939:, formerly a parliamentary chamber, was elected directly by its respective legislatures across the country: five from each province, two from each directly administered municipality, eight from Mongolia (by 1948 only the Inner Mongolian provinces were represented), eight from Tibet and eight from the overseas Chinese communities. As originally envisioned both the President and Vice President of the Control Yuan were to be elected by and from the members like the speaker of many other parliamentary bodies worldwide. The Control Yuan became a sole auditory body in Taiwan in 1993 after democratisation.
641:, who have previously pledged publicly to support a particular presidential candidate. When the Electoral College sits, soon after the election, it formally elects the candidate that has won a majority of the members of the Electoral College. Members of the federal cabinet, including the vice president, are in practice nominated by the president, and are thus elected indirectly. The Electoral College is a controversial issue in U.S. politics, especially following presidential elections when voting is polarized geographically in such a way that the electoral college
50:
361:
408:
812:), or in the situation that no one party has a majority then the largest party or a coalition of smaller parties may attempt to form a minority government. The prime minister is thus indirectly elected as political parties elect their own leader through internal democratic process, while the general public choose from amongst the local candidates of the various political parties or independents.
780:
A head of government is in charge of the daily business of government and overseeing central government institutions. In presidential systems the president is the head of government and head of state. In parliamentary systems the head of government is usually the leader of the party with the most
999:
In some cases, most officials, including most members of legislatures – national and subnational – may be regarded as elected indirectly, because they are preselected by political parties. This kind of system is typified by the United States, at both the federal and state levels. That is
676:, also known as the state chairman, who serves as head of state. The power of the presidency is largely ceremonial, the vast majority of power stems from the president's position as leader of the Communist Party and head of the military.
800:, a prime minister (or first minister, premier, or chief minister) is the person that can command the largest coalition of supporters in parliament. In almost all cases, the prime minister is the leader of a political party (or
1246:
642:
1031:– in all of these cases, voters elect national parliamentarians, who in turn elect some of their own members to the assembly. The same applies to bodies formed by representatives chosen by a national government, e.g. the
894:, the head of state, proposes candidates for the chancellor's office. Although this has never happened, the Bundestag may in theory also choose to elect another person into office, which the president has to accept.
613:
with limited power to powerful leader depending on the government structure and historical legacy of the country. For instance, in some cases heads of state inherit the position through a
582:; members of the public elect the parliamentarians, who then elect the cabinet. Upper houses, especially in federal republics, are often indirectly elected, either by the corresponding
1778:
Waqar, M. (2020). Gender Quotas and
Political Dynasties: Explaining Women's Substantive Representation in Pakistan's National Assembly (Doctoral dissertation, Indiana University)
1755:
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524:), but elect people who in turn choose candidates or parties. It is one of the oldest forms of elections and is used by many countries for
282:
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781:
seats in the legislature. Several examples of heads of government who are chosen through indirect elections are summarized below.
1606:
472:
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444:
970:
1713:
609:
A head of state is the official leader and representative of a country. The head of state position can vary from ceremonial
1325:
839:. Additionally many nations colonized by the British Empire inherited the Westminster model following their independence.
630:
598:
451:
389:
1399:
1216:"Federalism and the Electoral College: The Development of the General Ticket Method for Selecting Presidential Electors"
1652:
425:
17:
586:
or cabinet. Similarly, supranational legislatures can be indirectly elected by constituent countries' legislatures or
985:
936:
638:
491:
1561:"The 'Westminster Model' Constitution Overseas: Transplantation, Adaptation and Development in Commonwealth States"
797:
458:
294:
1496:
1032:
772:, operate using a semi-presidential system with a directly elected president distinct from the prime minister.
626:
429:
287:
277:
1374:
440:
669:
298:
1015:
Some examples of indirectly elected supranational legislatures include: the parliamentary assemblies of the
69:
617:
whereas others are indirectly or directly elected such as presidents. Several examples are included below.
529:
1799:
1471:
903:
113:
1737:
1794:
1521:
1103:
1560:
1215:
549:
902:
Some countries have nonpartisan heads of government who are appointed by the president, such as the
156:
1632:
867:
816:
749:
567:
418:
382:
239:
1061:
1036:
1024:
649:, if enacted, would effectively replace the indirect election via the Electoral College with a
587:
465:
331:
1449:
1293:
1042:
Indirect single transferable voting is used to elect some members of the Senate in
Pakistan.
883:
765:
171:
166:
601:, where only eliminated candidates select other candidates to transfer their vote share to.
981:
891:
851:
847:
769:
761:
757:
753:
737:
725:
717:
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8:
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745:
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1588:
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1196:
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733:
721:
575:
375:
201:
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1592:
1580:
1545:
1537:
1301:
1278:
1266:
1188:
1161:
1149:
1016:
925:
855:
560:
317:
181:
151:
34:
789:
The most prominent position in parliamentary democracies is the prime ministership.
1687:
1640:
1576:
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1258:
1227:
1141:
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Positions that are indirectly elected may be chosen by a permanent body (such as a
342:
337:
254:
221:
191:
176:
133:
108:
103:
98:
88:
886:- the most powerful position on the federal level - is elected indirectly by the
365:
347:
322:
244:
118:
74:
1130:"Parliamentary Heads of State: Players or Figureheads? The Case of Horst Köhler"
49:
1247:"Smith (and Jones) Go to Washington: Democracy and Vice-Presidential Selection"
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525:
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are responsible for choosing candidates, whose preselection is ratified by a
949:
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521:
211:
123:
1675:
1129:
1056:
966:
932:
643:
elects a candidate who did not win an absolute majority of the popular vote
186:
962:
828:
805:
583:
545:
64:
1200:
1176:
996:
in 1913. Since that time they have been elected by direct popular vote.
360:
1400:"China's Xi Jinping, as expected, gets 5 more years as state president"
1086:
989:
610:
556:
327:
206:
1522:"Who "Wins"? Determining the Party of the Prime Minister: WHO "WINS"?"
862:
the party leader whose party controls the
Congress) and the nominee's
1676:"Governing a new democracy: The power of the prime minister in Spain"
887:
832:
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801:
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128:
559:) or by a special body convened solely for that purpose (such as an
407:
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513:
216:
41:
1450:"The Presidential and Parliamentary Models of National Government"
597:
An election can be partially indirect, for example in the case of
1177:"Head of State and Head of Government in Comparative Perspective"
920:
879:
1520:
Glasgow, Garrett; Golder, Matt; Golder, Sona N. (October 2011).
1087:"Tradeoffs is a voting systems, Lucas Böttcher, Georgia Kernell"
965:(upper house of parliament) are largely elected directly by the
1005:
943:
824:
249:
843:
1425:"Elections and appointments - institutions | European Union"
578:) is elected indirectly. This includes the cabinets of most
1028:
815:
The
Westminster model continues to be used in a number of
1350:
994:
Seventeenth
Amendment to the United States Constitution
1714:"Germany – EU member country profile | European Union"
1633:"The Commonwealth Caribbean and the Westminster Model"
1127:
1035:– assuming the national governments in question are
1519:
432:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
890:, which in turn is elected by the population. The
1128:Strohmeier, Gerd; Wittlinger, Ruth (2010-03-01).
946:, election to the upper house of Parliament, the
1786:
804:) that has a majority in the parliament, or the
692:and confirmed or denied by the directly elected
1738:"Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany"
1375:"A Path to 'True' Indirect Democracy in China"
1052:List of democracy and elections-related topics
668:specifies a system of indirect democracy. The
666:Constitution of the People's Republic of China
633:, eligible members of the public vote for the
516:in which voters do not choose directly among
383:
1454:American University International Law Review
947:
866:, an example of an indirect election of the
752:). Several parliamentary republics, such as
1630:
1565:Oxford University Commonwealth Law Journal
1447:
594:is run by electoral college or president.
390:
376:
492:Learn how and when to remove this message
1244:
958:") are locally elected representatives.
703:
647:National Popular Vote Interstate Compact
1673:
1558:
1397:
1174:
14:
1787:
1326:"The National Popular Vote, Explained"
1291:
969:(legislative assembly) of the various
775:
1772:
1526:American Journal of Political Science
873:
1251:PS: Political Science & Politics
1213:
698:Elections to the European Parliament
430:adding citations to reliable sources
401:
599:indirect single transferable voting
24:
1645:10.1093/law/9780198793045.003.0006
1220:Publius: The Journal of Federalism
796:, named after and typified by the
566:In nearly all cases the body that
25:
1811:
1294:"The Electoral College Explained"
1245:Uscinski, Joseph (January 2012).
954:, is indirect. Electors (called "
918:are appointed (delegated) by the
784:
679:
604:
1559:Harding, Andrew (January 2004).
1538:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2011.00524.x
1398:Ruwitch, John (March 10, 2023).
798:parliament of the United Kingdom
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1033:United Nations General Assembly
909:
417:needs additional citations for
1577:10.1080/14729342.2004.11421442
1448:Sargentich, Thomas O. (1993).
1343:
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1292:Waller, Allyson (2021-01-05).
1285:
1238:
1207:
1181:Presidential Studies Quarterly
1168:
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1096:
1079:
897:
627:President of the United States
13:
1:
1072:
984:were elected directly by the
1674:Heywood, Paul (1991-04-01).
973:; some are appointed by the
971:states and Union territories
629:is elected indirectly. In a
7:
1045:
904:Prime Minister of Singapore
548:. It is also used for some
222:Right to stand for election
10:
1816:
1742:www.gesetze-im-internet.de
1175:Prindle, David F. (1991).
992:until ratification of the
670:National People's Congress
550:supranational legislatures
520:or parties for an office (
1692:10.1080/01402389108424847
1611:www.parliament.act.gov.au
1263:10.1017/S1049096511001715
1146:10.1080/01402380903538856
948:
1718:european-union.europa.eu
1607:"The Westminster system"
1429:european-union.europa.eu
659:
656:-based direct election.
631:US presidential election
1631:o'Brien, Derek (2020).
868:prime minister of Spain
1680:West European Politics
1472:"Parliamentary System"
1232:10.1093/publius/pjv043
1134:West European Politics
1062:Double direct election
1037:democratically elected
961:Members of the Indian
588:executive governments.
288:Next general elections
1756:"Political structure"
1330:www.brennancenter.org
1214:Ross, Robert (2016).
710:parliamentary systems
704:Parliamentary systems
684:The president of the
580:parliamentary systems
172:Boundary delimitation
1639:. pp. 131–161.
1497:"head of government"
1108:Cambridge Dictionary
1039:in the first place.
982:United States Senate
852:motion of confidence
848:Congress of Deputies
819:countries including
712:usually elect their
688:is nominated by the
522:direct voting system
510:hierarchical voting,
426:improve this article
273:Elections by country
1476:Annenberg Classroom
864:political manifesto
776:Heads of government
694:European Parliament
686:European Commission
538:heads of government
441:"Indirect election"
366:Politics portal
1800:Indirect elections
1298:The New York Times
884:federal chancellor
874:Federal Chancellor
794:Westminster system
18:Indirectly elected
1795:Elections by type
1017:Council of Europe
1002:primary elections
892:federal president
716:indirectly (e.g.
639:Electoral College
561:electoral college
506:indirect election
502:
501:
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318:Election security
301:elections in 2024
255:Electoral systems
182:Electoral college
152:Anonymous elector
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1165:
1125:
1119:
1118:
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1114:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1083:
1067:Liquid democracy
1010:party convention
956:Grands électeurs
953:
952:
916:German Bundesrat
810:House of Commons
690:European Council
572:executive branch
497:
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486:
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477:
475:
434:
410:
402:
392:
385:
378:
364:
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343:Election science
338:Electoral reform
192:Election silence
177:Crossover voting
134:Two-round system
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30:
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27:Type of election
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1460:(2/3): 579–592.
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1571:(2): 143–166.
1551:
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1355:www.npc.gov.cn
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1317:
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1226:(2): 147–169.
1206:
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1140:(2): 237–257.
1120:
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1069:
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837:United Kingdom
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770:Czech Republic
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680:European Union
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605:Heads of state
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526:heads of state
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1686:(2): 97–115.
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