 11641:Bibcode 11632:Science 11444:22 July 11128:Bibcode 11077:Bibcode 11026:Bibcode 10958:9020715 10904:(ed.). 10610:4454580 10582:Bibcode 10466:Bibcode 10457:Science 10353:25 June 10323:25 June 10293:25 June 10263:25 June 10253:SAPIENS 9305:9893294 8536:16 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