599:, 62% of Chilean voters rejected this proposal. Across the border, indigenous people in Bolivia have constitutional recognition. This recognition respects the identities and rights of many of the same indigenous groups that live in Chile. Still, Chile remains the only Latin American country that has yet to constitutionally recognize indigenous populations. The lack of reform is a result of the deep rooted inequality within the Chilean government, stemming from Pinochet-era policies that favor urban elites over environmental and indigenous issues. Looking forward, the Chilean Congress has granted approval for a new Constitutional process, which will draft another potential Constitution.
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from obtaining higher-paying and skilled jobs. Moreover, the
Mapuche people are considered to be on the lowest level of socio-economic livelihood in Chilean society. The poverty level for the Mapuche people is 29% compared to the 20% poverty rate of the non-Indigenous Chilean citizens. Their lack of political influence is evident in their interactions with businesses such as Forestry Farms and Lumber companies that exploit Indigenous land. Dispossession of their land and their exclusion from Chilean politics create an avenue for conflict between Indigenous militias and the Chilean state.
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past rhetoric associated with CAM’s political demands, media and business sectors painted a violent picture of the
Mapuche community members allegedly involved. However, in October 2017, Chile’s Supreme Court intervened and released the accused based on falsified evidence. As a result, both the director of the intelligence unit and head of police lost their jobs. The incident exposed repeated patterns of violent associations cast on Mapuche activist groups by the press (See also: Rapa Nui police repression and Aymara mining protests).
662:
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displays of non-violent fights against social abuses of the state against indigenous life. Indigenous women find themselves at the intersection of the struggle for indigenous rights and the fight for women’s rights. However, indigenous women do not feel represented by the larger women’s rights movement. Their concerns relate to their indigenous identity and they advocate for
Mapuche women leadership, land access, collective upliftment of indigenous cultures and increased attainment of rights.
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440:
49:
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83:
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treatment. Recent studies have found that
Indigenous people were much more likely to die from COVID-19 related deaths and were much more susceptible to the virus than any other group in Chile. Data suggests that in the first five months of the pandemic (August 2020), there were 17.5% more cases for cities with large numbers of Indigenous citizens than communities with smaller or no indigenous presence.
681:(WAM) continuing to lead protests. Both groups have expressed a willingness to use violence, attacking and sabotaging forestry operations, infrastructural corporations, and private homes of non-indigenous civilians who live on former indigenous lands. These acts are performed with the intent to further the political goals of land redistribution.
731:, which disproportionately affected indigenous groups, Mapuche activists gathered in town squares in the Araucania and Biobio regions advocating for Mapuche prisoners. When the virus spread to the prison systems, activists appealed to place Mapuche prisoners in house arrest rather than remaining in prison to avoid unnecessary health risks.
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two other individuals of all charges, criminal and terrorist, in the same case. In
September the Senate rejected a proposed law to allow the release of the four imprisoned on terrorist charges. Government-sponsored legislation which would clarify the application of the antiterrorism law remained pending at year's end.
649:
Three CAM-related
Mapuches and a non-indigenous sympathizer remained imprisoned in a 2001 arson case in which antiterrorism penalties were applied. The four initiated a hunger strike in March, demanding the terrorism convictions be voided to allow their release on parole. In April the court acquitted
583:
As a result of indigenous mobilization and protest, Mapuche organizers encouraged constitutional reform on the national stage. In 2007, Chilean
President Bachelet indicated the indigenous constitutional reform as a "high urgency act". Despite Bachelet’s endorsement, the reform was relabeled as a "low
639:
Since 2009, there have been frequent instances of violent confrontations between indigenous
Mapuche groups and landowners, logging companies, and local government authorities in the southern part of the country. These conflicts were a result of encroachment on indigenous land, a direct result of the
447:
Although indigenous
Chileans were not allies of Chilean independence fighters, by the mid-19th century, Chilean school curriculum included depictions of indigenous warriors that claimed they were central to the development of the Chilean identity. Even so, those indigenous groups were still excluded
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In the Spring of 2018, Emilia Nuyado and
Aracely Leuquen became the first two women of the Mapuche Indigenous group to join the Chilean Congress. Nuyado and Leuquen are representatives of the Araucania region, where the tensions between the state and the Indigenous peoples are brewing into a bigger
673:
The tensions exposed by the Mapuche Conflict of 2009 reemerged in 2017 under the Bachelet government, in which a covert operation, ‘Operation Hurricane,’ was carried out by police. As a result of the operation, eight CAM Mapchue members were wrongfully arrested for a string of arson attacks. Citing
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showed the disparity in access to public health services. Coupled with the low-equipped hospitals and inadequate preventive sanitation measures in indigenous towns, indigenous citizens who traveled to find better health care facilities are discriminated against and language barriers prevent proper
612:
In 2005, CONADI regularized the property titles to approximately 70,000 hectares (173,000 acres) of land that were restored to 300 Aymara families in the north. However, some observers criticized a lack of transparency in CONADI's land restoration processes and favoritism of the Mapuche over other
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Convention 169. Chile ratified the convention in 2008. In November 2009, a court decision in Chile, considered to be a landmark in indigenous rights concerns, made use of the ILO convention 169. The Supreme Court decision on Aymara water rights upholds rulings by both the Pozo Almonte tribunal and
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While the Inca Empire fell, the Mapuche people were never formally defeated by Spanish conquistadors. Instead, this indigenous population maintained a tense independence from Spain throughout the colonial period. There were several small skirmishes throughout the 1500s and in 1553 a Mapuche attack
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Women are at the forefront of Mapuche protests against institutions like forestry companies and the formation of the Ralco Dam. In particular, Berta and Nicolasa Quintremin led the protests against the Dam construction. Their actions marked a transitional period where indigenous movements grew in
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special rapporteur's 2003 recommendation that there be a judicial review of cases affecting Mapuche leaders. The government had not applied the antiterrorism law in Mapuche-related prosecutions since 2002. However, it began again to apply this law in August, 2009, as the Mapuche conflict deepened
624:
Still the indigenous people in Chile face systemic poverty and discrimination. The limited representation of indigenous peoples in governmental bodies has resulted in instances of encroachment and appropriation of Mapuche territory. Limited access to education has also hindered the Mapuche people
693:
One area impacted by hydropower development is the Puelwillimapu Territory, whose interconnected waterways are referred to as the watershed of Wenuleufu or the ‘River Above,’ giving the region spiritual value. To combat this encroachment, Indigenous people have protested and pushed for more of a
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which ultimately ended with official recognition for the Mapuche people and their territory. The Mapuche were one of the few indigenous groups in Latin America who were formally recognized as possessing territory by the Spanish. Because of this recognition, the Mapuche did not align with Chilean
697:
Indigenous populations have had some success in working with the government to ensure traditionally indigenous coastal areas remain under indigenous administration. Specifically, the Marine and Coastal Areas for Indigenous Peoples Policy (MCAIP) was established in 2008 to protect fisheries and
571:
Despite the benefits established by Indigenous Law, it still has its limitations, spurring the emergence of organized Mapuche movements for more direct constitutional recognition. In the 1990s, the Aukin Ngulam Wallmapu or “Council of All Lands” movement began the fight towards constitutional
689:
The frequent conflict and protests are mostly a result of threatened indigenous territories. Indigenous land is often at risk as the government or private organizations impact nearby ecosystems. For example, recent hydropower projects harm waterflow and local biodiversity on indigenous land,
591:
The indigenous fight for independence and more direct recognition remains relevant today. Recent protests provide indigenous activists an opportunity to advocate for amending the constitution to include indigenous rights. In October 2019, there were a series of protests in Santiago, over the
435:
After the war, the newly-formed Chilean government forced the Mapuche onto reservations approximately 1/20th the size of the area they had previously occupied. Much of their former land was further divided up and sold, including to extractive industries such as forestry and hydropower.
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has a wing dedicated to Mapuche healthcare and their traditional medicine. There have been several protests to increase these more inclusive practices throughout the country and improve healthcare options for indigenous peoples throughout the country.
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More generally, the Chilean health industry often neglects indigenous healers or other health based traditions. Government regulations prevent certain rituals such as burying the placenta after giving birth. One Intercultural Hospital, however, in the
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increase Indigenous inclusion in decision making. The government protects these areas as a means of supporting ecological development while also ensuring that indigenous groups are able to maintain control of culturally significant locations.
592:
increased fare rates for the transportation system. These protests led to debates and discussions over the privatized Chilean social benefits system, and a call to alter the constitution to increase the efficacy of the social welfare system.
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threatening indigenous spirituality and plant-based medicinal items. Chile has attempted to develop hydropower projects in indigenous territory where the rivers that the energy companies hope to use are sacred to the Mapuche people.
294:
origins. Most Chileans are of partially indigenous descent; however, indigenous identification and its legal ramifications are typically reserved to those who self-identify with and are accepted within one or more indigenous groups.
640:
continuing lack of constitutional recognition. The confrontations ranged from protests and, occasionally, instances of rock throwing, land occupations, and burning of crops or buildings. Many of these actions were initiated by the
587:
The rejected constitutional proposals would have safeguarded environmental protections, established gender parity, and extended access to education for the Mapuche people, among a host of other social and democratic provisions.
398:
started to make contact with Inca in Peru in the 1530s. The combination of European diseases and internal conflicts over succession severely weakened the strength and size of the empire, which ultimately collapsed during
491:), which included directly elected indigenous representatives, advised and directed government programs to assist the economic development of indigenous people. Part of that cultural recognition included legalizing the
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during 2005. The government also implemented the Indigenous Scholarship Program that benefited 36,000 low-income indigenous elementary, high school, and college students with good academic performances.
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These protests culminated in a constitutional draft that would have included constitutional recognition. While in 2020, 78% of Chilean citizens voted in favor of rewriting the constitution, in the
1875:
1400:
577:
416:. Instead they chose to side with the Spanish, because the imperial power’s legal recognition of the Mapuche tribe made them more of a known quantity than the Chilean rebels.
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The Ministry of Education provided a package of financial aid consisting of 1,200 scholarships for indigenous elementary and high school students in the
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status in Chile would enshrine the indigenous population as its own group deserving of political representation, autonomy, and territorial protection.
2582:
1107:"Natural Resources Claims, Land Conflicts and Self-Empowerment of Indigenous Movements in the "Cono Sur" – The Case of the Mapuche People in Chile"
1444:
de la Maza Cabrera, Francisca (2020). "The Neoliberal State and Post-Transition Democracy in Chile". In Gold, Marina; Zagato, Alessandro (eds.).
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voice in projects that can impact their territories. However, smaller scale hydropower projects do not require indigenous consultation.
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478:(Special Commission of Indigenous People). This commission’s report provided the intellectual framework of the 1993 "Indigenous Law" (
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771:
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language and providing a bilingual education in schools with indigenous populations. The Indigenous Law recognized in particular the
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conflict. Nuyado intended to increase the social welfare of Mapuches and oppose anti-terrorist legislation against Mapuche groups.
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Chile is one of the twenty countries to have signed and ratified the only binding international law concerning indigenous peoples,
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905:
206:
1401:"Gobierno presentará denuncia por Ley de Seguridad del Estado contra Héctor Llaitul por "incitar y promover la violencia""
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1450:. Corporate State Formation and New Egalitarianisms in Latin America. Vol. 1. Berghahn Books. pp. 111–129.
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from 1861 to 1883, as an inherent part of the Chilean nation. Other indigenous people officially recognized included
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938:"Of Indians and Terrorists: How the State and Local Elites Construct the Mapuche in Neoliberal Multicultural Chile*"
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1593:"Challenges and opportunities of implementing the marine and coastal areas for indigenous peoples policy in Chile"
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The Neoliberal State and Post-Transition Democracy in Chile: Local Public Action and Indigenous Political Demands
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Still, these types of conflict have continued sporadically to present day with both CAM and the splinter group
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1972:
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killed the regional Spanish governor. The conflict between the Mapuche and the Spanish culminated in the
306:, account for approximately 80% of the total indigenous population. There are also small populations of
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2131:
2121:
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1962:
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1237:"The Mapuche Struggle for the Recognition of its Nation From a Feminine and Decolonizing Point of View"
728:
563:
the Iquique Court of Appeals, and marks the first judicial application of ILO Convention 169 in Chile.
19:
1663:
1592:
1546:"Megawatts mask impacts: Small hydropower and knowledge politics in the Puelwillimapu, Southern Chile"
1545:
1260:
382:
Before the Spanish arrived in the mid 16th century, Chile was home to the southernmost portion of the
2675:
2379:
1967:
1952:
1527:
1491:
3255:
2754:
2506:
2196:
2056:
2046:
3173:
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2701:
2345:
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2011:
2466:
2208:
2076:
1212:"Ya hay fecha: plebiscito de salida para votar una nueva Constitución será el 4 de septiembre"
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following several acts of occupation and arson, as well as the killing of a Mapuche activist.
387:
3178:
2857:
2764:
2396:
2317:
2186:
1990:
1883:
1768:
1514:
853:
419:
283:
799:"Medición de Pueblos Indígenas y Afrodescendientes en el Censo de Población y Vivienda 2017"
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from any participation in political life, making indigenous representation purely symbolic.
3136:
3131:
2847:
2637:
2411:
2312:
2307:
2234:
2203:
2191:
1957:
1000:
719:
Historically, indigenous groups have little availability to basic social services, and the
1690:
Millalen, Pablo; Nahuelpan, Hector; Hofflinger, Alvaro; Martinez, Edgars (December 2020).
678:
187:
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8:
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1999:
1843:
1721:
1620:
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573:
363:
338:(Alacalufe) people in other parts of the country, as well as many other groups such as
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1947:
1851:
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1713:
1624:
1612:
1577:
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1433:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/mundo/america_latina/2009/08/090813_2233_mapuches_chile_jg.shtml
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222:
18:
This article is about indigenous peoples of Chile. For other indigenous peoples, see
1692:"COVID-19 and Indigenous peoples in Chile: vulnerability to contagion and mortality"
1608:
1032:
485:
The Indigenous Law established the National Corporation for Indigenous Development (
464:, the Chilean government has revisited indigenous peoples’ role in Chilean society.
3146:
2820:
2535:
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2295:
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2016:
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210:
202:
153:
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37:
170:
165:
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2350:
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1154:"Chileans rejected the new constitution, but they still want progressive reforms"
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urgency act", delaying the procedure of Indigenous constitutional inclusion.
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who ruled from 1471 to 1493. At its peak, the empire’s southern border was the
311:
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1445:
953:
3368:
2790:
2731:
2612:
1717:
1708:
1691:
1616:
1569:
1374:"Piñera aseguró que la CAM es terrorista y está financiada desde el exterior"
1351:
1336:"Mapuche Struggles for Land and the Role of Private Protected Areas in Chile"
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1506:
1186:"Explainer: Chile's constitutional conundrum - To change or not to change?"
881:"Pre-Columbian civilizations - Settlement in the Cuzco Valley | Britannica"
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512:
359:
351:
105:
101:
54:
508:
315:
1836:
1664:"COVID-19 and Indigenous peoples | United Nations For Indigenous Peoples"
1591:
Hiriart-Bertrand, Luciano; Silva, Juan A.; Gelcich, Stefan (2020-08-01).
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1410:
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492:
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290:. According to the 2017 census, almost 2,200,000 people declare having
48:
1507:"Understanding Indigenous Conflict in Chile: January 2019-August 2020"
1077:"Mapuche Movements in Chile: From Resistance to Political Recognition"
646:(CAM), an indigenous group that has been accused of terrorist acts.
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in central Chile. Shortly thereafter, Spanish conquistadors led by
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97:
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1261:"Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 2009 Constitution - Constitute"
865:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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299:
487:
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1285:"Constitutional Rights and Indigenous Dispossession in Chile"
319:
287:
1590:
1311:"Chile: Mapuches React to Rejection of the "Pluri-National""
1696:
AlterNative: An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples
1639:"Chile's first female Mapuche lawmakers given warm welcome"
1055:"Chile's Supreme Court Upholds Indigenous Water Use Rights"
819:
3246:
2597:
1740:"Flying the flag: Indigenous group fights for rights"
1210:
Fuentes, Catalina Martínez y Cristóbal (2022-04-06).
1505:
Project, Armed Conflict Location Event Data (2020).
976:"Chile: Terror Law Violates Due Process for Mapuche"
906:"When Chile's Indigenous Made the Spanish Back Down"
747:
1509:. Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project.
1443:
1111:International Journal on Minority and Group Rights
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1539:
1537:
373:Geographic distribution of Indigenous Chileans.
556:Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989
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2583:
1776:
1534:
665:Mapuche terrorist attacks on churches in the
607:
566:
3353:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
861:Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor
854:Report on Human Rights Practices 2006: Chile
729:Chilean government's mishandling of COVID-19
1081:Georgetown Journal of International Affairs
386:. The Inca first expanded into Chile under
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2590:
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1783:
1769:
1431:Chile: muerte ahonda crisis con mapuches,
47:
1707:
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772:Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal
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843:
841:
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1811:
1504:
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443:The ancient flag of the Mapuche people.
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1001:"Reforming Chile | Patrick Barr-Melej"
476:Comisión Especial de Pueblos indígenas
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1764:
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1100:
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903:
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3248:Indigenous peoples in South America
2037:Fjords, channels, sounds and straits
1550:Energy Research & Social Science
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936:Richards, Patricia (February 2010).
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793:
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91:Regions with significant populations
3380:Indigenous peoples of South America
1340:Journal of Latin American Geography
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628:
401:Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire
13:
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2599:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
1790:
1680:
1399:Navarrete, José (9 January 2020).
1234:
1093:
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1005:University of North Carolina Press
806:Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas
302:, with their traditional lands in
257:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
14:
3391:
942:Journal of Latin American Studies
922:
780:
602:
560:International Labour Organization
2646:
1989:
1309:Robinson, Circles (2023-01-21).
1057:. The Santiago Times. 2009-11-30
764:
750:
653:The government did not act on a
597:2022 Chilean national plebiscite
558:. It was adopted in 1989 as the
466:President Patricio Aylwin Azócar
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113:
86:12.44% of the Chilean population
82:
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72:
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1025:"ILOLEX: Submits English query"
1597:Ocean & Coastal Management
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993:
968:
904:Sauer, Jacob (July 26, 2022).
897:
873:
812:
684:
1:
1152:Dorfman, Ariel (2022-09-06).
1105:Tomaselli, Alexandra (2012).
743:
427:Cacique Juan Huaraman in the
2219:Comptroller General of Chile
7:
3375:Indigenous peoples in Chile
2444:Water supply and sanitation
1544:Kelly, Sarah (2019-08-01).
714:
643:Coordinadora Arauco Malleco
501:Occupation of the Araucanía
414:Chilean War of Independence
268:Indigenous peoples in Chile
10:
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1562:10.1016/j.erss.2019.04.014
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608:Social and economic status
567:Constitutional recognition
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20:List of indigenous peoples
17:
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2160:
2117:
2113:
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2007:
1998:
1987:
1935:
1820:
1802:
1265:www.constituteproject.org
1075:Vo, Steven (2021-05-21).
954:10.1017/S0022216X10000052
474:government established a
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128:
111:
95:
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70:
65:
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1709:10.1177/1177180120967958
1123:10.1163/157181112X639069
412:nationalists during the
282:) form about 13% of the
1334:Meza, Laura E. (2009).
499:people, victims of the
460:in 1990 and subsequent
1522:Cite journal requires
1289:Brown Political Review
670:
456:Since the fall of the
444:
432:
374:
279:
2925:European colonization
2245:Investigations Police
1908:Presidential Republic
1884:Conservative Republic
1876:Republic Organization
664:
442:
422:
372:
248:Related ethnic groups
120:Santiago Metropolitan
96:Predominantly in the
2638:Solutrean hypothesis
2214:Constitutional Court
2092:World Heritage Sites
1924:Democracy Transition
551:(Ona) (since 2023).
482:) or Law Nº 19.253.
207:Indigenous languages
53:Aymara community in
3024:Trinidad and Tobago
2282:Ministry of Defence
1035:on 19 November 2002
613:indigenous groups.
462:return to democracy
388:Túpac Inca Yupanqui
304:south-central Chile
242:Indigenous religion
30:
3184:In popular culture
2935:Columbian exchange
2930:Population history
2656:Mythology/Religion
2356:Telecommunications
980:Human Rights Watch
910:Americas Quarterly
885:www.britannica.com
671:
574:self-determination
452:The Indigenous Law
445:
433:
375:
205: •
36:Chilenos Nativos (
28:
3362:
3361:
3334:other territories
3214:
3213:
3115:
3114:
2911:
2910:
2834:
2833:
2804:
2803:
2618:Pre-Columbian era
2565:
2564:
2525:
2524:
2374:
2373:
2290:
2289:
2253:
2252:
2142:Political parties
2132:Foreign relations
2122:National Congress
2100:
2099:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1900:Parliamentary Era
1844:Spanish Discovery
1457:978-1-78920-657-9
863:(March 6, 2007).
721:COVID-19 pandemic
679:Weichan Auka Mapu
576:. Recognition of
547:(since 2020) and
396:Francisco Pizarro
265:
264:
3387:
3354:
3342:Falkland Islands
3256:Sovereign states
3241:
3234:
3227:
3218:
3217:
2952:
2951:
2869:
2868:
2745:
2744:
2687:
2686:
2650:
2592:
2585:
2578:
2569:
2568:
2545:
2538:
2385:
2384:
2341:
2301:
2300:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2005:
2004:
1993:
1928:
1920:
1912:
1904:
1896:
1892:Liberal Republic
1888:
1880:
1872:
1864:
1856:
1852:Spanish Conquest
1848:
1840:
1818:
1817:
1809:
1808:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1762:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1751:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1711:
1687:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1541:
1532:
1531:
1525:
1520:
1518:
1510:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1489:
1485:
1483:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1378:www.cnnchile.com
1370:
1364:
1363:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1296:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1271:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1247:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1172:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1102:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1087:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1062:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1031:. Archived from
1021:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1011:
997:
991:
990:
988:
987:
972:
966:
965:
933:
920:
919:
917:
916:
901:
895:
894:
892:
891:
877:
871:
851:
834:
833:
831:
830:
824:www.censo2017.cl
816:
810:
809:
808:. November 2018.
803:
795:
774:
769:
768:
767:
760:
755:
754:
753:
737:Araucania region
702:Indigenous women
635:Mapuche conflict
629:Mapuche conflict
618:Araucania Region
572:recognition and
429:La Moneda Palace
284:total population
280:Chilenos Nativos
186:
185:
169:
168:
152:
151:
135:
134:
118:
117:
85:
84:
75:
74:
66:Total population
51:
31:
27:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3384:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3352:
3335:
3333:
3323:
3250:
3245:
3215:
3210:
3188:
3111:
3033:
2947:
2941:
2917:
2907:
2867:
2830:
2800:
2774:
2736:
2685:
2681:Human sacrifice
2669:List of deities
2651:
2642:
2601:
2596:
2566:
2561:
2548:
2541:
2534:
2521:
2507:Public holidays
2472:Beauty pageants
2453:
2370:
2339:
2286:
2249:
2223:
2204:Law enforcement
2156:
2096:
2057:Natural regions
1994:
1977:
1931:
1926:
1918:
1916:Pinochet Regime
1910:
1902:
1894:
1886:
1878:
1870:
1862:
1854:
1846:
1830:
1798:
1789:
1759:
1758:
1749:
1747:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1688:
1681:
1672:
1670:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1648:
1646:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1589:
1585:
1542:
1535:
1523:
1521:
1512:
1511:
1503:
1499:
1487:
1486:
1477:
1476:
1470:
1468:
1458:
1442:
1438:
1430:
1426:
1416:
1414:
1397:
1393:
1383:
1381:
1380:. 8 August 2017
1372:
1371:
1367:
1332:
1328:
1319:
1317:
1307:
1303:
1294:
1292:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1269:
1267:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1245:
1243:
1235:Loncón, Elisa.
1233:
1229:
1220:
1218:
1208:
1204:
1195:
1193:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1170:
1168:
1150:
1146:
1103:
1094:
1085:
1083:
1073:
1069:
1060:
1058:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1038:
1036:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1009:
1007:
999:
998:
994:
985:
983:
974:
973:
969:
934:
923:
914:
912:
902:
898:
889:
887:
879:
878:
874:
852:
837:
828:
826:
818:
817:
813:
801:
797:
796:
781:
770:
765:
763:
756:
751:
749:
746:
717:
704:
687:
637:
631:
610:
605:
569:
533:Yahgan (Yámana)
527:inhabitants of
458:Pinochet regime
454:
380:
272:Native Chileans
261:
239:
180:
163:
146:
129:
112:
80:
61:
42:
29:Native Chileans
26:
23:
12:
11:
5:
3393:
3383:
3382:
3377:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3349:
3344:
3338:
3336:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3260:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3244:
3243:
3236:
3229:
3221:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3201:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3123:
3121:
3120:Related topics
3117:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3048:
3046:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2960:
2958:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2921:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2883:
2877:
2875:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2844:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2751:
2749:
2742:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2717:Medicine wheel
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2693:
2691:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2623:Classification
2620:
2615:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2602:
2595:
2594:
2587:
2580:
2572:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2547:
2546:
2539:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2463:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2388:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2346:Stock Exchange
2343:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2263:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2172:
2166:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2118:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2052:National parks
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2032:Extreme points
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1927:(1990–Present)
1921:
1913:
1905:
1897:
1889:
1881:
1873:
1865:
1857:
1849:
1841:
1824:
1822:
1815:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1788:
1787:
1780:
1773:
1765:
1757:
1756:
1731:
1702:(4): 399–402.
1679:
1655:
1630:
1583:
1533:
1524:|journal=
1497:
1466:j.ctv1k5317j.8
1456:
1436:
1424:
1409:(in Spanish).
1391:
1365:
1346:(1): 149–163.
1326:
1301:
1276:
1252:
1227:
1202:
1177:
1144:
1117:(2): 153–174.
1092:
1067:
1046:
1016:
992:
967:
921:
896:
872:
835:
811:
778:
777:
776:
775:
761:
745:
742:
727:Following the
716:
713:
703:
700:
686:
683:
655:United Nations
633:Main article:
630:
627:
609:
606:
604:
603:Current issues
601:
568:
565:
543:(since 2006),
453:
450:
379:
376:
364:Selk'nam (Ona)
263:
262:
260:
259:
253:
250:
249:
245:
244:
232:
231:
227:
226:
199:
198:
194:
193:
190:
177:
176:
173:
160:
159:
156:
143:
142:
139:
126:
125:
122:
109:
108:
93:
92:
88:
87:
68:
67:
63:
62:
52:
44:
43:
34:
24:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3392:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3355:
3350:
3348:
3347:French Guiana
3345:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3331:
3326:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3242:
3237:
3235:
3230:
3228:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3194:
3191:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3040:
3039:South America
3036:
3030:
3029:United States
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2956:North America
2953:
2950:
2946:Modern groups
2944:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2914:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2809:South America
2807:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2733:
2732:Turtle Island
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2690:North America
2688:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2649:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2613:Paleo-Indians
2611:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2593:
2588:
2586:
2581:
2579:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2228:Public safety
2226:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2209:Supreme Court
2207:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1925:
1922:
1917:
1914:
1909:
1906:
1901:
1898:
1893:
1890:
1885:
1882:
1877:
1874:
1869:
1866:
1861:
1858:
1853:
1850:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1786:
1781:
1779:
1774:
1772:
1767:
1766:
1763:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1684:
1669:
1665:
1659:
1644:
1640:
1634:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1587:
1579:
1575:
1571:
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2722:The red road
2712:Medicine man
2707:Great Spirit
2426:
2397:Demographics
2318:Central Bank
2187:Human rights
2175:Constitution
1958:Expansionism
1868:Independence
1748:. Retrieved
1746:. 2020-11-26
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1645:. 2018-03-12
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1318:. Retrieved
1315:Havana Times
1314:
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1293:. Retrieved
1291:. 2021-12-02
1288:
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1192:. 2019-11-06
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1158:The Guardian
1157:
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1033:the original
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982:. 2004-10-27
979:
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945:
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909:
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884:
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823:
820:"Censo 2017"
814:
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106:Zona Austral
102:Norte Grande
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55:Pozo Almonte
35:
25:Ethnic group
15:
3127:Ethnobotany
2984:El Salvador
2886:Visual arts
2755:Cosmovision
2741:Mesoamerica
2702:Fifth World
2663:Mythologies
2628:Archaeology
2606:Pre-history
2412:Immigration
2313:Aquaculture
2308:Agriculture
2240:Gendarmerie
2235:Carabineros
2087:Lighthouses
2027:Environment
2022:Earthquakes
1943:Agriculture
1919:(1973–1990)
1911:(1925–1973)
1903:(1891–1925)
1895:(1861–1891)
1887:(1831–1861)
1879:(1823–1831)
1871:(1810–1826)
1863:(1600–1810)
1855:(1540–1600)
1847:(1536–1540)
1828:Prehispanic
1556:: 224–235.
1488:|work=
1029:www.ilo.org
685:Environment
392:Maule River
384:Inca Empire
237:Catholicism
209:(including
3369:Categories
3169:Philosophy
2974:Costa Rica
2948:by country
2779:Variations
2770:World tree
2727:Totem pole
2697:Arborglyph
2517:Television
2502:Newspapers
2487:Literature
2427:Indigenous
2407:Healthcare
2340:(currency)
2170:Civil Code
2152:Ministries
2137:Government
1750:2023-05-02
1673:2023-05-02
1668:www.un.org
1649:2023-05-02
1603:: 105233.
1471:2023-05-02
1411:Las Condes
1406:La Tercera
1320:2023-05-01
1295:2023-05-01
1270:2023-05-01
1246:2023-05-01
1221:2023-05-01
1216:La Tercera
1196:2023-05-01
1171:2023-05-01
1086:2023-05-01
1061:2010-03-02
1010:2023-05-01
986:2023-05-01
915:2023-05-01
890:2023-05-01
829:2023-05-01
744:References
525:Polynesian
493:Mapudungun
409:Arauco War
330:(Yámana),
292:indigenous
240:Minority:
235:Majority:
188:Valparaíso
3319:Venezuela
3264:Argentina
3164:Movements
3159:Languages
3107:Venezuela
3052:Argentina
3014:Nicaragua
2994:Guatemala
2989:Greenland
2676:Religions
2497:Mythology
2439:Squatting
2417:Languages
2402:Education
2366:Transport
2323:Companies
2267:Air Force
2147:President
2127:Elections
2082:Volcanoes
2062:Provinces
2000:Geography
1726:226341256
1718:1177-1801
1625:218966559
1617:0964-5691
1578:164606915
1570:2214-6296
1490:ignored (
1480:cite book
1352:1545-2476
1166:0261-3077
1131:1385-4879
962:1469-767X
509:Atacameña
403:in 1532.
356:Tehuelche
322:(Kolla),
316:Atacameño
219:Huilliche
197:Languages
154:Los Lagos
77:2,185,792
3309:Suriname
3299:Paraguay
3284:Colombia
3198:Category
3154:Identity
3137:Iroquois
3132:Cherokee
3097:Suriname
3087:Paraguay
3072:Colombia
2999:Honduras
2979:Dominica
2916:European
2891:Painting
2853:Colombia
2765:Religion
2760:Creation
2633:Genetics
2552:Category
2434:Religion
2333:Forestry
2259:Military
2197:Intersex
2106:Politics
1968:Maritime
1953:Economic
1948:Banditry
1936:By topic
1860:Colonial
1813:Timeline
1796:articles
1744:BBC News
1643:BBC News
1360:25765242
1139:24675650
715:COVID-19
669:in 2016.
667:Zona Sur
549:Selk'nam
541:Diaguita
537:Kawésqar
521:Rapa-Nui
431:in 1863.
348:Picunche
340:Caucahue
336:Kawésqar
332:Rapa Nui
324:Diaguita
230:Religion
223:Rapa Nui
104:and the
98:Zona Sur
59:Tarapacá
3314:Uruguay
3289:Ecuador
3269:Bolivia
3174:Studies
3102:Uruguay
3077:Ecuador
3057:Bolivia
3004:Jamaica
2903:Writers
2898:Artists
2858:Ecuador
2840:Culture
2821:Mapuche
2536:Outline
2482:Cuisine
2459:Culture
2380:Society
2361:Tourism
2296:Economy
2180:History
2067:Regions
2047:Islands
2042:Geology
2017:Climate
1821:Periods
1804:History
1417:19 June
1413:, Chile
1384:19 June
1241:ReVista
1190:Reuters
517:Quechua
497:Mapuche
425:Mapuche
378:History
312:Quechua
300:Mapuche
276:Spanish
211:Mapuche
203:Spanish
192:118,467
175:166,779
158:228,477
141:321,086
124:685,403
38:Spanish
3294:Guyana
3274:Brazil
3205:Portal
3142:Navajo
3082:Guyana
3062:Brazil
3019:Panama
3009:Mexico
2969:Canada
2964:Belize
2826:Muisca
2748:Common
2557:Portal
2512:Sports
2477:Cinema
2422:People
2351:Mining
2328:Energy
2072:Rivers
2012:Cities
1963:Mining
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215:Aymara
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100:, the
3279:Chile
3179:Trade
3067:Chile
2881:Music
2848:Andes
2796:Olmec
2786:Aztec
2543:Index
2492:Music
2449:Women
2392:Crime
2338:Peso
2077:Lakes
1792:Chile
1722:S2CID
1621:S2CID
1574:S2CID
1462:JSTOR
1356:JSTOR
1135:JSTOR
802:(PDF)
513:Colla
360:Cunco
352:Chono
320:Qulla
288:Chile
3304:Peru
3147:Zuni
3092:Peru
3043:list
2863:Peru
2816:Inca
2791:Maya
2467:Arts
2277:Navy
2272:Army
2192:LGBT
1973:Wars
1714:ISSN
1613:ISSN
1566:ISSN
1528:help
1492:help
1452:ISBN
1419:2020
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